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Lin C, Zhang X, Ji Z, Fan B, Chen Y, Wu Y, Gan Y, Li Z, Shang Y, Duan L, Wang F. Metabolic engineering of Saccharomyces cerevisiae for high-level production of (+)-ambrein from glucose. Biotechnol Lett 2024; 46:615-626. [PMID: 38884886 DOI: 10.1007/s10529-024-03502-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2024] [Revised: 05/12/2024] [Accepted: 05/18/2024] [Indexed: 06/18/2024]
Abstract
(+)-Ambrein is the primary component of ambergris, a rare product found in sperm whales (Physeter microcephalus). Microbial production using sustainable resources is a promising way to replace animal extraction and chemical synthesis. We constructed an engineered yeast strain to produce (+)-ambrein de novo. Squalene is a substrate for the biosynthesis of (+)-ambrein. Firstly, strain LQ2, with a squalene yield of 384.4 mg/L was obtained by optimizing the mevalonate pathway. Then we engineered a method for the de novo production of (+)-ambrein using glucose as a carbon source by overexpressing codon-optimized tetraprenyl-β-curcumene cyclase (BmeTC) and its double mutant enzyme (BmeTCY167A/D373C), evaluating different promoters, knocking out GAL80, and fusing the protein with BmeTC and squalene synthase (AtSQS2). Nevertheless, the synthesis of (+)-ambrein is still limited, causing low catalytic activity in BmeTC. We carried out a protein surface amino acid modification of BmeTC. The dominant mutant BmeTCK6A/Q9E/N454A for the first step was obtained to improve its catalytic activity. The yield of (+)-ambrein increased from 35.2 to 59.0 mg/L in the shake flask and finally reached 457.4 mg/L in the 2 L fermenter, the highest titer currently available for yeast. Efficiently engineered strains and inexpensive fermentation conditions for the industrial production of (+)-ambrein. The metabolic engineering tools provide directions for optimizing the biosynthesis of other high-value triterpenes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chumin Lin
- Key Laboratory of Digital Quality Evaluation of Chinese Materia Medica of State Administration of TCM, School of Chinese Materia Medica, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Xiaopeng Zhang
- Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Genome Analysis Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen, 518116, China
| | - Zhongju Ji
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Translational Cancer Research of Chinese Medicines, Joint International Research Laboratory of Translational Cancer Research of Chinese Medicines, And International Institute for Translational Chinese Medicine, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Baolian Fan
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Translational Cancer Research of Chinese Medicines, Joint International Research Laboratory of Translational Cancer Research of Chinese Medicines, And International Institute for Translational Chinese Medicine, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Yaman Chen
- Key Laboratory of Digital Quality Evaluation of Chinese Materia Medica of State Administration of TCM, School of Chinese Materia Medica, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Yuhong Wu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Translational Cancer Research of Chinese Medicines, Joint International Research Laboratory of Translational Cancer Research of Chinese Medicines, And International Institute for Translational Chinese Medicine, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Yuhong Gan
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Translational Cancer Research of Chinese Medicines, Joint International Research Laboratory of Translational Cancer Research of Chinese Medicines, And International Institute for Translational Chinese Medicine, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Zhengping Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Translational Cancer Research of Chinese Medicines, Joint International Research Laboratory of Translational Cancer Research of Chinese Medicines, And International Institute for Translational Chinese Medicine, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Yi Shang
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Potato Biology, The CAAS-YNNU-YINMORE Joint Academy of Potato Sciences, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming, 650500, China
| | - Lixin Duan
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Translational Cancer Research of Chinese Medicines, Joint International Research Laboratory of Translational Cancer Research of Chinese Medicines, And International Institute for Translational Chinese Medicine, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510006, China.
| | - Feng Wang
- Key Laboratory of Digital Quality Evaluation of Chinese Materia Medica of State Administration of TCM, School of Chinese Materia Medica, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, China.
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2
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Luo N, Turberg M, Leutzsch M, Mitschke B, Brunen S, Wakchaure VN, Nöthling N, Schelwies M, Pelzer R, List B. The catalytic asymmetric polyene cyclization of homofarnesol to ambrox. Nature 2024; 632:795-801. [PMID: 39085607 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-024-07757-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2024] [Accepted: 06/26/2024] [Indexed: 08/02/2024]
Abstract
Polyene cyclizations are among the most complex and challenging transformations in biology. In a single reaction step, multiple carbon-carbon bonds, ring systems and stereogenic centres are constituted from simple, acyclic precursors1-3. Simultaneously achieving this kind of precise control over product distribution and stereochemistry poses a formidable task for chemists. In particular, the polyene cyclization of (3E,7E)-homofarnesol to the valuable naturally occurring ambergris odorant (-)-ambrox is recognized as a longstanding challenge in chemical synthesis1,4-7. Here we report a diastereoselective and enantioselective synthesis of (-)-ambrox and the sesquiterpene lactone natural product (+)-sclareolide by a catalytic asymmetric polyene cyclization by using a highly Brønsted-acidic and confined imidodiphosphorimidate catalyst in the presence of fluorinated alcohols. Several experiments, including deuterium-labelling studies, suggest that the reaction predominantly proceeds through a concerted pathway in line with the Stork-Eschenmoser hypothesis8-10. Mechanistic studies show the importance of the enzyme-like microenvironment of the imidodiphosphorimidate catalyst for attaining exceptionally high selectivities, previously thought to be achievable only in enzyme-catalysed polyene cyclizations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Luo
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Mathias Turberg
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Markus Leutzsch
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Benjamin Mitschke
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Sebastian Brunen
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Vijay N Wakchaure
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Nils Nöthling
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | | | - Ralf Pelzer
- New Business Development Aroma Ingredients, BASF SE, Ludwigshafen, Germany
| | - Benjamin List
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany.
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3
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Elterlein F, Bugdahn N, Kraft P. Sniffing Out the Sustainable Future: The Renewability Revolution in Fragrance Chemistry. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202400006. [PMID: 38358844 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202400006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2024] [Revised: 02/13/2024] [Accepted: 02/14/2024] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Abstract
In this review, the impact of the transition from today's resource-wasting petrochemical economy towards a 100/100 renewable and biodegradable future is discussed with respect to the fragrance families: "citrus", "green", "fruity", "floral", "floriental", "oriental", "woody", "chypre" and "fougère". After benchmark data on ingredients usage, definitions on biodegradation and sustainability are given. Celebrating the 150th anniversary of synthetic vanillin, its historic synthesis from renewable starting materials serves as introduction. In the grand scheme of things, citrus scents upcycled from the beverages industry, are already an ideal case for 100/100 with new opportunities for artificial essential oils. In the fruity domain, transparent and lactonic ingredients are available in a sustainable manner. However, in the domain of green odorants, there is a lack of green chemistry for important key materials. In the floral family, renewability is more critical than biodegradability, but cost is an issue. Thanks to Ambrox and maltol, florientals and orientals will persist, while woody notes severely lack an Iso E Super replacer. In the chypre genre, patchouli became the new moss, but more musks are increasingly in demand. With their high percentage of linalool and dihydromyrcenol, the construction of fougères could well become a precedent for other families, despite challenges in vetiver and salicylates. Still, the challenges exemplified here create immense opportunities for new perfumery materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franziska Elterlein
- Symrise AG, S&C Global Innovation Fragrances, Building D 209, Mühlenfeldstraße 1, 37603, Holzminden, Germany
| | - Nikolas Bugdahn
- Symrise AG, S&C Global Innovation Fragrances, Building D 209, Mühlenfeldstraße 1, 37603, Holzminden, Germany
| | - Philip Kraft
- Symrise AG, S&C Global Innovation Fragrances, Building D 209, Mühlenfeldstraße 1, 37603, Holzminden, Germany
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Yao X, Li R, Liu Y, Song P, Wu Z, Yan M, Luo J, Fan F, Wang Y. Feedback regulation of the isoprenoid pathway by SsdTPS overexpression has the potential to enhance plant tolerance to drought stress. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2024; 176:e14277. [PMID: 38566271 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.14277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2023] [Revised: 03/01/2024] [Accepted: 03/06/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
In order to maintain the dynamic physiological balance, plants are compelled to adjust their energy metabolism and signal transduction to cope with the abiotic stresses caused by complex and changeable environments. The diterpenoid natural compound and secondary metabolites, sclareol, derived from Salvia sclarea, has gained significant attention owing to its economic value as a spice material and diverse physiological activities. Here, we focused on the roles and regulatory mechanisms of the sclareol diterpene synthase gene SsdTPS in the resistance of S. sclarea to abiotic stresses. Our results suggested that abiotic stresses could induce the response and upregulation of SsdTPS expression and isoprenoid pathway in S. sclarea. Ectopic expression of SsdTPS conferred drought tolerance in transgenic Arabidopsis, compared with wild-type. Overexpression of SsdTPS enhanced the transcription of ABA signal transduction synthetic regulators and induced the positive feedback upregulating key regulatory genes in the MEP pathway, thereby promoting the increase of ABA content and improving drought tolerance in transgenic plants. In addition, SsdTPS-overexpressed transgenic Arabidopsis improved the responses of stomatal regulatory genes and ROS scavenging enzyme activities and gene expression to drought stress. This promoted the stomatal closure and ROS reduction, thus enhancing water retention capacity and reducing oxidative stress damage. These findings unveil the potentially positive role of SsdTPS in orchestrating multiple regulatory mechanisms and maintaining homeostasis for improved abiotic stress resistance in S. sclarea, providing a novel insight into strategies for promoting drought resistance and cultivating highly tolerant plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangyu Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Biotechnology of Shannxi Province, Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China (Ministry of Education), College of Life Science, Northwest University, China
| | - Rui Li
- State Key Laboratory of Biotechnology of Shannxi Province, Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China (Ministry of Education), College of Life Science, Northwest University, China
| | - Yanan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Biotechnology of Shannxi Province, Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China (Ministry of Education), College of Life Science, Northwest University, China
| | - Peng Song
- State Key Laboratory of Biotechnology of Shannxi Province, Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China (Ministry of Education), College of Life Science, Northwest University, China
| | - Ziyi Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Biotechnology of Shannxi Province, Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China (Ministry of Education), College of Life Science, Northwest University, China
| | - Meilin Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Biotechnology of Shannxi Province, Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China (Ministry of Education), College of Life Science, Northwest University, China
| | - Jinmei Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Biotechnology of Shannxi Province, Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China (Ministry of Education), College of Life Science, Northwest University, China
| | - Fenggui Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Biotechnology of Shannxi Province, Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China (Ministry of Education), College of Life Science, Northwest University, China
- Shaanxi Institute for Food and Drug Control, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Food and Drug Safety Monitoring, China
| | - Yingjuan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotechnology of Shannxi Province, Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China (Ministry of Education), College of Life Science, Northwest University, China
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Rowland SJ, Wilde MJ, Sutton PA, Blackbird SJ, Wolff GA. If speed is of the essence: rapid analysis of ambergris by APCI compact mass spectrometry. Nat Prod Res 2024:1-7. [PMID: 38419196 DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2024.2321496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
The use of atmospheric pressure chemical ionisation (APCI) compact mass spectrometry (CMS) was investigated for the analysis of jetsam and museum-archived ambergris and of ambergris components in perfumes. The data were compared with those from existing methods. Authentic samples of some individual ambergris constituents (ambrein, coprostanol, epicoprostanol and coprostanone), were also examined. Rapid APCI CMS was achieved using either a solids probe or a probe with solutions held in capillary melting point tubes. Interpretation is made of the spectra of the principal natural product components, the relative ion responses were measured and the elemental composition of key ions in the spectra confirmed using high resolution accurate mass APCI MS. Rapid analysis of ambergris by APCI CMS may prove to be a further convenient method of identifying ambrein, of measuring the relative ratios of ambrein and steroids in ambergris and even of quantifying the latter, with minimal sample preparation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven J Rowland
- Biogeochemistry Research Centre, University of Plymouth, Plymouth, UK
| | - Michael J Wilde
- Biogeochemistry Research Centre, University of Plymouth, Plymouth, UK
| | - Paul A Sutton
- Biogeochemistry Research Centre, University of Plymouth, Plymouth, UK
| | - Sabena J Blackbird
- School of Environmental Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - George A Wolff
- School of Environmental Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
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Ueda D, Matsuda N, Takaba Y, Hirai N, Inoue M, Kameya T, Abe T, Tagaya N, Isogai Y, Kakihara Y, Bartels F, Christmann M, Shinada T, Yasuda K, Sato T. Analysis of vitamin D receptor binding affinities of enzymatically synthesized triterpenes including ambrein and unnatural onoceroids. Sci Rep 2024; 14:1419. [PMID: 38228813 PMCID: PMC10792010 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-52013-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 01/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Onoceroids are a rare family of triterpenes. One representative onoceroid is ambrein, which is the main component of ambergris used as a traditional medicine. We have previously identified the onoceroid synthase, BmeTC, in Bacillus megaterium and succeeded in creating ambrein synthase by introducing mutations into BmeTC. Owing to the structural similarity of ambrein to vitamin D, a molecule with diverse biological activities, we hypothesized that some of the activities of ambergris may be induced by the binding of ambrein to the vitamin D receptor (VDR). We demonstrated the VDR binding ability of ambrein. By comparing the structure-activity relationships of triterpenes with both the VDR affinity and osteoclastic differentiation-promoting activity, we observed that the activity of ambrein was not induced via the VDR. Therefore, some of the activities of ambergris, but not all, can be attributed to its VDR interaction. Additionally, six unnatural onoceroids were synthesized using the BmeTC reactions, and these compounds exhibited higher VDR affinity than that of ambrein. Enzymatic syntheses of onoceroid libraries will be valuable in creating a variety of bioactive compounds beyond ambergris.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daijiro Ueda
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
| | - Natsu Matsuda
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
| | - Yuka Takaba
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
| | - Nami Hirai
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
| | - Mao Inoue
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
| | - Taichi Kameya
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
| | - Tohru Abe
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
| | - Nao Tagaya
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Toyama Prefectural University, Imizu, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Isogai
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Toyama Prefectural University, Imizu, Japan
| | - Yoshito Kakihara
- Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
| | - Florian Bartels
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Unversität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Mathias Christmann
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Unversität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Tetsuro Shinada
- Graduate School of Science, Osaka Metropolitan University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kaori Yasuda
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Toyama Prefectural University, Imizu, Japan.
| | - Tsutomu Sato
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan.
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von Wallbrunn C, Buchhaupt M, Zorn H. Bioflavour 2022 - Biotechnology of Flavours, Fragrances, and Functional Ingredients. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2023; 71:14947-14950. [PMID: 37850238 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c05831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Christian von Wallbrunn
- Hochschule Geisenheim University, Institute for Microbiology and Biochemistry, Von-Lade-Strasse 1, 65366 Geisenheim, Germany
| | - Markus Buchhaupt
- Microbial Biotechnology, DECHEMA-Forschungsinstitut, Theodor-Heuss-Allee 25, 60486 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Holger Zorn
- Institute of Food Chemistry and Food Biotechnology and Institute of Organic Chemistry, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 17, 35392 Giessen, Germany
- Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology, Ohlebergsweg 12, 35392 Giessen, Germany
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Michailidou F. The Scent of Change: Sustainable Fragrances Through Industrial Biotechnology. Chembiochem 2023; 24:e202300309. [PMID: 37668275 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202300309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Revised: 05/29/2023] [Indexed: 09/06/2023]
Abstract
Current environmental and safety considerations urge innovation to address the need for sustainable high-value chemicals that are embraced by consumers. This review discusses the concept of sustainable fragrances, as high-value, everyday and everywhere chemicals. Current and emerging technologies represent an opportunity to produce fragrances in an environmentally and socially responsible way. Biotechnology, including fermentation, biocatalysis, and genetic engineering, has the potential to reduce the environmental footprint of fragrance production while maintaining quality and consistency. Computational and in silico methods, including machine learning (ML), are also likely to augment the capabilities of sustainable fragrance production. Continued innovation and collaboration will be crucial to the future of sustainable fragrances, with a focus on developing novel sustainable ingredients, as well as ethical sourcing practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Freideriki Michailidou
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zurich, Schmelzbergstrasse 9, 8092, Zürich, Switzerland
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