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Pereira GS, Percebom I, Mendes S, Souza PSS, Diniz LFA, Costa MF, Lopes BRP, Toledo KA. Quercetin inhibits neutrophil extracellular traps release and their cytotoxic effects on A549 cells, as well the release and enzymatic activity of elastase and myeloperoxidase. BRAZ J BIOL 2024; 84:e252936. [DOI: 10.1590/1519-6984.252936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract Neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) were first reported as a microbicidal strategy for activated neutrophils. Through an immunologic response against several stimuli, neutrophils release their DNA together with proteins from granules, nucleus, and cytoplasm (e.g., elastase and myeloperoxidase). To date, NETs have been implicated in tissue damage during intense inflammatory processes, mainly when their release is dependent on oxygen radical generation. Flavonoids are antioxidant and anti-inflammatory agents; of these, quercetin is commonly found in our daily diet. Therefore, quercetin could exert some protective activity against tissue damage induced by NETs. In our in vitro assays, quercetin reduced NETs, myeloperoxidase (MPO), and elastase release from neutrophils stimulated with phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA). The activity of these enzymes also decreased in the presence of quercetin. Quercetin also reduced the cytotoxic effect of NETs on alveolar cells (A549 cell line). Further, in silico assays indicated favorable interactions between quercetin and NET proteins (MPO and elastase). Overall, our results demonstrate that quercetin decreases deleterious cellular effects of NETs by reducing their release from activated neutrophils, and diminishing the enzymatic activity of MPO and elastase, possibly through direct interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - S. Mendes
- Universidade Estadual Paulista, Brasil
| | - P. S. S. Souza
- Universidade Estadual Paulista, Brasil; Universidade Estadual Paulista, Brasil
| | - L. F. A. Diniz
- Universidade Estadual Paulista, Brasil; Universidade Estadual Paulista, Brasil
| | - M. F. Costa
- Universidade Estadual Paulista, Brasil; Universidade Estadual Paulista, Brasil
| | - B. R. P. Lopes
- Universidade Estadual Paulista, Brasil; Universidade Estadual Paulista, Brasil
| | - K. A. Toledo
- Universidade Estadual Paulista, Brasil; Universidade Estadual Paulista, Brasil
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2
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Olla S, Siguri C, Fais A, Era B, Fantini MC, Di Petrillo A. Inhibitory Effect of Quercetin on Oxidative Endogen Enzymes: A Focus on Putative Binding Modes. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:15391. [PMID: 37895071 PMCID: PMC10607112 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242015391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Revised: 10/13/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress is defined as an imbalance between the production of free radicals and reactive oxygen species (ROS) and the ability of the body to neutralize them by anti-oxidant defense systems. Cells can produce ROS during physiological processes, but excessive ROS can lead to non-specific and irreversible damage to biological molecules, such as DNA, lipids, and proteins. Mitochondria mainly produce endogenous ROS during both physiological and pathological conditions. Enzymes like nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase (NOX), xanthine oxidase (XO), lipoxygenase (LOX), myeloperoxidase (MPO), and monoamine oxidase (MAO) contribute to this process. The body has enzymatic and non-enzymatic defense systems to neutralize ROS. The intake of bioactive phenols, like quercetin (Que), can protect against pro-oxidative damage by quenching ROS through a non-enzymatic system. In this study, we evaluate the ability of Que to target endogenous oxidant enzymes involved in ROS production and explore the mechanisms of action underlying its anti-oxidant properties. Que can act as a free radical scavenger by donating electrons through the negative charges in its phenolic and ketone groups. Additionally, it can effectively inhibit the activity of several endogenous oxidative enzymes by binding them with high affinity and specificity. Que had the best molecular docking results with XO, followed by MAO-A, 5-LOX, NOX, and MPO. Que's binding to these enzymes was confirmed by subsequent molecular dynamics, revealing different stability phases depending on the enzyme bound. The 500 ns simulation showed a net evolution of binding for NOX and MPO. These findings suggest that Que has potential as a natural therapy for diseases related to oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefania Olla
- Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Cittadella Universitaria di Monserrato, 09042 Monserrato, Italy;
| | - Chiara Siguri
- Istituto di Ricerca Genetica e Biomedica, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Cittadella Universitaria di Monserrato, 09042 Monserrato, Italy;
| | - Antonella Fais
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Cagliari, 09042 Monserrato, Italy; (A.F.); (B.E.)
| | - Benedetta Era
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Cagliari, 09042 Monserrato, Italy; (A.F.); (B.E.)
| | - Massimo Claudio Fantini
- Department of Medical Science and Public Health, University of Cagliari, 09042 Monserrato, Italy;
| | - Amalia Di Petrillo
- Department of Medical Science and Public Health, University of Cagliari, 09042 Monserrato, Italy;
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3
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Shubina VS, Kozina VI, Shatalin YV. A Comparative Study of the Inhibitory Effect of Some Flavonoids and a Conjugate of Taxifolin with Glyoxylic Acid on the Oxidative Burst of Neutrophils. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:15068. [PMID: 37894747 PMCID: PMC10606308 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242015068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Revised: 09/30/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
During the storage, processing, and digestion of flavonoid-rich foods and beverages, a condensation of flavonoids with toxic carbonyl compounds occurs. The effect of the resulting products on cells remains largely unknown. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effects of quercetin, taxifolin, catechin, eriodictyol, hesperetin, naringenin, and a condensation product of taxifolin with glyoxylic acid on the oxidative burst of neutrophils. It was found that the flavonoids and the condensation product inhibited the total production of ROS. Flavonoids decreased both the intra and extracellular ROS production. The condensation product had no effect on intracellular ROS production but effectively inhibited the extracellular production of ROS. Thus, the condensation of flavonoids with toxic carbonyl compounds may lead to the formation of compounds exhibiting potent inhibitory effects on the oxidative burst of neutrophils. The data also suggest that, during these reactions, the influence of a fraction of flavonoids and their polyphenolic derivatives on cellular functions may change. On the whole, the results of the study provide a better understanding of the effects of polyphenols on human health. In addition, these results reveal the structure-activity relationship of these polyphenols and may be useful in a search for new therapeutic agents against diseases associated with oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria S. Shubina
- Institute of Theoretical and Experimental Biophysics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Institutskaya 3, 142290 Pushchino, Russia;
| | | | - Yuri V. Shatalin
- Institute of Theoretical and Experimental Biophysics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Institutskaya 3, 142290 Pushchino, Russia;
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4
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da Silva Nascimento M, Dos Santos PH, de Abreu FF, Shan AYKV, Amaral RG, Andrade LN, Souto EB, Santos MIS, de Souza Graça A, Souza JB, Raimundo E Silva JP, Tavares JF, de Oliveira E Silva AM, Correa CB, Montalvão MM, Piacente S, Pizza C, Camargo EA, Dos Santos Estevam C. Schinus terebinthifolius Raddi (Brazilian pepper) leaves extract: in vitro and in vivo evidence of anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. Inflammopharmacology 2023; 31:2505-2519. [PMID: 37639162 PMCID: PMC10518276 DOI: 10.1007/s10787-023-01316-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this work was to evaluate the anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects of ethyl acetate extract obtained from the leaves of Brazilian peppertree Schinus terebinthifolius Raddi (EAELSt). Total phenols and flavonoids, chemical constituents, in vitro antioxidant activity (DPPH and lipoperoxidation assays), and cytotoxicity in L929 fibroblasts were determined. In vivo anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties were evaluated using TPA-induced ear inflammation model in mice. Phenol and flavonoid contents were 19.2 ± 0.4 and 93.8 ± 5.2 of gallic acid or quercetin equivalents/g, respectively. LC-MS analysis identified 43 compounds, of which myricetin-O-pentoside and quercetin-O-rhamnoside were major peaks of chromatogram. Incubation with EAELSt decreased the amount of DPPH radical (EC50 of 54.5 ± 2.4 µg/mL) and lipoperoxidation at 200-500 µg/mL. The incubation with EAELSt did not change fibroblast viability up to 100 µg/mL. Topical treatment with EAELSt significantly reduced edema and myeloperoxidase activity at 0.3, 1, and 3 mg/ear when compared to the vehicle-treated group. In addition, EAELSt decreased IL-6 and TNF-α levels and increased IL-10 levels. Besides, it modulated markers of oxidative stress (reduced total hydroperoxides and increased sulfhydryl contents and ferrium reduction potential) and increased the activity of catalase and superoxide dismutase, without altering GPx activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcel da Silva Nascimento
- Graduate Program in Physiological Sciences, Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristóvão, Sergipe, 49000-100, Brazil
| | - Péligris H Dos Santos
- Graduate Program in Physiological Sciences, Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristóvão, Sergipe, 49000-100, Brazil
| | - Fabiula F de Abreu
- Graduate Program in Physiological Sciences, Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristóvão, Sergipe, 49000-100, Brazil
| | - Andrea Y K V Shan
- Department of Physiology, Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristóvão, Sergipe, 49000-100, Brazil
| | - Ricardo G Amaral
- Graduate Program in Physiological Sciences, Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristóvão, Sergipe, 49000-100, Brazil.
| | - Luciana N Andrade
- Graduate Program in Physiological Sciences, Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristóvão, Sergipe, 49000-100, Brazil
| | - Eliana B Souto
- UCIBIO-Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, MEDTECH, Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology, Department of Drug Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal.
- Associate Laboratory i4HB-Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal.
| | - Matheus I S Santos
- Graduate Program in Physiological Sciences, Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristóvão, Sergipe, 49000-100, Brazil
| | - Ariel de Souza Graça
- Graduate Program in Physiological Sciences, Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristóvão, Sergipe, 49000-100, Brazil
| | - Jesica B Souza
- Graduate Program in Physiological Sciences, Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristóvão, Sergipe, 49000-100, Brazil
| | - Joanda P Raimundo E Silva
- Health Sciences Center, Postgraduate Program in Natural and Synthetic Bioactive Products, Universidade Federal da Paraíba (UFPB), João Pessoa, PB, 58051-970, Brazil
| | - Josean F Tavares
- Health Sciences Center, Postgraduate Program in Natural and Synthetic Bioactive Products, Universidade Federal da Paraíba (UFPB), João Pessoa, PB, 58051-970, Brazil
| | | | - Cristiane B Correa
- Graduate Program in Physiological Sciences, Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristóvão, Sergipe, 49000-100, Brazil
- Department of Morphology, Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristóvão, Sergipe, 49000-100, Brazil
| | - Monalisa M Montalvão
- Department of Morphology, Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristóvão, Sergipe, 49000-100, Brazil
| | - Sonia Piacente
- Department of Pharmacy, University of the Study of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II n. 132, 84084, Fisciano, Salerno, Italy
| | - Cosimo Pizza
- Department of Pharmacy, University of the Study of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II n. 132, 84084, Fisciano, Salerno, Italy
| | - Enilton A Camargo
- Graduate Program in Physiological Sciences, Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristóvão, Sergipe, 49000-100, Brazil
- Department of Physiology, Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristóvão, Sergipe, 49000-100, Brazil
| | - Charles Dos Santos Estevam
- Graduate Program in Physiological Sciences, Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristóvão, Sergipe, 49000-100, Brazil
- Department of Physiology, Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristóvão, Sergipe, 49000-100, Brazil
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5
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Li JX, Tian R, Lu N. Quercetin Attenuates Vascular Endothelial Dysfunction in Atherosclerotic Mice by Inhibiting Myeloperoxidase and NADPH Oxidase Function. Chem Res Toxicol 2023; 36:260-269. [PMID: 36719041 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.2c00334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Myeloperoxidase (MPO) exhibits a unique property to use H2O2 to oxidize chloride and lead to the generation of a strong oxidant, hypochlorous acid (HOCl), which plays important roles in atherosclerosis. A lot of evidence indicates that quercetin, a natural polyphenol derived from human diet, effectively contributes to cardiovascular health. Herein, we found that dietary quercetin significantly inhibited vascular endothelial dysfunction and atherosclerosis in apolipoprotein E-deficient (ApoE-/-) mice. Mechanistic studies revealed that dietary quercetin effectively suppressed the MPO level and activity in the vessels of ApoE-/- animals, and p47phox expression and NADPH oxidase activity were simultaneously attenuated after quercetin treatment. In vascular endothelial cells, NADPH oxidase was demonstrated to be the major source of H2O2 formation. Moreover, quercetin effectively attenuated MPO/H2O2-mediated HOCl production and toxicity to human vascular endothelial cells, and this compound was not toxic. The inhibitory effect on MPO activity was likely attributed to that quercetin significantly inhibited NADPH oxidase-derived H2O2 formation in human endothelial cells and could act as an effective mediator for MPO intermediates, subsequently preventing HOCl production by the MPO/H2O2 system. Collectively, it was suggested that quercetin effectively suppressed endothelial dysfunction in atherosclerotic vasculature through the reduction of MPO/NADPH oxidase-mediated HOCl production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Xin Li
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry, Jiangxi Normal University, Ziyang Road 99, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330022, China
| | - Rong Tian
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry, Jiangxi Normal University, Ziyang Road 99, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330022, China
| | - Naihao Lu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry, Jiangxi Normal University, Ziyang Road 99, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330022, China
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6
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Qu W, Guo T, Yang B, Tian R, Qiu S, Chen X, Geng Z, Wang Z. Tracking HOCl by an incredibly simple fluorescent probe with AIE plus ESIPT in vitro and in vivo. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2022; 281:121649. [PMID: 35872428 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2022.121649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Revised: 07/11/2022] [Accepted: 07/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Hypochlorous acid is an important active substance involved in a variety of physiological processes in living organisms, while abnormal concentrations of HOCl are strongly associated with a variety of diseases such as cancer, inflammation, atherosclerosis, and Alzheimer's disease. As a result, it's crucial to establish a reliable method for tracking HOCl in vivo in order to investigate its physiological consequences. In this work, we developed a fluorescent probe DFSN with both AIE and ESIPT for imaging HOCl in vivo. DFSN not only has a basic structure and is easy to synthesize, but also has superior performance. The probe responds to HOCl in less than 10 s and has good selectivity and sensitivity to HOCl (DL = 6.3 nM), with a 110-fold increase in fluorescence intensity following response. In addition, DFSN can realize the rapid detection of hypochlorous acid with naked eyes. Moreover, DFSN can be used for the detection of exogenous and endogenous HOCl in RAW264.7 cells, and additionally enables the tracking of HOCl in cancer cells (Hela cells and HepG2 cells). More notably, it has been utilized to image hypochlorous acid in zebrafish with great success. The probe DFSN will be useful in determining the physiological significance of HOCl.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wangbo Qu
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, PR China
| | - Taiyu Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, PR China
| | - Bin Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, PR China
| | - Ruowei Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, PR China
| | - Shuang Qiu
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, PR China
| | - Xinyue Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, PR China
| | - Zhirong Geng
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, PR China.
| | - Zhilin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, PR China.
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7
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Guo B, Chou F, Huang L, Yin F, Fang J, Wang JB, Jia Z. Recent insights into oxidative metabolism of quercetin: catabolic profiles, degradation pathways, catalyzing metalloenzymes and molecular mechanisms. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2022; 64:1312-1339. [PMID: 36037033 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2022.2115456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Quercetin is the most abundant polyphenolic flavonoid (flavonol subclass) in vegetal foods and medicinal plants. This dietary chemopreventive agent has drawn significant interest for its multiple beneficial health effects ("polypharmacology") largely associated with the well-documented antioxidant properties. However, controversies exist in the literature due to its dual anti-/pro-oxidant character, poor stability/bioavailability but multifaceted bioactivities, leaving much confusion as to its exact roles in vivo. Increasing evidence indicates that a prior oxidation of quercetin to generate an array of chemical diverse products with redox-active/electrophilic moieties is emerging as a new linkage to its versatile actions. The present review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the oxidative conversion of quercetin by systematically analyzing the current quercetin-related knowledge, with a particular focus on the complete spectrum of metabolite products, the enzymes involved in the catabolism and the underlying molecular mechanisms. Herein we review and compare the oxidation pathways, protein structures and catalytic patterns of the related metalloenzymes (phenol oxidases, heme enzymes and specially quercetinases), aiming for a deeper mechanistic understanding of the unusual biotransformation behaviors of quercetin and its seemingly controversial biological functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Guo
- Key Laboratory of Phytochemical R&D of Hunan Province, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Traditional Chinese Medicine Research (Ministry of Education of China), Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
| | - Fang Chou
- Key Laboratory of Phytochemical R&D of Hunan Province, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Traditional Chinese Medicine Research (Ministry of Education of China), Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
| | - Libin Huang
- Key Laboratory of Phytochemical R&D of Hunan Province, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Traditional Chinese Medicine Research (Ministry of Education of China), Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
| | - Feifan Yin
- Key Laboratory of Phytochemical R&D of Hunan Province, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Traditional Chinese Medicine Research (Ministry of Education of China), Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
| | - Jing Fang
- Key Laboratory of Phytochemical R&D of Hunan Province, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Traditional Chinese Medicine Research (Ministry of Education of China), Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
| | - Jian-Bo Wang
- Key Laboratory of Phytochemical R&D of Hunan Province, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Traditional Chinese Medicine Research (Ministry of Education of China), Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
| | - Zongchao Jia
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
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8
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Zhang L, Ma J, Yang F, Li S, Ma W, Chang X, Yang L. Neuroprotective Effects of Quercetin on Ischemic Stroke: A Literature Review. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:854249. [PMID: 35662707 PMCID: PMC9158527 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.854249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Ischemic stroke (IS) is characterized by high recurrence and disability; however, its therapies are very limited. As one of the effective methods of treating acute attacks of IS, intravenous thrombolysis has a clear time window. Quercetin, a flavonoid widely found in vegetables and fruits, inhibits immune cells from secreting inflammatory cytokines, thereby reducing platelet aggregation and limiting inflammatory thrombosis. In pre-clinical studies, it has been shown to exhibit neuroprotective effects in patients with ischemic brain injury. However, its specific mechanism of action remains unknown. Therefore, this review aims to use published data to elucidate the potential value of quercetin in patients with ischemic brain injury. This article also reviews the plant sources, pharmacological effects, and metabolic processes of quercetin in vivo, thus focusing on its mechanism in inhibiting immune cell activation and inflammatory thrombosis as well as promoting neuroprotection against ischemic brain injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leilei Zhang
- Xi'an Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Xi'an, China
| | - Jingying Ma
- Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang, China
| | - Fan Yang
- Guang'anmen Hospital, Chinese Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Sishi Li
- Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang, China
| | - Wangran Ma
- Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang, China
| | - Xiang Chang
- Xi'an Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Xi'an, China
| | - Lin Yang
- Xi'an Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Xi'an, China
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Kim J, Kim N, Kim S, Kim Y, Yeo W. Immobilization of phenol‐containing compounds via electrochemical activation of a urazole derivative. B KOREAN CHEM SOC 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/bkcs.12458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jisu Kim
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology Bio/Molecular Informatics Center Konkuk University Seoul South Korea
| | - Noo‐ri Kim
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology Bio/Molecular Informatics Center Konkuk University Seoul South Korea
| | - Seung‐Woo Kim
- Department of Chemistry Dongguk University‐Seoul Campus Seoul South Korea
| | - Young‐Kwan Kim
- Department of Chemistry Dongguk University‐Seoul Campus Seoul South Korea
| | - Woon‐Seok Yeo
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology Bio/Molecular Informatics Center Konkuk University Seoul South Korea
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10
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Xu H, Zhang T, He L, Yuan M, Yuan X, Wang S. Exploring the mechanism of Danggui Buxue Decoction in regulating atherosclerotic disease network based on integrated pharmacological methods. Biosci Rep 2021; 41:BSR20211429. [PMID: 34528665 PMCID: PMC8521537 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20211429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Revised: 09/09/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To explore the mechanism of Danggui Buxue Decoction (DGBXD) in regulating Atherosclerosis (AS) network based on integrated pharmacological methods. METHODS The active ingredients and targets of DGBXD are obtained from TCMSP database and ETCM. AS-related targets were collected from the Genecards and OMIM databases. The drug-disease protein interaction (PPI) networks were constructed by Cytoscape. Meanwhile, it was used to screen out densely interacting regions, namely clusters. Finally, Gene Ontology (GO) annotations are performed on the targets and genes in the cluster to obtain biological processes, and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) annotations are performed on the targets of the PPI network to obtain signaling pathways. RESULTS A total of 212 known targets, 265 potential targets and 229 AS genes were obtained. The 'DGBXD known-AS PPI network' and 'DGBXD-AS PPI Network' were constructed and analyzed. DGBXD can regulate inflammation, platelet activation, endothelial cell apoptosis, oxidative stress, lipid metabolism, vascular smooth muscle proliferation, angiogenesis, TNF, HIF-1, FoxO signaling pathway, etc. The experimental data showed that compared with the model group, the expressions of ICAM-1, VCAM-1, and interleukin (IL)-1β protein and mRNA in the DGBXD group decreased (P<0.05). However, plasma IL-1β, TNF-α, and MCP-1 in the DGBXD group were not significantly different from the model group (P>0.05). CONCLUSION The mechanism of DGBXD in the treatment of AS may be related to the improvement of extracellular matrix (ECM) deposition in the blood vessel wall and the anti-vascular local inflammatory response, which may provide a reference for the study of the mechanism of DGBXD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Xu
- School of Integrated traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
| | - Tianqing Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan Province, China
| | - Ling He
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan Province, China
| | - Mengxia Yuan
- Shantou University Medical College, Shantou University, Shantou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Xiao Yuan
- School of Integrated traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
| | - Shanshan Wang
- School of Integrated traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
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Zhou T, Wang Z, Guo M, Zhang K, Geng L, Mao A, Yang Y, Yu F. Puerarin induces mouse mesenteric vasodilation and ameliorates hypertension involving endothelial TRPV4 channels. Food Funct 2021; 11:10137-10148. [PMID: 33155599 DOI: 10.1039/d0fo02356f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Puerarin (Pue) is an isoflavone derived from the root of Pueraria lobata, which has been widely used as food and a herb for treating cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases. Transient receptor potential vanilloid 4 (TRPV4), a Ca2+-permeable channel with multiple modes of activation, plays an important role in vascular endothelial function and vasodilation. However, no reports have shown the effects of Pue on TRPV4 channels and mouse small mesenteric arteries. In the present study, we performed a molecular docking assay by using Discovery Studio 3.5 software to predict the binding of Pue to TRPV4 protein. The activation of TRPV4 by Pue was determined by intracellular Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]i), live-cell fluorescent Ca2+ imaging and patch clamp assays. Molecular docking results indicated a high possibility of Pue-TPRV4 binding. [Ca2+]i and Ca2+ imaging assays showed that Pue activated TRPV4 channels and increased [Ca2+]i in TRPV4-overexpressing HEK293 (TRPV4-HEK293) cells and primary mouse mesenteric artery endothelial cells (MAECs). Patch clamp assay demonstrated that Pue stimulated the TRPV4-mediated cation currents. Additionally, Pue relaxed mouse mesenteric arteries involving the TRPV4-small-conductance Ca2+-activated K+ channel (SKCa)/intermediate-conductance Ca2+-activated K+ channel (IKCa) pathway, and reduced systolic blood pressure (SBP) in high-salt-induced hypertensive mice. Our study found for the first time that Pue acts as a TRPV4 agonist, induces endothelium-dependent vasodilation in mouse mesenteric arteries, and attenuates blood pressure in high-salt-induced hypertensive mice, highlighting the beneficial effect of Pue in treating endothelial dysfunction-related cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Zhou
- Wuxi School of Medicine, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi 214122, China.
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Jin Z, Zhou L, Tian R, Lu N. Myeloperoxidase Targets Apolipoprotein A-I for Site-Specific Tyrosine Chlorination in Atherosclerotic Lesions and Generates Dysfunctional High-Density Lipoprotein. Chem Res Toxicol 2021; 34:1672-1680. [PMID: 33861588 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.1c00086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
We previously demonstrated that apolipoprotein A-I (apoA-I), the major protein component of high-density lipoprotein (HDL), is an important target for myeloperoxidase (MPO)-catalyzed tyrosine chlorination in the circulation of subjects with cardiovascular diseases. Oxidation of apoA-I by MPO has been reported to deprive HDL of its protective properties. However, the potential effects of MPO-mediated site-specific tyrosine chlorination of apoA-I on dysfunctional HDL formation and atherosclerosis was unclear. Herein, Tyr192 in apoA-I was found to be the major chlorination site in both lesion and plasma HDL from humans with atherosclerosis, while MPO binding to apoA-I was demonstrated by immunoprecipitation studies in vivo. In vitro, MPO-mediated damage of lipid-free apoA-I impaired its ability to promote cellular cholesterol efflux by the ABCA1 pathway, whereas oxidation to lipid-associated apoA-I inhibited lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase activation, two key steps in reverse cholesterol transport. Compared with native apoA-I, apoA-I containing a Tyr192 → Phe mutation was moderately resistant to oxidative inactivation by MPO. In high-fat-diet-fed apolipoprotein E-deficient mice, compared with native apoA-I, subcutaneous injection with oxidized apoA-I (MPO treated) failed to mediate the lipid content in aortic plaques while mutant apoA-I (Tyr192 → Phe) showed a slightly stronger ability to reduce the lipid content in vivo. Our observations suggest that oxidative damage of apoA-I and HDL involves MPO-dependent site-specific tyrosine chlorination, raising the feasibility of producing MPO-resistant forms of apoA-I that have stronger antiatherosclerotic activity in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zelong Jin
- Key Laboratory of Functional Small Organic Molecule, Ministry of Education; Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang 330022, China
| | - Lan Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Functional Small Organic Molecule, Ministry of Education; Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang 330022, China
| | - Rong Tian
- Key Laboratory of Functional Small Organic Molecule, Ministry of Education; Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang 330022, China
| | - Naihao Lu
- Key Laboratory of Functional Small Organic Molecule, Ministry of Education; Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang 330022, China
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Traditional Chinese Medicine Shenmayizhi Decoction Ameliorates Memory and Cognitive Impairment Induced by Multiple Cerebral Infarctions. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2021; 2021:6648455. [PMID: 33859709 PMCID: PMC8026291 DOI: 10.1155/2021/6648455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Revised: 02/17/2021] [Accepted: 03/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to illustrate the mechanism by which Shenmayizhi decoction (SMYZD) improves the learning memory of rats with vascular cognitive impairment (VCI). Fifty male and female Wistar rats of specific pathogen-free grade (SPF grade) were used to establish the model by the administration of a microsphere embolization. This was accomplished by injecting sterile, standardized, mass-produced microspheres of uniform particle size (100–200 µm in diameter) in a sodium alginate microsphere vascular embolic agent suspension to induce VCI. The VCI model was successfully established in 40 rats, including both male and female rats, and the rats were randomly divided into 4 groups of 10 rats each. The model group was administered an equal volume of distilled water. The donepezil group was administered 0.45 mg/kg/d donepezil, which is equivalent to the clinical dosage. The SMYZ-H group was administered 11.88 g/kg/d SMYZ, which is 4 times higher than the clinically equivalent dosage. The SMYZ-L group was administered 2.97 g/kg/d SMYZ, which is the clinically equivalent dosage. A sham-operated group was used as the control group and administered an equal volume of distilled water. The rats in the 4 groups were treated by gavage with equal volumes of liquid and the indicated concentration of drug diluted in distilled water for 8 consecutive weeks. Two months later, the Morris water maze (MWM) was used to evaluate the spatial memory of all the rats. Ultrastructural and ultrapathological changes in the capillaries of the cerebral cortex were observed by transmission electron microscopy. Furthermore, Western blot and RT-PCR analyses were used to assess the levels of platelet-derived growth factor receptor-β (PDGFR-β), neuron-glial antigen 2 (NG2), vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGF-A), and angiopoietin 1 (Ang1) in the cerebral cortex of the rats. The results showed that SMYZD at concentrations of 11.88 g/kg/d and 2.97 g/kg/d (SMYZ-H and SMYZ-L) significantly shortened the escape latency (EL). In addition, SMYZ-H significantly prolonged the distance traveled and the time spent in the original platform quadrant by the rats with VCI. SMYZ-H significantly increased the NG2 and Ang1 protein expression levels and increased the PDGFR-β and Ang1 mRNA levels. These results demonstrated that Shenmayizhi decoction can improve the memory abilities of rats with VCI induced by multiple cerebral infarctions by preventing pericyte degeneration.
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Almeida VM, Dias ÊR, Souza BC, Cruz JN, Santos CBR, Leite FHA, Queiroz RF, Branco A. Methoxylated flavonols from Vellozia dasypus Seub ethyl acetate active myeloperoxidase extract: in vitro and in silico assays. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2021; 40:7574-7583. [PMID: 33739225 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2021.1900916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate the effect of a methoxylated fraction from Vellozia dasypus Seub on myeloperoxidase (MPO)-chlorinating activity and subsequent in silico assays for binding profile prediction. Therefore, the ethyl acetate extract of aerial parts from Vellozia dasypus Seub was fractionated on open-column chromatography containing SiO2 and eluted with solvent in crescent polarity to yield a fraction with a mixture of flavonols quercetin 3-O-methyl ether (1) and 6-C-methyl quercetin 3-O-methyl ether (2). Their chemical structures were proposed by HPLC coupled to photodiode array (HPLC-DAD) and mass spectrometer using electrospray ionization multistage analysis (HPLC-MS/MS). The fraction enriched with compounds 1 and 2 inhibited more efficiently the in vitro MPO-chlorinating activity (IC50 = 40 µg/mL) than the ethyl acetate extract (IC50 = 64.0 µg/mL). Molecular docking studies revealed that these compounds interact with MPO active pocket similarly to trifluoromethyl-substituted aromatic hydroxamate, a well-known MPO inhibitor, co-crystallized at the MPO binding site (PDB ID: 4C1M). Molecular dynamics trajectories confirmed that these two molecules interact with the MPO binding site with a similar energetic pattern when compared to the crystallographic ligand. Taken together, these data expand the sources of phenolic natural compounds that may be further investigated against inflammation-related diseases.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verônica M Almeida
- Department of Health, State University of Feira de Santana, Feira de Santana, Brazil.,Graduate Program in Biotechnology, State University of Feira de Santana, Feira de Santana, Brazil
| | - Êuder R Dias
- Department of Health, State University of Feira de Santana, Feira de Santana, Brazil.,Graduate Program in Biotechnology, State University of Feira de Santana, Feira de Santana, Brazil
| | - Bruno C Souza
- Graduate Program in Biotechnology, State University of Feira de Santana, Feira de Santana, Brazil
| | - Jorddy N Cruz
- Department of Biological Sciences and Health, Federal University of Amapá, Macapá, Brazil
| | - Cleydson B R Santos
- Department of Biological Sciences and Health, Federal University of Amapá, Macapá, Brazil
| | - Franco H A Leite
- Department of Health, State University of Feira de Santana, Feira de Santana, Brazil.,Graduate Program in Biotechnology, State University of Feira de Santana, Feira de Santana, Brazil
| | - Raphael F Queiroz
- Department of Natural Sciences, State University of Southwestern Bahia, Vitória da Conquista, Brazil
| | - Alexsandro Branco
- Department of Health, State University of Feira de Santana, Feira de Santana, Brazil.,Graduate Program in Biotechnology, State University of Feira de Santana, Feira de Santana, Brazil
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15
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Yin J, Peng X, Lin J, Zhang Y, Zhang J, Gao H, Tian X, Zhang R, Zhao G. Quercetin amelioratesAspergillus fumigatuskeratitis by inhibiting fungal growth, toll-like receptors and inflammatory cytokines. Int Immunopharmacol 2021; 93:107435. [PMID: 33550031 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2021.107435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2020] [Revised: 01/23/2021] [Accepted: 01/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate the antifungal and anti-inflammatory effects of quercetin on Aspergillus fumigatus (A. fumigatus) keratitis. METHODS Human corneal epithelial cells (HCECs) and C57BL/6 mice were stimulated by A. fumigatus and treated with quercetin or dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) after infection. In HCECs, minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and cytotoxicity tests (CCK-8) were used to detect the antifungal effect and cytotoxicity of quercetin. In mice with A. fumigatuskeratitis, clinical score, plate counting and hematoxylin-eosin (HE) staining were performed to evaluate the effects of quercetin in vivo. Myeloperoxidase (MPO) assay and immunofluorescence staining were applied to assess neutrophil recruitment and infiltration. Real time PCR (RT-PCR), enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and western blot were used to detect the mRNA and protein expressions of inflammatory mediators. RESULTS Compared with DMSO control, quercetin (16-64 μM) significantly inhibited the growth of A. fumigatus in a concentration-dependent manner without affecting cell viability in HCECs. In corneas of mice with A. fumigatuskeratitis, quercetin decreased clinical score and fungal load, and reduced neutrophil recruitment and infiltration to the corneal stroma. Moreover, quercetin attenuated the expression of inflammatory mediators including toll-like receptor-4 (TLR-4), TLR-2, interleukin-1β (IL-1β), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and high mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) in vitro and in vivo. CONCLUSIONS Our study demonstrated that quercetin treatment can ameliorate A. fumigatus keratitis by inhibiting the growth of A. fumigatus, decreasing neutrophil recruitment and infiltration, and downregulating the productions of TLR-4, TLR-2, TNF-α, IL-1β and HMGB1, indicating quercetin is likely to become a potential therapeutic agent in FK treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiao Yin
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, NO. 16 Jiangsu Road, Qingdao, Shandong Province 266000, China
| | - Xudong Peng
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, NO. 16 Jiangsu Road, Qingdao, Shandong Province 266000, China.
| | - Jing Lin
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, NO. 16 Jiangsu Road, Qingdao, Shandong Province 266000, China
| | - Yingxue Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201, USA.
| | - Jie Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, NO. 16 Jiangsu Road, Qingdao, Shandong Province 266000, China
| | - Han Gao
- Department of Ophthalmology, Qingdao Central Hospital, NO. 127 Siliu South Road, Qingdao, Shandong Province 266042, China
| | - Xue Tian
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, NO. 16 Jiangsu Road, Qingdao, Shandong Province 266000, China
| | - Ranran Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, NO. 16 Jiangsu Road, Qingdao, Shandong Province 266000, China
| | - Guiqiu Zhao
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, NO. 16 Jiangsu Road, Qingdao, Shandong Province 266000, China.
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16
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Myeloperoxidase: Mechanisms, reactions and inhibition as a therapeutic strategy in inflammatory diseases. Pharmacol Ther 2021; 218:107685. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2020.107685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Zhou L, Luo M, Tian R, Zeng XP, Peng YY, Lu N. Generation of a Bovine Serum Albumin-Diligand Complex for the Protection of Bioactive Quercetin and Suppression of Heme Toxicity. Chem Res Toxicol 2021; 34:920-928. [PMID: 33464047 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.0c00537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
As an abundant protein in milk and blood serum, bovine serum albumin (BSA) contains various sites to bind a lot of bioactive components, generating BSA-monoligand complex. Demonstration of the interaction between BSA and bioactive components (such as heme, flavonoids) is important to develop effective carrier for the protection of bioactive ligands and to reduce cytotoxicity of heme. Herein, the bindings of BSA to quercetin and/or heme were investigated by multispectroscopic and molecular docking methods. The fluorescence of protein was significantly quenched by both quercetin and heme in a static mode (i.e., generation of BSA-ligand complex). Although quercetin had lower affinity to protein than heme, the interactions of both compounds with protein did locate in site I (i.e., subdomain IIA). BSA-diligand complex was successfully generated after the coaddition of quercetin and heme. The cytotoxicity of free heme to endothelial cells was reduced in the BSA-diligand complex relative to that of heme or BSA-monoligand complex, while the stability of bioactive quercetin was promoted in the complex relative to free flavonoid. The complex provided a better inhibition on the cytotoxicity of heme than BSA-monoligand complex, in which the copresence of quercetin played a vital role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lan Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Functional Small Organic Molecule, Ministry of Education; College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang, Jiangxi China
| | - Mengjuan Luo
- Key Laboratory of Functional Small Organic Molecule, Ministry of Education; College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang, Jiangxi China
| | - Rong Tian
- Key Laboratory of Functional Small Organic Molecule, Ministry of Education; College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang, Jiangxi China
| | - Xing-Ping Zeng
- Key Laboratory of Functional Small Organic Molecule, Ministry of Education; College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang, Jiangxi China
| | - Yi-Yuan Peng
- Key Laboratory of Functional Small Organic Molecule, Ministry of Education; College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang, Jiangxi China
| | - Naihao Lu
- Key Laboratory of Functional Small Organic Molecule, Ministry of Education; College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang, Jiangxi China
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Tian R, Jin Z, Zhou L, Zeng XP, Lu N. Quercetin Attenuated Myeloperoxidase-Dependent HOCl Generation and Endothelial Dysfunction in Diabetic Vasculature. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2021; 69:404-413. [PMID: 33395297 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.0c06335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Myeloperoxidase (MPO)-dependent hypochlorous acid (HOCl) generation plays crucial roles in diabetic vascular complications. As a natural polyphenol, quercetin has antioxidant properties in various diabetic models. Herein, we investigated the therapeutic mechanism for quercetin on MPO-mediated HOCl generation and endothelial dysfunction in diabetic vasculature. In vitro, the presence of MPO could amplify high glucose-induced endothelial dysfunction which was significantly inhibited by the NADPH oxidase inhibitor, HOCl or H2O2 scavengers, revealing the contribution of MPO/H2O2/HOCl to vascular endothelial injury. Furthermore, quercetin effectively inhibited MPO/high glucose-mediated HOCl generation and cytotoxicity to vascular endothelial cells. The inhibitive effect on MPO activity was related to the fact that quercetin reduced high glucose-induced H2O2 generation in endothelial cells and directly acted as a competitive substrate for MPO, thus limiting MPO/H2O2-dependent HOCl production. Moreover, quercetin could attenuate HOCl-caused endothelial dysfunction in endothelial cells and isolated aortas. In vivo, dietary quercetin significantly inhibited aortic endothelial dysfunction in diabetic mice, while this compound simultaneously suppressed vascular MPO expression and activity. Therefore, it was demonstrated herein that quercetin inhibited endothelial injury in diabetic vasculature via suppression of MPO/high glucose-dependent HOCl formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Tian
- MOE Key Laboratory of Functional Small Organic Molecule, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330022, China
| | - Zeran Jin
- MOE Key Laboratory of Functional Small Organic Molecule, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330022, China
| | - Lan Zhou
- MOE Key Laboratory of Functional Small Organic Molecule, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330022, China
| | - Xing-Ping Zeng
- MOE Key Laboratory of Functional Small Organic Molecule, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330022, China
| | - Naihao Lu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Functional Small Organic Molecule, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330022, China
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Liang B, Xiang Y, Zhang X, Wang C, Jin B, Zhao Y, Zheng F. Systematic Pharmacology and GEO Database Mining Revealed the Therapeutic Mechanism of Xuefu Zhuyu Decoration for Atherosclerosis Cardiovascular Disease. Front Cardiovasc Med 2020; 7:592201. [PMID: 33425996 PMCID: PMC7793929 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2020.592201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Xuefu Zhuyu decoration (XFZYD), as a traditional Chinese compound recipe, has been used to treat atherosclerosis cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) for thousands of years in China, but its effective compounds and underlying treatment molecular mechanism remains promiscuous, which severely limits its clinical application. Methods: The effective components and their targets of XFZYD were predicted and screened based on the Traditional Chinese Medicine System Pharmacology (TCMSP) database. The candidate therapeutic targets of ASCVD were screened by Pharmacogenomics Knowledgebase (PharmGKB) and Comparative Toxicogenomics Database (CTD). Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway analyses for target proteins were performed using the Database for Annotation, Visualization and Integrated Discovery (DAVID) database. Differentially expressed genes were identified using the GEO2R online tool. Molecular docking was performed by Schrodinger software. To assess the efficacy of the prediction, human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) treated with the effective compound of XFZYD were used as the in vitro model. Results: A total of 108 effective compounds (including quercetin) and 137 candidate therapeutic targets were identified. Analyzing the relationships among effective compounds, candidate therapeutic targets, and signaling pathways, the therapy mechanisms of XFZYD were mainly reflected in the protection of vascular endothelium, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant stress, etc. Accordingly, we found the effective compound of XFZYD (quercetin) decreased intracellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1) and vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 (VCAM-1) expressions and pro-inflammatory cytokines in HUVECs treated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS), and reduced the adhesion function of HUVECs with monocytes. The inhibitor of the predicted target protein (PTGS2) could further reduce the expressions of VCAM-1, ICAM-1, and TNF-α induced by LPS, and inhibit the adhesion function of HUVECs with monocytes, while PTGS2 agonists partially counteracted the protective effect of quercetin. Conclusions: In this study, the effective components and potential therapeutic targets of XFZYD for ASCVD treatment were explored from the perspective of systemic pharmacology. The effective component quercetin was verified to protect endothelial cells by reducing endothelial inflammatory response and impeding the attachment of monocytes against the predicted therapeutic target PTGS2.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Fang Zheng
- Center for Gene Diagnosis, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
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20
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Luo M, Tian R, Lu N. Quercetin Inhibited Endothelial Dysfunction and Atherosclerosis in Apolipoprotein E-Deficient Mice: Critical Roles for NADPH Oxidase and Heme Oxygenase-1. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2020; 68:10875-10883. [PMID: 32880455 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.0c03907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
NADPH oxidase-dependent superoxide (O2·-) production and oxidative stress play important roles in endothelial dysfunction and atherosclerosis. Herein, we investigated the potential effects of dietary quercetin, a flavonoid derived in the diet from vegetables and fruit, on vascular endothelial function and atherosclerosis in the high-fat diet (HFD)-fed apolipoprotein E-deficient (ApoE-/-) mice. Dietary quercetin treatment significantly suppressed endothelial dysfunction and aortic atherosclerosis in HFD-fed ApoE-/- mice (P < 0.05, all cases). Mechanistic studies demonstrated that dietary quercetin significantly attenuated p47phox expression and inhibited NADPH oxidase-derived oxidative stress in the aortas of HFD-fed ApoE-/- mice, while the expression and activity of antioxidant enzyme heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) was enhanced after quercetin treatment (P < 0.05, all cases). In vitro, it was found that quercetin significantly attenuated NADPH oxidase-derived O2·- formation (75 ± 5.6% for quercetin versus 100 ± 6.0% for the control group, P < 0.01) in endothelial cells through induction of HO-1. In addition, the favorable effects of quercetin on oxidant (i.e., H2O2)-induced endothelial dysfunction could be eliminated by tin protoporphyrin IX (an HO-1 inhibitor) or HO-1-specific siRNA. Our results demonstrated the critical roles of NADPH oxidase and HO-1 for the indirect antioxidant properties of quercetin in vascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengjuan Luo
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, MOE Key Laboratory of Functional Small Organic Molecule, Jiangxi Normal University, No. 99 Ziyang Road, Nanchang 330022, Jiangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Rong Tian
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, MOE Key Laboratory of Functional Small Organic Molecule, Jiangxi Normal University, No. 99 Ziyang Road, Nanchang 330022, Jiangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Naihao Lu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, MOE Key Laboratory of Functional Small Organic Molecule, Jiangxi Normal University, No. 99 Ziyang Road, Nanchang 330022, Jiangxi, People's Republic of China
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Ramirez DC, Gomez Mejiba SE. Pulmonary Neutrophilic Inflammation and Noncommunicable Diseases: Pathophysiology, Redox Mechanisms, Biomarkers, and Therapeutics. Antioxid Redox Signal 2020; 33:211-227. [PMID: 32319787 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2020.8098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Significance: Pulmonary neurophilic inflammation (PNI) is the homing and activation of neutrophil with damage to the microvasculature. This process is involved in pulmonary damage in patients exposed to airborne pollutants (exogenous stressors) and also to systemic inflammation/oxidative stress (endogenous stressors) associated with noncommunicable diseases (NCDs). Recent Advances: PNI is an important trigger of the early onset and progression of NCD in susceptible patients exposed to airborne pollutants. Irritation of the lung microvasculature by exogenous and endogenous stressors causes PNI. Circulating endogenous stressors in NCD can cause PNI. Critical Issues: Air pollution-triggered PNI causes increased circulating endogenous stressors that can trigger NCD in susceptible patients. Systemic inflammation/oxidative stress associated with NCD can cause PNI. Inflammation/end-oxidation products of macromolecules are also potential biomarkers and therapeutic targets for NCD-triggered PNI- and PNI-triggered NCD. Future Directions: Understanding the molecular mechanism of PNI triggered by exogenous or endogenous stressors will help explain the early onset of NCD in susceptible patients exposed to air pollution. It can also help undercover biomarkers and mechanism-based therapeutic targets in air pollutant-triggered PNI, PNI-triggered NCD, and NCD-triggered PNI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dario C Ramirez
- Laboratory of Experimental and Translational Medicine, IMIBIO-SL, CCT-San Luis, CONICET, School of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Pharmacy, National University of San Luis, San Luis, Argentina
| | - Sandra E Gomez Mejiba
- Laboratory of Experimental Therapeutics and Nutrition, IMIBIO-SL, CCT-San Luis, CONICET, School of Health Sciences, National University of San Luis, San Luis, Argentina
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Chaikijurajai T, Tang WHW. Myeloperoxidase: a potential therapeutic target for coronary artery disease. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2020; 24:695-705. [PMID: 32336171 PMCID: PMC7387188 DOI: 10.1080/14728222.2020.1762177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2019] [Accepted: 04/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Coronary artery disease (CAD) poses significant morbidity and mortality globally. Despite significant advances in treatment interventions, residual cardiovascular risks remain unchecked. Recent clinical trials have shed light on the potential therapeutic benefits of targeting anti-inflammatory pathways. Myeloperoxidase (MPO) plays an important role in atherosclerotic plaque formation and destabilization of the fibrous cap; both increase the risk of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease and especially CAD. AREAS COVERED This article examines the role of MPO in the pathogenesis of atherosclerotic CAD and the mechanistic data from several key therapeutic drug targets. There have been numerous interesting studies on prototype compounds that directly or indirectly attenuate the enzymatic activities of MPO, and subsequently exhibit atheroprotective effects; these include aminobenzoic acid hydrazide, ferulic acid derivative (INV-315), thiouracil derivatives (PF-1355 and PF-06282999), 2-thioxanthines derivative (AZM198), triazolopyrimidines, acetaminophen, N-acetyl lysyltyrosylcysteine (KYC), flavonoids, and alternative substrates such as thiocyanate and nitroxide radical. EXPERT OPINION Future investigations must determine if the cardiovascular benefits of direct systemic inhibition of MPO outweigh the risk of immune dysfunction, which may be less likely to arise with alternative substrates or MPO inhibitors that selectively attenuate atherogenic effects of MPO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thanat Chaikijurajai
- Kaufman Center for Heart Failure Treatment and Recovery, Heart, Vascular and Thoracic Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland OH, USA
| | - W. H. Wilson Tang
- Kaufman Center for Heart Failure Treatment and Recovery, Heart, Vascular and Thoracic Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland OH, USA
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Ohara R, Périco LL, Rodrigues VP, Bueno G, Zanatta AC, Campaner Dos Santos L, Vilegas W, Constatino FB, Justulin LA, Hiruma-Lima CA. Terminalia catappa L. infusion accelerates the healing process of gastric ischemia-reperfusion injury in rats. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2020; 256:112793. [PMID: 32240780 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2020.112793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2020] [Revised: 03/18/2020] [Accepted: 03/22/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Terminalia catappa L. (Combretaceae), known as "amendoeira da praia" in Brazil, has been recognized as a medicinal plant in folk medicine for the treatment of gastrointestinal disorders and other inflammatory conditions. The present study aimed to investigate the preventive and healing effects of the infusion of leaves of T. catappa (ILTC) against gastric lesions caused by ischemia and reperfusion (I/R) injury and characterize its mechanism of action in the gastric mucosa of rats. MATERIALS AND METHODS Different doses (30, 100, and 300 mg/kg) of ILTC were orally administered as acute and subacute treatments against I/R-induced gastric lesion in rats. After treatment, the stomach of rats was collected to measure the lesion area, redox parameters malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and reduced glutathione (GSH) and inflammatory parameters myeloperoxidase activity (MPO), interleukin 1β (IL-1β) and tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α). The activities of matrix metalloproteinases 2 and 9 (MMPs 2 and 9) were assessed by zymography method to clarify the mechanisms of the healing acceleration promoted by ILTC. RESULTS Pretreatment with ILTC (100 mg/kg) was effective in preventing the aggravation of lesions in the acute model by reducing MPO activity by 38% relative to control group, despite the lack of clarity of this action at the macroscopical level at the lesion area (p < 0.05). After three days of treatment with ILTC (30 and 100 mg/kg), this infusion significantly reduced the lesion area by 95% and 89%, respectively, compared the control (p < 0.05). The gastric healing effect of all doses of ILTC was followed by a reduction in MPO activity (decrease by 70-78%). Compared to the negative control, an improvement in gastric healing owing to treatment with ILTC was observed and this was followed by an increase in MMP-2 (20-47%) (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION Three days of treatment with ILTC could accelerate the healing process in I/R-induced lesions in rats. By decreasing MPO levels, ILTC enabled the action of MMP-2, which led to tissue recovery in the gastric mucosa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rie Ohara
- Department of Physiology, Biosciences Institute, UNESP-São Paulo State University, CEP 18618-689, Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Larissa Lucena Périco
- Department of Physiology, Biosciences Institute, UNESP-São Paulo State University, CEP 18618-689, Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil; Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Vinicius Peixoto Rodrigues
- Department of Physiology, Biosciences Institute, UNESP-São Paulo State University, CEP 18618-689, Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Gabriela Bueno
- Department of Physiology, Biosciences Institute, UNESP-São Paulo State University, CEP 18618-689, Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ana Caroline Zanatta
- Biosciences Institute, UNESP-São Paulo State University, CEP 11330-900, São Vicente, São Paulo, Brazil; Institute of Chemistry, UNESP-São Paulo State University, CEP 14800-900, Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Wagner Vilegas
- Biosciences Institute, UNESP-São Paulo State University, CEP 11330-900, São Vicente, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Flavia Bessi Constatino
- Laboratory of Extracellular Matrix, UNESP- São Paulo State University, CEP 18618-689, Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Luis Antonio Justulin
- Laboratory of Extracellular Matrix, UNESP- São Paulo State University, CEP 18618-689, Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Clélia Akiko Hiruma-Lima
- Department of Physiology, Biosciences Institute, UNESP-São Paulo State University, CEP 18618-689, Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil.
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24
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Peng R, Luo M, Tian R, Lu N. Dietary nitrate attenuated endothelial dysfunction and atherosclerosis in apolipoprotein E knockout mice fed a high-fat diet: A critical role for NADPH oxidase. Arch Biochem Biophys 2020; 689:108453. [PMID: 32524996 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2020.108453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2020] [Revised: 06/01/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) deficiency and NADPH oxidase plays key roles in endothelial dysfunction and atherosclerotic plaque formation. Recent evidence demonstrates that nitrate-nitrite-NO pathway in vivo exerts beneficial effects upon the cardiovascular system. We aimed to investigate the effects of dietary nitrate on endothelial function and atherosclerosis in apolipoprotein E knockout (ApoE-/-) mice fed a high-fat diet. It was shown that dietary nitrate significantly attenuated aortic endothelial dysfunction and atherosclerosis in ApoE-/- mice. Mechanistic studies revealed that dietary nitrate significantly improved plasma nitrate/nitrite, inhibited vascular NADPH oxidase activity and oxidative stress in ApoE-/- mice, while xanthine oxidoreductase (XOR) expression and activity was enhanced in ApoE-/- mice in comparison with wide type animals. These beneficial effects of nitrate in ApoE-/- mice were abolished by PTIO (NO scavenger) and significantly prevented by febuxostat (XOR inhibitor). In the presence of nitrate, no further effect of apocynin (NADPH oxidase inhibitor) was observed, suggesting NADPH oxidase as a possible target. In vitro, NO donor significantly inhibited NADPH oxidase activity in vascular endothelial cells via the induction of heme oxygenase-1. Altogether, boosting this nitrate-nitrite-NO signaling pathway resulted in the decreases of vascular NADPH oxidase-derived oxidative stress and endothelial dysfunction, and consequently protected ApoE-/- mice against atherosclerosis. These findings may have novel nutritional implications for the preventive and therapeutic strategies against vascular endothelial dysfunction in atherosclerotic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rou Peng
- Key Laboratory of Functional Small Organic Molecule, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry, Jiangxi Province and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang, China
| | - Mengjuan Luo
- Key Laboratory of Functional Small Organic Molecule, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry, Jiangxi Province and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang, China
| | - Rong Tian
- Key Laboratory of Functional Small Organic Molecule, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry, Jiangxi Province and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang, China
| | - Naihao Lu
- Key Laboratory of Functional Small Organic Molecule, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry, Jiangxi Province and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang, China.
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25
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Gebicka L. Redox reactions of heme proteins with flavonoids. J Inorg Biochem 2020; 208:111095. [PMID: 32442763 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2020.111095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2020] [Revised: 04/08/2020] [Accepted: 04/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Proteins containing heme groups perform a variety of important functions in living organisms. The heme groups are involved in catalyzing oxidation/reduction reactions, in electron transfer, and in binding small molecules, like oxygen or nitric oxide. Flavonoids, low molecular weight plant polyphenols, are ubiquitous components of human diet. They are also components of many plant extracts used in herbal medicine as well as of food supplements. Due to their relatively low reduction potential, flavonoids are prone to oxidation. This paper provides a review of redox reactions of various heme proteins, including catalase, some peroxidases, cytochrome P450, cytochrome c, myoglobin, and hemoglobin with flavonoids. Potential biological significance of these reactions is discussed, in particular when flavonoids are delivered to the body at pharmacological doses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lidia Gebicka
- Faculty of Chemistry, Institute of Applied Radiation Chemistry, Lodz University of Technology (TUL), Lodz, Poland.
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26
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Davies MJ, Hawkins CL. The Role of Myeloperoxidase in Biomolecule Modification, Chronic Inflammation, and Disease. Antioxid Redox Signal 2020; 32:957-981. [PMID: 31989833 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2020.8030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Significance: The release of myeloperoxidase (MPO) by activated leukocytes is critical in innate immune responses. MPO produces hypochlorous acid (HOCl) and other strong oxidants, which kill bacteria and other invading pathogens. However, MPO also drives the development of numerous chronic inflammatory pathologies, including atherosclerosis, neurodegenerative disease, lung disease, arthritis, cancer, and kidney disease, which are globally responsible for significant patient mortality and morbidity. Recent Advances: The development of imaging approaches to precisely identify the localization of MPO and the molecular targets of HOCl in vivo is an important advance, as typically the involvement of MPO in inflammatory disease has been inferred by its presence, together with the detection of biomarkers of HOCl, in biological fluids or diseased tissues. This will provide valuable information in regard to the cell types responsible for releasing MPO in vivo, together with new insight into potential therapeutic opportunities. Critical Issues: Although there is little doubt as to the value of MPO inhibition as a protective strategy to mitigate tissue damage during chronic inflammation in experimental models, the impact of long-term inhibition of MPO as a therapeutic strategy for human disease remains uncertain, in light of the potential effects on innate immunity. Future Directions: The development of more targeted MPO inhibitors or a treatment regimen designed to reduce MPO-associated host tissue damage without compromising pathogen killing by the innate immune system is therefore an important future direction. Similarly, a partial MPO inhibition strategy may be sufficient to maintain adequate bacterial activity while decreasing the propagation of inflammatory pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Davies
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Panum Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Clare L Hawkins
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Panum Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen N, Denmark
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27
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Tian R, Peng R, Yang Z, Peng YY, Lu N. Supplementation of dietary nitrate attenuated oxidative stress and endothelial dysfunction in diabetic vasculature through inhibition of NADPH oxidase. Nitric Oxide 2020; 96:54-63. [PMID: 31972252 DOI: 10.1016/j.niox.2020.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2019] [Revised: 12/21/2019] [Accepted: 01/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The metabolic disorders in diabetes, which are usually accompanied by oxidative stress and impaired nitric oxide (NO) bioavailability, increase the risk of detrimental cardiovascular complications. Herein, we investigated the therapeutic potential of dietary nitrate, which is found in high content in green leafy vegetables, on vascular oxidative stress and endothelial dysfunction in diabetic mice induced by high-fat diet and streptozotocin injection. Dietary nitrate in drinking water fuelled a nitrate-nitrite-NO pathway, which inhibited vascular oxidative stress, endothelial dysfunction and many features of metabolic syndrome in diabetic mice. These beneficial effects of nitrate on diabetic mice were abolished by PTIO (NO scavenger) treatment and significantly prevented by febuxostat (xanthine oxidoreductase inhibitor), demonstrating the central importance of NO in bioactivation of nitrate. The favorable effects of nitrate were not further influenced by apocynin (NADPH oxidase inhibitor), suggesting NADPH oxidase as a possible target. In high glucose-incubated vascular endothelial cells, NO donor attenuated oxidative stress and endothelial dysfunction via the inhibition of NADPH oxidase, where a heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1)-dependent mechanism was demonstrated for the antioxidant abilities of NO. Altogether, boosting this nitrate-nitrite-NO signaling pathway resulted in the decreases of NADPH oxidase-derived oxidative stress, endothelial dysfunction and metabolic disorders in diabetic vasculature. These findings may have novel implications for the preventive strategy against diabetes-induced vascular dysfunction and associated complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Tian
- Key Laboratory of Functional Small Organic Molecule, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry, Jiangxi Province and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang, China
| | - Rou Peng
- Key Laboratory of Functional Small Organic Molecule, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry, Jiangxi Province and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang, China
| | - Ziyi Yang
- Key Laboratory of Functional Small Organic Molecule, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry, Jiangxi Province and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang, China
| | - Yi-Yuan Peng
- Key Laboratory of Functional Small Organic Molecule, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry, Jiangxi Province and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang, China.
| | - Naihao Lu
- Key Laboratory of Functional Small Organic Molecule, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry, Jiangxi Province and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang, China.
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28
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Formation of a bovine serum albumin diligand complex with rutin and single-walled carbon nanotubes for the reduction of cytotoxicity. Biophys Chem 2020; 256:106268. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bpc.2019.106268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2019] [Revised: 09/22/2019] [Accepted: 09/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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29
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Chen CY, Hour MJ, Shiao LR, Wong KL, Leung YM, Chan P, So EC. Quercetin depletes intracellular Ca 2+ stores and blunts ATP-triggered Ca 2+ signaling in bEnd.3 endothelial cells. Fundam Clin Pharmacol 2019; 34:213-221. [PMID: 31618480 DOI: 10.1111/fcp.12514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2019] [Revised: 09/11/2019] [Accepted: 10/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Quercetin is a flavonol polyphenol widely found in many vegetables, grains, and fruits. Quercetin has been shown to inhibit proliferation and invasion of various glioma cells and is regarded as a potential anticancer agent against glioma. However, whether and how this drug could affect brain blood vessels and endothelial cells (EC) are less understood. Further, there is hitherto no report on how quercetin affects brain EC Ca2+ homeostasis. In this report, we investigated the effects of quercetin on Ca2+ homeostasis in mouse brain bEnd.3 EC. We demonstrated that quercetin raised cytosolic Ca2+ level in a concentration-dependent manner. Quercetin-triggered Ca2+ signal composed of both internal Ca2+ release and extracellular Ca2+ influx. Quercetin caused Ca2+ release from the endoplasmic reticulum, and consistently, inhibition of inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor (IP3R) by xestospongin C (XeC) suppressed quercetin-triggered Ca2+ release. Quercetin also caused Ca2+ release from lysosomes, an observation in concordance with the inhibition of quercetin-triggered Ca2+ release by trans-Ned-19, a blocker of two-pore channels. As quercetin depleted intracellular Ca2+ storage, it suppressed ATP-induced Ca2+ release and thereby blunted ATP-triggered Ca2+ signaling. In addition, quercetin co-treatment significantly suppressed ATP-stimulated nitric oxide release. Our work therefore showed, for the first time, quercetin perturbed intracellular Ca2+ stores and strongly suppressed ATP-triggered response in bEnd.3 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cing-Yu Chen
- School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Taichung, 40402, Taiwan
| | - Mann-Jen Hour
- School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Taichung, 40402, Taiwan
| | - Lian-Ru Shiao
- Department of Physiology, China Medical University, Taichung, 40402, Taiwan
| | - Kar-Lok Wong
- Department of Anesthesiology, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, 40402, Taiwan
| | - Yuk-Man Leung
- Department of Physiology, China Medical University, Taichung, 40402, Taiwan
| | - Paul Chan
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Taipei Medical University Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei City, 116, Taiwan
| | - Edmund Cheung So
- Department of Anesthesia, An Nan Hospital, China Medical University, Tainan City, 709, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Chang Jung Christian University, Tainan City, 71101, Taiwan
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30
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Adedara IA, Adebowale AA, Atanda OE, Fabunmi AT, Ayenitaju AC, Rocha JBT, Farombi EO. Selenium abates reproductive dysfunction via attenuation of biometal accumulation, oxido-inflammatory stress and caspase-3 activation in male rats exposed to arsenic. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2019; 254:113079. [PMID: 31473390 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.113079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2019] [Revised: 08/05/2019] [Accepted: 08/18/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Frequent exposure to arsenic is well documented to impair reproductive function in humans and animals. Biological significance of inorganic selenium and organoselenium, diphenyl diselenide (DPDS), has been attributed to their pharmacological activities. However, their roles in arsenic-mediated reproductive toxicity is lacking in literature. The present study evaluated the protective effects elicited by selenium and DPDS in arsenic-induced reproductive deficits in rats. Animals were either exposed to arsenic alone in drinking water at 60 μg AsO2Na L-1 or co-treated with selenium at 0.25 mg kg-1 or DPDS at 2.5 mg kg-1 body weight for 45 consecutive days. Results indicated that arsenic-mediated deficits in spermatogenic indices and marker enzymes of testicular function were significantly abrogated in rats co-treated with selenium or DPDS. Additionally, selenium or DPDS co-treatment prevented arsenic-mediated elevation in oxidative stress indices and significantly suppressed arsenic-mediated inflammation evidenced by diminished myeloperoxidase activity, nitric oxide, tumor necrosis factor alpha and interleukin-1 beta levels in hypothalamus, testes and epididymis of the rats. Moreover, selenium or DPDS abrogated arsenic mediated activation of caspase-3 activity and histological lesions in the treated rats. Taken together, selenium or DPDS improved reproductive function in arsenic-exposed rats via suppression of inflammation, oxidative stress and caspase-3 activation in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isaac A Adedara
- Drug Metabolism and Toxicology Research Laboratories, Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Adetutu A Adebowale
- Drug Metabolism and Toxicology Research Laboratories, Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Oluwadarasimi E Atanda
- Drug Metabolism and Toxicology Research Laboratories, Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Adekola T Fabunmi
- Drug Metabolism and Toxicology Research Laboratories, Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Afolashade C Ayenitaju
- Drug Metabolism and Toxicology Research Laboratories, Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Joao B T Rocha
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, CCNE, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, 97105-900 Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Ebenezer O Farombi
- Drug Metabolism and Toxicology Research Laboratories, Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria.
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31
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Quercetin, but not rutin, attenuated hydrogen peroxide-induced cell damage via heme oxygenase-1 induction in endothelial cells. Arch Biochem Biophys 2019; 676:108157. [DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2019.108157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2019] [Revised: 09/26/2019] [Accepted: 10/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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32
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Luo M, Tian R, Yang Z, Peng YY, Lu N. Quercetin suppressed NADPH oxidase-derived oxidative stress via heme oxygenase-1 induction in macrophages. Arch Biochem Biophys 2019; 671:69-76. [DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2019.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2019] [Revised: 06/16/2019] [Accepted: 06/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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33
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Owumi SE, Ochaoga SE, Odunola OA, Farombi EO. Protocatechuic acid inhibits testicular and epididymal toxicity associated with methotrexate in rats. Andrologia 2019; 51:e13350. [DOI: 10.1111/and.13350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2019] [Revised: 04/22/2019] [Accepted: 05/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Solomon E. Owumi
- Department of Biochemistry, Cancer Research and Molecular Biology Laboratories, College of Medicine University of Ibadan Ibadan Nigeria
| | - Samuel E. Ochaoga
- Department of Biochemistry, Cancer Research and Molecular Biology Laboratories, College of Medicine University of Ibadan Ibadan Nigeria
| | - Oyeronke A. Odunola
- Department of Biochemistry, Cancer Research and Molecular Biology Laboratories, College of Medicine University of Ibadan Ibadan Nigeria
| | - Ebenezer O. Farombi
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Drug Metabolism and Toxicology Research Laboratories, College of Medicine University of Ibadan Ibadan Nigeria
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NADPH oxidase is a primary target for antioxidant effects by inorganic nitrite in lipopolysaccharide-induced oxidative stress in mice and in macrophage cells. Nitric Oxide 2019; 89:46-53. [PMID: 31063820 DOI: 10.1016/j.niox.2019.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2018] [Revised: 03/23/2019] [Accepted: 05/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase and oxidative stress is usually considered as an important factor to the pathogenesis of various diseases. Inorganic nitrite, previously viewed as a harmful substance in our diet or inert metabolites of endogenous NO, is recently identified as an important biological NO reservoir in vasculature and tissues. Stimulation of a nitrite-NO pathway shows organ-protective effects on oxidative stress and inflammation, but the mechanisms or target are not clear. In this study, the hypothesis that inorganic nitrite attenuated lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced oxidative stress in mice and in macrophage cells by modulating NADPH oxidase activity and NO bioavailability were investigated. We showed that nitrite treatment, in sharp contrast with the worsening effect of NO synthases inhibition, significantly attenuated aortic oxidative stress, endothelial dysfunction and mortality in LPS-induced shock in mice. Mechanistically, protective effects of nitrite were abolished by NO scavenger and xanthine oxidase inhibitor, and inhibition of NADPH oxidase with apocynin attenuated LPS-induced oxidative stress similar to that of nitrite. In the presence of nitrite, no further effect of apocynin was observed, suggesting NADPH oxidase as a possible target. In LPS-activated macrophage cells, nitrite reduced NADPH oxidase activity and oxidative stress and these effects of nitrite were also abolished by NO scavenger and xanthine oxidase inhibitor, where xanthine oxidase-mediated reduction of nitrite attenuated NADPH oxidase activity in activated macrophages via a NO-dependent mechanism. In conclusion, these novel findings position NADPH oxidase in the inflammatory vasculature as a prime target for the antioxidant effects of inorganic nitrite, and open a new direction to modulate the inflammatory response.
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Luo M, Tian R, Lu N. Nitric oxide protected against NADPH oxidase-derived superoxide generation in vascular endothelium: Critical role for heme oxygenase-1. Int J Biol Macromol 2019; 126:549-554. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.12.252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2018] [Revised: 12/25/2018] [Accepted: 12/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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36
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Yu J, Guo H, Xie J, Luo J, Li Y, Liu L, Ou S, Zhang G, Peng X. The Alternate Consumption of Quercetin and Alliin in the Traditional Asian Diet Reshaped Microbiota and Altered Gene Expression of Colonic Epithelial Cells in Rats. J Food Sci 2019; 84:678-686. [PMID: 30768688 DOI: 10.1111/1750-3841.14473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2018] [Revised: 01/08/2019] [Accepted: 01/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The diet of traditional Asian is similar to the Mediterranean that was considered as a healthy dietary pattern. The report was scarce on whether different plant-derived components with similar anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory function such as quercetin and alliin in traditional Asian diet consumed in an alternate style cooperatively affect health including the growth of host and the status of the gut microbiota and colonic epithelial immunity. In the present study, the effects of alternate consumption of quercetin and alliin on host health judging by the profile of gut microbiota and gene expression of colonic epithelial cells were investigated with the Illumina MiSeq sequencing (16S rRNA genes) and Illumina HiSeq (RNA-seq) technique, respectively. The results showed that the alternate consumption significantly increased the rat body weight and reshaped the gut microbiota composition. At the phylum level, it significantly increased the relative abundance of fecal Firmicutes and Cyanobacteria but decreased that of Bacteroidetes (P < 0.05) and increased the relative abundance of Candidatus Arthromitus, Lactococcus, Geobacillus, and Ruminococcus at the genus level that benefits the host's health. The alternate consumption of quercetin and alliin also altered 13 genes expression involved in the KEGG pathways of complement and coagulation cascades and hematopoietic cell lineage to improve the gut immunity. Therefore, the alternate consumption of quercetin and alliin in traditional Asian diet can contribute beneficial metabolic effects by optimizing gut microbiota and altering the immunologic function of colonic epithelial cells, resulting in its potential to improve the sub-health status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juntong Yu
- Dept. of Food Science and Engineering, Jinan Univ., Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Hui Guo
- Dept. of Food Science and Engineering, Jinan Univ., Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Jinli Xie
- Dept. of Food Science and Engineering, Jinan Univ., Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Jianming Luo
- Dept. of Food Science and Engineering, Jinan Univ., Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Yuetong Li
- Dept. of Food Science and Engineering, Jinan Univ., Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Liu Liu
- Dept. of Food Science and Engineering, Jinan Univ., Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Shiyi Ou
- Dept. of Food Science and Engineering, Jinan Univ., Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Guangwen Zhang
- Dept. of Food Science and Engineering, Jinan Univ., Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Xichun Peng
- Dept. of Food Science and Engineering, Jinan Univ., Guangzhou, 510632, China
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Marín-Echeverri C, Blesso CN, Fernández ML, Galvis-Pérez Y, Ciro-Gómez G, Núñez-Rangel V, Aristizábal JC, Barona-Acevedo J. Effect of Agraz ( Vaccinium meridionale Swartz) on High-Density Lipoprotein Function and Inflammation in Women with Metabolic Syndrome. Antioxidants (Basel) 2018; 7:antiox7120185. [PMID: 30544803 PMCID: PMC6315480 DOI: 10.3390/antiox7120185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2018] [Revised: 12/03/2018] [Accepted: 12/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is associated with low-grade inflammation and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) dysfunction. Polyphenol-rich foods may improve these alterations. Agraz is a fruit rich in polyphenols (mainly anthocyanins); however, there is limited information about its effects on human health. We evaluated the effects of agraz consumption as compared to placebo on HDL function and inflammation in women with MetS. Forty volunteers (25–60 years) were included in this double-blind crossover study. Women consumed agraz or placebo over 4 weeks; separated by a 4-week washout period. HDL function (apoliprotein-A1; paraoxonase 1 (PON1) activity; cholesterol efflux capacity), oxidative stress (myeloperoxidase (MPO), advanced oxidation protein products) and inflammatory markers (serum cytokines/chemokines and peripheral blood mononuclear cell nuclear factor-kB) were measured after each period. Compared to placebo, agraz consumption did not significantly change any of the biomarkers measured. Interestingly, only after agraz period there were significant positive correlations between PON1 activities and cholesterol efflux. Additionally, there were significant inverse correlations between changes in inflammatory markers and HDL function markers and positive correlations with oxidative markers. Although polyphenol-rich foods have been shown to be beneficial for certain conditions; polyphenol-rich agraz fruit consumption did not impact inflammation and HDL function in the current study of women with MetS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catalina Marín-Echeverri
- Food and therapeutic alternatives area, Ophidism Program, School of Microbiology, Universidad de Antioquia UdeA, Calle 70 No. 52-21, Medellín 050010, Colombia.
| | - Christopher N Blesso
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA.
| | - Maria Luz Fernández
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA.
| | - Yeisson Galvis-Pérez
- Food and therapeutic alternatives area, Ophidism Program, School of Microbiology, Universidad de Antioquia UdeA, Calle 70 No. 52-21, Medellín 050010, Colombia.
| | - Gelmy Ciro-Gómez
- Food and therapeutic alternatives area, Ophidism Program, School of Microbiology, Universidad de Antioquia UdeA, Calle 70 No. 52-21, Medellín 050010, Colombia.
| | - Vitelbina Núñez-Rangel
- Food and therapeutic alternatives area, Ophidism Program, School of Microbiology, Universidad de Antioquia UdeA, Calle 70 No. 52-21, Medellín 050010, Colombia.
| | - Juan C Aristizábal
- Research Group of Physiology and Biochemistry (PHYSIS), School of Nutrition and Dietetics, Universidad de Antioquia UdeA. Calle 70 No. 52-21, Medellín 050010, Colombia.
| | - Jacqueline Barona-Acevedo
- Food and therapeutic alternatives area, Ophidism Program, School of Microbiology, Universidad de Antioquia UdeA, Calle 70 No. 52-21, Medellín 050010, Colombia.
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Hwang HJ, Choi I, Kim YJ, Kim YK, Yeo WS. Immobilization of phenol-containing molecules on self-assembled monolayers on gold via surface chemistry. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2018; 173:164-170. [PMID: 30292024 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2018.09.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2018] [Revised: 09/19/2018] [Accepted: 09/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Various phenol-containing molecules such as flavonoids have a wide range of biological effects including anticancer, antimicrobial, and anti-inflammatory properties, and, therefore, they have become subjects of active research for various medicinal and biological applications. To construct applicable materials incorporated with phenol-containing molecules, strategies for immobilization of phenol-containing molecules on solid substrates are required. Although several immobilization methods have been devised and reported, mostly harnessing phenol functionality, however, development of a general immobilization method has been hampered due to its complicated chemical reactions and low reaction yields on surfaces. Furthermore, the use of phenol as a reaction center may compromise the biological activity of phenol-containing molecules. Here, we describe a simple, fast, and reliable method for the surface immobilization of phenol-containing molecules by introducing chemical functional groups, carboxylic acid, thiol, and azide, while maintaining phenol functionality by way of the Mannich-type condensation reaction. We examined the chemical functionalization of naphthol, tyrosine, and flavanone and their immobilization to the self-assembled monolayers on gold via various surface chemistries: the carbodiimide coupling reaction, Michael addition, and the 'click' reaction. We strongly believe our method can be a general and practical platform for immobilization of various phenol-containing molecules on surfaces of various materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye-Jeong Hwang
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Bio/Molecular Informatics Center, Konkuk University, Seoul, 143-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Inseong Choi
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Bio/Molecular Informatics Center, Konkuk University, Seoul, 143-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Jin Kim
- Carbon Composite Materials Research Center, Institute of Advanced Composite Materials, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Wanju-gun, Jeollabuk-do, 565-905, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Kwan Kim
- Carbon Composite Materials Research Center, Institute of Advanced Composite Materials, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Wanju-gun, Jeollabuk-do, 565-905, Republic of Korea.
| | - Woon-Seok Yeo
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Bio/Molecular Informatics Center, Konkuk University, Seoul, 143-701, Republic of Korea.
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