1
|
Deng Y, Wang JX, Ghosh B, Lu Y. Enzymatic CO 2 reduction catalyzed by natural and artificial Metalloenzymes. J Inorg Biochem 2024; 259:112669. [PMID: 39059175 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2024.112669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2024] [Revised: 07/04/2024] [Accepted: 07/17/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024]
Abstract
The continuously increasing level of atmospheric CO2 in the atmosphere has led to global warming. Converting CO2 into other carbon compounds could mitigate its atmospheric levels and produce valuable products, as CO2 also serves as a plentiful and inexpensive carbon feedstock. However, the inert nature of CO2 poses a major challenge for its reduction. To meet the challenge, nature has evolved metalloenzymes using transition metal ions like Fe, Ni, Mo, and W, as well as electron-transfer partners for their functions. Mimicking these enzymes, artificial metalloenzymes (ArMs) have been designed using alternative protein scaffolds and various metallocofactors like Ni, Co, Re, Rh, and FeS clusters. Both the catalytic efficiency and the scope of CO2-reduction product of these ArMs have been improved over the past decade. This review first focuses on the natural metalloenzymes that directly reduce CO2 by discussing their structures and active sites, as well as the proposed reaction mechanisms. It then introduces the common strategies for electrochemical, photochemical, or photoelectrochemical utilization of these native enzymes for CO2 reduction and highlights the most recent advancements from the past five years. We also summarize principles of protein design for bio-inspired ArMs, comparing them with native enzymatic systems and outlining challenges and opportunities in enzymatic CO2 reduction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yunling Deng
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, United States of America
| | - Jing-Xiang Wang
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, United States of America
| | - Barshali Ghosh
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, United States of America
| | - Yi Lu
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, United States of America.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Oehlmann NN, Schmidt FV, Herzog M, Goldman AL, Rebelein JG. The iron nitrogenase reduces carbon dioxide to formate and methane under physiological conditions: A route to feedstock chemicals. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2024; 10:eado7729. [PMID: 39141735 PMCID: PMC11323892 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.ado7729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2024] [Accepted: 07/09/2024] [Indexed: 08/16/2024]
Abstract
Nitrogenases are the only known enzymes that reduce molecular nitrogen (N2) to ammonia. Recent findings have demonstrated that nitrogenases also reduce the greenhouse gas carbon dioxide (CO2), suggesting CO2 to be a competitor of N2. However, the impact of omnipresent CO2 on N2 fixation has not been investigated to date. Here, we study the competing reduction of CO2 and N2 by the two nitrogenases of Rhodobacter capsulatus, the molybdenum and the iron nitrogenase. The iron nitrogenase is almost threefold more efficient in CO2 reduction and profoundly less selective for N2 than the molybdenum isoform under mixtures of N2 and CO2. Correspondingly, the growth rate of diazotrophically grown R. capsulatus strains relying on the iron nitrogenase notably decreased after adding CO2. The in vivo CO2 activity of the iron nitrogenase facilitates the light-driven extracellular accumulation of formate and methane, one-carbon substrates for other microbes, and feedstock chemicals for a circular economy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Niels N. Oehlmann
- Research Group Microbial Metalloenzymes, Max Planck Institute for Terrestrial Microbiology, 35043 Marburg, Germany
| | - Frederik V. Schmidt
- Research Group Microbial Metalloenzymes, Max Planck Institute for Terrestrial Microbiology, 35043 Marburg, Germany
| | - Marcello Herzog
- Research Group Microbial Metalloenzymes, Max Planck Institute for Terrestrial Microbiology, 35043 Marburg, Germany
| | - Annelise L. Goldman
- Research Group Microbial Metalloenzymes, Max Planck Institute for Terrestrial Microbiology, 35043 Marburg, Germany
| | - Johannes G. Rebelein
- Research Group Microbial Metalloenzymes, Max Planck Institute for Terrestrial Microbiology, 35043 Marburg, Germany
- Center for Synthetic Microbiology (SYNMIKRO), Philipps University Marburg, 35043 Marburg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Schmidt FV, Schulz L, Zarzycki J, Prinz S, Oehlmann NN, Erb TJ, Rebelein JG. Structural insights into the iron nitrogenase complex. Nat Struct Mol Biol 2024; 31:150-158. [PMID: 38062208 PMCID: PMC10803253 DOI: 10.1038/s41594-023-01124-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
Nitrogenases are best known for catalyzing the reduction of dinitrogen to ammonia at a complex metallic cofactor. Recently, nitrogenases were shown to reduce carbon dioxide (CO2) and carbon monoxide to hydrocarbons, offering a pathway to recycle carbon waste into hydrocarbon products. Among the three nitrogenase isozymes, the iron nitrogenase has the highest wild-type activity for the reduction of CO2, but the molecular architecture facilitating these activities has remained unknown. Here, we report a 2.35-Å cryogenic electron microscopy structure of the ADP·AlF3-stabilized iron nitrogenase complex from Rhodobacter capsulatus, revealing an [Fe8S9C-(R)-homocitrate] cluster in the active site. The enzyme complex suggests that the iron nitrogenase G subunit is involved in cluster stabilization and substrate channeling and confers specificity between nitrogenase reductase and catalytic component proteins. Moreover, the structure highlights a different interface between the two catalytic halves of the iron and the molybdenum nitrogenase, potentially influencing the intrasubunit 'communication' and thus the nitrogenase mechanism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Frederik V Schmidt
- Microbial Metalloenzymes Research Group, Max Planck Institute for Terrestrial Microbiology, Marburg, Germany
| | - Luca Schulz
- Department of Biochemistry and Synthetic Metabolism, Max Planck Institute for Terrestrial Microbiology, Marburg, Germany
| | - Jan Zarzycki
- Department of Biochemistry and Synthetic Metabolism, Max Planck Institute for Terrestrial Microbiology, Marburg, Germany
| | - Simone Prinz
- Central Electron Microscopy Facility, Max Planck Institute of Biophysics, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Niels N Oehlmann
- Microbial Metalloenzymes Research Group, Max Planck Institute for Terrestrial Microbiology, Marburg, Germany
| | - Tobias J Erb
- Department of Biochemistry and Synthetic Metabolism, Max Planck Institute for Terrestrial Microbiology, Marburg, Germany
| | - Johannes G Rebelein
- Microbial Metalloenzymes Research Group, Max Planck Institute for Terrestrial Microbiology, Marburg, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Warmack RA, Rees DC. Nitrogenase beyond the Resting State: A Structural Perspective. Molecules 2023; 28:7952. [PMID: 38138444 PMCID: PMC10745740 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28247952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2023] [Revised: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Nitrogenases have the remarkable ability to catalyze the reduction of dinitrogen to ammonia under physiological conditions. How does this happen? The current view of the nitrogenase mechanism focuses on the role of hydrides, the binding of dinitrogen in a reductive elimination process coupled to loss of dihydrogen, and the binding of substrates to a binuclear site on the active site cofactor. This review focuses on recent experimental characterizations of turnover relevant forms of the enzyme determined by cryo-electron microscopy and other approaches, and comparison of these forms to the resting state enzyme and the broader family of iron sulfur clusters. Emerging themes include the following: (i) The obligatory coupling of protein and electron transfers does not occur in synthetic and small-molecule iron-sulfur clusters. The coupling of these processes in nitrogenase suggests that they may involve unique features of the cofactor, such as hydride formation on the trigonal prismatic arrangement of irons, protonation of belt sulfurs, and/or protonation of the interstitial carbon. (ii) Both the active site cofactor and protein are dynamic under turnover conditions; the changes are such that more highly reduced forms may differ in key ways from the resting-state structure. Homocitrate appears to play a key role in coupling cofactor and protein dynamics. (iii) Structural asymmetries are observed in nitrogenase under turnover-relevant conditions by cryo-electron microscopy, although the mechanistic relevance of these states (such as half-of-sites reactivity) remains to be established.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rebeccah A. Warmack
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Douglas C. Rees
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Deng Y, Dwaraknath S, Ouyang WO, Matsumoto CJ, Ouchida S, Lu Y. Engineering an Oxygen-Binding Protein for Photocatalytic CO 2 Reductions in Water. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202215719. [PMID: 36916067 PMCID: PMC10946749 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202215719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Revised: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/10/2023] [Indexed: 03/16/2023]
Abstract
While native CO2 -reducing enzymes display remarkable catalytic efficiency and product selectivity, few artificial biocatalysts have been engineered to allow understanding how the native enzymes work. To address this issue, we report cobalt porphyrin substituted myoglobin (CoMb) as a homogeneous catalyst for photo-driven CO2 to CO conversion in water. The activity and product selectivity were optimized by varying pH and concentrations of the enzyme and the photosensitizer. Up to 2000 TON(CO) was attained at low enzyme concentrations with low product selectivity (15 %), while a product selectivity of 74 % was reached by increasing the enzyme loading but with a compromised TON(CO). The efficiency of CO generation and overall TON(CO) were further improved by introducing positively charged residues (Lys or Arg) near the active stie of CoMb, which demonstrates the value of tuning the enzyme secondary coordination sphere to enhance the CO2 -reducing performance of a protein-based photocatalytic system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yunling Deng
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Texas at AustinAustinTX 78712USA
| | - Sudharsan Dwaraknath
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Illinois at Urbana-ChampaignUrbanaIL 61801USA
| | - Wenhao O. Ouyang
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Illinois at Urbana-ChampaignUrbanaIL 61801USA
| | - Cory J. Matsumoto
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Illinois at Urbana-ChampaignUrbanaIL 61801USA
| | - Stephanie Ouchida
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Illinois at Urbana-ChampaignUrbanaIL 61801USA
| | - Yi Lu
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Texas at AustinAustinTX 78712USA
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Illinois at Urbana-ChampaignUrbanaIL 61801USA
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Garcia AK, Harris DF, Rivier AJ, Carruthers BM, Pinochet-Barros A, Seefeldt LC, Kaçar B. Nitrogenase resurrection and the evolution of a singular enzymatic mechanism. eLife 2023; 12:e85003. [PMID: 36799917 PMCID: PMC9977276 DOI: 10.7554/elife.85003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The planetary biosphere is powered by a suite of key metabolic innovations that emerged early in the history of life. However, it is unknown whether life has always followed the same set of strategies for performing these critical tasks. Today, microbes access atmospheric sources of bioessential nitrogen through the activities of just one family of enzymes, nitrogenases. Here, we show that the only dinitrogen reduction mechanism known to date is an ancient feature conserved from nitrogenase ancestors. We designed a paleomolecular engineering approach wherein ancestral nitrogenase genes were phylogenetically reconstructed and inserted into the genome of the diazotrophic bacterial model, Azotobacter vinelandii, enabling an integrated assessment of both in vivo functionality and purified nitrogenase biochemistry. Nitrogenase ancestors are active and robust to variable incorporation of one or more ancestral protein subunits. Further, we find that all ancestors exhibit the reversible enzymatic mechanism for dinitrogen reduction, specifically evidenced by hydrogen inhibition, which is also exhibited by extant A. vinelandii nitrogenase isozymes. Our results suggest that life may have been constrained in its sampling of protein sequence space to catalyze one of the most energetically challenging biochemical reactions in nature. The experimental framework established here is essential for probing how nitrogenase functionality has been shaped within a dynamic, cellular context to sustain a globally consequential metabolism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amanda K Garcia
- Department of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin–MadisonMadisonUnited States
| | - Derek F Harris
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Utah State UniversityLoganUnited States
| | - Alex J Rivier
- Department of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin–MadisonMadisonUnited States
| | - Brooke M Carruthers
- Department of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin–MadisonMadisonUnited States
| | | | - Lance C Seefeldt
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Utah State UniversityLoganUnited States
| | - Betül Kaçar
- Department of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin–MadisonMadisonUnited States
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Oehlmann NN, Rebelein JG. The Conversion of Carbon Monoxide and Carbon Dioxide by Nitrogenases. Chembiochem 2022; 23:e202100453. [PMID: 34643977 PMCID: PMC9298215 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202100453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Revised: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Nitrogenases are the only known family of enzymes that catalyze the reduction of molecular nitrogen (N2 ) to ammonia (NH3 ). The N2 reduction drives biological nitrogen fixation and the global nitrogen cycle. Besides the conversion of N2 , nitrogenases catalyze a whole range of other reductions, including the reduction of the small gaseous substrates carbon monoxide (CO) and carbon dioxide (CO2 ) to hydrocarbons. However, it remains an open question whether these 'side reactivities' play a role under environmental conditions. Nonetheless, these reactivities and particularly the formation of hydrocarbons have spurred the interest in nitrogenases for biotechnological applications. There are three different isozymes of nitrogenase: the molybdenum and the alternative vanadium and iron-only nitrogenase. The isozymes differ in their metal content, structure, and substrate-dependent activity, despite their homology. This minireview focuses on the conversion of CO and CO2 to methane and higher hydrocarbons and aims to specify the differences in activity between the three nitrogenase isozymes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Niels N. Oehlmann
- Max Planck Institute for Terrestrial MicrobiologyKarl-von-Frisch-Straße 1035043MarburgGermany
| | - Johannes G. Rebelein
- Max Planck Institute for Terrestrial MicrobiologyKarl-von-Frisch-Straße 1035043MarburgGermany
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Zhao Z, Zheng D, Guo M, Yu J, Zhang S, Zhang Z, Chen Y. Engineering Olefin-Linked Covalent Organic Frameworks for Photoenzymatic Reduction of CO 2. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202200261. [PMID: 35041240 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202200261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
It is of profound significance concerning the global energy and environmental crisis to develop new techniques that can reduce and convert CO2 . To address this challenge, we built a new type of artificial photoenzymatic system for CO2 reduction, using a rationally designed mesoporous olefin-linked covalent organic framework (COF) as the porous solid carrier for co-immobilizing formate dehydrogenase (FDH) and Rh-based electron mediator. By adjusting the incorporating content of the Rh electronic mediator, which facilitates the regeneration of nicotinamide cofactor (NADH) from NAD+ , the apparent quantum yield can reach as high as 9.17±0.44 %, surpassing all reported NADH-regenerated photocatalysts constructed by crystalline framework materials. Finally, the assembled photocatalyst-enzyme coupled system can selectively convert CO2 to formic acid with high efficiency and good reusability. This work demonstrates the first example using COFs to immobilize enzymes for artificial photosynthesis systems that utilize solar energy to produce value-added chemicals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhengfeng Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Pharmacy, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China.,Frontiers Science Center for Cell Responses, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China.,School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, 250353, China
| | - Dong Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Pharmacy, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China.,Frontiers Science Center for Cell Responses, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Menglei Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Pharmacy, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China.,Frontiers Science Center for Cell Responses, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Jiangyue Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Pharmacy, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China.,Frontiers Science Center for Cell Responses, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Sainan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Pharmacy, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China.,Frontiers Science Center for Cell Responses, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Zhenjie Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Pharmacy, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China.,Key Laboratory of Advanced Energy Materials Chemistry, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Yao Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Pharmacy, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China.,Frontiers Science Center for Cell Responses, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Zhao Z, Zheng D, Guo M, Yu J, Zhang S, Zhang Z, Chen Y. Engineering Olefin‐Linked Covalent Organic Frameworks for Photoenzymatic Reduction of CO2. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202200261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Dong Zheng
- Nankai University College of Pharmacy CHINA
| | | | | | | | | | - Yao Chen
- Nankai University State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Nankai University Weijin Road 94# Tianjin CHINA
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
A Red Fluorescent Protein Reporter System Developed for Measuring Gene Expression in Photosynthetic Bacteria under Anaerobic Conditions. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10020201. [PMID: 35208656 PMCID: PMC8880563 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10020201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Revised: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The photosynthetic bacterium Rhodopseudomonas palustris converts nitrogen gas (N2) to fertilizer ammonia (NH3) and also produces clean energy hydrogen gas (H2) from protons (H+) when it is grown anaerobically in nitrogen fixing medium with illumination, a condition that promotes the expression of active nitrogenase. Compared with quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) and the lacZ reporter system, two methods commonly used for in vivo study of nitrogenase regulation in photosynthetic bacteria, the fluorescent protein reporter system has advantages in terms of its simplicity and sensitivity. However, little is known concerning if the fluorescent protein reporter system can be used in bacterial cells that need to grow anaerobically. Here, we developed an RFP-based method to measure the nitrogenase gene expression in photosynthetic bacteria grown anaerobically. This method was able to determine the levels of both the genome-based and the plasmid-based nitrogenase expression under anaerobic conditions, providing a better method for in vivo study of gene expression affected by oxygen. The RFP reporter system developed here will promote a better understanding of the molecular mechanism of nitrogenase regulation and will be used on other genes of interest in a wider range of anaerobic bacteria.
Collapse
|
11
|
Yan M, Jasin Arachchige L, Dong A, Zhang XL, Dai Z, Sun C. Rational Design of Graphene-Supported Single-Atom Catalysts for Electroreduction of Nitrogen. Inorg Chem 2021; 60:18314-18324. [PMID: 34787407 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.1c02946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Critically, the central metal atoms along with their coordination environment play a significant role in the catalytic performance of single-atom catalysts (SACs). Herein, 12 single Fe, Mo, and Ru atoms supported on defective graphene are theoretically deigned for investigation of their structural and electronic properties and catalytic nitrogen reduction reaction (NRR) performance using first-principles calculations. Our results reveal that graphene with vacancies can be an ideal anchoring site for stabilizing isolated metal atoms owing to the strong metal-support interaction, forming stable TMCx or TMNx active centers (x = 3 or 4). Six SACs are screened as promising NRR catalyst candidates with excellent activity and selectivity during NRR, and RuN3 is identified as the optimal one with an overpotential of ≥0.10 V via the distal mechanism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Min Yan
- Science & Technology Innovation Institute, Dongguan University of Technology, Dongguan 523808, China
| | - Lakshitha Jasin Arachchige
- School of Chemical Engineering and Energy Technology, Dongguan University of Technology, Dongguan 523808, China.,Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology and Center for Translational Atomaterials, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, Victoria 3122, Australia
| | - Ani Dong
- Department of Computer and Information Science, City College of Dongguan University of Technology, Dongguan 523419, China
| | - Xiao Li Zhang
- State Centre for International Cooperation on Designer Low-Carbon & Environmental Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Zhongxu Dai
- College of Materials and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Inorganic Nonmetallic Crystalline and Energy Conversion Materials, China Three Gorges University, Yichang 443002, China
| | - Chenghua Sun
- School of Chemical Engineering and Energy Technology, Dongguan University of Technology, Dongguan 523808, China.,Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology and Center for Translational Atomaterials, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, Victoria 3122, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Fang Z, Zhou J, Zhou X, Koffas MAG. Abiotic-biotic hybrid for CO 2 biomethanation: From electrochemical to photochemical process. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 791:148288. [PMID: 34118677 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.148288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Revised: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Converting CO2 into sustainable fuels (e.g., CH4) has great significance to solve carbon emission and energy crisis. Generally, CO2 methanation needs abundant of energy input to overcome the eight-electron-transfer barrier. Abiotic-biotic hybrid system represents one of the cutting-edge technologies that use renewable electric/solar energy to realize eight-electron-transfer CO2 biomethanation. However, the incompatible abiotic-biotic hybrid can result in low efficiency of electron transfer and CO2 biomethanation. Herein, we present the comprehensive review to highlight how to design abiotic-biotic hybrid for electric/solar-driven CO2 biomethanation. We primarily introduce the CO2 biomethanation mechanism, and further summarize state-of-the-art electrochemical and photochemical CO2 biomethanation in hybrid systems. We also propose excellent synthetic biology strategies, which are useful to design tunable methanogenic microorganisms or enzymes when cooperating with electrode/semiconductor in hybrid systems. This review provides theoretical guidance of abiotic-biotic hybrid and also shows the bright future of sustainable fuel production in the form of CO2 biomethanation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Fang
- Biofuels Institute, School of Environment and Safety Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China.
| | - Jun Zhou
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Xiangtong Zhou
- Institute of Environmental Health and Ecological Safety, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Mattheos A G Koffas
- Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180, USA
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Hong DH, Ferreira RB, Catalano VJ, García-Serres R, Shearer J, Murray LJ. Access to Metal Centers and Fluxional Hydride Coordination Integral for CO 2 Insertion into [Fe 3(μ-H) 3] 3+ Clusters. Inorg Chem 2021; 60:7228-7239. [PMID: 33900076 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.1c00244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
CO2 insertion into tri(μ-hydrido)triiron(II) clusters ligated by a tris(β-diketiminate) cyclophane is demonstrated to be balanced by sterics for CO2 approach and hydride accessibility. Time-resolved NMR and UV-vis spectra for this reaction for a complex in which methoxy groups border the pocket of the hydride donor (Fe3H3L2, 4) result in a decreased activation barrier and increased kinetic isotope effect consistent with the reduced sterics. For the ethyl congener Fe3H3L1 (2), no correlation is found between rate and reaction solvent or added Lewis acids, implying CO2 coordination to an Fe center in the mechanism. The estimated hydricity (50 kcal/mol) based on observed H/D exchange with BD3 requires Fe-O bond formation in the product to offset an endergonic CO2 insertion. μ3-hydride coordination is noted to lower the activation barrier for the first CO2 insertion event in DFT calculations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dae Ho Hong
- Center for Catalysis and Florida Center for Heterocyclic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
| | - Ricardo B Ferreira
- Center for Catalysis and Florida Center for Heterocyclic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
| | - Vincent J Catalano
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nevada, Reno, Nevada 89557, United States
| | - Ricardo García-Serres
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CEA, BIG, LCBM (UMR 5249), F-38054 Grenoble, France
| | - Jason Shearer
- Department of Chemistry, Trinity University, San Antonio, Texas 78212, United States
| | - Leslie J Murray
- Center for Catalysis and Florida Center for Heterocyclic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Higdon SM, Huang BC, Bennett AB, Weimer BC. Identification of Nitrogen Fixation Genes in Lactococcus Isolated from Maize Using Population Genomics and Machine Learning. Microorganisms 2020; 8:microorganisms8122043. [PMID: 33419343 PMCID: PMC7768417 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8122043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Revised: 12/08/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Sierra Mixe maize is a landrace variety from Oaxaca, Mexico, that utilizes nitrogen derived from the atmosphere via an undefined nitrogen fixation mechanism. The diazotrophic microbiota associated with the plant’s mucilaginous aerial root exudate composed of complex carbohydrates was previously identified and characterized by our group where we found 23 lactococci capable of biological nitrogen fixation (BNF) without containing any of the proposed essential genes for this trait (nifHDKENB). To determine the genes in Lactococcus associated with this phenotype, we selected 70 lactococci from the dairy industry that are not known to be diazotrophic to conduct a comparative population genomic analysis. This showed that the diazotrophic lactococcal genomes were distinctly different from the dairy isolates. Examining the pangenome followed by genome-wide association study and machine learning identified genes with the functions needed for BNF in the maize isolates that were absent from the dairy isolates. Many of the putative genes received an ‘unknown’ annotation, which led to the domain analysis of the 135 homologs. This revealed genes with molecular functions needed for BNF, including mucilage carbohydrate catabolism, glycan-mediated host adhesion, iron/siderophore utilization, and oxidation/reduction control. This is the first report of this pathway in this organism to underpin BNF. Consequently, we proposed a model needed for BNF in lactococci that plausibly accounts for BNF in the absence of the nif operon in this organism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shawn M. Higdon
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA; (S.M.H.); (A.B.B.)
| | - Bihua C. Huang
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA;
- 100 K Pathogen Genome Project, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Alan B. Bennett
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA; (S.M.H.); (A.B.B.)
| | - Bart C. Weimer
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA;
- 100 K Pathogen Genome Project, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Harris DF, Jimenez-Vicente E, Yang ZY, Hoffman BM, Dean DR, Seefeldt LC. CO as a substrate and inhibitor of H+ reduction for the Mo-, V-, and Fe-nitrogenase isozymes. J Inorg Biochem 2020; 213:111278. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2020.111278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Revised: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 10/03/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
|
16
|
Luxem KE, Leavitt WD, Zhang X. Large Hydrogen Isotope Fractionation Distinguishes Nitrogenase-Derived Methane from Other Methane Sources. Appl Environ Microbiol 2020; 86:e00849-20. [PMID: 32709722 PMCID: PMC7499036 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00849-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2020] [Accepted: 07/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Biological nitrogen fixation is catalyzed by the enzyme nitrogenase. Two forms of this metalloenzyme, the vanadium (V)- and iron (Fe)-only nitrogenases, were recently found to reduce small amounts of carbon dioxide (CO2) into the potent greenhouse gas methane (CH4). Here, we report carbon (13C/12C) and hydrogen (2H/1H) stable isotopic compositions and fractionations of methane generated by V- and Fe-only nitrogenases in the metabolically versatile nitrogen fixer Rhodopseudomonas palustris The stable carbon isotope fractionation imparted by both forms of alternative nitrogenase are within the range observed for hydrogenotrophic methanogenesis (13αCO2/CH4 = 1.051 ± 0.002 for V-nitrogenase and 1.055 ± 0.001 for Fe-only nitrogenase; values are means ± standard errors). In contrast, the hydrogen isotope fractionations (2αH2O/CH4 = 2.071 ± 0.014 for V-nitrogenase and 2.078 ± 0.018 for Fe-only nitrogenase) are the largest of any known biogenic or geogenic pathway. The large 2αH2O/CH4 shows that the reaction pathway nitrogenases use to form methane strongly discriminates against 2H, and that 2αH2O/CH4 distinguishes nitrogenase-derived methane from all other known biotic and abiotic sources. These findings on nitrogenase-derived methane will help constrain carbon and nitrogen flows in microbial communities and the role of the alternative nitrogenases in global biogeochemical cycles.IMPORTANCE All forms of life require nitrogen for growth. Many different kinds of microbes living in diverse environments make inert nitrogen gas from the atmosphere bioavailable using a special enzyme, nitrogenase. Nitrogenase has a wide substrate range, and, in addition to producing bioavailable nitrogen, some forms of nitrogenase also produce small amounts of the greenhouse gas methane. This is different from other microbes that produce methane to generate energy. Until now, there was no good way to determine when microbes with nitrogenases are making methane in nature. Here, we present an isotopic fingerprint that allows scientists to distinguish methane from microbes making it for energy versus those making it as a by-product of nitrogen acquisition. With this new fingerprint, it will be possible to improve our understanding of the relationship between methane production and nitrogen acquisition in nature.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katja E Luxem
- Department of Geosciences, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey, USA
- Princeton Environmental Institute, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey, USA
| | - William D Leavitt
- Department of Earth Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire, USA
- Department of Biological Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire, USA
| | - Xinning Zhang
- Department of Geosciences, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey, USA
- Princeton Environmental Institute, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey, USA
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Abstract
The enzyme molybdenum nitrogenase converts atmospheric nitrogen gas to ammonia and is of critical importance for the cycling of nitrogen in the biosphere and for the sustainability of life. Alternative vanadium and iron-only nitrogenases that are homologous to molybdenum nitrogenases are also found in archaea and bacteria, but they have a different transition metal, either vanadium or iron, at their active sites. So far alternative nitrogenases have only been found in microbes that also have molybdenum nitrogenase. They are less widespread than molybdenum nitrogenase in bacteria and archaea, and they are less efficient. The presumption has been that alternative nitrogenases are fail-safe enzymes that are used in situations where molybdenum is limiting. Recent work indicates that vanadium nitrogenase may play a role in the global biological nitrogen cycle and iron-only nitrogenase may contribute products that shape microbial community interactions in nature.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Caroline S Harwood
- Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA;
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
|
19
|
Seefeldt LC, Yang ZY, Lukoyanov DA, Harris DF, Dean DR, Raugei S, Hoffman BM. Reduction of Substrates by Nitrogenases. Chem Rev 2020; 120:5082-5106. [PMID: 32176472 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.9b00556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 186] [Impact Index Per Article: 46.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Nitrogenase is the enzyme that catalyzes biological N2 reduction to NH3. This enzyme achieves an impressive rate enhancement over the uncatalyzed reaction. Given the high demand for N2 fixation to support food and chemical production and the heavy reliance of the industrial Haber-Bosch nitrogen fixation reaction on fossil fuels, there is a strong need to elucidate how nitrogenase achieves this difficult reaction under benign conditions as a means of informing the design of next generation synthetic catalysts. This Review summarizes recent progress in addressing how nitrogenase catalyzes the reduction of an array of substrates. New insights into the mechanism of N2 and proton reduction are first considered. This is followed by a summary of recent gains in understanding the reduction of a number of other nitrogenous compounds not considered to be physiological substrates. Progress in understanding the reduction of a wide range of C-based substrates, including CO and CO2, is also discussed, and remaining challenges in understanding nitrogenase substrate reduction are considered.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lance C Seefeldt
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Utah State University, Logan, Utah 84322, United States
| | - Zhi-Yong Yang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Utah State University, Logan, Utah 84322, United States
| | - Dmitriy A Lukoyanov
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Derek F Harris
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Utah State University, Logan, Utah 84322, United States
| | - Dennis R Dean
- Biochemistry Department, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| | - Simone Raugei
- Physical and Computational Sciences Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Brian M Hoffman
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Laureanti JA, Ginovska B, Buchko GW, Schenter GK, Hebert M, Zadvornyy OA, Peters JW, Shaw WJ. A Positive Charge in the Outer Coordination Sphere of an Artificial Enzyme Increases CO2 Hydrogenation. Organometallics 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.9b00843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Joseph A. Laureanti
- Physical and Computational Sciences Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Bojana Ginovska
- Physical and Computational Sciences Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Garry W. Buchko
- Earth and Biological Sciences Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
- School of Molecular Biosciences, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164, United States
| | - Gregory K. Schenter
- Physical and Computational Sciences Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Margaret Hebert
- Physical and Computational Sciences Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Oleg A. Zadvornyy
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164, United States
| | - John W. Peters
- Physical and Computational Sciences Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164, United States
| | - Wendy J. Shaw
- Physical and Computational Sciences Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Dance I. Computational Investigations of the Chemical Mechanism of the Enzyme Nitrogenase. Chembiochem 2020; 21:1671-1709. [DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201900636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ian Dance
- School of Chemistry UNSW Sydney Sydney 2052 Australia
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Harris AW, Harguindey A, Patalano RE, Roy S, Yehezkeli O, Goodwin AP, Cha JN. Investigating Protein–Nanocrystal Interactions for Photodriven Activity. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2020; 3:1026-1035. [DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.9b01025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Omer Yehezkeli
- Biotechnology and Food Engineering, Technion—Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Zhang S, Wang Q, Thierer LM, Weberg AB, Gau MR, Carroll PJ, Tomson NC. Tuning Metal-Metal Interactions through Reversible Ligand Folding in a Series of Dinuclear Iron Complexes. Inorg Chem 2019; 58:12234-12244. [PMID: 31448589 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.9b01673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A dinucleating macrocyclic ligand with two redox-active, pyridyldiimine components was shown to undergo reversible ligand folding to accommodate various substitution patterns, metal ion spin states, and degrees of Fe-Fe bonding within the cluster. An unfolded-ligand geometry with a rectangular Fe2(μ-Cl)2 core and an Fe-Fe distance of 3.3262(5) Å served as a direct precursor to two different folded-ligand complexes. Chemical reduction in the presence of PPh3 resulted in a diamagnetic, folded ligand complex with an Fe-Fe bonding interaction (dFe-Fe = 2.7096(17) Å) between two intermediate spin (SFe = 1) Fe(II) centers. Ligand folding was also induced through anion exchange on the unfolded-ligand species, producing a complex with three PhS- ligands and a temperature-dependent Fe-Fe distance. In this latter example, the weak ligand field of the thiolate ligands led to a product with weakly coupled, high-spin Fe(II) ions (SFe = 2; J = -50.1 cm-1) that form a bonding interaction in the ground state and a nonbonding interaction in the excited state(s), as determined by SQUID magnetometry and variable temperature crystallography. Finally, both folded-ligand complexes were shown to reform an unfolded-ligand geometry through convergent syntheses of a complex with an Fe-Fe bonded Fe2(μ-SPh)2 core (dFe-Fe = 2.7320(11) Å). Experimentally validated DFT calculations were used to investigate the electronic structures of all species as a way to understand the origin of Fe-Fe bonding interactions, the extent of ligand reduction, and the nature of the spin systems that result from multiple, weakly interacting spin centers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shaoguang Zhang
- P. Roy and Diana T. Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry , University of Pennsylvania , 231 South 34th Street , Philadelphia , Pennsylvania 19104 , United States
| | - Qiuran Wang
- P. Roy and Diana T. Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry , University of Pennsylvania , 231 South 34th Street , Philadelphia , Pennsylvania 19104 , United States
| | - Laura M Thierer
- P. Roy and Diana T. Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry , University of Pennsylvania , 231 South 34th Street , Philadelphia , Pennsylvania 19104 , United States
| | - Alexander B Weberg
- P. Roy and Diana T. Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry , University of Pennsylvania , 231 South 34th Street , Philadelphia , Pennsylvania 19104 , United States
| | - Michael R Gau
- P. Roy and Diana T. Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry , University of Pennsylvania , 231 South 34th Street , Philadelphia , Pennsylvania 19104 , United States
| | - Patrick J Carroll
- P. Roy and Diana T. Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry , University of Pennsylvania , 231 South 34th Street , Philadelphia , Pennsylvania 19104 , United States
| | - Neil C Tomson
- P. Roy and Diana T. Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry , University of Pennsylvania , 231 South 34th Street , Philadelphia , Pennsylvania 19104 , United States
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Harris DF, Lukoyanov DA, Kallas H, Trncik C, Yang ZY, Compton P, Kelleher N, Einsle O, Dean DR, Hoffman BM, Seefeldt LC. Mo-, V-, and Fe-Nitrogenases Use a Universal Eight-Electron Reductive-Elimination Mechanism To Achieve N2 Reduction. Biochemistry 2019; 58:3293-3301. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.9b00468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Derek F. Harris
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Utah State University, Logan, Utah 84322, United States
| | - Dmitriy A. Lukoyanov
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Hayden Kallas
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Utah State University, Logan, Utah 84322, United States
| | - Christian Trncik
- Institut für Biochemie, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Zhi-Yong Yang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Utah State University, Logan, Utah 84322, United States
| | - Phil Compton
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Neil Kelleher
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Oliver Einsle
- Institut für Biochemie, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Dennis R. Dean
- Department of Biochemistry, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| | - Brian M. Hoffman
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Lance C. Seefeldt
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Utah State University, Logan, Utah 84322, United States
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Hong DH, Murray LJ. Carbon Dioxide Insertion into Bridging Iron Hydrides: Kinetic and Mechanistic Studies. Eur J Inorg Chem 2019; 2019:2146-2153. [PMID: 31787843 PMCID: PMC6884086 DOI: 10.1002/ejic.201801404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The reduction of CO2 to formic acid by transition metal hydrides is a potential pathway to access reactive C1 compounds. To date, no kinetic study has been reported for insertion of a bridging hydride in a weak-field ligated complex into CO2; such centers have relevance to metalloenzymes that catalyze this reaction. Herein, we report the kinetic study of the reaction of a tri(μ-hydride)triiron(II/II/II) cluster supported by a tris(β-diketimine) cyclophane (1) with CO2 monitored by 1H-NMR and temperature-controlled UV-vis spectroscopy. We found that 1 reacts with CO2 to traverse the reported monoformate (1-CO 2 ) and a diformate complex (1-2CO 2 ) at 298 K in toluene, and ultimately yields the triformate species (1-3CO 2 ) at elevated temperature. The second order rate constant, H/D kinetic isotope effect, ∆H ‡,and ∆S ‡for formation of 1-CO 2 were determined as 8.4(3)×10-4 M-1·s-1, 1.08(9), 11(1) kcal·mol-1, and -3(1)×10 cal·mol-1·K-1, respectively at 298 K. These parameters suggest that CO2 coordination to the iron centers does not coordinate prior to the rate controlling step whereas Fe-H bond cleavage does.
Collapse
|
26
|
Influence of Energy and Electron Availability on In Vivo Methane and Hydrogen Production by a Variant Molybdenum Nitrogenase. Appl Environ Microbiol 2019; 85:AEM.02671-18. [PMID: 30824440 DOI: 10.1128/aem.02671-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2018] [Accepted: 02/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The anoxygenic phototrophic bacterium Rhodopseudomonas palustris produces methane (CH4) from carbon dioxide (CO2) and hydrogen (H2) from protons (H+) when it expresses a variant form of molybdenum (Mo) nitrogenase that has two amino acid substitutions near its active site. We examined the influence of light energy and electron availability on in vivo production of these biofuels. Nitrogenase activity requires large amounts of ATP, and cells exposed to increasing light intensities produced increasing amounts of CH4 and H2 As expected for a phototroph, intracellular ATP increased with increasing light intensity, but there was only a loose correlation between ATP content and CH4 and H2 production. There was a much stronger correlation between decreased intracellular ADP and increased gas production with increased light intensity, suggesting that the rate-limiting step for CH4 and H2 production by R. palustris is inhibition of nitrogenase by ADP. Increasing the amounts of electrons available to nitrogenase by providing cells with organic alcohols, using nongrowing cells, blocking electrons from entering the Calvin cycle, or blocking H2 uptake resulted in higher yields of H2 and, in some cases, CH4 Our results provide a more complete understanding of the constraints on nitrogenase-based production of biofuels.IMPORTANCE A variant form of Mo nitrogenase catalyzes the conversion of CO2 and protons to the biofuels CH4 and H2 A constant supply of electrons and ATP is needed to drive these reduction reactions. The bacterium R. palustris generates ATP from light and has a versatile metabolism that makes it ideal for manipulating electron availability intracellularly. We therefore explored its potential as a biocatalyst for CH4 and H2 production. We found that intracellular ADP had a major effect on biofuel production, more pronounced than the effect caused by ATP. This is probably due to inhibition of nitrogenase activity by ADP. In general, the amount of CH4 produced by the variant nitrogenase in vivo was affected by electron availability much less than was the amount of H2 produced. This study shows the nature of constraints on in vivo biofuel production by variant Mo nitrogenase.
Collapse
|
27
|
Critical computational analysis illuminates the reductive-elimination mechanism that activates nitrogenase for N 2 reduction. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2018; 115:E10521-E10530. [PMID: 30355772 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1810211115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent spectroscopic, kinetic, photophysical, and thermodynamic measurements show activation of nitrogenase for N2 → 2NH3 reduction involves the reductive elimination (re) of H2 from two [Fe-H-Fe] bridging hydrides bound to the catalytic [7Fe-9S-Mo-C-homocitrate] FeMo-cofactor (FeMo-co). These studies rationalize the Lowe-Thorneley kinetic scheme's proposal of mechanistically obligatory formation of one H2 for each N2 reduced. They also provide an overall framework for understanding the mechanism of nitrogen fixation by nitrogenase. However, they directly pose fundamental questions addressed computationally here. We here report an extensive computational investigation of the structure and energetics of possible nitrogenase intermediates using structural models for the active site with a broad range in complexity, while evaluating a diverse set of density functional theory flavors. (i) This shows that to prevent spurious disruption of FeMo-co having accumulated 4[e -/H+] it is necessary to include: all residues (and water molecules) interacting directly with FeMo-co via specific H-bond interactions; nonspecific local electrostatic interactions; and steric confinement. (ii) These calculations indicate an important role of sulfide hemilability in the overall conversion of E 0 to a diazene-level intermediate. (iii) Perhaps most importantly, they explain (iiia) how the enzyme mechanistically couples exothermic H2 formation to endothermic cleavage of the N≡N triple bond in a nearly thermoneutral re/oxidative-addition equilibrium, (iiib) while preventing the "futile" generation of two H2 without N2 reduction: hydride re generates an H2 complex, but H2 is only lost when displaced by N2, to form an end-on N2 complex that proceeds to a diazene-level intermediate.
Collapse
|
28
|
Kornienko N, Zhang JZ, Sakimoto KK, Yang P, Reisner E. Interfacing nature's catalytic machinery with synthetic materials for semi-artificial photosynthesis. NATURE NANOTECHNOLOGY 2018; 13:890-899. [PMID: 30291349 DOI: 10.1038/s41565-018-0251-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 213] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2018] [Accepted: 07/31/2018] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Semi-artificial photosynthetic systems aim to overcome the limitations of natural and artificial photosynthesis while providing an opportunity to investigate their respective functionality. The progress and studies of these hybrid systems is the focus of this forward-looking perspective. In this Review, we discuss how enzymes have been interfaced with synthetic materials and employed for semi-artificial fuel production. In parallel, we examine how more complex living cellular systems can be recruited for in vivo fuel and chemical production in an approach where inorganic nanostructures are hybridized with photosynthetic and non-photosynthetic microorganisms. Side-by-side comparisons reveal strengths and limitations of enzyme- and microorganism-based hybrid systems, and how lessons extracted from studying enzyme hybrids can be applied to investigations of microorganism-hybrid devices. We conclude by putting semi-artificial photosynthesis in the context of its own ambitions and discuss how it can help address the grand challenges facing artificial systems for the efficient generation of solar fuels and chemicals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nikolay Kornienko
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Jenny Z Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Kelsey K Sakimoto
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Peidong Yang
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA.
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA.
- Kavli Energy NanoSciences Institute, Berkeley, CA, USA.
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA.
| | - Erwin Reisner
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Gonell S, Miller AJ. Carbon Dioxide Electroreduction Catalyzed by Organometallic Complexes. ADVANCES IN ORGANOMETALLIC CHEMISTRY 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.adomc.2018.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
30
|
Mus F, Alleman AB, Pence N, Seefeldt LC, Peters JW. Exploring the alternatives of biological nitrogen fixation. Metallomics 2018; 10:523-538. [DOI: 10.1039/c8mt00038g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Most biological nitrogen fixation (BNF) results from the activity of the molybdenum nitrogenase (Mo-nitrogenase, Nif), an oxygen-sensitive metalloenzyme complex found in all known diazotrophs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Florence Mus
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Washington State University
- Pullman
- USA
| | | | - Natasha Pence
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Montana State University
- Bozeman
- USA
| | - Lance C. Seefeldt
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Utah State University
- Logan
- USA
| | - John W. Peters
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Washington State University
- Pullman
- USA
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Hu B, Harris DF, Dean DR, Liu TL, Yang ZY, Seefeldt LC. Electrocatalytic CO 2 reduction catalyzed by nitrogenase MoFe and FeFe proteins. Bioelectrochemistry 2017; 120:104-109. [PMID: 29223886 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioelechem.2017.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2017] [Revised: 11/30/2017] [Accepted: 12/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Nitrogenases catalyze biological dinitrogen (N2) reduction to ammonia (NH3), and also reduce a number of non-physiological substrates, including carbon dioxide (CO2) to formate (HCOO-) and methane (CH4). Three versions of nitrogenase are known (Mo-, V-, and Fe-nitrogenase), each showing different reactivities towards various substrates. Normally, electrons for substrate reduction are delivered by the Fe protein component of nitrogenase, with energy coming from the hydrolysis of 2 ATP to 2 ADP+2 Pi for each electron transferred. Recently, it has been demonstrated that energy and electrons can be delivered from an electrode to the catalytic nitrogenase MoFe-protein without the need for Fe protein or ATP hydrolysis. Here, it is demonstrated that both the MoFe- and FeFe-protein can be immobilized as a polymer layer on an electrode and that electron transfer mediated by cobaltocene can drive CO2 reduction to formate in this system. It was also found that the FeFe-protein diverts a greater percentage of electrons to CO2 reduction versus proton reduction compared to the MoFe-protein. Quantification of electron flow to products exhibited Faradaic efficiencies of CO2 conversion to formate of 9% for MoFe protein and 32% for FeFe-protein, with the remaining electrons going to proton reduction to make H2.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bo Hu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Utah State University, Logan, UT 84322, USA
| | - Derek F Harris
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Utah State University, Logan, UT 84322, USA
| | - Dennis R Dean
- Department of Biochemistry, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - T Leo Liu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Utah State University, Logan, UT 84322, USA
| | - Zhi-Yong Yang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Utah State University, Logan, UT 84322, USA.
| | - Lance C Seefeldt
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Utah State University, Logan, UT 84322, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Khadka N, Milton RD, Shaw S, Lukoyanov D, Dean DR, Minteer SD, Raugei S, Hoffman BM, Seefeldt LC. Mechanism of Nitrogenase H 2 Formation by Metal-Hydride Protonation Probed by Mediated Electrocatalysis and H/D Isotope Effects. J Am Chem Soc 2017; 139:13518-13524. [PMID: 28851217 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.7b07311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Nitrogenase catalyzes the reduction of dinitrogen (N2) to two ammonia (NH3) at its active site FeMo-cofactor through a mechanism involving reductive elimination of two [Fe-H-Fe] bridging hydrides to make H2. A competing reaction is the protonation of the hydride [Fe-H-Fe] to make H2. The overall nitrogenase rate-limiting step is associated with ATP-driven electron delivery from Fe protein, precluding isotope effect measurements on substrate reduction steps. Here, we use mediated bioelectrocatalysis to drive electron delivery to the MoFe protein allowing examination of the mechanism of H2 formation by the metal-hydride protonation reaction. The ratio of catalytic current in mixtures of H2O and D2O, the proton inventory, was found to change linearly with the D2O/H2O ratio, revealing that a single H/D is involved in the rate-limiting step of H2 formation. Kinetic models, along with measurements that vary the electron/proton delivery rate and use different substrates, reveal that the rate-limiting step under these conditions is the H2 formation reaction. Altering the chemical environment around the active site FeMo-cofactor in the MoFe protein, either by substituting nearby amino acids or transferring the isolated FeMo-cofactor into a different peptide matrix, changes the net isotope effect, but the proton inventory plot remains linear, consistent with an unchanging rate-limiting step. Density functional theory predicts a transition state for H2 formation where the S-H+ bond breaks and H+ attacks the Fe-hydride, and explains the observed H/D isotope effect. This study not only reveals the nitrogenase mechanism of H2 formation by hydride protonation, but also illustrates a strategy for mechanistic study that can be applied to other oxidoreductase enzymes and to biomimetic complexes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nimesh Khadka
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Utah State University , Logan, Utah 84322, United States
| | - Ross D Milton
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah , Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
| | - Sudipta Shaw
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Utah State University , Logan, Utah 84322, United States
| | - Dmitriy Lukoyanov
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University , Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Dennis R Dean
- Department of Biochemistry, Virginia Tech , Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| | - Shelley D Minteer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah , Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
| | - Simone Raugei
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory , Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Brian M Hoffman
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University , Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Lance C Seefeldt
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Utah State University , Logan, Utah 84322, United States
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Coskun H, Aljabour A, De Luna P, Farka D, Greunz T, Stifter D, Kus M, Zheng X, Liu M, Hassel AW, Schöfberger W, Sargent EH, Sariciftci NS, Stadler P. Biofunctionalized conductive polymers enable efficient CO 2 electroreduction. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2017; 3:e1700686. [PMID: 28798958 PMCID: PMC5544399 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.1700686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2017] [Accepted: 06/30/2017] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Selective electrocatalysts are urgently needed for carbon dioxide (CO2) reduction to replace fossil fuels with renewable fuels, thereby closing the carbon cycle. To date, noble metals have achieved the best performance in energy yield and faradaic efficiency and have recently reached impressive electrical-to-chemical power conversion efficiencies. However, the scarcity of precious metals makes the search for scalable, metal-free, CO2 reduction reaction (CO2RR) catalysts all the more important. We report an all-organic, that is, metal-free, electrocatalyst that achieves impressive performance comparable to that of best-in-class Ag electrocatalysts. We hypothesized that polydopamine-a conjugated polymer whose structure incorporates hydrogen-bonded motifs found in enzymes-could offer the combination of efficient electrical conduction, together with rendered active catalytic sites, and potentially thereby enable CO2RR. Only by developing a vapor-phase polymerization of polydopamine were we able to combine the needed excellent conductivity with thin film-based processing. We achieve catalytic performance with geometric current densities of 18 mA cm-2 at 0.21 V overpotential (-0.86 V versus normal hydrogen electrode) for the electrosynthesis of C1 species (carbon monoxide and formate) with continuous 16-hour operation at >80% faradaic efficiency. Our catalyst exhibits lower overpotentials than state-of-the-art formate-selective metal electrocatalysts (for example, 0.5 V for Ag at 18 mA cm-1). The results confirm the value of exploiting hydrogen-bonded sequences as effective catalytic centers for renewable and cost-efficient industrial CO2RR applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Halime Coskun
- Linz Institute for Organic Solar Cells, Institute of Physical Chemistry, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Altenberger Strasse 69, 4040 Linz, Austria
| | - Abdalaziz Aljabour
- Linz Institute for Organic Solar Cells, Institute of Physical Chemistry, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Altenberger Strasse 69, 4040 Linz, Austria
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Selçuk University, 42075 Konya, Turkey
| | - Phil De Luna
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Toronto, 10 King’s College Road, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3G4, Canada
| | - Dominik Farka
- Linz Institute for Organic Solar Cells, Institute of Physical Chemistry, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Altenberger Strasse 69, 4040 Linz, Austria
| | - Theresia Greunz
- Center for Surface and Nanoanalytics, Johannes Kepler University Linz, 4040 Linz, Austria
| | - David Stifter
- Center for Surface and Nanoanalytics, Johannes Kepler University Linz, 4040 Linz, Austria
| | - Mahmut Kus
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Selçuk University, 42075 Konya, Turkey
| | - Xueli Zheng
- Edward S. Rogers Sr. Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3G4, Canada
| | - Min Liu
- Edward S. Rogers Sr. Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3G4, Canada
| | - Achim W. Hassel
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Combinatorial Oxide Chemistry (COMBOX) at Institute for Chemical Technology of Inorganic Materials, Johannes Kepler University Linz, 4040 Linz, Austria
| | - Wolfgang Schöfberger
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Johannes Kepler University Linz, 4040 Linz, Austria
| | - Edward H. Sargent
- Edward S. Rogers Sr. Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3G4, Canada
| | - Niyazi Serdar Sariciftci
- Linz Institute for Organic Solar Cells, Institute of Physical Chemistry, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Altenberger Strasse 69, 4040 Linz, Austria
| | - Philipp Stadler
- Linz Institute for Organic Solar Cells, Institute of Physical Chemistry, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Altenberger Strasse 69, 4040 Linz, Austria
- Corresponding author.
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Sickerman NS, Hu Y, Ribbe MW. Activation of CO
2
by Vanadium Nitrogenase. Chem Asian J 2017; 12:1985-1996. [DOI: 10.1002/asia.201700624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nathaniel S. Sickerman
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry University of California, Irvine Irvine CA 92697-3900 USA
| | - Yilin Hu
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry University of California, Irvine Irvine CA 92697-3900 USA
| | - Markus W. Ribbe
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry University of California, Irvine Irvine CA 92697-3900 USA
- Department of Chemistry University of California, Irvine Irvine CA 92697-2025 USA
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Dizicheh ZB, Halloran N, Asma W, Ghirlanda G. De Novo Design of Iron–Sulfur Proteins. Methods Enzymol 2017; 595:33-53. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.mie.2017.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
|