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Yang S, Sun M. Recent Advanced Methods for Extracting and Analyzing Cannabinoids from Cannabis-Infused Edibles and Detecting Hemp-Derived Contaminants in Food (2013-2023): A Comprehensive Review. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2024. [PMID: 38857901 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.4c01286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2024]
Abstract
Cannabis-infused edibles are food products infused with a cannabis extract. These edibles include baked goods, candies, and beverages, offering an alternative way to consume cannabis instead of smoking or vaporizing it. Ensuring the accurate detection of cannabis-infused edibles and identification of any contaminants is crucial for public health and safety. This is particularly important for compliance with legal regulations as these substances can have significant psychoactive effects, especially on unsuspecting consumers such as children or individuals with certain medical conditions. Using efficient extraction methods can greatly improve detection accuracy, ensuring that the concentration of cannabinoids in edibles is measured correctly and adheres to dosage guidelines and legal limits. This review comprehensively examines the preparation and extraction techniques for cannabinoid edibles. It covers methods such as solid-phase extraction, enhanced matrix removal-lipid, QuEChERS, dissolution and dispersion techniques, liquid-phase extraction, and other emerging methodologies along with analytical techniques for cannabinoid analysis. The main analytical techniques employed for the determination of cannabinoids include liquid chromatography (LC), gas chromatography (GC), direct analysis in real time (DART), and mass spectrometry (MS). The application of these extraction and analytical techniques is further demonstrated through their use in analyzing specific edible samples, including oils, candies, beverages, solid coffee and tea, snacks, pet food, and contaminated products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siyun Yang
- Department of Biology, Kean University, Union, New Jersey 07083, United States
| | - Mingjing Sun
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, Kean University, Union, New Jersey 07083, United States
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Prabsangob N, Hangsalad S, Harnsilawat T. Effect of Organic Acid-Aided Extraction on Characteristics and Functional Properties of Pectin from Cannabis sativa L. Molecules 2024; 29:2511. [PMID: 38893387 PMCID: PMC11173500 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29112511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2024] [Revised: 05/21/2024] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
The extraction of cannabinoids from the inflorescence and leaves of Cannabis sativa L. is gaining interest from researchers, in addition to addressing the under-utilization of the by-products in the stems and roots of the trees. The present study investigated the recovery of pectin from the left-over parts of hemp tress using an eco-friendly method with the aid of organic acids. Different cannabis cultivars-Chalotte's Angels (CHA) and Hang-Krarog (HKR)-were used as plant materials. The stems of both cannabis cultivars contained more pectin than the roots, and tartaric acid-aided extraction provided higher yields than from citric acid. Extracting the acid solution affected some characteristics, thereby differentiating the functional properties of the derived pectin. Extraction using tartaric acid provided pectin with a higher galacturonic acid content, whereas pectin with a higher methylation degree could be prepared using citric acid. The pectin samples extracted from the stems of CHA (P-CHA) and HKR (P-HKR) had low methoxyl pectin. P-CHA had better free radical scavenging capability, whereas P-HKR showed more potent reducibility. Considering the functional properties, P-CHA showed greater emulsion formability and foaming activity, whereas P-HKR possessed a better thickening effect. The present work suggests the feasible utilization of P-CHA and P-HKR as food additives with bioactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nopparat Prabsangob
- Department of Product Development, Faculty of Agro-Industry, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
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3
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Najafi L, Moasses Z, Bahmanpour S. The marijuana, cannabinoids, and female reproductive system. J Appl Toxicol 2024. [PMID: 38754862 DOI: 10.1002/jat.4630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Revised: 04/13/2024] [Accepted: 05/01/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024]
Abstract
The marijuana is considered as widely used recreational illicit drug that has become popular among women of reproductive age. It is believed that the marijuana use may have negative impacts on the female fertility. However, the exact mechanisms of its reproductive toxicity remain unclear. The studies suggest that the exogenous cannabinoids may interfere with endocannabinoid system and disrupt hypothalamic-pituitary-ovary axis. Consequently, it impacts the female fertility by disruption of normal secretion of ovarian sex hormones and menstrual cycles. However, other studies have shown that medical marijuana is useful analgesic agent for pain management. But, given that the wide range of cannabinoids side effects are reported, it seems that caution should be taken in the recreational use of these substances. In summary, this article aimed to review the possible impacts of marijuana and its derivatives on the main female reproductive organs and embryonic growth and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leila Najafi
- Department of Anatomical Sciences, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Zia Moasses
- Department of Anatomical Sciences, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Soghra Bahmanpour
- Department of Reproductive Biology, School of Advanced Medical Sciences and Technologies, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
- Department of Anatomical Sciences, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
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4
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Huang S, van Beek TA, Claassen FW, Janssen HG, Ma M, Chen B, Zuilhof H, Salentijn GI. Comprehensive cannabinoid profiling of acid-treated CBD samples and Δ 8-THC-infused edibles. Food Chem 2024; 440:138187. [PMID: 38134831 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2023.138187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2023] [Revised: 12/07/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023]
Abstract
Δ8-Tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ8-THC) is increasingly popular as a controversial substitute for Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ9-THC) in cannabinoid-infused edibles. Δ8-THC is prepared from cannabidiol (CBD) by treatment with acids. Side products including Δ9-THC and other isomers that might end up in Δ8-THC edibles are less studied. In this paper, three orthogonal methods, namely reversed-phase (RP)-UHPLC-DAD/HRMS, normal-phase/argentation (silica-Ag(I))-HPLC-DAD/MS, and GC-FID/MS were developed for analysis of cannabinoid isomers, namely Δ8-THC, Δ9-THC, CBD, Δ8-iso-THC, Δ(4)8-iso-THC, and hydrated THC isomers. Eight acid-treated CBD mixtures contained various amounts of Δ8-THC (0-89%, w/w%), high levels of Δ9-THC (up to 49%), Δ8-isoTHC (up to 55%), Δ(4)8-iso-THC (up to 17%), and three hydrated THC isomers. Commercial Δ8-THC gummies were also analyzed, and issues like overclaimed Δ8-THC, excessive Δ9-THC, undeclared Δ8-iso-THC, and Δ(4)8-iso-THC were found. These findings highlight the urgency of improving regulations towards converting CBD to Δ8-THC for use as food ingredients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Si Huang
- Key Laboratory of Phytochemical R&D of Hunan Province and Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology & Traditional Chinese Medicine Research of Ministry of Education, Hunan Normal University, No.36, Lushan Road, 410081 Changsha, China; Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Wageningen University, Stippeneng 4, 6708 WE Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Teris A van Beek
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Wageningen University, Stippeneng 4, 6708 WE Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Frank W Claassen
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Wageningen University, Stippeneng 4, 6708 WE Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Hans-Gerd Janssen
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Wageningen University, Stippeneng 4, 6708 WE Wageningen, The Netherlands; Unilever Foods Innovation Centre - Hive, Bronland 14, 6708 WH Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Ming Ma
- Key Laboratory of Phytochemical R&D of Hunan Province and Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology & Traditional Chinese Medicine Research of Ministry of Education, Hunan Normal University, No.36, Lushan Road, 410081 Changsha, China
| | - Bo Chen
- Key Laboratory of Phytochemical R&D of Hunan Province and Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology & Traditional Chinese Medicine Research of Ministry of Education, Hunan Normal University, No.36, Lushan Road, 410081 Changsha, China.
| | - Han Zuilhof
- Key Laboratory of Phytochemical R&D of Hunan Province and Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology & Traditional Chinese Medicine Research of Ministry of Education, Hunan Normal University, No.36, Lushan Road, 410081 Changsha, China; Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Wageningen University, Stippeneng 4, 6708 WE Wageningen, The Netherlands.
| | - G Ij Salentijn
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Wageningen University, Stippeneng 4, 6708 WE Wageningen, The Netherlands; Wageningen Food Safety Research (WFSR), Wageningen University & Research, P.O. Box 230, 6700 AE Wageningen, The Netherlands.
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Czauderna M, Taubner T, Wojtak W. Comparative Study of Gas and Liquid Chromatography Methods for the Determination of Underivatised Neutral and Acidic Cannabinoids and Cholesterol. Molecules 2024; 29:2165. [PMID: 38792027 PMCID: PMC11124110 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29102165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2024] [Revised: 05/02/2024] [Accepted: 05/04/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
The aim of our study was to develop a gas chromatographic method coupled with mass spectrometry (GC-MS) for the determination of underivatised neutral (CBDs-N) and acidic (CBDs-A) cannabinoids (CBDs) and cholesterol (Chol). Emphasis was also placed on comparing our original GC-MS method with the currently developed C18-high-performance liquid chromatography with photodiode detection (C18-HPLC-DAD). A combination of a long GC column, shallow temperature column programme, and mass-spectrometry was employed to avoid issues arising from the overlap between CBDs and Chol and background fluctuations. The pre-column procedure for CBDs and Chol in egg yolks consisted of hexane extractions, whereas the pre-column procedure for CBDs in non-animal samples involved methanol and hexane extractions. CBDs-A underwent decarboxylation to CBDs during GC-MS analyses, and pre-column extraction of the processed sample with NaOH solution allowed for CBD-A removal. No losses of CBDs-N were observed in the samples extracted with NaOH solution. GC-MS analyses of the samples before and after extraction with NaOH solution enabled the quantification of CBDs-A and CBDs-N. CBDs-A did not undergo decarboxylation to CBDs-N during C18-HPLC-DAD runs. The use of the C18-HPLC-DAD method allowed simultaneous determination of CBDs-N and CBDs-A. In comparison to the C18-HPLC-DAD method, our GC-MS technique offered improved sensitivity, precision, specificity, and satisfactory separation of underivatised CBDs and Chol from biological materials of endogenous species, especially in hemp and hen egg yolk. The scientific novelty of the present study is the application of the GC-MS method for quantifying underivatised CBDs-A, CBDs-N, and Chol in the samples of interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marian Czauderna
- The Kielanowski Institute of Animal Physiology and Nutrition, Polish Academy of Sciences, Instytucka 3, 05-110 Jabłonna, Poland;
| | - Tomáš Taubner
- Department of Nutrition Physiology and Animal Product Quality, Institute of Animal Science, CZ-104 00 Praha, Czech Republic;
| | - Wiktoria Wojtak
- The Kielanowski Institute of Animal Physiology and Nutrition, Polish Academy of Sciences, Instytucka 3, 05-110 Jabłonna, Poland;
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Monyela S, Kayoka PN, Ngezimana W, Nemadodzi LE. Evaluating the Metabolomic Profile and Anti-Pathogenic Properties of Cannabis Species. Metabolites 2024; 14:253. [PMID: 38786730 PMCID: PMC11122914 DOI: 10.3390/metabo14050253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2024] [Revised: 04/17/2024] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
The Cannabis species is one of the potent ancient medicinal plants acclaimed for its medicinal properties and recreational purposes. The plant parts are used and exploited all over the world for several agricultural and industrial applications. For many years Cannabis spp. has proven to present a highly diverse metabolomic profile with a pool of bioactive metabolites used for numerous pharmacological purposes ranging from anti-inflammatory to antimicrobial. Cannabis sativa has since been an extensive subject of investigation, monopolizing the research. Hence, there are fewer studies with a comprehensive understanding of the composition of bioactive metabolites grown in different environmental conditions, especially C. indica and a few other Cannabis strains. These pharmacological properties are mostly attributed to a few phytocannabinoids and some phytochemicals such as terpenoids or essential oils which have been tested for antimicrobial properties. Many other discovered compounds are yet to be tested for antimicrobial properties. These phytochemicals have a series of useful properties including anti-insecticidal, anti-acaricidal, anti-nematicidal, anti-bacterial, anti-fungal, and anti-viral properties. Research studies have reported excellent antibacterial activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative multidrug-resistant bacteria as well as methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). Although there has been an extensive investigation on the antimicrobial properties of Cannabis, the antimicrobial properties of Cannabis on phytopathogens and aquatic animal pathogens, mostly those affecting fish, remain under-researched. Therefore, the current review intends to investigate the existing body of research on metabolomic profile and anti-microbial properties whilst trying to expand the scope of the properties of the Cannabis plant to benefit the health of other animal species and plant crops, particularly in agriculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shadrack Monyela
- Department of Agriculture and Animal Health, University of South Africa, Science Campus, Florida, Johannesburg 1710, South Africa
| | - Prudence Ngalula Kayoka
- Department of Agriculture and Animal Health, University of South Africa, Science Campus, Florida, Johannesburg 1710, South Africa
| | - Wonder Ngezimana
- Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Plant and Animal Sciences and Technology, Marondera University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology, Marondera P.O. Box 35, Zimbabwe
| | - Lufuno Ethel Nemadodzi
- Department of Agriculture and Animal Health, University of South Africa, Science Campus, Florida, Johannesburg 1710, South Africa
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Reisdorph N, Doenges K, Levens C, Manke J, Armstrong M, Smith H, Quinn K, Radcliffe R, Reisdorph R, Saba L, Kuhn KA. Oral Cannabis consumption and intraperitoneal THC:CBD dosing results in changes in brain and plasma neurochemicals and endocannabinoids in mice. J Cannabis Res 2024; 6:10. [PMID: 38429800 PMCID: PMC10908076 DOI: 10.1186/s42238-024-00219-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 03/03/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND While the use of orally consumed Cannabis, cannabidiol (CBD) and tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) containing products, i.e. "edibles", has expanded, the health consequences are still largely unknown. This study examines the effects of oral consumption of whole Cannabis and a complex Cannabis extract on neurochemicals, endocannabinoids (eCB), and physiological parameters (body temperature, heart rate) in mice. METHODS In this pilot study, C57BL/6 J mice were treated with one of the following every other day for 2 weeks: a complex Cannabis extract by gavage, whole Cannabis mixed with nutritional gel through free feeding, or purified THC/CBD by intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection. Treatments were conducted at 4 doses ranging from 0-100 mg/kg/day of CBD with THC levels of ≤ 1.2 mg/kg/day for free feeding and gavage and 10 mg/kg/day for i.p. Body temperature and heart rate were monitored using surgically implanted telemetry devices. Levels of neurochemicals, eCB, THC, CBD, and 11-OH-THC were measured using mass spectrometry 48 h after the final treatment. Statistical comparisons were conducted using ANOVA and t-tests. RESULTS Differences were found between neurochemicals in the brains and plasma of mice treated by i.p. (e.g. dopamine, p < 0.01), gavage (e.g., phenylalanine, p < 0.05) and in mice receiving whole Cannabis (e.g., 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic DOPAC p < 0.05). Tryptophan trended downward or was significantly decreased in the brain and/or plasma of all mice receiving Cannabis or purified CBD/THC, regardless of dose, compared to controls. Levels of the eCB, arachidonoyl glycerol (2-AG) were decreased in mice receiving lowest doses of a complex Cannabis extract by gavage, but were higher in mice receiving highest doses compared to controls (p < 0.05). Plasma and brain levels of THC and 11-OH-THC were higher in mice receiving 1:1 THC:CBD by i.p. compared to those receiving 1:5 or 1:10 THC:CBD. Nominal changes in body temperature and heart rate following acute and repeated exposures were seen to some degree in all treatments. CONCLUSIONS Changes to neurochemicals and eCBs were apparent at all doses regardless of treatment type. Levels of neurochemicals seemed to vary based on the presence of a complex Cannabis extract, suggesting a non-linear response between THC and neurochemicals following repeated oral dosing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nichole Reisdorph
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA.
| | - Katrina Doenges
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Cassandra Levens
- School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Jon Manke
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Michael Armstrong
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Harry Smith
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Kevin Quinn
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Richard Radcliffe
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Richard Reisdorph
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Laura Saba
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Kristine A Kuhn
- School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
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Wishart DS, Hiebert-Giesbrecht M, Inchehborouni G, Cao X, Guo AC, LeVatte MA, Torres-Calzada C, Gautam V, Johnson M, Liigand J, Wang F, Zahraei S, Bhumireddy S, Wang Y, Zheng J, Mandal R, Dyck JRB. Chemical Composition of Commercial Cannabis. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2024. [PMID: 38181219 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c06616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2024]
Abstract
Cannabis is widely used for medicinal and recreational purposes. As a result, there is increased interest in its chemical components and their physiological effects. However, current information on cannabis chemistry is often outdated or scattered across many books and journals. To address this issue, we used modern metabolomics techniques and modern bioinformatics techniques to compile a comprehensive list of >6000 chemical constituents in commercial cannabis. The metabolomics methods included a combination of high- and low-resolution liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (MS), gas chromatography-MS, and inductively coupled plasma-MS. The bioinformatics methods included computer-aided text mining and computational genome-scale metabolic inference. This information, along with detailed compound descriptions, physicochemical data, known physiological effects, protein targets, and referential compound spectra, has been made available through a publicly accessible database called the Cannabis Compound Database (https://cannabisdatabase.ca). Such a centralized, open-access resource should prove to be quite useful for the cannabis community.
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Affiliation(s)
- David S Wishart
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2E9, Canada
- Department of Computing Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2E8, Canada
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2H7, Canada
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2R3, Canada
| | | | - Gozal Inchehborouni
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2E9, Canada
| | - Xuan Cao
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2E9, Canada
| | - An Chi Guo
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2E9, Canada
| | - Marcia A LeVatte
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2E9, Canada
| | - Claudia Torres-Calzada
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2E9, Canada
| | - Vasuk Gautam
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2E9, Canada
| | - Mathew Johnson
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2E9, Canada
| | - Jaanus Liigand
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2E9, Canada
| | - Fei Wang
- Department of Computing Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2E8, Canada
| | - Shirin Zahraei
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2E9, Canada
| | - Sudarshana Bhumireddy
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2E9, Canada
| | - Yilin Wang
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2E9, Canada
| | - Jiamin Zheng
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2E9, Canada
| | - Rupasri Mandal
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2E9, Canada
| | - Jason R B Dyck
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 1C9, Canada
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Music J, Sterling B, Charlebois S, Goedhart C. Comparison of perceptions in Canada and USA regarding cannabis and edibles. J Cannabis Res 2024; 6:1. [PMID: 38167591 PMCID: PMC10763328 DOI: 10.1186/s42238-023-00213-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Canada took a national approach to recreational cannabis that resulted in official legalization on October 17, 2018. In the United States (US), the approach has been more piecemeal, with individual states passing their own laws regulating adult use. The objective of this study was to compare the two jurisdictions. METHODS Two exploratory, quantitative surveys were administered in May of 2021 in both Canada and the US. One thousand forty-seven Canadian and 1037 US residents (age 19 and older) were surveyed on approaches to and attendant regulations of consumer cannabis. Tests of significance were performed to analyze differences between two groups. RESULTS No statistically significant differences exist between the two countries in terms of cannabis legalization acceptance. Usage rates among adults was similar with 45% of Canadians and 42% of Americans confirming they consume cannabis. Respondents maintain that they intend to increase their usage, with edibles attracting a rising level of interest from consumers. CONCLUSIONS Results suggest that public policy in both Canada and the USA needs to change to reflect rapidly evolving acceptance of cannabis products in North America to realize potential economic returns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janet Music
- Faculty of Arts & Social Sciences, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada.
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Gabarin A, Yarmolinsky L, Budovsky A, Khalfin B, Ben-Shabat S. Cannabis as a Source of Approved Drugs: A New Look at an Old Problem. Molecules 2023; 28:7686. [PMID: 38067416 PMCID: PMC10707504 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28237686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Revised: 11/09/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Cannabis plants have been used in medicine since ancient times. They are well known for their anti-diabetic, anti-inflammatory, neuroprotective, anti-cancer, anti-oxidative, anti-microbial, anti-viral, and anti-fungal activities. A growing body of evidence indicates that targeting the endocannabinoid system and various other receptors with cannabinoid compounds holds great promise for addressing multiple medical conditions. There are two distinct avenues in the development of cannabinoid-based drugs. The first involves creating treatments directly based on the components of the cannabis plant. The second involves a singular molecule strategy, in which specific phytocannabinoids or newly discovered cannabinoids with therapeutic promise are pinpointed and synthesized for future pharmaceutical development and validation. Although the therapeutic potential of cannabis is enormous, few cannabis-related approved drugs exist, and this avenue warrants further investigation. With this in mind, we review here the medicinal properties of cannabis, its phytochemicals, approved drugs of natural and synthetic origin, pitfalls on the way to the widespread clinical use of cannabis, and additional applications of cannabis-related products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adi Gabarin
- The Department of Clinical Biochemistry & Pharmacology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva 84105, Israel; (A.G.); (L.Y.); (B.K.)
| | - Ludmila Yarmolinsky
- The Department of Clinical Biochemistry & Pharmacology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva 84105, Israel; (A.G.); (L.Y.); (B.K.)
| | - Arie Budovsky
- Research and Development Authority, Barzilai University Medical Center, Ashkelon 7830604, Israel;
| | - Boris Khalfin
- The Department of Clinical Biochemistry & Pharmacology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva 84105, Israel; (A.G.); (L.Y.); (B.K.)
| | - Shimon Ben-Shabat
- The Department of Clinical Biochemistry & Pharmacology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva 84105, Israel; (A.G.); (L.Y.); (B.K.)
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Di Giacomo S, Percaccio E, Vitalone A, Ingallina C, Mannina L, Macone A, Di Sotto A. Characterization of the Chemopreventive Properties of Cannabis sativa L. Inflorescences from Monoecious Cultivars Grown in Central Italy. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:3814. [PMID: 38005711 PMCID: PMC10675481 DOI: 10.3390/plants12223814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Revised: 11/05/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023]
Abstract
Hemp bioproducts hold great promise as valuable materials for nutraceutical and pharmaceutical applications due to their diverse bioactive compounds and potential health benefits. In line with this interest and in an attempt to valorize the Lazio Region crops, this present study investigated chemically characterized hydroalcoholic and organic extracts, obtained from the inflorescences of locally cultivated Felina 32, USO 31, Ferimon and Fedora 17 hemp varieties. In order to highlight the possible chemopreventive power of the tested samples, a bioactivity screening was performed, which included studying the antimutagenic activity, radical scavenging power, cytotoxicity in human hepatoma HepG2 cells, leakage of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and modulation of the oxidative stress parameters and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PDH) involved in the regulation of the cell transformation and cancer proliferation. Tolerability studies in noncancerous H69 cholangiocytes were performed, too. The organic extracts showed moderate to strong antimutagenic activities and a marked cytotoxicity in the HepG2 cells, associated with an increased oxidative stress and LDH release, and to a G6PDH modulation. The hydroalcoholic extracts mainly exhibited radical scavenging properties with weak or null activities in the other assays. The extracts were usually well-tolerated in H69 cells, except for the highest concentrations which impaired cell viability, likely due to an increased oxidative stress. The obtained results suggest a possibility in the inflorescences from the Felina 32, USO 31, Ferimon and Fedora 17 hemp varieties as source of bioactive compounds endowed with genoprotective and chemopreventive properties that could be harnessed as preventive or adjuvant healing strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Di Giacomo
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology “V. Erspamer”, Sapienza University of Rome, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy; (E.P.); (A.V.)
- Unit of Human Nutrition and Health, Department of Food Safety, Nutrition and Veterinary Public Health, National Institute of Health, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Ester Percaccio
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology “V. Erspamer”, Sapienza University of Rome, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy; (E.P.); (A.V.)
| | - Annabella Vitalone
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology “V. Erspamer”, Sapienza University of Rome, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy; (E.P.); (A.V.)
| | - Cinzia Ingallina
- Department of Drug Chemistry and Technologies, Sapienza University of Rome, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy; (C.I.); (L.M.)
| | - Luisa Mannina
- Department of Drug Chemistry and Technologies, Sapienza University of Rome, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy; (C.I.); (L.M.)
| | - Alberto Macone
- Department of Biochemical Science “A. Rossi Fanelli”, Sapienza University of Rome, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy;
| | - Antonella Di Sotto
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology “V. Erspamer”, Sapienza University of Rome, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy; (E.P.); (A.V.)
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12
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de Brito Siqueira AL, Cremasco PV, Bahú JO, Pioli da Silva A, Melo de Andrade LR, González PG, Crivellin S, Cárdenas Concha VO, Krambeck K, Lodi L, Severino P, Souto EB. Phytocannabinoids: Pharmacological effects, biomedical applications, and worldwide prospection. J Tradit Complement Med 2023; 13:575-587. [PMID: 38020546 PMCID: PMC10658372 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtcme.2023.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2023] [Revised: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Scientific evidence exists about the association between neurological diseases (i.e., Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), multiple sclerosis, depression, and memory loss) and oxidative damage. The increasing worldwide incidence of such diseases is attracting the attention of researchers to find palliative medications to reduce the symptoms and promote quality of life, in particular, in developing countries, e.g., South America and Africa. Among potential alternatives, extracts of Cannabis Sativa L. are suitable for people who have neurological disorders, spasticity, and pain, nausea, resulting from diseases such as cancer and arthritis. In this review, we discuss the latest developments in the use of Cannabis, its subtypes and constituents, extraction methods, and relevant pharmacological effects. Biomedical applications, marketed products, and prospects for the worldwide use of Cannabis Sativa L. extracts are also discussed, providing the bibliometric maps of scientific literature published in representative countries from South America (i.e., Brazil) and Africa (i.e., South Africa). A lack of evidence on the effectiveness and safety of Cannabis, besides the concerns about addiction and other adverse events, has led many countries to act with caution before changing Cannabis-related regulations. Recent findings are expected to increase the social acceptance of Cannabis, while new technologies seem to boost the global cannabis market because the benefits of (-)-trans-delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ9-THC) and cannabidiol (CBD) use have been proven in several studies in addition to the potential to general new employment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana L.G. de Brito Siqueira
- Institute of Science and Technology, Federal University of Alfenas (UNIFAL), Poços de Caldas, 37715-400, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Pedro V.V. Cremasco
- Institute of Science and Technology, Federal University of Alfenas (UNIFAL), Poços de Caldas, 37715-400, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Juliana O. Bahú
- National Institute of Science and Technology in Biofabrication (INCT-BIOFABRIS), School of Chemical Engineering, University of Campinas, Albert Einstein Ave., Cidade Universitária Zeferino Vaz, Campinas, 13083-852, SP, Brazil
| | - Aline Pioli da Silva
- Institute of Environmental, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Science, School of Chemical Engineering, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Nicolau St., Jd. Pitangueiras, Diadema, 09913-030, SP, Brazil
| | - Lucas R. Melo de Andrade
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Food and Nutrition, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, 79070-900, MS, Brazil
| | - Paula G.A. González
- Institute of Environmental, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Science, School of Chemical Engineering, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Nicolau St., Jd. Pitangueiras, Diadema, 09913-030, SP, Brazil
| | - Sara Crivellin
- National Institute of Science and Technology in Biofabrication (INCT-BIOFABRIS), School of Chemical Engineering, University of Campinas, Albert Einstein Ave., Cidade Universitária Zeferino Vaz, Campinas, 13083-852, SP, Brazil
| | - Viktor O. Cárdenas Concha
- Institute of Environmental, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Science, School of Chemical Engineering, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Nicolau St., Jd. Pitangueiras, Diadema, 09913-030, SP, Brazil
| | - Karolline Krambeck
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology, Department of Drug Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal
- UCIBIO – Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, MEDTECH, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal
- Associate Laboratory i4HB - Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal
| | - Leandro Lodi
- Institute of Science and Technology, Federal University of Alfenas (UNIFAL), Poços de Caldas, 37715-400, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Patrícia Severino
- Laboratory of Nanotechnology and Nanomedicine (LNMed), Institute of Technology and Research (ITP), Murilo Dantas Ave., 300, Aracaju, 49010-390, Sergipe, Brazil
- Industrial Biotechnology Program, University of Tiradentes (UNIT), Murilo Dantas Ave., 300, Aracaju, 49010-390, Sergipe, Brazil
| | - Eliana B. Souto
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology, Department of Drug Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal
- UCIBIO – Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, MEDTECH, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal
- Associate Laboratory i4HB - Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal
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13
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Zhang J, Lin C, Jin S, Wang H, Wang Y, Du X, Hutchinson MR, Zhao H, Fang L, Wang X. The pharmacology and therapeutic role of cannabidiol in diabetes. EXPLORATION (BEIJING, CHINA) 2023; 3:20230047. [PMID: 37933286 PMCID: PMC10582612 DOI: 10.1002/exp.20230047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 11/08/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, cannabidiol (CBD), a non-psychotropic cannabinoid, has garnered substantial interest in drug development due to its broad pharmacological activity and multi-target effects. Diabetes is a chronic metabolic disease that can damage multiple organs in the body, leading to the development of complications such as abnormal kidney function, vision loss, neuropathy, and cardiovascular disease. CBD has demonstrated significant therapeutic potential in treating diabetes mellitus and its complications owing to its various pharmacological effects. This work summarizes the role of CBD in diabetes and its impact on complications such as cardiovascular dysfunction, nephropathy, retinopathy, and neuropathy. Strategies for discovering molecular targets for CBD in the treatment of diabetes and its complications are also proposed. Moreover, ways to optimize the structure of CBD based on known targets to generate new CBD analogues are explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Zhang
- Department of GeriatricsThe First Hospital of Jilin UniversityChangchunPeople's Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic DrugsPeking UniversityBeijingPeople's Republic of China
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Changchun Institute of Applied ChemistryChinese Academy of SciencesChangchunPeople's Republic of China
| | - Cong Lin
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Changchun Institute of Applied ChemistryChinese Academy of SciencesChangchunPeople's Republic of China
| | - Sha Jin
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Changchun Institute of Applied ChemistryChinese Academy of SciencesChangchunPeople's Republic of China
- School of Applied Chemistry and EngineeringUniversity of Science and Technology of ChinaHefeiPeople's Republic of China
| | - Hongshuang Wang
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Changchun Institute of Applied ChemistryChinese Academy of SciencesChangchunPeople's Republic of China
| | - Yibo Wang
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Changchun Institute of Applied ChemistryChinese Academy of SciencesChangchunPeople's Republic of China
| | - Xiubo Du
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology and EcologyCollege of Life Sciences and OceanographyShenzhen UniversityShenzhenPeople's Republic of China
| | - Mark R. Hutchinson
- Discipline of PhysiologyAdelaide Medical SchoolUniversity of AdelaideThe Commonwealth of AustraliaAdelaideAustralia
- ARC Centre for Nanoscale BioPhotonicsUniversity of AdelaideThe Commonwealth of AustraliaAdelaideAustralia
| | - Huiying Zhao
- Department of GeriatricsThe First Hospital of Jilin UniversityChangchunPeople's Republic of China
| | - Le Fang
- Department of NeurologyThe China‐Japan Union Hospital of Jilin UniversityChangchunPeople's Republic of China
| | - Xiaohui Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic DrugsPeking UniversityBeijingPeople's Republic of China
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Changchun Institute of Applied ChemistryChinese Academy of SciencesChangchunPeople's Republic of China
- School of Applied Chemistry and EngineeringUniversity of Science and Technology of ChinaHefeiPeople's Republic of China
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular SciencesBeijingPeople's Republic of China
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14
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Fordjour E, Manful CF, Sey AA, Javed R, Pham TH, Thomas R, Cheema M. Cannabis: a multifaceted plant with endless potentials. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1200269. [PMID: 37397476 PMCID: PMC10308385 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1200269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 07/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Cannabis sativa, also known as "hemp" or "weed," is a versatile plant with various uses in medicine, agriculture, food, and cosmetics. This review attempts to evaluate the available literature on the ecology, chemical composition, phytochemistry, pharmacology, traditional uses, industrial uses, and toxicology of Cannabis sativa. So far, 566 chemical compounds have been isolated from Cannabis, including 125 cannabinoids and 198 non-cannabinoids. The psychoactive and physiologically active part of the plant is a cannabinoid, mostly found in the flowers, but also present in smaller amounts in the leaves, stems, and seeds. Of all phytochemicals, terpenes form the largest composition in the plant. Pharmacological evidence reveals that the plants contain cannabinoids which exhibit potential as antioxidants, antibacterial agents, anticancer agents, and anti-inflammatory agents. Furthermore, the compounds in the plants have reported applications in the food and cosmetic industries. Significantly, Cannabis cultivation has a minimal negative impact on the environment in terms of cultivation. Most of the studies focused on the chemical make-up, phytochemistry, and pharmacological effects, but not much is known about the toxic effects. Overall, the Cannabis plant has enormous potential for biological and industrial uses, as well as traditional and other medicinal uses. However, further research is necessary to fully understand and explore the uses and beneficial properties of Cannabis sativa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Fordjour
- School of Science and the Environment, Memorial University of Newfoundland, Corner Brook, NL, Canada
- Biotron Experimental Climate Change Research Centre/Department of Biology, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
| | - Charles F. Manful
- School of Science and the Environment, Memorial University of Newfoundland, Corner Brook, NL, Canada
| | - Albert A. Sey
- School of Science and the Environment, Memorial University of Newfoundland, Corner Brook, NL, Canada
| | - Rabia Javed
- School of Science and the Environment, Memorial University of Newfoundland, Corner Brook, NL, Canada
| | - Thu Huong Pham
- School of Science and the Environment, Memorial University of Newfoundland, Corner Brook, NL, Canada
| | - Raymond Thomas
- Biotron Experimental Climate Change Research Centre/Department of Biology, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
| | - Mumtaz Cheema
- School of Science and the Environment, Memorial University of Newfoundland, Corner Brook, NL, Canada
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15
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Beleggia R, Menga V, Fulvio F, Fares C, Trono D. Effect of Genotype, Year, and Their Interaction on the Accumulation of Bioactive Compounds and the Antioxidant Activity in Industrial Hemp ( Cannabis sativa L.) Inflorescences. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24108969. [PMID: 37240314 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24108969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Revised: 05/11/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The phytochemical content and the antioxidant activity in the inflorescences of six industrial hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) genotypes, four monoecious (Codimono, Carmaleonte, Futura 75, and Santhica 27), and two dioecious (Fibrante and Carmagnola Selezionata), were assessed for three consecutive years from 2018 to 2020. The total phenolic content, total flavonoid content, and antioxidant activity were determined by spectrophotometric measurements, whereas HPLC and GC/MS were used to identify and quantify the phenolic compounds, terpenes, cannabinoids, tocopherols, and phytosterols. All the measured traits were significantly affected by genotype (G), cropping year (Y), and their interaction (G × Y), although the Y effect prevailed as a source of variation, ranging from 50.1% to 88.5% for all the metabolites except cannabinoids, which were equally affected by G, Y, and G × Y interaction (33.9%, 36.5%, and 21.4%, respectively). The dioecious genotypes presented a more constant performance over the three years compared to the monoecious genotypes, with the highest and most stable phytochemical content observed in the inflorescences of Fibrante, which was characterized by the highest levels of cannabidiol, α-humulene and β-caryophyllene, which may confer on the inflorescences of this genotype a great economic value due to the important pharmacological properties of these metabolites. Conversely, the inflorescences of Santhica 27 were characterized by the lowest accumulation of phytochemicals over the cropping years, with the notable exception of cannabigerol, a cannabinoid that exhibits a wide range of biological activities, which was found at its highest level in this genotype. Overall, these findings can be used by breeders in future programs aimed at the selection of new hemp genotypes with improved levels of phytochemicals in their inflorescences, which can provide better health and industrial benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romina Beleggia
- Council for Agricultural Research and Economics (CREA), Research Centre for Cereal and Industrial Crops, S.S. 673, Km 25,200, 71122 Foggia, Italy
| | - Valeria Menga
- Council for Agricultural Research and Economics (CREA), Research Centre for Cereal and Industrial Crops, S.S. 673, Km 25,200, 71122 Foggia, Italy
| | - Flavia Fulvio
- Council for Agricultural Research and Economics (CREA), Research Centre for Cereal and Industrial Crops, Via di Corticella, 133, 40128 Bologna, Italy
| | - Clara Fares
- Council for Agricultural Research and Economics (CREA), Research Centre for Cereal and Industrial Crops, S.S. 673, Km 25,200, 71122 Foggia, Italy
| | - Daniela Trono
- Council for Agricultural Research and Economics (CREA), Research Centre for Cereal and Industrial Crops, S.S. 673, Km 25,200, 71122 Foggia, Italy
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16
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Sun X. Research Progress on Cannabinoids in Cannabis ( Cannabis sativa L.) in China. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28093806. [PMID: 37175216 PMCID: PMC10180461 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28093806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Revised: 03/13/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Cannabis (Cannabis sativa L.) is an ancient cultivated plant that contains less than 0.3% tetrahydrocannabinol (THC). It is widely utilized at home and abroad and is an economic crop with great development and utilization value. There are 31 countries legalizing industrial cannabis cultivation. Cannabis fiber has been used for textile production in China for 6000 years. China is the largest producer and exporter of cannabis. China may still play a leading role in the production of cannabis fiber. China has a long history of cannabis cultivation and rich germplasm resources. Yunnan, Heilongjiang, and Jilin are three Chinese provinces where industrial cannabis can be grown legally. Cannabinoids are terpenoid phenolic compounds produced during the growth, and which development of cannabis and are found in the glandular hairs of female flowers at anthesis. They are the active chemical components in the cannabis plant and the main components of cannabis that exert pharmacological activity. At the same time, research in China on the use of cannabis in the food industry has shown that industrial cannabis oil contains 13-20% oleic acid, 40-60% omega-6 linoleic acid, and 15-30% omega-3 α-linolenic acid. At present, more than 100 cannabinoids have been identified and analyzed in China, among which phenolic compounds are the main research objects. For instance, phenolic substances represented by cannabidiol (CBD) have rich pharmacological effects. There are still relatively little research on cannabinoids, and a comprehensive introduction to research progress in this area is needed. This paper reviews domestic and foreign research progress on cannabinoids in cannabis sativa, which is expected to support cannabis-related research and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangping Sun
- Institute of Bast Fiber Crops, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha 410205, China
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17
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Dowd AN, Zamarripa CA, Sholler DJ, Strickland JC, Goffi E, Borodovsky JT, Weerts EM, Vandrey R, Spindle TR. A cross-sectional survey on cannabis: Characterizing motives, opinions, and subjective experiences associated with the use of various oral cannabis products. Drug Alcohol Depend 2023; 245:109826. [PMID: 36871378 PMCID: PMC10044512 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2023.109826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Revised: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 03/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cannabis-infused products available for oral consumption include food and drink items (i.e., edibles) (e.g., baked goods, gummy-, chocolate-, and hard-candies, beverages/drinks) as well as non-food formulations (e.g., oils/tinctures, pills/capsules). This study characterized the motives, opinions, and subjective experiences associated with the use of these seven subtypes of oral cannabis products. METHODS This web-based survey collected cross-sectional, self-report data from a convenience sample of 370 adults regarding various use-motives, self-reported cannabinoid content, subjective experiences, and opinions related to ingesting oral cannabis products with alcohol and/or food. Advice participants had received about modifying oral cannabis product effects, in general, was also collected. RESULTS Participants reported consuming cannabis baked goods and gummy candies most frequently over the past year (68% and 63%, respectively). Participants were less likely to use oils/tinctures for enjoyment/desire relative to other product types and more likely to use oils/tinctures for therapeutic purposes (e.g., medication-replacement). Self-reported cannabinoid content was highly variable across participants and within product subtype. Participants reported feeling stronger and longer-lasting effects when consuming oral cannabis products on an empty stomach and 43% received advice to "eat a snack or meal" to mitigate effects that are too strong, which contrasts with controlled studies. Finally, 43% of participants reported modifying their experiences with alcohol at least some of time. CONCLUSIONS These findings underscore the need to further evaluate use-motives as well as the interaction between dietary factors, cannabinoid pharmacokinetics, and subjective drug effects and the interactive effects of oral cannabis products and alcohol in a controlled laboratory setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley N Dowd
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 5510 Nathan Shock Drive, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA.
| | - C Austin Zamarripa
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 5510 Nathan Shock Drive, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Dennis J Sholler
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 5510 Nathan Shock Drive, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Justin C Strickland
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 5510 Nathan Shock Drive, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Elia Goffi
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 5510 Nathan Shock Drive, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Jacob T Borodovsky
- Center for Technology and Behavioral Health, Dartmouth Geisel School of Medicine, 1 Medical Center Drive, Lebanon, NH 03756, USA
| | - Elise M Weerts
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 5510 Nathan Shock Drive, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Ryan Vandrey
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 5510 Nathan Shock Drive, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Tory R Spindle
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 5510 Nathan Shock Drive, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
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18
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Dumbraveanu C, Strommer K, Wonnemann M, Choconta JL, Neumann A, Kress M, Kalpachidou T, Kummer KK. Pharmacokinetics of Orally Applied Cannabinoids and Medical Marijuana Extracts in Mouse Nervous Tissue and Plasma: Relevance for Pain Treatment. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:853. [PMID: 36986714 PMCID: PMC10057980 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15030853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Revised: 02/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Cannabis sativa plants contain a multitude of bioactive substances, which show broad variability between different plant strains. Of the more than a hundred naturally occurring phytocannabinoids, Δ9-Tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ9-THC) and cannabidiol (CBD) have been the most extensively studied, but whether and how the lesser investigated compounds in plant extracts affect bioavailability or biological effects of Δ9-THC or CBD is not known. We therefore performed a first pilot study to assess THC concentrations in plasma, spinal cord and brain after oral administration of THC compared to medical marijuana extracts rich in THC or depleted of THC. Δ9-THC levels were higher in mice receiving the THC-rich extract. Surprisingly, only orally applied CBD but not THC alleviated mechanical hypersensitivity in the mouse spared nerve injury model, favoring CBD as an analgesic compound for which fewer unwanted psychoactive effects are to be expected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristiana Dumbraveanu
- Institute of Physiology, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
- Bionorica Research GmbH, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | | | | | - Jeiny Luna Choconta
- Institute of Physiology, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | | | - Michaela Kress
- Institute of Physiology, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Theodora Kalpachidou
- Institute of Physiology, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Kai K. Kummer
- Institute of Physiology, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
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19
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Cheng Y, Ning K, Chen Y, Hou C, Yu H, Yu H, Chen S, Guo X, Dong L. Identification of histone acetyltransferase genes responsible for cannabinoid synthesis in hemp. Chin Med 2023; 18:16. [PMID: 36782242 PMCID: PMC9926835 DOI: 10.1186/s13020-023-00720-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Histone acetyltransferases (HATs) play an important role in plant growth and development, stress response, and regulation of secondary metabolite biosynthesis. Hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) is famous for its high industrial, nutritional, and medicinal value. It contains non-psychoactive cannabinoid cannabidiol (CBD) and cannabinol (CBG), which play important roles as anti-inflammatory and anti-anxiety. At present, the involvement of HATs in the regulation of cannabinoid CBD and CBG synthesis has not been clarified. METHODS The members of HAT genes family in hemp were systematically analyzed by bioinformatics analysis. In addition, the expression level of HATs and the level of histone acetylation modification were analyzed based on transcriptome data and protein modification data. Real-time quantitative PCR was used to verify the changes in gene expression levels after inhibitor treatment. The changes of CBD and CBG contents after inhibitor treatment were verified by HPLC-MS analysis. RESULTS Here, 11 HAT genes were identified in the hemp genome. Phylogenetic analysis showed that hemp HAT family genes can be divided into six groups. Cannabinoid synthesis genes exhibited spatiotemporal specificity, and histones were acetylated in different inflorescence developmental stages. The expression of cannabinoid synthesis genes was inhibited and the content of CBD and CBG declined by 10% to 55% in the samples treated by HAT inhibitor (PU139). Results indicated that CsHAT genes may regulate cannabinoid synthesis through altering histone acetylation. CONCLUSIONS Our study provides genetic information of HATs responsible for cannabinoid synthesis, and offers a new approach for increasing the content of cannabinoid in hemp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yufei Cheng
- grid.410318.f0000 0004 0632 3409Key Laboratory of Beijing for Identification and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700 China ,grid.443651.10000 0000 9456 5774College of Agronomy, Ludong University, Yantai, 264000 China
| | - Kang Ning
- grid.410318.f0000 0004 0632 3409Key Laboratory of Beijing for Identification and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700 China
| | - Yongzhong Chen
- grid.410318.f0000 0004 0632 3409Key Laboratory of Beijing for Identification and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700 China
| | - Cong Hou
- grid.410318.f0000 0004 0632 3409Key Laboratory of Beijing for Identification and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700 China
| | - Haibin Yu
- Yunnan Hemp Industrial Investment CO.LTD, Kunming, 650217 China
| | - Huatao Yu
- grid.410318.f0000 0004 0632 3409Key Laboratory of Beijing for Identification and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700 China
| | - Shilin Chen
- grid.410318.f0000 0004 0632 3409Key Laboratory of Beijing for Identification and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700 China
| | - Xiaotong Guo
- College of Agronomy, Ludong University, Yantai, 264000, China.
| | - Linlin Dong
- Key Laboratory of Beijing for Identification and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700, China.
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20
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Klein TA, Clark CS. Therapeutic use of cannabis in the US. Nurse Pract 2022; 47:16-25. [PMID: 36399143 PMCID: PMC9674439 DOI: 10.1097/01.npr.0000884880.81603.c5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT NPs are likely to encounter patients using cannabis with therapeutic intent, with or without legal authorization. During the clinical history and assessment process, NPs need to engage in frank discussion about cannabis therapeutics, including the risks and benefits, evidence for use, dosing considerations, potential drug interactions, and harm reduction.
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21
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Waheed A, Haxim Y, Islam W, Ahmad M, Ali S, Wen X, Khan KA, Ghramh HA, Zhang Z, Zhang D. Impact of Cadmium Stress on Growth and Physio-Biochemical Attributes of Eruca sativa Mill. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 11:plants11212981. [PMID: 36365433 PMCID: PMC9654351 DOI: 10.3390/plants11212981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Revised: 10/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/01/2022] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Plants may experience adverse effects from Cadmium (Cd). As a result of its toxicity and mobility within the soil-plant continuum, it is attracting the attention of soil scientists and plant nutritionists. In this study, we subjected young Eruca sativa Mill. seedlings to different levels of Cd applications (0, 1.5, 6 and 30 µmol/L) via pot experiment to explore its morpho-physio-biochemical adaptations. Our results revealed a significant Cd accumulation in leaves at high Cd stress. It was also demonstrated that Cd stress inhibited photosynthetic rate and pigment levels, ascorbate peroxidase (APX), guaiacol peroxidase (GPX), catalase (CAT), and superoxide dismutase (SOD) enzyme activities, and increased malondialdehyde (MDA) levels. Conversely, the concentration of total ascorbate (TAS) increased at all levels of Cd application, whereas that of ascorbic acid (ASA), and dehydroascorbate (DHA) increased at 1.5 (non-significant), 6, 30 and 6 µmol/L (significant), though their concentrations decreased non-significantly at 30 µmol/L application. In conclusion, Cd-subjected E. sativa seedlings diverted much energy from growth towards the synthesis of anti-oxidant metabolites and osmolytes. However, they did not seem to have protected the E. sativa seedlings from Cd-induced oxidative stress, causing a decrease in osmotic adjustment, and an increase in oxidative damage, which resulted in a reduction in photosynthesis and growth. Accordingly, we recommend that the cultivation of E. sativa should be avoided on soil with Cd contamination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdul Waheed
- National Key Laboratory of Ecological Security and Resource Utilization in Arid Areas, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi 830011, China
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Plant Gene Resources, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology & Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi 830011, China
- Turpan Eremophytes Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Turpan 838008, China
| | - Yakupjan Haxim
- National Key Laboratory of Ecological Security and Resource Utilization in Arid Areas, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi 830011, China
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Plant Gene Resources, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology & Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi 830011, China
- Turpan Eremophytes Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Turpan 838008, China
| | - Waqar Islam
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Plant Gene Resources, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology & Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi 830011, China
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Desert Plant Roots Ecology and Vegetation Restoration, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi 830011, China
| | - Mushtaq Ahmad
- Department of Zoology, Islamia College University, Peshawar 25120, Pakistan
| | - Sajjad Ali
- Department of Botany, Bacha Khan University, Charsadda 24461, Pakistan
| | - Xuejing Wen
- National Key Laboratory of Ecological Security and Resource Utilization in Arid Areas, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi 830011, China
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Plant Gene Resources, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology & Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi 830011, China
- Turpan Eremophytes Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Turpan 838008, China
| | - Khalid Ali Khan
- Unit of Bee Research and Honey Production, King Khalid University, Abha 61413, Saudi Arabia
- Applied College, Mahala Campus, King Khalid University, Abha 61413, Saudi Arabia
- Biology Department Faculty of Science, King Khalid University, Abha 61413, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hamed A. Ghramh
- Unit of Bee Research and Honey Production, King Khalid University, Abha 61413, Saudi Arabia
- Applied College, Mahala Campus, King Khalid University, Abha 61413, Saudi Arabia
- Biology Department Faculty of Science, King Khalid University, Abha 61413, Saudi Arabia
| | - Zhuqi Zhang
- Binzhou Vocational College, Binzhou 256603, China
| | - Daoyuan Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Ecological Security and Resource Utilization in Arid Areas, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi 830011, China
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Plant Gene Resources, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology & Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi 830011, China
- Turpan Eremophytes Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Turpan 838008, China
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22
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Peng H, Shahidi F. Quercetin Fatty Acid Monoesters (C2:0-C18:0): Enzymatic Preparation and Antioxidant Activity. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2022; 70:14073-14083. [PMID: 36259733 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.2c05724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Quercetin monoesters were prepared via a one-step enzymatic transesterification. The main acylation products were eight quercetin ester derivatives, respectively, consisting of varying acyl groups ranging from 2 to 18 carbon atoms (acetate, butyrate, caproate, caprylate, caprate, laurate, myristate, and stearate). The purified quercetin esters were structurally characterized by LC-ESI-ToF and NMR HSQC. Meanwhile, several classical chemical (DPPH, ABTS, FRAP, and Fe2+ chelation assays), food (β-carotene bleaching assay), and biological (LDL and DNA oxidation assays) models were constructed to evaluate and systematically compare their antioxidant efficacy. O-Acylation increased the lipophilicity of quercetin derivatives, and lipophilicity increased with the increasing chain length of the acyl group. The dual effect of the acyl chain length on biasing quercetin monoesters' antioxidant efficacies has been summarized and verified. Overall, the results imply that the acylated quercetin have great potential as functional/health-beneficial ingredients for use in lipid-based matrices of cosmetics, supplements, and nutraceuticals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Peng
- Department of Biochemistry, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NewfoundlandA1C 5S7, Canada
| | - Fereidoon Shahidi
- Department of Biochemistry, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NewfoundlandA1C 5S7, Canada
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23
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Peralt A, Ke P, Castaneto MS. Impact of cannabis-infused edibles on public safety and regulation. J Forensic Sci 2022; 67:2387-2393. [PMID: 36097671 PMCID: PMC9826368 DOI: 10.1111/1556-4029.15135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Revised: 08/24/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Popularity of cannabis-infused products has bloomed since legalization for recreational use of marijuana started. Consumption of cannabis edibles has steadily increased, as restrictions on recreational cannabis smoking have become tighter. This phenomenon enhanced the possibility of these products crossing the state line. The most psychoactive component of cannabis, ∆9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) is infused in "edibles" and linked to physiological and psychological effects. Consumers unfamiliar with these edibles may mistake them for non-THC containing products, causing unintended use or overconsumption. In addition, these cannabis-infused edibles are posing significant health risks. The FDA has recognized the potential dangers and recommended that cannabis remain as a Schedule I substance and illegal at the federal level. However, states maintain control of determining the legality of cannabis related products, and creating guidelines distinguishing cannabis edibles from the non-cannabis containing products. Recently, the State of Maine offers a blueprint for edible regulation that should be implemented in all states that are considering or have legalized marijuana.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Pucheng Ke
- Department of Defense Food Analysis and Diagnostic LaboratorySan AntonioTexasUSA
| | - Marisol S. Castaneto
- Department of Defense Food Analysis and Diagnostic LaboratorySan AntonioTexasUSA
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24
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Bradley S, Young S, Bakke AM, Holcombe L, Waller D, Hunt A, Pinfold K, Watson P, Logan DW. Long-term daily feeding of cannabidiol is well-tolerated by healthy dogs. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:977457. [PMID: 36213402 PMCID: PMC9533147 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.977457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cannabidiol (CBD) containing dog food and treats are widely commercially available, mirroring the growing popularity of CBD as a supplement for humans. Despite this, experimental evidence of the safety and efficacy of long-term oral exposure in dogs is lacking. The purpose of this study was to address the gap in knowledge around the longer-term suitability and tolerance of a broad-spectrum CBD (THC-free) distillate in clinically healthy dogs. The study was a randomized, placebo-controlled, and blinded study where one group of twenty dogs received daily CBD capsules at a dose of 4 mg/kg of body weight (BW) for a period of 6 months. The control group of twenty dogs received placebo capsules. A comprehensive suite of physiological health measures was performed throughout the study at baseline, and after 2, 4, 10, 18, and 26 weeks of exposure, followed by 4 weeks of washout. CBD concentrations were measured at the same cadence in plasma, feces and urine. Health measures included biochemistry, hematology, urinalysis, in addition to fortnightly veterinary examinations, twice daily well-being observations, and a daily quality-of-life survey. Biochemistry and hematology showed no clinically significant alterations apart from a transient elevation in alkaline phosphatase (ALP) in just over half of the dogs receiving CBD. This elevation was observed in the absence of concurrent elevations of other liver parameters, and without any adverse effects on health and wellbeing. Furthermore, bone alkaline phosphatase (BALP) was simultaneously elevated with a significant, strong (r > 0.9) positive correlation between the two measures, suggesting that the elevation of total ALP was at least partly due to the bone-derived isoform. This study provides evidence that a once-daily oral dose of 4 mg CBD/kg BW is well tolerated in clinically healthy dogs for a duration of 6-months.
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25
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Marzullo P, Maiocchi A, Paladino G, Ciriello U, Lo Presti L, Passarella D. Total Synthesis of (‐)‐Cannabidiol‐C4. European J Org Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202200392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Paola Marzullo
- Università degli Studi di Milano: Universita degli Studi di Milano Chimica ITALY
| | - Alice Maiocchi
- Università degli Studi di Milano: Universita degli Studi di Milano Chemistry ITALY
| | | | | | - Leonardo Lo Presti
- Università degli Studi di Milano: Universita degli Studi di Milano Chemistry ITALY
| | - Daniele Passarella
- Universit� degli Studid di Milano Chimica Via C. Golgi 19 20133 Milano ITALY
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26
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Perez E, Ceja-Vega J, Krmic M, Gamez Hernandez A, Gudyka J, Porteus R, Lee S. Differential Interaction of Cannabidiol with Biomembranes Dependent on Cholesterol Concentration. ACS Chem Neurosci 2022; 13:1046-1054. [PMID: 35298887 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.2c00040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Cannabidiol (CBD), the major nonpsychoactive component of plant-derived cannabinoids, has been reported to have a broad range of potential beneficial pharmacological effects on the central nervous system (CNS). In this study, the droplet interface bilayer, a model cell membrane, is used to examine the effects of CBD on passive water permeability, a fundamental membrane biophysical property. The presence of CBD decreases the water permeability of model lipid membranes composed of 1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DOPC) and at low concentrations of cholesterol (Chol) (20 mol %) in DOPC, whereas when higher concentrations of Chol are present (33 mol %), CBD has an opposing effect, increasing water permeability. The diametric effect in water permeability change upon addition of CBD to Chol-low and Chol-high bilayers signifies a variant interaction of CBD, depending on the initial state of bilayer packing and fluidity. Additionally, differential scanning calorimetry studies provide evidence that there are selective changes in thermotropic behavior for CBD with DOPC and with DOPC/Chol membranes, respectively, supportive of these varying membrane interactions of CBD dependent upon cholesterol. The intriguing ability of CBD to sensitively respond to membrane Chol concentrations in modifying physical properties highlights the significant impact that CBD can have on heterogeneous biomembranes including those of the CNS, the neurons of which are enriched in Chol to a point where up to a quarter of the body's total Chol is in the brain, and defective brain Chol homeostasis is implicated in neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Escarlin Perez
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Iona College, 715 North Avenue, New Rochelle, New York 10801, United States
| | - Jasmin Ceja-Vega
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Iona College, 715 North Avenue, New Rochelle, New York 10801, United States
| | - Michael Krmic
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Iona College, 715 North Avenue, New Rochelle, New York 10801, United States
| | - Alondra Gamez Hernandez
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Iona College, 715 North Avenue, New Rochelle, New York 10801, United States
| | - Jamie Gudyka
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Iona College, 715 North Avenue, New Rochelle, New York 10801, United States
| | - Riley Porteus
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Iona College, 715 North Avenue, New Rochelle, New York 10801, United States
| | - Sunghee Lee
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Iona College, 715 North Avenue, New Rochelle, New York 10801, United States
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27
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Falasca V, Falasca M. Targeting the Endocannabinoidome in Pancreatic Cancer. Biomolecules 2022; 12:320. [PMID: 35204820 PMCID: PMC8869154 DOI: 10.3390/biom12020320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Revised: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic Ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC), the most common malignancy of the pancreas, is an aggressive and lethal form of cancer with a very high mortality rate. High heterogeneity, asymptomatic initial stages and a lack of specific diagnostic markers result in an end-stage diagnosis when the tumour has locally advanced or metastasised. PDAC is resistant to most of the available chemotherapy and radiation therapy treatments, making surgery the most potent curative treatment. The desmoplastic tumour microenvironment contributes to determining PDAC pathophysiology, immune response and therapeutic efficacy. The existing therapeutic approaches such as FDA-approved chemotherapeutics, gemcitabine, abraxane and folfirinox, prolong survival marginally and are accompanied by adverse effects. Several studies suggest the role of cannabinoids as anti-cancer agents. Cannabinoid receptors are known to be expressed in pancreatic cells, with a higher expression reported in pancreatic cancer patients. Therefore, pharmacological targeting of the endocannabinoid system might offer therapeutic benefits in pancreatic cancer. In addition, emerging data suggest that cannabinoids in combination with chemotherapy can increase survival in transgenic pancreatic cancer murine models. This review provides an overview of the regulation of the expanded endocannabinoid system, or endocannabinoidome, in PDAC and will explore the potential of targeting this system for novel anticancer approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valerio Falasca
- School of Chemistry, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia;
| | - Marco Falasca
- Metabolic Signalling Group, Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin Medical School, Curtin University, Perth, WA 6102, Australia
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28
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Stempfer M, Reinstadler V, Lang A, Oberacher H. Analysis of cannabis seizures by non-targeted liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2021; 205:114313. [PMID: 34474231 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2021.114313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Revised: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Due to the popularity of recreational cannabis use, contamination of this drug with diverse classes of chemicals, including pesticides, mycotoxins, and synthetic cannabinoids, has been identified as major threat for public health. For the detection of these compounds in seized cannabis, a screening workflow involving non-targeted liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LCMS/MS) was developed. A Quick, Easy, Cheap, Effective, Rugged and Safe (QuEChERS) method was used for the extraction of small bioorganic molecules from ground dried material. Instrumental analysis involved chromatographic separation of compounds and subsequent mass spectrometric detection. Collection of MS and MS/MS information was accomplished by data-dependent acquisition. Compound identification was primarily based on matching acquired MS/MS-spectra to several thousands of reference spectra stored in multiple libraries. Additionally, for selected cannabinoid and pesticide standards, a retention time library was developed. Performance of the workflow was evaluated for 182 pesticides. All tested pesticides were detectable at 5000 μg/kg, 94 % at 500 μg/kg, and 50 % at 50 μg/kg. The workflow was applied to the screening of seized cannabis samples. 41 out of 93 analysed samples (44 %) were tested positive for one or more contaminants impairing quality and/or safety of the material. The detected contaminants included a synthetic cannabinoid (5F-MDMB-PINACA), fifteen pesticide residues (boscalid, carbendazim, chlorantraniliprole, chlorpyrifos, chlorotoluron, cyprodinil, diflubenzuron, ethiofencarb sulfoxide, hexythiazox, iprodione, metalaxyl, pyrimethanil, terbutryn, thiophanate methyl, and trifloxystrobin), and a mycotoxin (sterigmatocystin).
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Stempfer
- Institute of Legal Medicine and Core Facility Metabolomics, Medical University of Innsbruck, Mullerstrasse 44, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Vera Reinstadler
- Institute of Legal Medicine and Core Facility Metabolomics, Medical University of Innsbruck, Mullerstrasse 44, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Anna Lang
- Institute of Legal Medicine and Core Facility Metabolomics, Medical University of Innsbruck, Mullerstrasse 44, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Herbert Oberacher
- Institute of Legal Medicine and Core Facility Metabolomics, Medical University of Innsbruck, Mullerstrasse 44, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria.
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29
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Palmieri S, Maggio F, Pellegrini M, Ricci A, Serio A, Paparella A, Lo Sterzo C. Effect of the Distillation Time on the Chemical Composition, Antioxidant Potential and Antimicrobial Activity of Essential Oils from Different Cannabis sativa L. Cultivars. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26164770. [PMID: 34443356 PMCID: PMC8399774 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26164770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2021] [Revised: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Within the unavoidable variability of various origins in the characteristics of essential oils, the aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of the distillation time on the chemical composition and biological activity of Cannabis sativa essential oils (EOs). The dry inflorescences came from Carmagnola, Kompolti, Futura 75, Gran Sasso Kush and Carmagnola Lemon varieties from Abruzzo region (Central Italy), the last two being new cultivar here described for the first time. EOs were collected at 2 h and 4 h of distillation; GC/MS technique was applied to characterize their volatile fraction. The EOs were evaluated for total polyphenol content (TPC), antioxidant capacity (AOC) and antimicrobial activity against food-borne pathogens and spoilage bacteria. The time of distillation particularly influenced EOs chemical composition, extracting more or less terpenic components, but generally enriching with minor sesquiterpenes and cannabidiol. A logical response in ratio of time was observed for antioxidant potential, being the essential oils at 4 h of distillation more active than those distilled for 2 h, and particularly Futura 75. Conversely, except for Futura 75, the effect of time on the antimicrobial activity was variable and requires further investigations; nevertheless, the inhibitory activity of all EOs against Pseudomonas fluorescens P34 was an interesting result.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Antonella Ricci
- Correspondence: (A.R.); (A.S.); Tel.: +39-0861-266-904 (A.R.); +39-0861-266-801 (A.S.)
| | - Annalisa Serio
- Correspondence: (A.R.); (A.S.); Tel.: +39-0861-266-904 (A.R.); +39-0861-266-801 (A.S.)
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30
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Synergistic and antagonistic antioxidant effects in the binary cannabinoids mixtures. Fitoterapia 2021; 153:104992. [PMID: 34273440 DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2021.104992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2021] [Revised: 07/06/2021] [Accepted: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
From the group of nearly 120 cannabinoids identified in the hemp sativa and marijuana, CBG, CBD, THC and their acidic forms CBGA, CBDA and THCA are the most frequently studied. All these cannabinoids exhibit antioxidant activity manifested in the ability to scavenge free radicals, to prevent the oxidation process and to reduce metal ions. The paper reports and discusses the antioxidant properties of binary mixtures of the mentioned cannabinoids as regards their ability to scavenge free radicals. The paper shows that, depending on cannabinoid type in their binary mixture and their amounts ratio, an additive, synergistic and antagonistic effect of their antioxidant activity is observed. Binary mixtures of the tested cannabinoids in the full range of their molar ratios were used in the experiments. The presented results seems to be essential in terms of more and more numerous reports showing greater pharmacological effectiveness of binary cannabinoid mixtures compared to that of their individual components.
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31
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Grijó DR, Olivo JE, da Motta Lima OC. Simple chemical tests to identify Cannabis derivatives: Redefinition of parameters and analysis of concepts. J Forensic Sci 2021; 66:1647-1657. [PMID: 34142715 DOI: 10.1111/1556-4029.14777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Revised: 04/25/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The chemical identification of Cannabis is commonly carried out using the Duquenois-Levine (DL) colorimetric test. On the other hand, its active substances called cannabinoids are differentiated by thin-layer chromatography (TLC). This work aims to optimize parameters of these two chemical tests using different samples of Cannabis in natura and previously heated (decarboxylated), as well as their isolated bioactive and possible false positives. The efficiency of the DL test without using ether and aliphatic aldehyde was evaluated, comparing the removal or not of the solid sample from the reaction medium after applying different concentrations of the vanillin ethanolic solution. The chemical properties of different cannabinoids and solvents were estimated and correlated with the TLC retention factors. DL tests applied directly to the plant matrix did not show the expected color, even using a high concentration of vanillin. However, obtaining ethanolic extracts from the samples using low vanillin concentration was sufficient without detecting false positives described in the literature. Cannabinoids with high dipole moment ( μ ) were poorly eluted in TLC, indicating a great interaction with the stationary phase. Their identifications could be conducted based on their distinct lipophilic characteristics ( log P OW ) and the choice of a more polar solvent mix ( μ mix ). It is concluded that the DL test can be conducted with reagents of less toxicity, but it is necessary to remove the plant matrix from the reaction medium. The correlation of the TLC results with the chemical properties of cannabinoids and solvents was consistent and can be extrapolated for more complex analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Ribeiro Grijó
- Graduate Program in Chemical Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering, State University of Maringa, Maringa, Brazil
| | - José Eduardo Olivo
- Graduate Program in Chemical Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering, State University of Maringa, Maringa, Brazil
| | - Oswaldo Curty da Motta Lima
- Graduate Program in Chemical Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering, State University of Maringa, Maringa, Brazil
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32
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Dawidowicz AL, Olszowy-Tomczyk M, Typek R. CBG, CBD, Δ9-THC, CBN, CBGA, CBDA and Δ9-THCA as antioxidant agents and their intervention abilities in antioxidant action. Fitoterapia 2021; 152:104915. [PMID: 33964342 DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2021.104915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Revised: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Positive effect of some cannabinoids in the treatment and prophylaxis of a wide variety of oxidation-associated diseases and growing popularity of supplements containing cannabinoids, mainly cannabinoid oils (e.g. CBD oil, CBG oil), in the self-medication of humans cause a growing interest in the antioxidant properties of these compounds, especially those not showing psychotropic effects. Herein, we report the antioxidant activity of cannabigerol (CBG), cannabidiol (CBD), Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ9-THC), cannabinol (CBN), cannabigerolic acid (CBGA), cannabinolic acid (CBDA) and Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinolic acid (Δ9-THCA) estimated by spectrophotometric methods: ABTS, DPPH, ORAC, beta-carotene CUPRAC and FRAP. The presented data prove that all the examined cannabinoids exhibit antioxidant activity manifested in their ability to scavenge free radicals, to prevent the oxidation process and to reduce metal ions. Although the intensity of these activities is not the same for the individual cannabinoids it is comparable for all of them with that of E vitamin. As results from the research, the significance of the two types of electron sources presenting in examined cannabinoids, phenolic groups and double bonds transferring electrons, depends on the type of electron-accepting species - radicals/metal ions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrzej L Dawidowicz
- Department of Chromatography, Institute of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Chemistry, Maria Curie-Sklodowska University in Lublin, Pl. Marii Curie Sklodowskiej 3, Lublin 20-031, Poland.
| | - Małgorzata Olszowy-Tomczyk
- Department of Chromatography, Institute of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Chemistry, Maria Curie-Sklodowska University in Lublin, Pl. Marii Curie Sklodowskiej 3, Lublin 20-031, Poland
| | - Rafał Typek
- Department of Chromatography, Institute of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Chemistry, Maria Curie-Sklodowska University in Lublin, Pl. Marii Curie Sklodowskiej 3, Lublin 20-031, Poland
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