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Mikolajczyk S, Warenik-Bany M, Pajurek M, Marchand P. Perfluoroalkyl substances in the meat of Polish farm animals and game - Occurrence, profiles and dietary intake. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 945:174071. [PMID: 38897471 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.174071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2024] [Revised: 06/13/2024] [Accepted: 06/15/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
Meat from farm animals (pigs, cattle and poultry) and game (wild boar and deer) was analysed in terms of thirteen perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs). Wild boar muscle tissue was statistically significantly more contaminated than muscle tissue from other animals, and the species order of the lower-bound (LB) sum of four (∑4) PFAS (perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS), perfluorooctanoic acid, perfluorononanoic acid and perfluorohexanesulfonic acid) concentrations was wild boar > cattle > deer > pigs > poultry. None of the samples exceeded the maximum levels set by Commission Regulation (EU) 2023/915. Linear PFOS was the most frequently detected compound (in 21 % of all samples analysed and 100 % of wild boar samples), reaching its highest concentration of 1.87 μg/kg wet weight in wild boar. Dietary intake was estimated on the basis of the average per-serving consumption of pork, beef and poultry, and in the absence of such data for game, a 100 g portion was used for the calculation. Mean LB∑4 PFAS concentrations led to intakes between 0.000 and 1.75 ng/kg body weight (BW) for children and 0.000 and 0.91 ng/kg BW for adults. The potential risk to consumers was assessed in relation to the tolerable weekly intake (TWI) of 4.4 ng/kg BW established by the European Food Safety Authority in 2020. Exposure associated with the consumption of poultry, pork, beef and venison was negligible, being only <1 % of the TWI for children and adults; higher exposure was found to associate with the consumption of wild boar, being 63 % and 21 % of the TWI for children and adults, respectively. The findings of this research suggest that the intake of PFASs through the consumption of meat from Polish livestock and deer is unlikely to be a health concern. However, frequent consumption of wild boar meat could be a significant source of PFASs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Szczepan Mikolajczyk
- National Veterinary Research Institute, Radiobiology Department, NRL for halogenated POPs (PCDD/Fs, PCBs and PBDE) in food and feed, 57 Partyzantow Avenue, 24-100 Pulawy, Poland.
| | - Malgorzata Warenik-Bany
- National Veterinary Research Institute, Radiobiology Department, NRL for halogenated POPs (PCDD/Fs, PCBs and PBDE) in food and feed, 57 Partyzantow Avenue, 24-100 Pulawy, Poland
| | - Marek Pajurek
- National Veterinary Research Institute, Radiobiology Department, NRL for halogenated POPs (PCDD/Fs, PCBs and PBDE) in food and feed, 57 Partyzantow Avenue, 24-100 Pulawy, Poland
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Mikołajczyk S, Warenik-Bany M, Pajurek M. Chickens' eggs and the livers of farm animals as sources of perfluoroalkyl substances. J Vet Res 2024; 68:241-248. [PMID: 38947157 PMCID: PMC11210361 DOI: 10.2478/jvetres-2024-0034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2024] [Accepted: 06/12/2024] [Indexed: 07/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction This study focuses on perfluoroalkyl substance (PFAS) content in chickens' eggs and the livers of farm animals. Material and Methods Chickens' eggs (n = 25) and the livers of cows (n = 10), chickens (n = 7) and horses (n = 3) were collected from various regions of Poland. Samples were analysed using the isotope dilution technique with liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Results The mean lower bound (LB) sum of four PFAS (∑4 PFAS) concentrations (perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS), perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), perfluorononanoic acid (PFNA) and perfluorohexanesulfonic acid (PFHxS)) were the highest in cows' livers (0.52 μg/kg) and much lower in chickens' (0.17 μg/kg) and horses' livers (0.13 μg/kg) and chickens' eggs (0.096 μg/kg). The ratio of ∑4 PFASs to the limits set by Commission Regulation (EU) 2023/915 was <7% for liver and <6% for eggs. Linear PFOS was the compound with the highest detection frequency (8% in eggs and 48% in all livers). In cows' livers it was detected in 80% of samples. The estimated exposure to LB ∑4 PFASs via consumption of liver tissue from farm animals (assuming 50 g and 100 g portions) was <52% of the tolerable weekly intake (TWI) for children and <17% of the TWI for adults. Dietary intake via the average portion of three eggs led to low exposure of <15% for children and <5% for adults. Conclusion Neither eggs nor the livers of chickens or horses as analysed in this study are significant sources of PFASs, while cows' livers might contribute significantly to a child's overall dietary intake. Further investigation of PFOS in farm animal livers should be conducted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Szczepan Mikołajczyk
- Radiobiology Department, National Veterinary Research Institute, 24-100Puławy, Poland
| | | | - Marek Pajurek
- Radiobiology Department, National Veterinary Research Institute, 24-100Puławy, Poland
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Lasters R, Groffen T, Eens M, Bervoets L. Dynamic spatiotemporal changes of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in soil and eggs of private gardens at different distances from a fluorochemical plant. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2024; 346:123613. [PMID: 38423274 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2024.123613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2024] [Revised: 02/13/2024] [Accepted: 02/18/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
Homegrown food serves as an important human exposure source of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS), yet little is known about their spatiotemporal distribution within and among private gardens. This knowledge is essential for more accurate site-specific risk assessment, identification of new sources and evaluating the effectiveness of regulations. The present study evaluated spatiotemporal changes of legacy and emerging PFAS in surface soil from vegetable gardens (N = 78) and chicken enclosures (N = 102), as well as in homegrown eggs (N = 134) of private gardens, across the Province of Antwerp (Belgium). Hereby, the potential influence of the wind orientation and distance towards a major fluorochemical plant was examined. The ∑short-chain PFAS and precursor concentrations were higher in vegetable garden soil (8.68 ng/g dry weight (dw)) compared to chicken enclosure soil (4.43 ng/g dw) and homegrown eggs (0.77 ng/g wet weight (ww)), while long-chain sulfonates and C11-14 carboxylates showed the opposite trend. Short-term (2018/2019-2022) changes were mostly absent in vegetable garden soil, while changes in chicken enclosure soils oriented S-SW nearby (<4 km) the fluorochemical plant were characterized by a local, high-concentration plume. Moreover, soil from chicken enclosures oriented SE and remotely from the plant site was characterized by a widespread, diffuse but relatively low-concentration plume. Long-term data (2010-2022) suggest that phaseout and regulatory measures have been effective, as PFOS concentrations nearby the fluorochemical plant in soil and eggs have declined from 25.8 to 2.86 ng/g dw and from 528 to 39.4 ng/g ww, respectively. However, PFOS and PFOA concentrations have remained largely stable within this timeframe in gardens remotely from the plant site, warranting further rapid regulation and remediation measures. Future monitoring efforts are needed to allow long-term comparison for multiple PFAS and better distinction from potential confounding variables, such as variable emission outputs and variability in wind patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin Lasters
- ECOSPHERE, Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020, Antwerp, Belgium; Behavioural Ecology and Ecophysiology Group, Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610, Wilrijk, Belgium.
| | - Thimo Groffen
- ECOSPHERE, Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020, Antwerp, Belgium; Behavioural Ecology and Ecophysiology Group, Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610, Wilrijk, Belgium.
| | - Marcel Eens
- Behavioural Ecology and Ecophysiology Group, Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610, Wilrijk, Belgium.
| | - Lieven Bervoets
- ECOSPHERE, Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020, Antwerp, Belgium.
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Zhang J, Hu L, Xu H. Dietary exposure to per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances: Potential health impacts on human liver. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 907:167945. [PMID: 37871818 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.167945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2023] [Revised: 10/01/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 10/25/2023]
Abstract
Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS), dubbed "forever chemicals", are widely present in the environment. Environmental contamination and food contact substances are the main sources of PFAS in food, increasing the risk of human dietary exposure. Numerous epidemiological studies have established the link between dietary exposure to PFAS and liver disease. Correspondingly, PFAS induced-hepatotoxicity (e.g., hepatomegaly, cell viability, inflammation, oxidative stress, bile acid metabolism dysregulation and glycolipid metabolism disorder) observed from in vitro models and in vivo rodent studies have been extensively reported. In this review, the pertinent literature of the last 5 years from the Web of Science database was researched. This study summarized the source and fate of PFAS, and reviewed the occurrence of PFAS in food system (natural and processed food). Subsequently, the characteristics of human dietary exposure PFAS (population characteristics, distribution trend, absorption and distribution) were mentioned. Additionally, epidemiologic evidence linking PFAS exposure and liver disease was alluded, and the PFAS-induced hepatotoxicity observed from in vitro models and in vivo rodent studies was comprehensively reviewed. Lastly, we highlighted several critical knowledge gaps and proposed future research directions. This review aims to raise public awareness about food PFAS contamination and its potential risks to human liver health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinfeng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, China
| | - Liehai Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, China
| | - Hengyi Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330047, China; International Institute of Food Innovation, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330299, China.
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Granby K, Ersbøll BK, Olesen PT, Christensen T, Sørensen S. Per- and poly-fluoroalkyl substances in commercial organic eggs via fishmeal in feed. CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 346:140553. [PMID: 37944762 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.140553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Revised: 10/23/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
Chicken eggs can be a significant source of human PFAS exposure. A survey of PFAS in commercial eggs from larger farms across Denmark showed the absence or low contents of PFAS in free-range and barn eggs. However, organic eggs from eight farms collected in September 2022 had a similar profile of nine PFASs with a predominance of odd over even carbon length PFCAs. Farm 11-13 e.g. had egg yolk ng/g concentrations of PFOA 0.07 ± 0.02; PFNA 0.37 ± 0.04; PFDA 0.13 ± 0.00; PFUnDA 0.22 ± 0.04; PFDoDA 0.06 ± 0.02; PFTrDA 0.15 ± 0.04; PFTeDA 0.02 ± 0.02; PFHxS 0.10 ± 0.04; PFOS 2.62 ± 0.11. Normalised to PFOS, the relative sum of other PFAS showed no difference between the eight organic egg samples, but significant differences between mean individual PFASs (p = 1.4E-25), reflecting a similar profile. The PFAS found in two fishmeal samples with the same origin as the fishmeal used for the organic feed production, could account for the contents in the eggs via estimated transfer from the feed. Furthermore, the estimated transfer from concentration in feed to concentration in egg increased with the carbon length of the PFCA. Exposure (95th percentile) of ∑4PFAS (PFOA, PFNA, PFHxS, PFOS) solely from consumption of 311 g ∼ 5-6 organic eggs/week was for children 4-9 years 10.4 ng/kg bw, i.e. a significant exceedance of the tolerable weekly intake of 4.4 ng/kg bw established by the European Food Safety Authority. Based on the PFAS exposures from organic egg consumption, the organic egg producers decided voluntarily to cease adding fishmeal to the feed. Since the feed-to-egg half-lives are ≤1 week for PFOA, PFOS, and PFHxS, the removal of fishmeal as a feed ingredient should eliminate PFAS after 1-2 months. This was demonstrated in analyses of ten organic egg samples collected by the authorities without PFAS in eight and with 0.1 and 0.4 ng/g ∑4PFAS in two samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kit Granby
- Technical University of Denmark, National Food Institute, Kemitorvet 4, DK-2800, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark.
| | - Bjarne Kjær Ersbøll
- Technical University of Denmark, Department of Applied Mathematics and Computer Science, Richard Petersens Plads, Building 324, DK-2800, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Pelle Thonning Olesen
- Technical University of Denmark, National Food Institute, Kemitorvet 4, DK-2800, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Tue Christensen
- Technical University of Denmark, National Food Institute, Kemitorvet 4, DK-2800, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Søren Sørensen
- Danish Veterinary and Food Administration, Division of Residues, Søndervang 4, DK-4100, Ringsted, Denmark
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Feng QJ, Luo XJ, Ye MX, Hu KQ, Zeng YH, Mai BX. Bioaccumulation, tissue distributions, and maternal transfer of perfluoroalkyl carboxylates (PFCAs) in laying hens. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 905:167008. [PMID: 37704139 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.167008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Revised: 08/24/2023] [Accepted: 09/10/2023] [Indexed: 09/15/2023]
Abstract
Laying hens were exposed to feeds spiked with a series of perfluoroalkyl carboxylates (PFCAs) ranging from perfluorobutanoic acid (C4) to perfluorooctadecanoic acid (C18) to investigate their bioaccumulation, tissue distribution, and maternal transfer. We found that PFCAs with longer carbon chains (>8) were more efficiently absorbed in the gastrointestinal tract than those with shorter chains (≤8), and that the rate of depuration varied inversely with the carbon chain length in a U-shaped pattern. Moreover, bioaccumulation potential increased with increasing carbon-chain length, except for C4. Distinct affinities were observed for specific carbon-chain PFCAs across various tissues, evident from their differential accumulation during both uptake and depuration phases. Specifically, C9 showed a higher affinity for serum and liver, C12 was more prevalent in yolk, C14 was notably abundant in the brain, and C18 was predominant in other tissues. Furthermore, the egg-maternal ratio (EMR) increased with increasing carbon-chain length from C7 to C11 and reached a plateau phase for C12 to C18. Our study also confirmed the key role of phospholipids in the tissue distribution and maternal transfer of long-chain PFCAs. This study sheds light on the interaction between PFCAs and biological tissues and reveals the toxicokinetic factors that influence the bioaccumulation of PFCAs. Further research is needed to identify the specific proteins or components that mediate the tissue-specific affinity for different carbon-chain lengths of PFCAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qun-Jie Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Resources Utilization and Protection, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xiao-Jun Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Resources Utilization and Protection, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China; Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Environmental Pollution and Control, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Deep Earth Science, Guangzhou 510640, China.
| | - Mei-Xia Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Resources Utilization and Protection, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Ke-Qi Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Resources Utilization and Protection, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China; Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Environmental Pollution and Control, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Deep Earth Science, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Yan-Hong Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Resources Utilization and Protection, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China; Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Environmental Pollution and Control, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Deep Earth Science, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Bi-Xian Mai
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Resources Utilization and Protection, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China; Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Environmental Pollution and Control, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Deep Earth Science, Guangzhou 510640, China
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Xing Y, Zhou Y, Zhang X, Lin X, Li J, Liu P, Lee HK, Huang Z. The sources and bioaccumulation of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in animal-derived foods and the potential risk of dietary intake. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 905:167313. [PMID: 37742961 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.167313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2023] [Revised: 09/16/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023]
Abstract
Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) have attracted increasing attention due to their environmental persistence and potential toxicity. Diet is one of the main routes of human exposure to PFAS, particularly through the consumption of animal-derived foods (e.g., aquatic products, livestock and poultry, and products derived from them). This review summarizes the source, bioaccumulation, and distribution of PFAS in animal-derived foods and key influential factors. In most environmental media, perfluorooctanoic acid and perfluorooctane sulfonate are the dominant PFAS, with the levels of short-chain PFAS such as perfluorobutyric acid and perfluorohexane sulfonate surpassing them in some watersheds and coastal areas. The presence of PFAS in environmental media is mainly influenced by suspended particulate matter, microbial communities as well as temporal and spatial factors, such as season and location. Linear PFAS with long carbon chains (C ≥ 7) and sulfonic groups tend to accumulate in organisms and contribute significantly to the contamination of animal-derived foods. Furthermore, PFAS, due to their protein affinity, are prone to accumulate in the blood and protein-rich tissues such as the liver and kidney. Species differences in PFAS bioaccumulation are determined by diet, variances in protein content in the blood and tissues and species-specific activity of transport proteins. Carnivorous fish usually show higher PFAS accumulation than omnivorous fish. Poultry typically metabolize PFAS more rapidly than mammals. PFAS exposures in the processing of animal-derived foods are also attributable to the migration of PFAS from food contact materials, especially those in higher-fat content foods. The human health risk assessment of PFAS exposure from animal-derived foods suggests that frequent consumption of aquatic products potentially engender greater risks to women and minors than to adult males. The information and perspectives from this review would help to further identify the toxicity and migration mechanism of PFAS in animal-derived foods and provide information for food safety management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yudong Xing
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, PR China
| | - Yan Zhou
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, PR China
| | - Xin Zhang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, PR China
| | - Xia Lin
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, PR China
| | - Jiaoyang Li
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, PR China
| | - Peng Liu
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, PR China
| | - Hian Kee Lee
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore 117543, Singapore
| | - Zhenzhen Huang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, PR China.
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Chou WC, Tell LA, Baynes RE, Davis JL, Cheng YH, Maunsell FP, Riviere JE, Lin Z. Development and application of an interactive generic physiologically based pharmacokinetic (igPBPK) model for adult beef cattle and lactating dairy cows to estimate tissue distribution and edible tissue and milk withdrawal intervals for per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS). Food Chem Toxicol 2023; 181:114062. [PMID: 37769896 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2023.114062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Revised: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 09/23/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023]
Abstract
Humans can be exposed to per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) through dietary intake from milk and edible tissues from food animals. This study developed a physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model to predict tissue and milk residues and estimate withdrawal intervals (WDIs) for multiple PFAS including PFOA, PFOS and PFHxS in beef cattle and lactating dairy cows. Results showed that model predictions were mostly within a two-fold factor of experimental data for plasma, tissues, and milk with an estimated coefficient of determination (R2) of >0.95. The predicted muscle WDIs for beef cattle were <1 day for PFOA, 449 days for PFOS, and 69 days for PFHxS, while the predicted milk WDIs in dairy cows were <1 day for PFOA, 1345 days for PFOS, and zero day for PFHxS following a high environmental exposure scenario (e.g., 49.3, 193, and 161 ng/kg/day for PFOA, PFOS, and PFHxS, respectively, for beef cattle for 2 years). The model was converted to a web-based interactive generic PBPK (igPBPK) platform to provide a user-friendly dashboard for predictions of tissue and milk WDIs for PFAS in cattle. This model serves as a foundation for extrapolation to other PFAS compounds to improve safety assessment of cattle-derived food products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Chun Chou
- Department of Environmental and Global Health, College of Public Health and Health Professions, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA; Center for Environmental and Human Toxicology, University of Florida, FL, 32608, USA.
| | - Lisa A Tell
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, USA.
| | - Ronald E Baynes
- Center for Chemical Toxicology Research and Pharmacokinetics, Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27606, USA.
| | - Jennifer L Davis
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Blacksburg, VA, 24060, USA.
| | - Yi-Hsien Cheng
- Institute of Computational Comparative Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, 66506, USA; Department of Anatomy and Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, 66506, USA.
| | - Fiona P Maunsell
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32608, USA.
| | - Jim E Riviere
- Center for Chemical Toxicology Research and Pharmacokinetics, Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27606, USA; 1Data Consortium, Kansas State University, Olathe, KS, 66061, USA.
| | - Zhoumeng Lin
- Department of Environmental and Global Health, College of Public Health and Health Professions, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA; Center for Environmental and Human Toxicology, University of Florida, FL, 32608, USA.
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Nobile M, Arioli F, Curci D, Ancillotti C, Scanavini G, Chiesa LM, Panseri S. Incidence of Perfluoroalkyl Substances in Commercial Eggs and Their Impact on Consumer's Safety. Foods 2023; 12:3846. [PMID: 37893740 PMCID: PMC10605999 DOI: 10.3390/foods12203846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Revised: 10/13/2023] [Accepted: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Eggs play an important role in a balanced diet; however, the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) recognizes eggs as a major source of poly and per-fluoroalkyl substances (PFASs). In this study, the presence of PFASs was analysed in eggs produced by hens from Northern Italian regions, a PFASs-contaminated area. Sixty-five samples were analysed by high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with high-resolution mass spectrometry. The greatest presence of PFASs was found in eggs from Veneto and Emilia Romagna, and the most detected PFASs were perfluorobutanoic acid (PFBA) and perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS) (mean concentrations 0.30 ± 0.15 and 0.05 ± 0.00 ng g-1). Considering the most recent updates for the sum of the main four PFASs, the highest concentration found in the analysed samples was 0.05 ng g-1, well below the maximum limit set by the European Union. The PFAS intake evaluation confirmed that egg consumption does not represent a risk for Italian consumers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Nobile
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of Milan, Via dell’Università 6, 26900 Lodi, Italy; (M.N.); (F.A.); (L.M.C.); (S.P.)
| | - Francesco Arioli
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of Milan, Via dell’Università 6, 26900 Lodi, Italy; (M.N.); (F.A.); (L.M.C.); (S.P.)
| | - Dalia Curci
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of Milan, Via dell’Università 6, 26900 Lodi, Italy; (M.N.); (F.A.); (L.M.C.); (S.P.)
| | - Claudia Ancillotti
- Biochemie Lab S.r.l., Via Limite, 27/G, 50013 Campi Bisenzio, Italy; (C.A.); (G.S.)
| | - Giulia Scanavini
- Biochemie Lab S.r.l., Via Limite, 27/G, 50013 Campi Bisenzio, Italy; (C.A.); (G.S.)
| | - Luca Maria Chiesa
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of Milan, Via dell’Università 6, 26900 Lodi, Italy; (M.N.); (F.A.); (L.M.C.); (S.P.)
| | - Sara Panseri
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of Milan, Via dell’Università 6, 26900 Lodi, Italy; (M.N.); (F.A.); (L.M.C.); (S.P.)
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Mikkonen AT, Martin J, Upton RN, Moenning JL, Numata J, Taylor MP, Roberts MS, Mackenzie L. Dynamic exposure and body burden models for per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) enable management of food safety risks in cattle. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2023; 180:108218. [PMID: 37820422 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2023.108218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Revised: 09/12/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023]
Abstract
With increasing global focus on planetary boundaries, food safety and quality, the presence of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in the food chain presents a challenge for the sustainable production and supply of quality assured food. Consumption of food is the primary PFAS exposure route for the general population. At contaminated sites, PFAS have been reported in a range of agricultural commodities including cattle. Consumer exposure assessments are complicated by the lack of validated modelling approaches to estimate PFAS bioaccumulation in cattle. Previous studies have shown that PFAS bioaccumulation in livestock is influenced by environmental, spatial and temporal factors that necessitate a dynamic modelling approach. This work presents an integrated exposure and population toxicokinetic (PopTK) model for cattle that estimates serum and tissue concentrations of PFAS over time. Daily exposures were estimated from intakes of water, pasture, and soil, and considered animal growth, seasonal variability (pasture moisture content and temperature) and variable PFAS concentrations across paddocks. Modelled serum and tissue estimates were validated against monitoring data from Australian and Swedish cattle farms. The models were also used to develop and test practical management options for reducing PFAS exposure and to prioritise remediation for farms. Model outputs for exposure management scenarios (testing cattle rotation and targeted supplementation of feed and water) showed potential for marked reductions in consumer exposures from cattle produce.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antti T Mikkonen
- University of South Australia, Clinical and Health Sciences, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia; Environment Protection Authority Victoria, EPA Science, Centre for Applied Sciences, Macleod, Victoria 3085 Australia.
| | - Jennifer Martin
- Environment Protection Authority Victoria, EPA Science, Centre for Applied Sciences, Macleod, Victoria 3085 Australia
| | - Richard N Upton
- University of South Australia, Clinical and Health Sciences, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Jan-Louis Moenning
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment BfR, Department Safety in the Food Chain, Max-Dohrn-Str. 8-10, 10589 Berlin, Germany
| | - Jorge Numata
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment BfR, Department Safety in the Food Chain, Max-Dohrn-Str. 8-10, 10589 Berlin, Germany
| | - Mark P Taylor
- Environment Protection Authority Victoria, EPA Science, Centre for Applied Sciences, Macleod, Victoria 3085 Australia
| | - Michael S Roberts
- University of South Australia, Clinical and Health Sciences, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia; University of Queensland, Frazer Institute, Queensland, Australia
| | - Lorraine Mackenzie
- University of South Australia, Clinical and Health Sciences, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia; Basil Hetzel Institute for Translational Health Research, The Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Woodville South, South Australia, Australia
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11
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Mikkonen AT, Martin J, Upton RN, Barker AO, Brumley CM, Taylor MP, Mackenzie L, Roberts MS. Spatio-temporal trends in livestock exposure to per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) inform risk assessment and management measures. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2023; 225:115518. [PMID: 36841522 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.115518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Revised: 01/26/2023] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The migration of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) onto agricultural properties has resulted in the accumulation of PFAS in livestock. The environmental determinants of PFAS accumulation in livestock from the grazing environment are poorly understood, resulting in limited capacity to manage livestock exposure and subsequent transfer of PFAS through the food chain. Analytical- (n = 978 samples of soil, water, pasture, and serum matrices), farm management/practice- and livestock physiology data were collated and interrogated from environmental PFAS investigations across ten farms, from four agro-ecological regions of Victoria (Australia). Statistical analysis identified perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) and perfluorohexane sulfonate (PFHxS) as key analytes of concern for livestock bioaccumulation. PFOS and PFHxS concentrations in livestock drinking water were positively correlated with serum concentrations while other intake pathways (pasture and soil) had weaker correlations. Seasonal trends in PFAS body burden (serum concentrations) were identified and suggested to be linked to seasonal grazing behaviours and physiological water requirements. The data showed for the first time that livestock exposure to PFAS is dynamic and with relatively short elimination half-lives, there is opportunity for exposure management. Meat from cattle, grazed on PFAS impacted sites, may exceed health-based guideline values for PFAS, especially for markets with low limits (like the European Commission Maximum Limits or EC MLs). This study found that sites with mean livestock drinking water concentrations as low as 0.003 μg PFOS/L may exceed the EC ML for PFOS in cattle meat. Risk assessment can be used to prioritise site cleanup and development of management plans to reduce PFAS body burden by considering timing of stock rotation and/or supplementation of primary exposure sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antti T Mikkonen
- University of South Australia, Clinical and Health Sciences, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia; Environment Protection Authority Victoria, Centre for Applied Sciences, Macleod, Victoria, Australia.
| | - Jennifer Martin
- Environment Protection Authority Victoria, Centre for Applied Sciences, Macleod, Victoria, Australia; Arcadis L18, Queen & Collins Tower, 376-390 Collins Street, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Richard N Upton
- University of South Australia, Clinical and Health Sciences, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | | | - Carolyn M Brumley
- Environment Protection Authority Victoria, Centre for Applied Sciences, Macleod, Victoria, Australia; Arcadis L18, Queen & Collins Tower, 376-390 Collins Street, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Mark P Taylor
- Environment Protection Authority Victoria, Centre for Applied Sciences, Macleod, Victoria, Australia
| | - Lorraine Mackenzie
- University of South Australia, Clinical and Health Sciences, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia; Basil Hetzel Institute for Translational Health Research, The Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Woodville South, South Australia, Australia
| | - Michael S Roberts
- University of South Australia, Clinical and Health Sciences, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia; University of Queensland, Diamantina Institute, Queensland, Australia
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12
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Choi YJ, Lee LS, Hoskins TD, Gharehveran MM, Sepúlveda MS. Occurrence and implications of per and polyfluoroalkyl substances in animal feeds used in laboratory toxicity testing. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 867:161583. [PMID: 36638992 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.161583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2022] [Revised: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The exceptional thermal and chemical stability and the amphiphilicity of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) have resulted in widespread use and subsequent contamination in environmental media and biota. Concerns surrounding toxicity have led to numerous animal-based toxicity studies. Due to the ubiquity of PFAS and the low parts per trillion (ppt) health advisory levels for drinking water, several contamination elimination protocols have been implemented. In addition, it is urgently necessary to perform low-dose experiments, but due to unknown pathways for entry of unwanted PFAS, low-dose studies are extremely challenging to conduct. However, animal feed sources are a likely route that could introduce unwanted PFAS into experiments, yet investigations of PFAS in common animal feeds are lacking. Here, we report the examination of PFAS levels in eighteen different animal feeds, representing a range of diets fed to diverse taxa. We evaluated whether PFAS levels in feeds were correlated with ingredient composition (plant versus animal-based) or dietary habits of lab animals (amphibian, fish, invertebrate, mammal). PFOS, PFHxS, PFOA, and short-chain perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acids had the highest detection levels and frequencies across all samples. Different food ingredients led to different PFAS profiles. No meaningful levels of PFAS precursors were detected. We demonstrate that PFAS contamination in animal feed is pervasive. Reducing food-sourced PFAS is a critical, albeit challenging task to improve interpretability of in vivo exposures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youn Jeong Choi
- Department of Agronomy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA.
| | - Linda S Lee
- Department of Agronomy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA; Division of Environmental Ecological Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA; Interdisciplinary Ecological Science & Engineering Graduate Program, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Tyler D Hoskins
- Forestry and Natural Resources, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | | | - Maria S Sepúlveda
- Interdisciplinary Ecological Science & Engineering Graduate Program, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA; Forestry and Natural Resources, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA; Sustainability Research Center & PhD in Conservation Medicine, Life Sciences Faculty, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile
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13
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A new method for determining PFASs by UHPLC-HRMS (Q-Orbitrap): Application to PFAS analysis of organic and conventional eggs sold in Italy. Food Chem 2023; 401:134135. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2022.134135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Revised: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 09/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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14
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Lasters R, Groffen T, Eens M, Coertjens D, Gebbink WA, Hofman J, Bervoets L. Home-produced eggs: An important human exposure pathway of perfluoroalkylated substances (PFAS). CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 308:136283. [PMID: 36075366 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.136283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2022] [Revised: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 08/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Humans are generally exposed to per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) through their diet. Whilst plenty of data are available on commercial food products, little information exists on the contribution of self-cultivated food, such as home-produced eggs (HPE), to the dietary PFAS intake in humans. The prevalence of 17 legacy and emerging PFAS in HPE (N = 70) from free-ranging laying hens was examined at 35 private gardens, situated within a 10 km radius from a fluorochemical plant in Antwerp (Belgium). Potential influences from housing conditions (feed type and number of individuals) and age of the chickens on the egg concentrations was examined, and possible human health risks were evaluated. Perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS) and perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) were detected in all samples. PFOS was the dominant compound and concentrations (range: 0.13-241 ng/g wet weight) steeply decreased with distance from the fluorochemical plant, while there was no clear distance trend for other PFAS. Laying hens receiving an obligate diet of kitchen leftovers, exhibited higher PFOS and PFOA concentrations in their eggs than hens feeding only on commercial food, suggesting that garden produce may be a relevant exposure pathway to both chickens and humans. The age of laying hens affected egg PFAS concentrations, with younger hens exhibiting significantly higher egg PFOA concentrations. Based on a modest human consumption scenario of two eggs per week, the European health guideline was exceeded in ≥67% of the locations for all age classes, both nearby and further away (till 10 km) from the plant site. These results indicate that PFAS exposure via HPE causes potential human health risks. Extensive analysis in other self-cultivated food items on a larger spatial scale is highly recommended, taking into account potential factors that may affect PFAS bioavailability to garden produce.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin Lasters
- ECOSPHERE, Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020, Antwerp, Belgium; Behavioural Ecology and Ecophysiology Group, Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610, Wilrijk, Belgium.
| | - Thimo Groffen
- ECOSPHERE, Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020, Antwerp, Belgium; Behavioural Ecology and Ecophysiology Group, Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610, Wilrijk, Belgium.
| | - Marcel Eens
- Behavioural Ecology and Ecophysiology Group, Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610, Wilrijk, Belgium.
| | - Dries Coertjens
- Centre for Research on Environmental and Social Change, Department of Sociology, University of Antwerp, Sint-Jacobstraat 2, 2000, Antwerp, Belgium.
| | | | - Jelle Hofman
- Flemish Institute for Technological Research (VITO), Boeretang 200, 2400, Mol, Belgium.
| | - Lieven Bervoets
- ECOSPHERE, Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020, Antwerp, Belgium.
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15
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Savvateeva D, Ohlhoff B, Hoogenboom RLAP, Pieper R, Numata J. Toxicokinetic Modeling of the Transfer of Non-Dioxin-like Polychlorinated Biphenyls (ndl-PCBs) from Feed and Soil into Laying Hens and Their Eggs. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2022; 70:13754-13764. [PMID: 36241171 PMCID: PMC9615987 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.2c04396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Revised: 09/06/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Non-dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls (ndl-PCBs) are a subclass of persistent bioaccumulative pollutants able to enter the food chain. Toxicokinetic models for the transfer of the six ndl-PCB congeners (PCBs 28, 52, 101, 138, 153, and 180) from contaminated feed and soil into chicken eggs and meat are presented. Three independent controlled feeding study datasets were used to estimate the model parameters and four studies for evaluating the model performance. The yolk deposition of ndl-PCBs is modeled in a novel way that mimics the physiology of yolk growth and development, resulting in improved prediction of the experimental data without introducing an ad hoc time delay between ovulation and oviposition. Using the models, the highest level of 2.4 μg/kg dry matter (DM) was calculated for the sum of ndl-PCBs in laying hen feed to ensure that the current maximum levels in meat and eggs (40 ng/g fat) will not be exceeded. It is also shown how this highest level in feed should be adapted in case soil, in addition to feed, is also a source of ndl-PCBs for free-range chickens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daria Savvateeva
- Department
Safety in the Food Chain, German Federal
Institute for Risk Assessment, Max-Dohrn-Straße 8-10, 10589 Berlin, Germany
| | - Britta Ohlhoff
- Department
Safety in the Food Chain, German Federal
Institute for Risk Assessment, Max-Dohrn-Straße 8-10, 10589 Berlin, Germany
| | - Ron L. A. P. Hoogenboom
- Wageningen
Food Safety Research, Wageningen University
& Research, Akkermaalsbos
2, 6708 WB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Robert Pieper
- Department
Safety in the Food Chain, German Federal
Institute for Risk Assessment, Max-Dohrn-Straße 8-10, 10589 Berlin, Germany
| | - Jorge Numata
- Department
Safety in the Food Chain, German Federal
Institute for Risk Assessment, Max-Dohrn-Straße 8-10, 10589 Berlin, Germany
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16
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Mikolajczyk S, Pajurek M, Warenik-Bany M. Perfluoroalkyl substances in hen eggs from different types of husbandry. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 303:134950. [PMID: 35577131 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.134950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Revised: 05/09/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Poultry eggs from cage, ecological and free range production were analyzed in terms of perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs). Taking into account all fourteen analyzed compounds, perfluorobutanoic acid (PFBA) reach the highest concentrations (mean 0.23, 0.24, 0.27 μg/kg wet weight (w.w) for organic, cage and free range eggs respectively. Taking into account the lower bound sum of four PFASs: PFOS, PFOA, PFNA, PFHxS which according to EFSA, made up half of the lower bound exposure to PFASs, organic eggs were the most contaminated (0.10 μg/kg wet weight) followed by free range (0.04 μg/kg wet weight) and battery cage (0.00 μg/kg wet weight). The percentage share in the lower bound concentration indicates the dominant role of PFOS (37-100%). Linear PFOS accounted for 71-92% of the sum of linear and branched PFOS. Estimates of PFOS, PFOA, PFNA, PFHxS intake via eggs based lower-bound concentrations were 0.00-0.65 ng/kg b. w for children and 0.00-0.21 ng/kg b. w for adults which corresponds to 0-15% of the tolerable weekly intake (TWI) and 0-5% TWI for children and adult respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Szczepan Mikolajczyk
- National Veterinary Research Institute, Radiobiology Department, NRL for Halogenated POPs (PCDD/Fs, PCBs and PBDE) in Food and Feed, 57 Partyzantow Avenue, 24-100, Pulawy, Poland.
| | - Marek Pajurek
- National Veterinary Research Institute, Radiobiology Department, NRL for Halogenated POPs (PCDD/Fs, PCBs and PBDE) in Food and Feed, 57 Partyzantow Avenue, 24-100, Pulawy, Poland
| | - Malgorzata Warenik-Bany
- National Veterinary Research Institute, Radiobiology Department, NRL for Halogenated POPs (PCDD/Fs, PCBs and PBDE) in Food and Feed, 57 Partyzantow Avenue, 24-100, Pulawy, Poland
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17
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Wang C, Dong S, Wang P, Hao Y, Wang R, Zhang S, Wang Y, Wang P, Zhang Q, Jiang G. A pilot evaluation on the toxicokinetics and bioaccumulation of polychlorinated naphthalenes in laying hens. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 835:155454. [PMID: 35472355 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.155454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Revised: 04/15/2022] [Accepted: 04/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Knowledge of the transfer features of polychlorinated naphthalenes (PCNs), a class of emerging persistent organic pollutants (POPs), is still lacking concerning the environment-feed-food transfer chain of farm animals. We conducted a controlled feeding experiment with laying hens fed fly ash-contaminated diets to investigate the toxicokinetics and bioaccumulation of PCNs (tri- to octa-CNs) in the hen eggs and tissues. The eggs showed increasing PCNs levels after 14 days of oral exposure, which gradually decreased during the 28-day depuration period but still exceeded the initial levels. The apparent one-compartment half-life of ∑63PCNs in the eggs was 28.9 days, which was comparable to those of other dioxin-like compounds. The uptake and depuration rates of PCN congeners in the eggs were 0.002-0.010 and 0.016-0.079 days-1 in eggs, respectively. The depuration rates were decreased with the n-octanol/water partition coefficients (logKOW), indicating that the eggs retained more lipophilic congeners, whereas the uptake rates increased with the logKOW, indicating the faster deposition of the more lipophilic PCNs in eggs during the exposure period. The transfer rates of PCN congeners ranged from 0.27%-23.0%, indicating the transfer potential of PCNs from feed to eggs. Additionally, the PCN distribution in the laying hens at the end of the exposure showed tissue-specific accumulation, with the high levels of PCNs in the liver, spleen, and ovum. Positive correlations between the transfer factors (Ctissue/Cfeed) and the logKOW suggested that more lipophilic PCN congeners tended to accumulate in the tissues. After quantitatively assessing the feed-to-food transfer of PCNs in laying hens, our results highlight the risk of exposure to PCNs in the food supply chain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; Sino-Danish College, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Shujun Dong
- Institute of Quality Standards and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China.
| | - Pu Wang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Fume and Dust Pollution Control, School of Environment and Health, Jianghan University, Wuhan 430056, China
| | - Yanfen Hao
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Fume and Dust Pollution Control, School of Environment and Health, Jianghan University, Wuhan 430056, China
| | - Ruiguo Wang
- Institute of Quality Standards and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Su Zhang
- Institute of Quality Standards and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Yaxin Wang
- Institute of Quality Standards and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Peilong Wang
- Institute of Quality Standards and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Qinghua Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; Sino-Danish College, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310000, China
| | - Guibin Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
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18
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Just H, Göckener B, Lämmer R, Wiedemann-Krantz L, Stahl T, Breuer J, Gassmann M, Weidemann E, Bücking M, Kowalczyk J. Degradation and Plant Transfer Rates of Seven Fluorotelomer Precursors to Perfluoroalkyl Acids and F-53B in a Soil-Plant System with Maize ( Zea mays L.). JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2022; 70:8920-8930. [PMID: 35840126 PMCID: PMC9335875 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.1c06838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Fluorotelomer precursors in soil constitute a reservoir for perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs) in the environment. In the present study, precursor degradation and transfer rates of seven fluorotelomer precursors and F-53B (chlorinated polyfluoroalkyl ether sulfonates) were investigated in pot experiments with maize plants (Zea mays L.). The degradation of fluorotelomer precursors to perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acids (PFCAs) and their uptake spectra corresponded to those of fluorotelomer alcohol (FTOH) in terms of the number of perfluorinated carbon atoms. Short-chain PFCAs were translocated into the shoots (in descending order perfluoropentanoic, perfluorobutanoic, and perfluorohexanoic acid), whereas long-chain PFCAs mainly remained in the soil. In particular, fluorotelomer phosphate diesters (diPAPs) were retained in the soil and showed the highest degradation potential including evidence of α-oxidative processes. F-53B did not degrade to PFAAs and its constituents were mainly detected in the roots with minor uptake into the shoots. The results demonstrate the important role of precursors as an entry pathway for PFCAs into the food chain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hildegard Just
- Department
Safety in the Food Chain, German Federal
Institute for Risk Assessment, Unit Feed, and Feed Additives, Max-Dohrn-Strasse 8-10, 10589 Berlin, Germany
- . Phone: +4930 18412 28409
| | - Bernd Göckener
- Fraunhofer-Institute
for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology IME, Auf dem Aberg 1, 57392 Schmallenberg-Grafschaft, Germany
| | - René Lämmer
- Fraunhofer-Institute
for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology IME, Auf dem Aberg 1, 57392 Schmallenberg-Grafschaft, Germany
| | - Lars Wiedemann-Krantz
- Fraunhofer-Institute
for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology IME, Auf dem Aberg 1, 57392 Schmallenberg-Grafschaft, Germany
| | - Thorsten Stahl
- Chemical
and Veterinary Analytical Institute Münsterland-Emscher-Lippe
(CVUA-MEL), Joseph-König-Strasse
40, 48147 Münster, Germany
| | - Jörn Breuer
- Agricultural
Technology Centre Augustenberg (LTZ), Neßlerstraße 25, 76227 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Matthias Gassmann
- Department
of Hydrology and Substance Balance, University
of Kassel, Kurt-Wolters-Strasse 3, 34125 Kassel, Germany
| | - Eva Weidemann
- Department
of Hydrology and Substance Balance, University
of Kassel, Kurt-Wolters-Strasse 3, 34125 Kassel, Germany
| | - Mark Bücking
- Fraunhofer-Institute
for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology IME, Auf dem Aberg 1, 57392 Schmallenberg-Grafschaft, Germany
- School of
Chemistry, Monash University, Box 23, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Janine Kowalczyk
- Department
Safety in the Food Chain, German Federal
Institute for Risk Assessment, Unit Feed, and Feed Additives, Max-Dohrn-Strasse 8-10, 10589 Berlin, Germany
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19
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Hubbard LE, Kolpin DW, Givens CE, Blackwell BR, Bradley PM, Gray JL, Lane RF, Masoner JR, McCleskey RB, Romanok KM, Sandstrom MW, Smalling KL, Villeneuve DL. Food, Beverage, and Feedstock Processing Facility Wastewater: a Unique and Underappreciated Source of Contaminants to U.S. Streams. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:1028-1040. [PMID: 34967600 PMCID: PMC9219000 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c06821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Process wastewaters from food, beverage, and feedstock facilities, although regulated, are an under-investigated environmental contaminant source. Food process wastewaters (FPWWs) from 23 facilities in 17 U.S. states were sampled and documented for a plethora of chemical and microbial contaminants. Of the 576 analyzed organics, 184 (32%) were detected at least once, with concentrations as large as 143 μg L-1 (6:2 fluorotelomer sulfonic acid), and as many as 47 were detected in a single FPWW sample. Cumulative per/polyfluoroalkyl substance concentrations up to 185 μg L-1 and large pesticide transformation product concentrations (e.g., methomyl oxime, 40 μg L-1; clothianidin TMG, 2.02 μg L-1) were observed. Despite 48% of FPWW undergoing disinfection treatment prior to discharge, bacteria resistant to third-generation antibiotics were found in each facility type, and multiple bacterial groups were detected in all samples, including total coliforms. The exposure-activity ratios and toxicity quotients exceeded 1.0 in 13 and 22% of samples, respectively, indicating potential biological effects and toxicity to vertebrates and invertebrates associated with the discharge of FPWW. Organic contaminant profiles of FPWW differed from previously reported contaminant profiles of municipal effluents and urban storm water, indicating that FPWW is another important source of chemical and microbial contaminant mixtures discharged into receiving surface waters.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Dana W. Kolpin
- U.S. Geological Survey, Iowa City, Iowa 52240, United States
| | | | - Brett R. Blackwell
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Duluth, Minnesota 55084, United States
| | - Paul M. Bradley
- U.S. Geological Survey, Columbia, South Carolina 29210, United States
| | - James L. Gray
- U.S. Geological Survey, Lakewood, Colorado 80225, United States
| | - Rachael F. Lane
- U.S. Geological Survey, Lawrence, Kansas 66049, United States
| | - Jason R. Masoner
- U.S. Geological Survey, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma 73116, United States
| | | | | | | | - Kelly L. Smalling
- U.S. Geological Survey, Lawrenceville, New Jersey 08648, United States
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