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Bergman ME, Kortbeek RWJ, Gutensohn M, Dudareva N. Plant terpenoid biosynthetic network and its multiple layers of regulation. Prog Lipid Res 2024; 95:101287. [PMID: 38906423 DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2024.101287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2024] [Revised: 06/13/2024] [Accepted: 06/17/2024] [Indexed: 06/23/2024]
Abstract
Terpenoids constitute one of the largest and most chemically diverse classes of primary and secondary metabolites in nature with an exceptional breadth of functional roles in plants. Biosynthesis of all terpenoids begins with the universal five‑carbon building blocks, isopentenyl diphosphate (IPP) and its allylic isomer dimethylallyl diphosphate (DMAPP), which in plants are derived from two compartmentally separated but metabolically crosstalking routes, the mevalonic acid (MVA) and methylerythritol phosphate (MEP) pathways. Here, we review the current knowledge on the terpenoid precursor pathways and highlight the critical hidden constraints as well as multiple regulatory mechanisms that coordinate and homeostatically govern carbon flux through the terpenoid biosynthetic network in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew E Bergman
- Department of Biochemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States; Purdue Center for Plant Biology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
| | - Ruy W J Kortbeek
- Department of Biochemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States; Purdue Center for Plant Biology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
| | - Michael Gutensohn
- Division of Plant and Soil Sciences, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, United States
| | - Natalia Dudareva
- Department of Biochemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States; Purdue Center for Plant Biology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States; Department of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States.
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Chen H, Li H, Chong X, Zhou T, Lu X, Wang X, Zheng B. Transcriptome Analysis of the Regulatory Mechanisms of Holly ( Ilex dabieshanensis) under Salt Stress Conditions. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 13:1638. [PMID: 38931069 PMCID: PMC11207398 DOI: 10.3390/plants13121638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2024] [Revised: 05/31/2024] [Accepted: 06/06/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
The holly Ilex dabieshanensis K. Yao & M. B. Deng, a tree endemic to the Dabieshan Mountains region in China, is a commonly used landscaping plant. Like other crops, its growth is affected by salt stress. The molecular mechanism underlying salt tolerance in holly is still unclear. In this study, we used NaCl treatment and RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) at different times to identify the salt stress response genes of holly. A total of 4775 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analysis of the DEGs obtained at different salt treatment times (3, 6, 9, 12, and 24 h), as compared to control (ck, 0 h), showed that plant hormone signal transduction and carotenoid biosynthesis were highly enriched. The mechanism by which holly responds to salt stress involves many plant hormones, among which the accumulation of abscisic acid (ABA) and its signal transduction may play an important role. In addition, ion homeostasis, osmotic metabolism, accumulation of antioxidant enzymes and nonenzymatic antioxidant compounds, and transcription factors jointly regulate the physiological balance in holly, providing important guarantees for its growth and development under conditions of salt stress. These results lay the foundation for studying the molecular mechanisms of salt tolerance in holly and for the selection of salt-tolerant varieties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Chen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for the Research and Utilization of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing Botanical Garden Mem. Sun Yat-Sen, Nanjing 210014, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Forest Aromatic Plants-Based Healthcare Functions, Zhejiang A & F University, Hangzhou 311300, China
| | - Huihui Li
- Fuyang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuyang 236065, China
| | - Xinran Chong
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for the Research and Utilization of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing Botanical Garden Mem. Sun Yat-Sen, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Ting Zhou
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for the Research and Utilization of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing Botanical Garden Mem. Sun Yat-Sen, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Xiaoqing Lu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for the Research and Utilization of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing Botanical Garden Mem. Sun Yat-Sen, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Xiaolong Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for the Research and Utilization of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing Botanical Garden Mem. Sun Yat-Sen, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Bingsong Zheng
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Forest Aromatic Plants-Based Healthcare Functions, Zhejiang A & F University, Hangzhou 311300, China
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Ezquerro M, Li C, Pérez-Pérez J, Burbano-Erazo E, Barja MV, Wang Y, Dong L, Lisón P, López-Gresa MP, Bouwmeester HJ, Rodríguez-Concepción M. Tomato geranylgeranyl diphosphate synthase isoform 1 is involved in the stress-triggered production of diterpenes in leaves and strigolactones in roots. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2023; 239:2292-2306. [PMID: 37381102 DOI: 10.1111/nph.19109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/30/2023]
Abstract
Carotenoids are photoprotectant pigments and precursors of hormones such as strigolactones (SL). Carotenoids are produced in plastids from geranylgeranyl diphosphate (GGPP), which is diverted to the carotenoid pathway by phytoene synthase (PSY). In tomato (Solanum lycopersicum), three genes encode plastid-targeted GGPP synthases (SlG1 to SlG3) and three genes encode PSY isoforms (PSY1 to PSY3). Here, we investigated the function of SlG1 by generating loss-of-function lines and combining their metabolic and physiological phenotyping with gene co-expression and co-immunoprecipitation analyses. Leaves and fruits of slg1 lines showed a wild-type phenotype in terms of carotenoid accumulation, photosynthesis, and development under normal growth conditions. In response to bacterial infection, however, slg1 leaves produced lower levels of defensive GGPP-derived diterpenoids. In roots, SlG1 was co-expressed with PSY3 and other genes involved in SL production, and slg1 lines grown under phosphate starvation exuded less SLs. However, slg1 plants did not display the branched shoot phenotype observed in other SL-defective mutants. At the protein level, SlG1 physically interacted with the root-specific PSY3 isoform but not with PSY1 and PSY2. Our results confirm specific roles for SlG1 in producing GGPP for defensive diterpenoids in leaves and carotenoid-derived SLs (in combination with PSY3) in roots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Ezquerro
- Institute for Plant Molecular and Cell Biology (IBMCP), CSIC-Universitat Politècnica de València, Valencia, 46022, Spain
- Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG) CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB, Campus UAB Bellaterra, Barcelona, 08193, Spain
| | - Changsheng Li
- Plant Hormone Biology Group, Green Life Sciences Cluster, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, Amsterdam, 1098 XH, the Netherlands
| | - Julia Pérez-Pérez
- Institute for Plant Molecular and Cell Biology (IBMCP), CSIC-Universitat Politècnica de València, Valencia, 46022, Spain
| | - Esteban Burbano-Erazo
- Institute for Plant Molecular and Cell Biology (IBMCP), CSIC-Universitat Politècnica de València, Valencia, 46022, Spain
| | - M Victoria Barja
- Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG) CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB, Campus UAB Bellaterra, Barcelona, 08193, Spain
| | - Yanting Wang
- Plant Hormone Biology Group, Green Life Sciences Cluster, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, Amsterdam, 1098 XH, the Netherlands
| | - Lemeng Dong
- Plant Hormone Biology Group, Green Life Sciences Cluster, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, Amsterdam, 1098 XH, the Netherlands
| | - Purificación Lisón
- Institute for Plant Molecular and Cell Biology (IBMCP), CSIC-Universitat Politècnica de València, Valencia, 46022, Spain
| | - M Pilar López-Gresa
- Institute for Plant Molecular and Cell Biology (IBMCP), CSIC-Universitat Politècnica de València, Valencia, 46022, Spain
| | - Harro J Bouwmeester
- Plant Hormone Biology Group, Green Life Sciences Cluster, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, Amsterdam, 1098 XH, the Netherlands
| | - Manuel Rodríguez-Concepción
- Institute for Plant Molecular and Cell Biology (IBMCP), CSIC-Universitat Politècnica de València, Valencia, 46022, Spain
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Dong C, Wang Z, Qin L, Zhang C, Cao L, Li H, Ma X. Overexpression of Geranyl Diphosphate Synthase 1 (NnGGPPS1) From Nelumbo nucifera Enhances Carotenoid and Chlorophyll Content and Biomass. Gene 2023; 881:147645. [PMID: 37453723 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2023.147645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Revised: 07/01/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
As the traditional herb with pharmacological compounds in China, the key genes related with terpenoid biosynthesis are still unveiled in Nelumbo nucifera. Geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate synthase (GGPPS) is one of the key enzymes in terpenoids biosynthesis, synthesizing the common precursor of GGPP for downstream enzymes for generating various terpenoids. In this study, four NnGGPPS genes were isolated from N. nucifera. Sequence and phylogenetic analyses indicate that NnGGPPS1 and NnGGPPS2 belong to large subunit (LSU). Whereas NnGGPPS3 and NnGGPPS4 are classified as small subunit (SSU) of SSU Ⅱ and SSU I, respectively. Among four NnGGPPSs, only NnGGPPS1 and NnGGPPS2 can produce GGPP in bacterial pigment complementation assay. Combination analysis of subcellular localization and gene co-expression analysis (GCN) illustrates that NnGGPPS1 is the main transcript related with methylerythritol phosphate (MEP) pathway, abscisic acid (ABA) biosynthesis, carotenoid and chlorophyll biosynthesis and degradation. Overexpression of NnGGPPS1 improves the growth of transgenic tobacco, and increases carotenoids and chlorophyll contents. Moreover, NnGGPPS1 transgenic tobacco exhibits improved photosynthesis efficiency and ROS scavenging ability. The up-regulated expression of the key genes in MEP pathway, carotenoid biosynthesis and chlorophyll biosynthesis, result in the increase of metabolic flux in NnGGPPS1 transgenic lines. Furthermore, the elevated MEP-derived primary metabolites of carotenoid and chlorophyll was attributed to enhancement of plant biomass of NnGGPPS1 transgenic lines. Therefore, NnGGPPS1 plays a vital role in biosynthesis of carotenoid and chlorophyll.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Dong
- College of Biological Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, China.
| | - Zhiwen Wang
- College of Biological Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, China
| | - Lili Qin
- College of Biological Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, China
| | - Chen Zhang
- College of Biological Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, China
| | - Longyun Cao
- College of Biological Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, China
| | - Haifeng Li
- College of Biological Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, China
| | - Xintian Ma
- College of Biological Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, China
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Islam K, Rawoof A, Kumar A, Momo J, Ahmed I, Dubey M, Ramchiary N. Genetic Regulation, Environmental Cues, and Extraction Methods for Higher Yield of Secondary Metabolites in Capsicum. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2023. [PMID: 37289974 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c01901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Capsicum (chili pepper) is a widely popular and highly consumed fruit crop with beneficial secondary metabolites such as capsaicinoids, carotenoids, flavonoids, and polyphenols, among others. Interestingly, the secondary metabolite profile is a dynamic function of biosynthetic enzymes, regulatory transcription factors, developmental stage, abiotic and biotic environment, and extraction methods. We propose active manipulable genetic, environmental, and extraction controls for the modulation of quality and quantity of desired secondary metabolites in Capsicum species. Specific biosynthetic genes such as Pun (AT3) and AMT in the capsaicinoids pathway and PSY, LCY, and CCS in the carotenoid pathway can be genetically engineered for enhanced production of capsaicinoids and carotenoids, respectively. Generally, secondary metabolites increase with the ripening of the fruit; however, transcriptional regulators such as MYB, bHLH, and ERF control the extent of accumulation in specific tissues. The precise tuning of biotic and abiotic factors such as light, temperature, and chemical elicitors can maximize the accumulation and retention of secondary metabolites in pre- and postharvest settings. Finally, optimized extraction methods such as ultrasonication and supercritical fluid method can lead to a higher yield of secondary metabolites. Together, the integrated understanding of the genetic regulation of biosynthesis, elicitation treatments, and optimization of extraction methods can maximize the industrial production of secondary metabolites in Capsicum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khushbu Islam
- School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Abdul Rawoof
- School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Ajay Kumar
- Department of Plant Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, Central University of Kerala, Kasaragod 671316, Kerala, India
| | - John Momo
- School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Ilyas Ahmed
- School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Meenakshi Dubey
- Department of Biotechnology, Delhi Technological University, New Delhi 110042, India
| | - Nirala Ramchiary
- School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India
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Shi S, Chang Y, Yu J, Chen H, Wang Q, Bi Y. Identification and Functional Analysis of Two Novel Genes-Geranylgeranyl Pyrophosphate Synthase Gene ( AlGGPPS) and Isopentenyl Pyrophosphate Isomerase Gene ( AlIDI)-from Aurantiochytrium limacinum Significantly Enhance De Novo β-Carotene Biosynthesis in Escherichia coli. Mar Drugs 2023; 21:md21040249. [PMID: 37103388 PMCID: PMC10141969 DOI: 10.3390/md21040249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Revised: 04/12/2023] [Accepted: 04/16/2023] [Indexed: 04/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Precursor regulation has been an effective strategy to improve carotenoid production and the availability of novel precursor synthases facilitates engineering improvements. In this work, the putative geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate synthase encoding gene (AlGGPPS) and isopentenyl pyrophosphate isomerase encoding gene (AlIDI) from Aurantiochytrium limacinum MYA-1381 were isolated. We applied the excavated AlGGPPS and AlIDI to the de novo β-carotene biosynthetic pathway in Escherichia coli for functional identification and engineering application. Results showed that the two novel genes both functioned in the synthesis of β-carotene. Furthermore, AlGGPPS and AlIDI performed better than the original or endogenous one, with 39.7% and 80.9% increases in β-carotene production, respectively. Due to the coordinated expression of the 2 functional genes, β-carotene content of the modified carotenoid-producing E. coli accumulated a 2.99-fold yield of the initial EBIY strain in 12 h, reaching 10.99 mg/L in flask culture. This study helped to broaden current understanding of the carotenoid biosynthetic pathway in Aurantiochytrium and provided novel functional elements for carotenoid engineering improvements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shitao Shi
- School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Yi Chang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China
| | - Jinhui Yu
- Institute of Crop Germplasm Resources, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Hui Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China
| | - Qiang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China
| | - Yuping Bi
- School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
- Institute of Crop Germplasm Resources, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan 250100, China
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Chen J, Tan J, Duan X, Wang Y, Wen J, Li W, Li Z, Wang G, Xu H. Plastidial engineering with coupled farnesyl diphosphate pool reconstitution and enhancement for sesquiterpene biosynthesis in tomato fruit. Metab Eng 2023; 77:41-52. [PMID: 36893914 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymben.2023.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Revised: 02/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/05/2023] [Indexed: 03/09/2023]
Abstract
Sesquiterpenes represent a large class of terpene compounds found in plants with broad applications such as pharmaceuticals and biofuels. The plastidial MEP pathway in ripening tomato fruit is naturally optimized to provide the 5-carbon isoprene building blocks of all terpenes for production of the tetraterpene pigment lycopene and other carotenoids, making it an excellent plant system to be engineered for production of high-value terpenoids. We reconstituted and enhanced the pool of sesquiterpene precursor farnesyl diphosphate (FPP) in plastids of tomato fruit by overexpressing the fusion gene DXS-FPPS encoding a fusion protein of 1-deoxy-D-xylulose 5-phosphate synthase (DXS) linked with farnesyl diphosphate synthase (originally called farnesyl pyrophosphate synthase, and abbreviated as FPPS) under the control of fruit-ripening specific polygalacturonase (PG) promoter concomitant with substantial reduction in lycopene content and large production of FPP-derived squalene. The supply of precursors achieved by the fusion gene expression can be harnessed by an engineered sesquiterpene synthase that is retargeted to plastid to engineer high-yield sesquiterpene production in tomato fruit, offering an effective production system for high-value sesquiterpene ingredients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Chen
- School of Life Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 401331, China.
| | - Jing Tan
- School of Life Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 401331, China.
| | - Xinyu Duan
- School of Life Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 401331, China.
| | - Ying Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 401331, China.
| | - Jing Wen
- School of Life Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 401331, China.
| | - Wei Li
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Agricultural Synthetic Biology, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen, 518120, China; Kunpeng Institute of Modern Agriculture at Foshan, Foshan, 528200, China.
| | - Zhengguo Li
- School of Life Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 401331, China.
| | - Guodong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics and National Center for Plant Gene Research, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.
| | - Haiyang Xu
- School of Life Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 401331, China.
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Dong C, Zhang M, Song S, Wei F, Qin L, Fan P, Shi Y, Wang X, Wang R. A Small Subunit of Geranylgeranyl Diphosphate Synthase Functions as an Active Regulator of Carotenoid Synthesis in Nicotiana tabacum. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24020992. [PMID: 36674507 PMCID: PMC9863795 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24020992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2022] [Revised: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 12/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
As one of the most imperative antioxidants in higher plants, carotenoids serve as accessory pigments to harvest light for photosynthesis and photoprotectors for plants to adapt to high light stress. Here, we report a small subunit (SSU) of geranylgeranyl diphosphate synthase (GGPPS) in Nicotiana tabacum, NtSSU II, which takes part in the regulation carotenoid biosynthesis by forming multiple enzymatic components with NtGGPPS1 and downstream phytoene synthase (NtPSY1). NtSSU II transcript is widely distributed in various tissues and stimulated by low light and high light treatments. The confocal image revealed that NtSSU II was localized in the chloroplast. Bimolecular fluorescence complementation (BiFC) indicated that NtSSU II and NtGGPPS1 formed heterodimers, which were able to interact with phytoene synthase (NtPSY1) to channel GGPP into the carotenoid production. CRISPR/Cas9-induced ntssu II mutant exhibited decreased leaf area and biomass, along with a decline in carotenoid and chlorophyll accumulation. Moreover, the genes involved in carotenoid biosynthesis were also downregulated in transgenic plants of ntssu II mutant. Taken together, the newly identified NtSSU II could form multiple enzymatic components with NtGGPPS1 and NtPSY1 to regulate carotenoid biosynthesis in N. tabacum, in addition to the co-expression of genes in carotenoids biosynthetic pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Dong
- College of Life Sciences, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
- College of Biological Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Mei Zhang
- School of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Shanshan Song
- College of Tobacco Science, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Fang Wei
- School of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Lili Qin
- College of Biological Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Puqing Fan
- College of Tobacco Science, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Yongchun Shi
- College of Life Sciences, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Xiaoran Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Ran Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
- Correspondence:
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Mapping and Validation of BrGOLDEN: A Dominant Gene Regulating Carotenoid Accumulation in Brassica rapa. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232012442. [PMID: 36293299 PMCID: PMC9603932 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232012442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2022] [Revised: 10/07/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In plants, the accumulation of carotenoids can maintain the balance of the photosystem and improve crop nutritional quality. Therefore, the molecular mechanisms underlying carotenoid synthesis and accumulation should be further explored. In this study, carotenoid accumulation differed significantly among parental Brassica rapa. Genetic analysis was carried out using the golden inner leaf ‘1900264′ line and the light−yellow inner leaf ‘1900262′ line, showing that the golden inner leaf phenotype was controlled by a single dominant gene. Using bulked−segregant analysis sequencing, BraA09g007080.3C encoding the ORANGE protein was selected as a candidate gene. Sequence alignment revealed that a 4.67 kb long terminal repeat insertion in the third exon of the BrGOLDEN resulted in three alternatively spliced transcripts. The spatiotemporal expression results indicated that BrGOLDEN might regulate the expression levels of carotenoid−synthesis−related genes. After transforming BrGOLDEN into Arabidopsis thaliana, the seed−derived callus showed that BrGOLDENIns and BrGOLDENDel lines presented a yellow color and the BrGOLDENLdel line presented a transparent phenotype. In addition, using the yeast two−hybrid assay, BrGOLDENIns, BrGOLDENLdel, and Brgoldenwt exhibited strong interactions with BrPSY1, but BrGOLDENDel did not interact with BrPSY1 in the split−ubiquitin membrane system. In the secondary and 3D structure analysis, BrGOLDENDel was shown to have lost the PNFPSFIPFLPPL sequences at the 125 amino acid position, which resulted in the α−helices of BrGOLDENDel being disrupted, restricting the formation of the 3D structure and affecting the functions of the protein. These findings may provide new insights into the regulation of carotenoid synthesis in B. rapa.
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Li Z, Wang J, Fu Y, Jing Y, Huang B, Chen Y, Wang Q, Wang XB, Meng C, Yang Q, Xu L. The Musa troglodytarum L. genome provides insights into the mechanism of non-climacteric behaviour and enrichment of carotenoids. BMC Biol 2022; 20:186. [PMID: 36002843 PMCID: PMC9400310 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-022-01391-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Karat (Musa troglodytarum L.) is an autotriploid Fe'i banana of the Australimusa section. Karat was domesticated independently in the Pacific region, and karat fruit are characterized by a pink sap, a deep yellow-orange flesh colour, and an abundance of β-carotene. Karat fruit showed non-climacteric behaviour, with an approximately 215-day bunch filling time. These features make karat a valuable genetic resource for studying the mechanisms underlying fruit development and ripening and carotenoid biosynthesis. RESULTS Here, we report the genome of M. troglodytarum, which has a total length of 603 Mb and contains 37,577 predicted protein-coding genes. After divergence from the most recent common ancestors, M. troglodytarum (T genome) has experienced fusion of ancestral chromosomes 8 and 9 and multiple translocations and inversions, unlike the high synteny with few rearrangements found among M. schizocarpa (S genome), M. acuminata (A genome) and M. balbisiana (B genome). Genome microsynteny analysis showed that the triplication of MtSSUIIs due to chromosome rearrangement may lead to the accumulation of carotenoids and ABA in the fruit. The expression of duplicated MtCCD4s is repressed during ripening, leading to the accumulation of α-carotene, β-carotene and phytoene. Due to a long terminal repeat (LTR)-like fragment insertion upstream of MtERF11, karat cannot produce large amounts of ethylene but can produce ABA during ripening. These lead to non-climacteric behaviour and prolonged shelf-life, which contributes to an enrichment of carotenoids and riboflavin. CONCLUSIONS The high-quality genome of M. troglodytarum revealed the genomic basis of non-climacteric behaviour and enrichment of carotenoids, riboflavin, flavonoids and free galactose and provides valuable resources for further research on banana domestication and breeding and the improvement of nutritional and bioactive qualities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiying Li
- grid.453499.60000 0000 9835 1415Institute of Tropical Crop Genetic Resources, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Danzhou, 571737 Hainan China ,Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Resources and Germplasm Enhancement in Southern China, Danzhou, 571737 Hainan China ,Hainan Province Key Laboratory of Tropical Crops Germplasm Resources Genetic Improvement and Innovation, Danzhou, 571737 Hainan China ,National Gene Bank of Tropical Crops, Danzhou, 571700 Hainan China
| | - Jiabin Wang
- grid.453499.60000 0000 9835 1415Institute of Tropical Crop Genetic Resources, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Danzhou, 571737 Hainan China ,Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Resources and Germplasm Enhancement in Southern China, Danzhou, 571737 Hainan China ,Hainan Province Key Laboratory of Tropical Crops Germplasm Resources Genetic Improvement and Innovation, Danzhou, 571737 Hainan China ,National Gene Bank of Tropical Crops, Danzhou, 571700 Hainan China
| | - Yunliu Fu
- grid.453499.60000 0000 9835 1415Institute of Tropical Crop Genetic Resources, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Danzhou, 571737 Hainan China ,Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Resources and Germplasm Enhancement in Southern China, Danzhou, 571737 Hainan China ,Hainan Province Key Laboratory of Tropical Crops Germplasm Resources Genetic Improvement and Innovation, Danzhou, 571737 Hainan China ,National Gene Bank of Tropical Crops, Danzhou, 571700 Hainan China
| | - Yonglin Jing
- grid.453499.60000 0000 9835 1415Institute of Tropical Crop Genetic Resources, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Danzhou, 571737 Hainan China ,Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Resources and Germplasm Enhancement in Southern China, Danzhou, 571737 Hainan China ,Hainan Province Key Laboratory of Tropical Crops Germplasm Resources Genetic Improvement and Innovation, Danzhou, 571737 Hainan China ,National Gene Bank of Tropical Crops, Danzhou, 571700 Hainan China
| | - Bilan Huang
- grid.453499.60000 0000 9835 1415Institute of Tropical Crop Genetic Resources, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Danzhou, 571737 Hainan China ,Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Resources and Germplasm Enhancement in Southern China, Danzhou, 571737 Hainan China ,Hainan Province Key Laboratory of Tropical Crops Germplasm Resources Genetic Improvement and Innovation, Danzhou, 571737 Hainan China ,National Gene Bank of Tropical Crops, Danzhou, 571700 Hainan China
| | - Ying Chen
- grid.428986.90000 0001 0373 6302College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228 China
| | - Qinglong Wang
- grid.453499.60000 0000 9835 1415Institute of Tropical Crop Genetic Resources, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Danzhou, 571737 Hainan China
| | - Xiao Bing Wang
- grid.453499.60000 0000 9835 1415Institute of Tropical Crop Genetic Resources, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Danzhou, 571737 Hainan China ,Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Resources and Germplasm Enhancement in Southern China, Danzhou, 571737 Hainan China ,Hainan Province Key Laboratory of Tropical Crops Germplasm Resources Genetic Improvement and Innovation, Danzhou, 571737 Hainan China ,National Gene Bank of Tropical Crops, Danzhou, 571700 Hainan China
| | - Chunyang Meng
- grid.453499.60000 0000 9835 1415Institute of Tropical Crop Genetic Resources, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Danzhou, 571737 Hainan China ,Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Resources and Germplasm Enhancement in Southern China, Danzhou, 571737 Hainan China ,Hainan Province Key Laboratory of Tropical Crops Germplasm Resources Genetic Improvement and Innovation, Danzhou, 571737 Hainan China ,National Gene Bank of Tropical Crops, Danzhou, 571700 Hainan China
| | - Qingquan Yang
- grid.453499.60000 0000 9835 1415Institute of Tropical Crop Genetic Resources, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Danzhou, 571737 Hainan China ,Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Resources and Germplasm Enhancement in Southern China, Danzhou, 571737 Hainan China ,Hainan Province Key Laboratory of Tropical Crops Germplasm Resources Genetic Improvement and Innovation, Danzhou, 571737 Hainan China ,National Gene Bank of Tropical Crops, Danzhou, 571700 Hainan China
| | - Li Xu
- grid.453499.60000 0000 9835 1415Institute of Tropical Crop Genetic Resources, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Danzhou, 571737 Hainan China ,Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Resources and Germplasm Enhancement in Southern China, Danzhou, 571737 Hainan China ,Hainan Province Key Laboratory of Tropical Crops Germplasm Resources Genetic Improvement and Innovation, Danzhou, 571737 Hainan China ,National Gene Bank of Tropical Crops, Danzhou, 571700 Hainan China
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11
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Gutensohn M, Hartzell E, Dudareva N. Another level of complex-ity: The role of metabolic channeling and metabolons in plant terpenoid metabolism. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:954083. [PMID: 36035727 PMCID: PMC9399743 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.954083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2022] [Accepted: 07/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Terpenoids constitute one of the largest and most diverse classes of plant metabolites. While some terpenoids are involved in essential plant processes such as photosynthesis, respiration, growth, and development, others are specialized metabolites playing roles in the interaction of plants with their biotic and abiotic environment. Due to the distinct functions and properties of specific terpenoid compounds, there is a growing interest to introduce or modify their production in plants by metabolic engineering for agricultural, pharmaceutical, or industrial applications. The MVA and MEP pathways and the prenyltransferases providing the general precursors for terpenoid formation, as well as the enzymes of the various downstream metabolic pathways leading to the formation of different groups of terpenoid compounds have been characterized in detail in plants. In contrast, the molecular mechanisms directing the metabolic flux of precursors specifically toward one of several potentially competing terpenoid biosynthetic pathways are still not well understood. The formation of metabolons, multi-protein complexes composed of enzymes catalyzing sequential reactions of a metabolic pathway, provides a promising concept to explain the metabolic channeling that appears to occur in the complex terpenoid biosynthetic network of plants. Here we provide an overview about examples of potential metabolons involved in plant terpenoid metabolism that have been recently characterized and the first attempts to utilize metabolic channeling in terpenoid metabolic engineering. In addition, we discuss the gaps in our current knowledge and in consequence the need for future basic and applied research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Gutensohn
- Division of Plant and Soil Sciences, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, United States
| | - Erin Hartzell
- Division of Plant and Soil Sciences, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, United States
| | - Natalia Dudareva
- Department of Biochemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
- Department of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
- Purdue Center for Plant Biology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
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12
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Xing S, Zhu H, Zhou Y, Xue L, Wei Z, Wang Y, He S, Zhang H, Gao S, Zhao N, Zhai H, Liu Q. A cytochrome P450 superfamily gene, IbCYP82D47, increases carotenoid contents in transgenic sweet potato. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2022; 318:111233. [PMID: 35351305 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2022.111233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Revised: 02/13/2022] [Accepted: 02/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The cytochrome P450 superfamily (CYP450) is one of the largest protein families in plants, and its members play diverse roles in primary and secondary metabolic biosynthesis. In this study, the CYP450 family gene IbCYP82D47 was cloned from the high carotenoid line HVB-3 of sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas). The IbCYP82D47 protein harbored two transmembrane domains and dynamically localized between plastid stroma and membrane. Overexpression of IbCYP82D47 not only increased total carotenoid, lutein, zeaxanthin and violaxanthin contents by 32.2-48.0%, 10.5-13.3%, 40.2-136% and 82.4-106%, respectively, but also increased the number of carotenoid globules in sweet potato storage roots. Furthermore, genes associated with the carotenoid biosynthesis (IbDXS, IbPSY, IbLCYE, IbBCH, IbZEP) were upregulated in transgenic sweet potato. In addition, IbCYP82D47 physically interacts with geranylgeranyl diphosphate synthase 12 (IbGGPPS12). Our findings suggest that IbCYP82D47 increases carotenoid contents by interacting with the carotenoid biosynthesis related protein IbGGPPS12, and influencing the expressions of carotenoid biosynthesis related genes in transgenic sweet potato.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shihan Xing
- Key Laboratory of Sweet Potato Biology and Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Beijing Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement/Laboratory of Crop Heterosis and Utilization, Ministry of Education, College of Agronomy & Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Hong Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Sweet Potato Biology and Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Beijing Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement/Laboratory of Crop Heterosis and Utilization, Ministry of Education, College of Agronomy & Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yuanyuan Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Sweet Potato Biology and Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Beijing Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement/Laboratory of Crop Heterosis and Utilization, Ministry of Education, College of Agronomy & Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Luyao Xue
- Key Laboratory of Sweet Potato Biology and Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Beijing Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement/Laboratory of Crop Heterosis and Utilization, Ministry of Education, College of Agronomy & Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Zihao Wei
- Key Laboratory of Sweet Potato Biology and Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Beijing Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement/Laboratory of Crop Heterosis and Utilization, Ministry of Education, College of Agronomy & Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yuxin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Sweet Potato Biology and Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Beijing Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement/Laboratory of Crop Heterosis and Utilization, Ministry of Education, College of Agronomy & Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Shaozhen He
- Key Laboratory of Sweet Potato Biology and Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Beijing Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement/Laboratory of Crop Heterosis and Utilization, Ministry of Education, College of Agronomy & Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Huan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Sweet Potato Biology and Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Beijing Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement/Laboratory of Crop Heterosis and Utilization, Ministry of Education, College of Agronomy & Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Shaopei Gao
- Key Laboratory of Sweet Potato Biology and Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Beijing Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement/Laboratory of Crop Heterosis and Utilization, Ministry of Education, College of Agronomy & Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Ning Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Sweet Potato Biology and Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Beijing Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement/Laboratory of Crop Heterosis and Utilization, Ministry of Education, College of Agronomy & Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Hong Zhai
- Key Laboratory of Sweet Potato Biology and Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Beijing Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement/Laboratory of Crop Heterosis and Utilization, Ministry of Education, College of Agronomy & Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Qingchang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Sweet Potato Biology and Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Beijing Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement/Laboratory of Crop Heterosis and Utilization, Ministry of Education, College of Agronomy & Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.
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13
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Zhou X, Rao S, Wrightstone E, Sun T, Lui ACW, Welsch R, Li L. Phytoene Synthase: The Key Rate-Limiting Enzyme of Carotenoid Biosynthesis in Plants. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:884720. [PMID: 35498681 PMCID: PMC9039723 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.884720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2022] [Accepted: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Phytoene synthase (PSY) catalyzes the first committed step in the carotenoid biosynthesis pathway and is a major rate-limiting enzyme of carotenogenesis. PSY is highly regulated by various regulators and factors to modulate carotenoid biosynthesis in response to diverse developmental and environmental cues. Because of its critical role in controlling the total amount of synthesized carotenoids, PSY has been extensively investigated and engineered in plant species. However, much remains to be learned on its multifaceted regulatory control and its catalytic efficiency for carotenoid enrichment in crops. Here, we present current knowledge on the basic biology, the functional evolution, the dynamic regulation, and the metabolic engineering of PSY. We also discuss the open questions and gaps to stimulate additional research on this most studied gene/enzyme in the carotenogenic pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuesong Zhou
- Robert W. Holley Center for Agriculture and Health, USDA-Agricultural Research Service, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Sombir Rao
- Robert W. Holley Center for Agriculture and Health, USDA-Agricultural Research Service, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
- Plant Breeding and Genetics Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
| | - Emalee Wrightstone
- Robert W. Holley Center for Agriculture and Health, USDA-Agricultural Research Service, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
- Plant Breeding and Genetics Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
| | - Tianhu Sun
- Robert W. Holley Center for Agriculture and Health, USDA-Agricultural Research Service, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
- Plant Breeding and Genetics Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
| | - Andy Cheuk Woon Lui
- Robert W. Holley Center for Agriculture and Health, USDA-Agricultural Research Service, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
- Plant Breeding and Genetics Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
| | | | - Li Li
- Robert W. Holley Center for Agriculture and Health, USDA-Agricultural Research Service, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
- Plant Breeding and Genetics Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
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14
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Yang Q, Zheng Z, Zhao G, Wang L, Wang H, Ding X, Jiang C, Li C, Ma G, Wang P. Engineering microbial consortia of Elizabethkingia meningoseptica and Escherichia coli strains for the biosynthesis of vitamin K2. Microb Cell Fact 2022; 21:37. [PMID: 35279147 PMCID: PMC8917678 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-022-01768-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
The study and application of microbial consortia are topics of interest in the fields of metabolic engineering and synthetic biology. In this study, we report the design and optimisation of Elizabethkingia meningoseptica and Escherichia coli co-culture, which bypass certain limitations found during the molecular modification of E. meningoseptica, such as resistance to many antibiotics and fewer available molecular tools.
Results
The octaprenyl pyrophosphate synthase from E. meningoseptica sp. F2 (EmOPPS) was expressed, purified, and identified in the present study. Then, owing to the low vitamin K2 production by E. coli or E. meningoseptica sp. F2 monoculture, we introduced the E. meningoseptica and E. coli co-culture strategy to improve vitamin K2 biosynthesis. We achieved production titres of 32 mg/L by introducing vitamin K2 synthesis-related genes from E. meningoseptica sp. F2 into E. coli, which were approximately three-fold more than the titre achieved with E. meningoseptica sp. F2 monoculture. This study establishes a foundation for further engineering of MK-n (n = 4, 5, 6, 7, 8) in a co-cultivation system of E. meningoseptica and E. coli. Finally, we analysed the surface morphology, esterase activity, and membrane permeability of these microbial consortia using scanning electron microscopy, confocal laser scanning microscopy, and flow cytometry, respectively. The results showed that the co-cultured bacteria were closely linked and that lipase activity and membrane permeability improved, which may be conducive to the exchange of substances between bacteria.
Conclusions
Our results demonstrated that co-culture engineering can be a useful method in the broad field of metabolic engineering of strains with restricted molecular modifications.
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15
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Dong C, Qu G, Guo J, Wei F, Gao S, Sun Z, Jin L, Sun X, Rochaix JD, Miao Y, Wang R. Rational design of geranylgeranyl diphosphate synthase enhances carotenoid production and improves photosynthetic efficiency in Nicotiana tabacum. Sci Bull (Beijing) 2022; 67:315-327. [PMID: 36546080 DOI: 10.1016/j.scib.2021.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Revised: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Restricted genetic diversity can supply only a limited number of elite genes for modern plant cultivation and transgenesis. In this study, we demonstrate that rational design enables the engineering of geranylgeranyl diphosphate synthase (NtGGPPS), an enzyme of the methylerythritol phosphate pathway (MEP) in the model plant Nicotiana tabacum. As the crucial bottleneck in carotenoid biosynthesis, NtGGPPS1 interacts with phytoene synthase (NtPSY1) to channel GGPP into the production of carotenoids. Loss of this enzyme in the ntggpps1 mutant leads to decreased carotenoid accumulation. With the aim of enhancing NtGGPPS1 activity, we undertook structure-guided rational redesign of its substrate binding pocket in combination with sequence alignment. The activity of the designed NtGGPPS1 (a pentuple mutant of five sites V154A/I161L/F218Y/I209S/V233E, d-NtGGPPS1) was measured by a high-throughput colorimetric assay. d-NtGGPPS1 exhibited significantly higher conversion of IPP and each co-substrate (DMAPP ~1995.5-fold, GPP ~25.9-fold, and FPP ~16.7-fold) for GGPP synthesis compared with wild-type NtGGPPS1. Importantly, the transient and stable expression of d-NtGGPPS1 in the ntggpps1 mutant increased carotenoid levels in leaves, improved photosynthetic efficiency, and increased biomass relative to NtGGPPS1. These findings provide a firm basis for the engineering of GGPPS and will facilitate the development of quality and yield traits. Our results open the door for the structure-guided rational design of elite genes in higher plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Dong
- Zhengzhou Tobacco Research Institute, Zhengzhou 450001, China; Key Laboratory of Plant Stress Biology, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng 475001, China; College of Biological Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Ge Qu
- Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin 300308, China
| | - Jinggong Guo
- Key Laboratory of Plant Stress Biology, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng 475001, China
| | - Fang Wei
- School of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Shuwen Gao
- Key Laboratory of Plant Stress Biology, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng 475001, China
| | - Zhoutong Sun
- Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin 300308, China
| | - Lifeng Jin
- Zhengzhou Tobacco Research Institute, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Xuwu Sun
- Key Laboratory of Plant Stress Biology, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng 475001, China
| | - Jean-David Rochaix
- Departments of Molecular Biology and Plant Biology, University of Geneva, Geneva 1211, Switzerland
| | - Yuchen Miao
- Key Laboratory of Plant Stress Biology, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng 475001, China.
| | - Ran Wang
- Zhengzhou Tobacco Research Institute, Zhengzhou 450001, China; School of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China.
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16
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Plant geranylgeranyl diphosphate synthases: every (gene) family has a story. ABIOTECH 2021; 2:289-298. [PMID: 36303884 PMCID: PMC9590577 DOI: 10.1007/s42994-021-00050-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Plant isoprenoids (also known as terpenes or terpenoids) are a wide family of primary and secondary metabolites with multiple functions. In particular, most photosynthesis-related isoprenoids (including carotenoids and chlorophylls) as well as diterpenes and polyterpenes derive from geranylgeranyl diphosphate (GGPP) produced by GGPP synthase (GGPPS) enzymes in several cell compartments. Plant genomes typically harbor multiple copies of differentially expressed genes encoding GGPPS-like proteins. While sequence comparisons allow to identify potential GGPPS candidates, experimental evidence is required to ascertain their enzymatic activity and biological function. Actually, functional analyses of the full set of potential GGPPS paralogs are only available for a handful of plant species. Here we review our current knowledge on the GGPPS families of the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana and the crop species rice (Oryza sativa), pepper (Capsicum annuum) and tomato (Solanum lycopersicum). The results indicate that a major determinant of the biological role of particular GGPPS paralogs is the expression profile of the corresponding genes even though specific interactions with other proteins (including GGPP-consuming enzymes) might also contribute to subfunctionalization. In some species, however, a single GGPPS isoforms appears to be responsible for the production of most if not all GGPP required for cell functions. Deciphering the mechanisms regulating GGPPS activity in particular cell compartments, tissues, organs and plant species will be very useful for future metabolic engineering approaches aimed to manipulate the accumulation of particular GGPP-derived products of interest without negatively impacting the levels of other isoprenoids required to sustain essential cell functions.
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17
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Zhang C, Liu H, Zong Y, Tu Z, Li H. Isolation, expression, and functional analysis of the geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate synthase (GGPPS) gene from Liriodendron tulipifera. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2021; 166:700-711. [PMID: 34214780 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2021.06.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2021] [Revised: 06/08/2021] [Accepted: 06/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Terpenoids are important secondary metabolites in plants and are involved in stress responses and pollinator attraction. Geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate synthase (GGPPS) is a key synthase in the 2C-methyl-D-erythritol-4-phosphate (MEP) pathway of terpenoid synthesis, catalyzing the synthesis of diterpenoids. Liriodendron tulipifera is a nectar plant in North America. Little is known about the key genes involved in the biosynthetic pathways of terpenoids, the precursors of most compounds related to nectar, fragrance and coloring in flowers in L. tulipifera. In this study, the LtuGGPPS2 gene and its promoter (LtuGGPPS2-pro) were cloned from L. tulipifera. The results of sequence alignment showed that the LtuGGPPS2 gene is highly homologous to GGPPS genes of other plants. Subcellular localization analysis showed that the LtuGGPPS2 protein localizes to chloroplasts, suggesting that the LtuGGPPS2 gene is probably related to carotenoid and chlorophyll synthesis. Based on tissue expression profiles revealed by RT-qPCR, the expression level of the LtuGGPPS2 gene was highest in petals. These results were consistent with the changes in volatile and nonvolatile terpenoids in the flowers of L. tulipifera. GUS staining to examine the LtuGGPPS2 promoter indicated that it is responsive to hormones. Overexpression of the LtuGGPPS2 gene increased the carotenoid content and GGPPS enzyme activity in Arabidopsis thaliana, indicating that LtuGGPPS2 is the key terpenoid synthase in the flowers of L. tulipifera. Our findings lay a foundation for further functional analysis of the LtuGGPPS2 gene and deeper investigation of the terpenoid biosynthetic pathway in L. tulipifera.
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Affiliation(s)
- ChengGe Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Forest Genetics & Biotechnology of Ministry of Education, Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, China
| | - HuanHuan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Forest Genetics & Biotechnology of Ministry of Education, Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, China
| | - YaXian Zong
- Key Laboratory of Forest Genetics & Biotechnology of Ministry of Education, Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, China
| | - ZhongHua Tu
- Key Laboratory of Forest Genetics & Biotechnology of Ministry of Education, Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, China
| | - HuoGen Li
- Key Laboratory of Forest Genetics & Biotechnology of Ministry of Education, Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, China.
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18
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Barja MV, Ezquerro M, Beretta S, Diretto G, Florez-Sarasa I, Feixes E, Fiore A, Karlova R, Fernie AR, Beekwilder J, Rodríguez-Concepción M. Several geranylgeranyl diphosphate synthase isoforms supply metabolic substrates for carotenoid biosynthesis in tomato. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2021; 231:255-272. [PMID: 33590894 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Geranylgeranyl diphosphate (GGPP) produced by GGPP synthase (GGPPS) serves as a precursor for many plastidial isoprenoids, including carotenoids. Phytoene synthase (PSY) converts GGPP into phytoene, the first committed intermediate of the carotenoid pathway. Here we used biochemical, molecular, and genetic tools to characterise the plastidial members of the GGPPS family in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) and their interaction with PSY isoforms. The three tomato GGPPS isoforms found to localise in plastids (SlG1, 2 and 3) exhibit similar kinetic parameters. Gene expression analyses showed a preferential association of individual GGPPS and PSY isoforms when carotenoid biosynthesis was induced during root mycorrhization, seedling de-etiolation and fruit ripening. SlG2, but not SlG3, physically interacts with PSY proteins. By contrast, CRISPR-Cas9 mutants defective in SlG3 showed a stronger impact on carotenoid levels and derived metabolic, physiological and developmental phenotypes compared with those impaired in SlG2. Double mutants defective in both genes could not be rescued. Our work demonstrates that the bulk of GGPP production in tomato chloroplasts and chromoplasts relies on two cooperating GGPPS paralogues, unlike other plant species such as Arabidopsis thaliana, rice or pepper, which produce their essential plastidial isoprenoids using a single GGPPS isoform.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Victoria Barja
- Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG) CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB, Campus UAB Bellaterra, Barcelona, 08193, Spain
| | - Miguel Ezquerro
- Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG) CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB, Campus UAB Bellaterra, Barcelona, 08193, Spain
| | - Stefano Beretta
- Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG) CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB, Campus UAB Bellaterra, Barcelona, 08193, Spain
| | - Gianfranco Diretto
- Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy, and Sustainable Development, Casaccia Research Centre, Rome, 00123, Italy
| | - Igor Florez-Sarasa
- Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG) CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB, Campus UAB Bellaterra, Barcelona, 08193, Spain
| | - Elisenda Feixes
- Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG) CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB, Campus UAB Bellaterra, Barcelona, 08193, Spain
| | - Alessia Fiore
- Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy, and Sustainable Development, Casaccia Research Centre, Rome, 00123, Italy
| | - Rumyana Karlova
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, 6700AA, the Netherlands
| | - Alisdair R Fernie
- Max-Planck-Institut für Molekulare Pflanzenphysiologie, Potsdam-Golm, 14476, Germany
| | - Jules Beekwilder
- BU Bioscience, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, 6700AA, the Netherlands
| | - Manuel Rodríguez-Concepción
- Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG) CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB, Campus UAB Bellaterra, Barcelona, 08193, Spain
- Institute for Plant Molecular and Cell Biology (IBMCP), CSIC-Universitat Politècnica de València, València, 46022, Spain
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19
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Zhu L, Liu F, Hao Q, Feng T, Chen Z, Luo S, Xiao R, Sun M, Zhang T, Fan X, Zeng X, He J, Yuan P, Liu J, Ruiz M, Dupuis J, Hu Q. Dietary Geranylgeranyl Pyrophosphate Counteracts the Benefits of Statin Therapy in Experimental Pulmonary Hypertension. Circulation 2021; 143:1775-1792. [PMID: 33660517 DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.120.046542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The mevalonate pathway generates endogenous cholesterol and intermediates including geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate (GGPP). By reducing GGPP production, statins exert pleiotropic or cholesterol-independent effects. The potential regulation of GGPP homeostasis through dietary intake and the interaction with concomitant statin therapy is unknown. METHODS We developed a sensitive high-pressure liquid chromatography technique to quantify dietary GGPP and conducted proteomics, qualitative real-time polymerase chain reaction screening, and Western blot to determine signaling cascades, gene expression, protein-protein interaction, and protein membrane trafficking in wild-type and transgenic rats. RESULTS GGPP contents were highly variable depending on food source that differentially regulated blood GGPP levels in rats. Diets containing intermediate and high GGPP reduced or abolished the effects of statins in rats with hypoxia- and monocrotaline-induced pulmonary hypertension: this was rescuable by methyl-allylthiosulfinate and methyl-allylthiosulfinate-rich garlic extracts. In human pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells treated with statins, hypoxia activated RhoA in an extracellular GGPP-dependent manner. Hypoxia-induced ROCK2 (Rho associated coiled-coil containing protein kinase 2)/Rab10 (Ras-related protein rab-10) signaling was prevented by statin and recovered by exogenous GGPP. The hypoxia-activated RhoA/ROCK2 pathway in rat and human pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells upregulated the expression of Ca2+-sensing receptor (CaSR) and HIMF (hypoxia-induced mitogenic factor), a mechanism attenuated by statin treatment and regained with exogenous GGPP. Rab10 knockdown almost abrogated hypoxia-promoted CaSR membrane trafficking, a process diminished by statin and resumed by exogenous GGPP. Hypoxia-induced pulmonary hypertension was reduced in rats with CaSR mutated at the binding motif of HIMF and the interaction between dietary GGPP and statin efficiency was abolished. In humans fed a high GGPP diet, blood GGPP levels were increased. This abolished statin-lowering effects on plasma GGPP, and also on hypoxia-enhanced RhoA activity of blood monocytes that was rescued by garlic extracts. CONCLUSIONS There is important dietary regulation of GGPP levels that interferes with the effects of statin therapy in experimental pulmonary hypertension. These observations rely on a key and central role of RhoA-ROCK2 cascade activation and Rab10-faciliated CaSR membrane trafficking with subsequent overexpression and binding of HIMF to CaSR. These findings warrant clinical investigation for the treatment of pulmonary hypertension and perhaps other diseases by combining statin with garlic-derived methyl-allylthiosulfinate or garlic extracts and thus circumventing dietary GGPP variations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liping Zhu
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine (L.Z., F.L., Q. Hao, T.F., Z.C., S.L., R.X., M.S., T.Z., X.F., X.Z., Q. Hu), Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Pulmonary Diseases of Ministry of Health (L.Z., F.L., Q. Hao, T.F., Z.C., S.L., R.X., M.S., T.Z., X.F., X.Z., Q. Hu), Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Fangbo Liu
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine (L.Z., F.L., Q. Hao, T.F., Z.C., S.L., R.X., M.S., T.Z., X.F., X.Z., Q. Hu), Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Pulmonary Diseases of Ministry of Health (L.Z., F.L., Q. Hao, T.F., Z.C., S.L., R.X., M.S., T.Z., X.F., X.Z., Q. Hu), Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Qiang Hao
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine (L.Z., F.L., Q. Hao, T.F., Z.C., S.L., R.X., M.S., T.Z., X.F., X.Z., Q. Hu), Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Pulmonary Diseases of Ministry of Health (L.Z., F.L., Q. Hao, T.F., Z.C., S.L., R.X., M.S., T.Z., X.F., X.Z., Q. Hu), Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Tian Feng
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine (L.Z., F.L., Q. Hao, T.F., Z.C., S.L., R.X., M.S., T.Z., X.F., X.Z., Q. Hu), Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Pulmonary Diseases of Ministry of Health (L.Z., F.L., Q. Hao, T.F., Z.C., S.L., R.X., M.S., T.Z., X.F., X.Z., Q. Hu), Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Zeshuai Chen
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine (L.Z., F.L., Q. Hao, T.F., Z.C., S.L., R.X., M.S., T.Z., X.F., X.Z., Q. Hu), Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Pulmonary Diseases of Ministry of Health (L.Z., F.L., Q. Hao, T.F., Z.C., S.L., R.X., M.S., T.Z., X.F., X.Z., Q. Hu), Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Shengquan Luo
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine (L.Z., F.L., Q. Hao, T.F., Z.C., S.L., R.X., M.S., T.Z., X.F., X.Z., Q. Hu), Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Pulmonary Diseases of Ministry of Health (L.Z., F.L., Q. Hao, T.F., Z.C., S.L., R.X., M.S., T.Z., X.F., X.Z., Q. Hu), Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Rui Xiao
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine (L.Z., F.L., Q. Hao, T.F., Z.C., S.L., R.X., M.S., T.Z., X.F., X.Z., Q. Hu), Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Pulmonary Diseases of Ministry of Health (L.Z., F.L., Q. Hao, T.F., Z.C., S.L., R.X., M.S., T.Z., X.F., X.Z., Q. Hu), Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Mengxiang Sun
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine (L.Z., F.L., Q. Hao, T.F., Z.C., S.L., R.X., M.S., T.Z., X.F., X.Z., Q. Hu), Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Pulmonary Diseases of Ministry of Health (L.Z., F.L., Q. Hao, T.F., Z.C., S.L., R.X., M.S., T.Z., X.F., X.Z., Q. Hu), Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Ting Zhang
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine (L.Z., F.L., Q. Hao, T.F., Z.C., S.L., R.X., M.S., T.Z., X.F., X.Z., Q. Hu), Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Pulmonary Diseases of Ministry of Health (L.Z., F.L., Q. Hao, T.F., Z.C., S.L., R.X., M.S., T.Z., X.F., X.Z., Q. Hu), Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaohang Fan
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine (L.Z., F.L., Q. Hao, T.F., Z.C., S.L., R.X., M.S., T.Z., X.F., X.Z., Q. Hu), Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Pulmonary Diseases of Ministry of Health (L.Z., F.L., Q. Hao, T.F., Z.C., S.L., R.X., M.S., T.Z., X.F., X.Z., Q. Hu), Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xianqin Zeng
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine (L.Z., F.L., Q. Hao, T.F., Z.C., S.L., R.X., M.S., T.Z., X.F., X.Z., Q. Hu), Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Pulmonary Diseases of Ministry of Health (L.Z., F.L., Q. Hao, T.F., Z.C., S.L., R.X., M.S., T.Z., X.F., X.Z., Q. Hu), Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jianguo He
- State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fu Wai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing (J.H.)
| | - Ping Yuan
- Department of Cardiopulmonary Circulation, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, China (P.Y., J.L.)
| | - Jinming Liu
- Department of Cardiopulmonary Circulation, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, China (P.Y., J.L.)
| | - Matthieu Ruiz
- Departments of Nutrition (M.R.), Université de Montréal, Canada.,Montreal Heart Institute Research Center, Canada (M.R., J.D.)
| | - Jocelyn Dupuis
- Medicine (J.D.), Université de Montréal, Canada.,Montreal Heart Institute Research Center, Canada (M.R., J.D.)
| | - Qinghua Hu
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine (L.Z., F.L., Q. Hao, T.F., Z.C., S.L., R.X., M.S., T.Z., X.F., X.Z., Q. Hu), Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Key Laboratory of Pulmonary Diseases of Ministry of Health (L.Z., F.L., Q. Hao, T.F., Z.C., S.L., R.X., M.S., T.Z., X.F., X.Z., Q. Hu), Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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20
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Villa-Rivera MG, Ochoa-Alejo N. Chili Pepper Carotenoids: Nutraceutical Properties and Mechanisms of Action. Molecules 2020; 25:E5573. [PMID: 33260997 PMCID: PMC7729576 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25235573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2020] [Revised: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Chili pepper is a prominent cultivated horticultural crop that is traditionally used for food seasoning and is applied for the treatment and prevention of multiple diseases. Its beneficial health properties are due to its abundance and variety of bioactive components, such as carotenoids, capsaicinoids, and vitamins. In particular, carotenoids have important nutraceutical properties, and several studies have focused on their potential in the prevention and treatment of human diseases. In this article, we reviewed the state of knowledge of general aspects of chili pepper carotenoids (biosynthesis pathway, types and content in Capsicum spp., and the effects of processing on carotenoid content) and recent findings on the effects of carotenoid nutraceuticals, such as antioxidant, cancer preventive, anti-inflammatory, cardiovascular disorder preventive, and anti-obesity effects.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Neftalí Ochoa-Alejo
- Departamento de Ingeniería Genética, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Unidad Irapuato, Guanajuato 36824, Mexico;
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21
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Zhou F, Pichersky E. The complete functional characterisation of the terpene synthase family in tomato. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2020; 226:1341-1360. [PMID: 31943222 PMCID: PMC7422722 DOI: 10.1111/nph.16431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2019] [Accepted: 01/05/2020] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Analysis of the updated reference tomato genome found 34 full-length TPS genes and 18 TPS pseudogenes. Biochemical analysis has now identified the catalytic activities of all enzymes encoded by the 34 TPS genes: one isoprene synthase, 10 exclusively or predominantly monoterpene synthases, 17 sesquiterpene synthases and six diterpene synthases. Among the monoterpene and sesquiterpene and diterpene synthases, some use trans-prenyl diphosphates, some use cis-prenyl diphosphates and some use both. The isoprene synthase is cytosolic; six monoterpene synthases are plastidic, and four are cytosolic; the sesquiterpene synthases are almost all cytosolic, with the exception of one found in the mitochondria; and three diterpene synthases are found in the plastids, one in the cytosol and two in the mitochondria. New trans-prenyltransferases (TPTs) were characterised; together with previously characterised TPTs and cis-prenyltransferases (CPTs), tomato plants can make all cis and trans C10 , C15 and C20 prenyl diphosphates. Every type of plant tissue examined expresses some TPS genes and some TPTs and CPTs. Phylogenetic comparison of the TPS genes from tomato and Arabidopsis shows expansions in each clade of the TPS gene family in each lineage (and inferred losses), accompanied by changes in subcellular localisations and substrate specificities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Zhou
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental BiologyUniversity of MichiganAnn ArborMI48109USA
| | - Eran Pichersky
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental BiologyUniversity of MichiganAnn ArborMI48109USA
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22
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Deng YY, Wang Q, Cao TJ, Zheng H, Ge ZH, Yang LE, Lu S. Cloning and functional characterization of the bona fide geranylgeranyl diphosphate synthase from the red algal seaweed Bangia fuscopurpurea. ALGAL RES 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2020.101935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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23
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Kamran HM, Hussain SB, Junzhong S, Xiang L, Chen LQ. Identification and Molecular Characterization of Geranyl Diphosphate Synthase (GPPS) Genes in Wintersweet Flower. PLANTS 2020; 9:plants9050666. [PMID: 32456337 PMCID: PMC7284688 DOI: 10.3390/plants9050666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Revised: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Geranyl diphosphate synthase (GPPS) is a plastid localized enzyme that catalyzes the biosynthesis of Geranyl diphosphate (GPP), which is a universal precursor of monoterpenes. Wintersweet (Chimonanthus praecox L.), a famous deciduous flowering shrub with a strong floral scent character, could have GPPS-like homologs that are involved in monoterpenes biosynthesis, but it remains unclear. In the present study, five full-length GPPS and geranylgeranyl diphosphate synthases (GGPPS) genes were identified in the wintersweet transcriptome database. The isolated cDNAs showed high protein sequence similarity with the other plants GPPS and GGPPS. The phylogenetic analysis further classified these cDNAs into four distinct clades, representing heterodimeric GPPS small subunits (SSU1 and SSU2), homodimeric GPPS, and GGPPS. Analysis of temporal expression revealed that all genes have the highest transcript level at the full-open flower stage. From tissue-specific expression analysis, CpGPPS.SSU1 and CpGGPPS1 were predominantly expressed in petal and flower, whereas CpGPPS.SSU2, GPPS, and GGPPS2 showed a constitutive expression. Additionally, the subcellular localization assay identified the chloroplast localization of SSUs and GGPPSs proteins, and the yeast two-hybrid assay showed that both CpGPPS.SSU1 and CpGPPS.SSU2 can interact with the GGPPS proteins. Taken together, these preliminary results suggest that the heterodimeric GPPS can regulate floral scent biosynthesis in wintersweet flower.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hafiz Muhammad Kamran
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), College of Horticulture & Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (H.M.K.); (S.B.H.); (S.J.)
| | - Syed Bilal Hussain
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), College of Horticulture & Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (H.M.K.); (S.B.H.); (S.J.)
| | - Shang Junzhong
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), College of Horticulture & Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (H.M.K.); (S.B.H.); (S.J.)
| | - Lin Xiang
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), College of Horticulture & Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (H.M.K.); (S.B.H.); (S.J.)
- Correspondence: (L.X.); (L.-Q.C.); Tel.: +86-13554486169 (L.X.); +86-13099925286 (L.-Q.C.)
| | - Long-Qing Chen
- Southwest Engineering Research Center for Landscape Architecture (State Forestry and Grassland Administration), Southwest Forestry University, Kunming 650224, China
- Correspondence: (L.X.); (L.-Q.C.); Tel.: +86-13554486169 (L.X.); +86-13099925286 (L.-Q.C.)
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24
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Wang YH, Li T, Zhang RR, Khadr A, Tian YS, Xu ZS, Xiong AS. Transcript profiling of genes involved in carotenoid biosynthesis among three carrot cultivars with various taproot colors. PROTOPLASMA 2020; 257:949-963. [PMID: 31982943 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-020-01482-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2019] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Carotenoids are a group of natural pigments that are widely distributed in various plants. Carrots are plants rich in carotenoids and have fleshy roots with different colors. Carotenoid accumulation is a complex regulatory process with important guiding significance for carrot production. In this work, three carrot cultivars with different taproot colors, Hongxinqicun (orange), Benhongjinshi (red), and Tianzi (purple) were chosen as experimental materials to explore the molecular mechanism of carotenoid accumulation in carrot. Results showed that the three carotenoids, namely, α-carotene, β-carotene, and lutein, had accumulated in orange carrot cultivar Hongxinqicun. Lycopene was only detected in the taproots of Benhongjinshi. Lutein was the main carotenoid in Tianzi. Comparison of the carotenoid contents in different tissues of carrot showed that leaf blade was the tissue with the highest carotenoid accumulation. Expression analysis of carotenoid biosynthesis genes and its correlation with carotenoid accumulation confirmed the regulatory role of structural genes in carrots. The high expression of five lycopene synthesis-related genes, DcPSY2, DcPDS, DcZDS1, DcCRT1, DcCRT2, and low expression of DcLCYE may result in the lycopene accumulation in Benhongjinshi. However, the function of certain genes, such as DcPSY1 that was lowly expressed in red carrot, requires further investigation. Our results provided potential insights into the mechanism of carotenoid accumulation in three carrot cultivars with different taproot colors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Hui Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Key Laboratory of Biology and Germplasm Enhancement of Horticultural Crops in East China, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, 1 Weigang, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Tong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Key Laboratory of Biology and Germplasm Enhancement of Horticultural Crops in East China, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, 1 Weigang, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Rong-Rong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Key Laboratory of Biology and Germplasm Enhancement of Horticultural Crops in East China, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, 1 Weigang, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Ahmed Khadr
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Key Laboratory of Biology and Germplasm Enhancement of Horticultural Crops in East China, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, 1 Weigang, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Yong-Sheng Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Key Laboratory of Biology and Germplasm Enhancement of Horticultural Crops in East China, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, 1 Weigang, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Zhi-Sheng Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Key Laboratory of Biology and Germplasm Enhancement of Horticultural Crops in East China, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, 1 Weigang, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Ai-Sheng Xiong
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Key Laboratory of Biology and Germplasm Enhancement of Horticultural Crops in East China, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, 1 Weigang, Nanjing, 210095, China.
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25
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Liu P, Luo J, Zheng Q, Chen Q, Zhai N, Xu S, Xu Y, Jin L, Xu G, Lu X, Xu G, Wang G, Shao J, Xu H, Cao P, Zhou H, Wang X. Integrating transcriptome and metabolome reveals molecular networks involved in genetic and environmental variation in tobacco. DNA Res 2020; 27:dsaa006. [PMID: 32324848 PMCID: PMC7320822 DOI: 10.1093/dnares/dsaa006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2020] [Accepted: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) is one of the most widely cultivated commercial non-food crops with significant social and economic impacts. Here we profiled transcriptome and metabolome from 54 tobacco samples (2-3 replicates; n = 151 in total) collected from three varieties (i.e. genetic factor), three locations (i.e. environmental factor), and six developmental stages (i.e. developmental process). We identified 3,405 differentially expressed (DE) genes (DEGs) and 371 DE metabolites, respectively. We used quantitative real-time PCR to validate 20 DEGs, and confirmed 18/20 (90%) DEGs between three locations and 16/20 (80%) with the same trend across developmental stages. We then constructed nine co-expression gene modules and four co-expression metabolite modules , and defined seven de novo regulatory networks, including nicotine- and carotenoid-related regulatory networks. A novel two-way Pearson correlation approach was further proposed to integrate co-expression gene and metabolite modules to identify joint gene-metabolite relations. Finally, we further integrated DE and network results to prioritize genes by its functional importance and identified a top-ranked novel gene, LOC107773232, as a potential regulator involved in the carotenoid metabolism pathway. Thus, the results and systems-biology approaches provide a new avenue to understand the molecular mechanisms underlying complex genetic and environmental perturbations in tobacco.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pingping Liu
- China Tobacco Gene Research Center, Zhengzhou Tobacco Research Institute of CNTC, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Jie Luo
- Central Laboratory of Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China
| | - Qingxia Zheng
- China Tobacco Gene Research Center, Zhengzhou Tobacco Research Institute of CNTC, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Qiansi Chen
- China Tobacco Gene Research Center, Zhengzhou Tobacco Research Institute of CNTC, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Niu Zhai
- China Tobacco Gene Research Center, Zhengzhou Tobacco Research Institute of CNTC, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Shengchun Xu
- Central Laboratory of Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China
| | - Yalong Xu
- China Tobacco Gene Research Center, Zhengzhou Tobacco Research Institute of CNTC, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Lifeng Jin
- China Tobacco Gene Research Center, Zhengzhou Tobacco Research Institute of CNTC, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Guoyun Xu
- China Tobacco Gene Research Center, Zhengzhou Tobacco Research Institute of CNTC, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Xin Lu
- Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Guowang Xu
- Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Gangjun Wang
- Central Laboratory of Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China
| | - Jianfeng Shao
- Central Laboratory of Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China
| | - Hai‐Ming Xu
- Institute of Crop Science and Institute of Bioinformatics, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Peijian Cao
- China Tobacco Gene Research Center, Zhengzhou Tobacco Research Institute of CNTC, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Huina Zhou
- China Tobacco Gene Research Center, Zhengzhou Tobacco Research Institute of CNTC, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Xusheng Wang
- Department of Biology, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, ND, 58202, USA
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26
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Wang Q, Cao TJ, Zheng H, Zhou CF, Wang Z, Wang R, Lu S. Manipulation of Carotenoid Metabolic Flux by Lycopene Cyclization in Ripening Red Pepper ( Capsicum annuum var. conoides) Fruits. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2019; 67:4300-4310. [PMID: 30908022 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.9b00756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Carotenoids are essential phytonutrients for the human body. Higher plants usually synthesize and accumulate carotenoids in their leaves, flowers, and fruits. Most carotenoids have either two β-rings on both ends or β- and ε-rings separately on two ends of their molecules and are synthesized from the acyclic lycopene as the precursor. Lycopene β- and ε-cyclases (LCYB and LCYE, respectively) catalyze the β- and ε-cyclization of lycopene, respectively, and regulate the metabolic flux from lycopene to its downstream β,β-branches (by LCYB alone) and β,ε-branches (by LCYE and LCYB). In this study, we identified and characterized genes for two LCYBs (CaLCYB1 and CaLCYB2), one LCYE (CaLCYE1), and a capsanthin/capsorubin synthase (CaCCS1) which is also able to β-cyclize lycopene from the red pepper ( Capsicum annuum var. conoides) genome. By quantifying transcript abundances of these genes and contents of different carotenoid components in ripening fruits, we observed a correlation between the induction of both CaLCYBs and the accumulation of carotenoids of the β,β-branch during ripening. Although capsanthin was accumulated in ripened fruits, our quantification demonstrated a strong induction of CaCCS1 at the breaker stage, together with the simultaneous repression of CaLCYE1 and the decrease of lutein content, suggesting the involvement of CaCCS1 in competing against CaLCYE1 for synthesizing carotenoids of the β,β-branch. Our results provide important information for future metabolic engineering studies to manipulate carotenoid biosynthesis and accumulation in fruits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences , Nanjing University , Nanjing 210023 , China
| | - Tian-Jun Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences , Nanjing University , Nanjing 210023 , China
| | - Hui Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences , Nanjing University , Nanjing 210023 , China
| | - Chang-Fang Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences , Nanjing University , Nanjing 210023 , China
| | - Zhong Wang
- Zhengzhou Tobacco Research Institute , Zhengzhou 450001 , China
| | - Ran Wang
- Zhengzhou Tobacco Research Institute , Zhengzhou 450001 , China
| | - Shan Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences , Nanjing University , Nanjing 210023 , China
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