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Jia D, Li Y, Jia K, Huang B, Dang Q, Wang H, Wang X, Li C, Zhang Y, Nie J, Yuan Y. Abscisic acid activates transcription factor module MdABI5-MdMYBS1 during carotenoid-derived apple fruit coloration. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2024; 195:2053-2072. [PMID: 38536032 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiae188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Accepted: 02/11/2024] [Indexed: 06/30/2024]
Abstract
Carotenoids are major pigments contributing to fruit coloration. We previously reported that the apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) mutant fruits of "Beni Shogun" and "Yanfu 3" show a marked difference in fruit coloration. However, the regulatory mechanism underlying this phenomenon remains unclear. In this study, we determined that carotenoid is the main factor influencing fruit flesh color. We identified an R1-type MYB transcription factor (TF), MdMYBS1, which was found to be highly associated with carotenoids and abscisic acid (ABA) contents of apple fruits. Overexpression of MdMYBS1 promoted, and silencing of MdMYBS1 repressed, β-branch carotenoids synthesis and ABA accumulation. MdMYBS1 regulates carotenoid biosynthesis by directly activating the major carotenoid biosynthetic genes encoding phytoene synthase (MdPSY2-1) and lycopene β-cyclase (MdLCYb). 9-cis-epoxycarotenoid dioxygenase 1 (MdNCED1) contributes to ABA biosynthesis, and MdMYBS1 enhances endogenous ABA accumulation by activating the MdNCED1 promoter. In addition, the basic leucine zipper domain TF ABSCISIC ACID-INSENSITIVE5 (MdABI5) was identified as an upstream activator of MdMYBS1, which promotes carotenoid and ABA accumulation. Furthermore, ABA promotes carotenoid biosynthesis and enhances MdMYBS1 and MdABI5 promoter activities. Our findings demonstrate that the MdABI5-MdMYBS1 cascade activated by ABA regulates carotenoid-derived fruit coloration and ABA accumulation in apple, providing avenues in breeding and planting for improvement of fruit coloration and quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongjie Jia
- College of Horticulture, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
- Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Fruit (Qingdao), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/National Technology Centre for Whole Process Quality Control of FSEN Horticultural Products (Qingdao)/Qingdao Key Lab of Modern Agriculture Quality and Safety Engineering, Qingdao 266109, China
| | - Yuchen Li
- College of Horticulture, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
- Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Fruit (Qingdao), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/National Technology Centre for Whole Process Quality Control of FSEN Horticultural Products (Qingdao)/Qingdao Key Lab of Modern Agriculture Quality and Safety Engineering, Qingdao 266109, China
| | - Kun Jia
- College of Horticulture, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
- Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Fruit (Qingdao), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/National Technology Centre for Whole Process Quality Control of FSEN Horticultural Products (Qingdao)/Qingdao Key Lab of Modern Agriculture Quality and Safety Engineering, Qingdao 266109, China
| | - Benchang Huang
- College of Horticulture, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
- Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Fruit (Qingdao), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/National Technology Centre for Whole Process Quality Control of FSEN Horticultural Products (Qingdao)/Qingdao Key Lab of Modern Agriculture Quality and Safety Engineering, Qingdao 266109, China
| | - Qingyuan Dang
- College of Horticulture, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
- Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Fruit (Qingdao), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/National Technology Centre for Whole Process Quality Control of FSEN Horticultural Products (Qingdao)/Qingdao Key Lab of Modern Agriculture Quality and Safety Engineering, Qingdao 266109, China
| | - Huimin Wang
- College of Horticulture, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
- Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Fruit (Qingdao), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/National Technology Centre for Whole Process Quality Control of FSEN Horticultural Products (Qingdao)/Qingdao Key Lab of Modern Agriculture Quality and Safety Engineering, Qingdao 266109, China
| | - Xinyuan Wang
- College of Horticulture, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
- Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Fruit (Qingdao), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/National Technology Centre for Whole Process Quality Control of FSEN Horticultural Products (Qingdao)/Qingdao Key Lab of Modern Agriculture Quality and Safety Engineering, Qingdao 266109, China
| | - Chunyu Li
- College of Horticulture, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
- Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Fruit (Qingdao), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/National Technology Centre for Whole Process Quality Control of FSEN Horticultural Products (Qingdao)/Qingdao Key Lab of Modern Agriculture Quality and Safety Engineering, Qingdao 266109, China
| | - Yugang Zhang
- College of Horticulture, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
| | - Jiyun Nie
- College of Horticulture, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
- Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Fruit (Qingdao), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/National Technology Centre for Whole Process Quality Control of FSEN Horticultural Products (Qingdao)/Qingdao Key Lab of Modern Agriculture Quality and Safety Engineering, Qingdao 266109, China
| | - Yongbing Yuan
- College of Horticulture, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
- Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Fruit (Qingdao), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/National Technology Centre for Whole Process Quality Control of FSEN Horticultural Products (Qingdao)/Qingdao Key Lab of Modern Agriculture Quality and Safety Engineering, Qingdao 266109, China
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Wang B, Wen X, Fu B, Wei Y, Song X, Li S, Wang L, Wu Y, Hong Y, Dai S. Genome-Wide Analysis of MYB Gene Family in Chrysanthemum ×morifolium Provides Insights into Flower Color Regulation. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 13:1221. [PMID: 38732436 PMCID: PMC11085527 DOI: 10.3390/plants13091221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2024] [Revised: 04/26/2024] [Accepted: 04/27/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024]
Abstract
MYBs constitute the second largest transcription factor (TF) superfamily in flowering plants with substantial structural and functional diversity, which have been brought into focus because they affect flower colors by regulating anthocyanin biosynthesis. Up to now, the genomic data of several Chrysanthemum species have been released, which provides us with abundant genomic resources for revealing the evolution of the MYB gene family in Chrysanthemum species. In the present study, comparative analyses of the MYB gene family in six representative species, including C. lavandulifolium, C. seticuspe, C. ×morifolium, Helianthus annuus, Lactuca sativa, and Arabidopsis thaliana, were performed. A total of 1104 MYBs, which were classified into four subfamilies and 35 lineages, were identified in the three Chrysanthemum species (C. lavandulifolium, C. seticuspe, and C. ×morifolium). We found that whole-genome duplication and tandem duplication are the main duplication mechanisms that drove the occurrence of duplicates in CmMYBs (particularly in the R2R3-MYB subfamily) during the evolution of the cultivated chrysanthemums. Sequence structure and selective pressure analyses of the MYB gene family revealed that some of R2R3-MYBs were subjected to positive selection, which are mostly located on the distal telomere segments of the chromosomes and contain motifs 7 and 8. In addition, the gene expression analysis of CmMYBs in different organs and at various capitulum developmental stages of C. ×morifolium indicated that CmMYBS2, CmMYB96, and CmMYB109 might be the negative regulators for anthocyanin biosynthesis. Our results provide the phylogenetic context for research on the genetic and functional evolution of the MYB gene family in Chrysanthemum species and deepen our understanding of the regulatory mechanism of MYB TFs on the flower color of C. ×morifolium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bohao Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Ornamental Plants Germplasm Innovation & Molecular Breeding, National Engineering Research Center for Floriculture, Beijing Laboratory of Urban and Rural Ecological Environment, Key Laboratory for Genetics and Breeding of Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants of Ministry of Education, School of Landscape Architecture, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China; (B.W.)
| | - Xiaohui Wen
- Zhejiang Institute of Landscape Plants and Flowers, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 311251, China
| | - Boxiao Fu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Ornamental Plants Germplasm Innovation & Molecular Breeding, National Engineering Research Center for Floriculture, Beijing Laboratory of Urban and Rural Ecological Environment, Key Laboratory for Genetics and Breeding of Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants of Ministry of Education, School of Landscape Architecture, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China; (B.W.)
| | - Yuanyuan Wei
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Ornamental Plants Germplasm Innovation & Molecular Breeding, National Engineering Research Center for Floriculture, Beijing Laboratory of Urban and Rural Ecological Environment, Key Laboratory for Genetics and Breeding of Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants of Ministry of Education, School of Landscape Architecture, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China; (B.W.)
| | - Xiang Song
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Ornamental Plants Germplasm Innovation & Molecular Breeding, National Engineering Research Center for Floriculture, Beijing Laboratory of Urban and Rural Ecological Environment, Key Laboratory for Genetics and Breeding of Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants of Ministry of Education, School of Landscape Architecture, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China; (B.W.)
| | - Shuangda Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Ornamental Plants Germplasm Innovation & Molecular Breeding, National Engineering Research Center for Floriculture, Beijing Laboratory of Urban and Rural Ecological Environment, Key Laboratory for Genetics and Breeding of Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants of Ministry of Education, School of Landscape Architecture, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China; (B.W.)
| | - Luyao Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Ornamental Plants Germplasm Innovation & Molecular Breeding, National Engineering Research Center for Floriculture, Beijing Laboratory of Urban and Rural Ecological Environment, Key Laboratory for Genetics and Breeding of Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants of Ministry of Education, School of Landscape Architecture, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China; (B.W.)
| | - Yanbin Wu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Ornamental Plants Germplasm Innovation & Molecular Breeding, National Engineering Research Center for Floriculture, Beijing Laboratory of Urban and Rural Ecological Environment, Key Laboratory for Genetics and Breeding of Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants of Ministry of Education, School of Landscape Architecture, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China; (B.W.)
| | - Yan Hong
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Ornamental Plants Germplasm Innovation & Molecular Breeding, National Engineering Research Center for Floriculture, Beijing Laboratory of Urban and Rural Ecological Environment, Key Laboratory for Genetics and Breeding of Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants of Ministry of Education, School of Landscape Architecture, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China; (B.W.)
| | - Silan Dai
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Ornamental Plants Germplasm Innovation & Molecular Breeding, National Engineering Research Center for Floriculture, Beijing Laboratory of Urban and Rural Ecological Environment, Key Laboratory for Genetics and Breeding of Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants of Ministry of Education, School of Landscape Architecture, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China; (B.W.)
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Chachar Z, Lai R, Ahmed N, Lingling M, Chachar S, Paker NP, Qi Y. Cloned genes and genetic regulation of anthocyanin biosynthesis in maize, a comparative review. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2024; 15:1310634. [PMID: 38328707 PMCID: PMC10847539 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2024.1310634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Abstract
Anthocyanins are plant-based pigments that are primarily present in berries, grapes, purple yam, purple corn and black rice. The research on fruit corn with a high anthocyanin content is not sufficiently extensive. Considering its crucial role in nutrition and health it is vital to conduct further studies on how anthocyanin accumulates in fruit corn and to explore its potential for edible and medicinal purposes. Anthocyanin biosynthesis plays an important role in maize stems (corn). Several beneficial compounds, particularly cyanidin-3-O-glucoside, perlagonidin-3-O-glucoside, peonidin 3-O-glucoside, and their malonylated derivatives have been identified. C1, C2, Pl1, Pl2, Sh2, ZmCOP1 and ZmHY5 harbored functional alleles that played a role in the biosynthesis of anthocyanins in maize. The Sh2 gene in maize regulates sugar-to-starch conversion, thereby influencing kernel quality and nutritional content. ZmCOP1 and ZmHY5 are key regulatory genes in maize that control light responses and photomorphogenesis. This review concludes the molecular identification of all the genes encoding structural enzymes of the anthocyanin pathway in maize by describing the cloning and characterization of these genes. Our study presents important new understandings of the molecular processes behind the manufacture of anthocyanins in maize, which will contribute to the development of genetically modified variants of the crop with increased color and possible health advantages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zaid Chachar
- College of Agriculture and Biology, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, China
| | - RuiQiang Lai
- College of Agriculture and Biology, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, China
| | - Nazir Ahmed
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ma Lingling
- College of Agriculture, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Sadaruddin Chachar
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, China
| | | | - YongWen Qi
- College of Agriculture and Biology, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, China
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Yan Y, Wen Y, Wang Y, Wu X, Li X, Wang C, Zhao Y. Metabolome integrated with transcriptome reveals the mechanism of three different color formations in Taxus mairei arils. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2024; 15:1330075. [PMID: 38322825 PMCID: PMC10844565 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2024.1330075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/08/2024]
Abstract
Maire yew (Taxus mairei), an evergreen conifer, has high ornamental and medicinal value. The arils of this species has three different colors. However, the variation mechanisms of arils color formation remains unclear. Here, the gene expression and metabolite concentration were profiled for red (RTM), yellow (YTM), and purple (PTM) arils in different developmental stages. A total of 266 flavonoids and 35 carotenoids were identified. The predominant pigments identified in YTM were epiafzelechin, lutein, and β-Cryptoxanthin, while malvidin-3,5-di-O-glucoside and apigenin played crucial roles in PTM. And significant differential expression was observed among the HCT, DFR, LAR, ANS, crtB, NCED, and CCoAOMT genes across different color arils. During the maturation of yellow arils, the upregulation of HCT was strongly correlated with the accumulation of epiafzelechin. The diminished expression of DFR, LAR, and ANS seemed to inhibit the production of delphinidin-3-O-rutinoside. The decrease in crtB expression and concurrent increase in NCED expression potentially regulate the heightened accumulation of lutein. Meanwhile, the accumulation of β-cryptoxanthin appeared seemed to be positively influenced by NCED. As aril turning purple, the decreased expression of CCoAOMT seemed to facilitate the synthesis of apigenin. The substantial upregulation of DFR promoted the production of malvidin-3,5-di-O-glucoside. Additionally, the overexpression of MYBs may plays the important role in regulating the formation of different colored arils. In total, 14 genes were selected for qRT-PCR validation, the results indicated the reliability of the transcriptome sequences data. Our findings could provide valuable insight into the molecular breeding, development, and application of Maire yew resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yadan Yan
- Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Hunan Big Data Engineering Technology Research Center of Natural Protected Areas Landscape Resources, Changsha, China
- Yuelushan Laboratory Carbon Sinks Forests Variety Innovation Center, Changsha, China
| | - Yafeng Wen
- Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Hunan Big Data Engineering Technology Research Center of Natural Protected Areas Landscape Resources, Changsha, China
- Yuelushan Laboratory Carbon Sinks Forests Variety Innovation Center, Changsha, China
| | - Ye Wang
- Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Xingtong Wu
- Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Hunan Big Data Engineering Technology Research Center of Natural Protected Areas Landscape Resources, Changsha, China
- Yuelushan Laboratory Carbon Sinks Forests Variety Innovation Center, Changsha, China
| | - Xinyu Li
- Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Hunan Big Data Engineering Technology Research Center of Natural Protected Areas Landscape Resources, Changsha, China
- Yuelushan Laboratory Carbon Sinks Forests Variety Innovation Center, Changsha, China
| | - Chuncheng Wang
- Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Hunan Big Data Engineering Technology Research Center of Natural Protected Areas Landscape Resources, Changsha, China
- Yuelushan Laboratory Carbon Sinks Forests Variety Innovation Center, Changsha, China
| | - Yanghui Zhao
- Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Hunan Big Data Engineering Technology Research Center of Natural Protected Areas Landscape Resources, Changsha, China
- Yuelushan Laboratory Carbon Sinks Forests Variety Innovation Center, Changsha, China
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Khan RA, Abbas N. Role of epigenetic and post-translational modifications in anthocyanin biosynthesis: A review. Gene 2023; 887:147694. [PMID: 37574116 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2023.147694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Revised: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 08/04/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023]
Abstract
Anthocyanins are a class of flavonoids having antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. They defend plants against various biotic and abiotic stresses and are synthesized by a specific branch of the flavonoid biosynthetic pathway. Different regulatory mechanisms have been found to regulate anthocyanin biosynthesis in plants. These include the MYB-bHLH-WDR (MBW) MBW trimeric complex consisting of bHLH, R2R3 MYB, and WD40 transcription factors. Epigenetic and Post-translational modification (PTMs) of MBW complex and various other transcription factors play important role in both plant developmental processes and modulating plant response to different environmental conditions. Recent studies have broadened our understanding of the role of various epigenetic (methylation and histone modification) and PTMs (phosphorylation, acetylation, ubiquitylation, sumoylation, etc.) mechanisms in regulating anthocyanin biosynthesis in plants. In this review, we are updating various epigenetic and PTMs modifications of various transcription factors which regulate anthocyanin biosynthesis in various plants. In addition to this, we have also briefly discussed in which direction future research on epigenetic and PTMs can be taken so that we can engineer medicinal plants for enhanced secondary metabolite biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rameez Ahmad Khan
- Plant Biotechnology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Sanat Nagar, Srinagar, J&K 190005, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Canal Road, Jammu Tawi 180001, India.
| | - Nazia Abbas
- Plant Biotechnology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Sanat Nagar, Srinagar, J&K 190005, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Canal Road, Jammu Tawi 180001, India.
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Zhang X, Zhang K, Guo Y, Lv X, Wu M, Deng H, Xie Y, Li M, Wang J, Lin L, Lv X, Xia H, Liang D. Methylation of AcGST1 Is Associated with Anthocyanin Accumulation in the Kiwifruit Outer Pericarp. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2023; 71:18865-18876. [PMID: 38053505 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c03029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/07/2023]
Abstract
Most red-fleshed kiwifruit cultivars, such as Hongyang, only accumulate anthocyanins in the inner pericarp; the trait of full red flesh becomes the goal pursued by breeders. In this study, we identified a mutant "H-16" showing a red color in both the inner and outer pericarps, and the underlying mechanism was explored. Through transcriptome analysis, a key differentially expressed gene AcGST1 was screened out, which was positively correlated with anthocyanin accumulation in the outer pericarp. The result of McrBC-PCR and bisulfite sequencing revealed that the SG3 region (-292 to -597 bp) of AcGST1 promoter in "H-16" had a significantly lower CHH cytosine methylation level than that in Hongyang, accompanied by low expression of methyltransferase genes (MET1 and CMT2) and high expression of demethylase genes (ROS1 and DML1). Transient calli transformation confirmed that demethylase gene DML1 can activate transcription of AcGST1 to enhance its expression. Overexpression of AcGST1 enhanced the anthocyanin accumulation in the fruit flesh and leaves of the transgenic lines. These results suggested that a decrease in the methylation level of the AcGST1 promoter may contribute to accumulation of anthocyanin in the outer pericarp of "H-16".
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuefeng Zhang
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Kun Zhang
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Yuqi Guo
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Xiaoyu Lv
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Meijing Wu
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Honghong Deng
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Yue Xie
- Sichuan Provincial Academy of Natural Resources Sciences, Chengdu 610015, China
| | - Mingzhang Li
- Sichuan Provincial Academy of Natural Resources Sciences, Chengdu 610015, China
| | - Jin Wang
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Lijin Lin
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Xiulan Lv
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Hui Xia
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Dong Liang
- College of Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
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Characterization of Highbush Blueberry ( Vaccinium corymbosum L.) Anthocyanin Biosynthesis Related MYBs and Functional Analysis of VcMYB Gene. Curr Issues Mol Biol 2023; 45:379-399. [PMID: 36661513 PMCID: PMC9857026 DOI: 10.3390/cimb45010027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Revised: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 12/31/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
As one of the most important transcription factors regulating plant anthocyanin biosynthesis, MYB has attracted great attentions. In this study, we identified fifteen candidate anthocyanin biosynthesis related MYB (ABRM) proteins, including twelve R2R3-MYBs and three 1R-MYBs, from highbush blueberry. The subcellular localization prediction results showed that, with the exception of VcRVE8 (localized in chloroplast and nucleus), all of the blueberry ABRMs were nucleus-localized. The gene structure analysis revealed that the exon numbers of the blueberry ABRM genes varied greatly, ranging between one and eight. There are many light-responsive, phytohormone-responsive, abiotic stress-responsive and plant growth and development related cis-acting elements in the promoters of the blueberry ABRM genes. It is noteworthy that almost all of their promoters contain light-, ABA- and MeJA-responsive elements, which is consistent with the well-established results that anthocyanin accumulation and the expression of MYBs are influenced significantly by many factors, such as light, ABA and JA. The gene expression analysis revealed that VcMYB, VcMYB6, VcMYB23, VcMYBL2 and VcPH4 are expressed abundantly in blueberry fruits, and VcMYB is expressed the highest in the red, purple and blue fruits among all blueberry ABRMs. VcMYB shared high similarity with functionally proven ABRMs from many other plant species. The gene cloning results showed that VcMYB had three variable transcripts, but only the transient overexpression of VcMYB-1 promoted anthocyanin accumulation in the green fruits. Our study can provide a basis for future research on the anthocyanin biosynthesis related MYBs in blueberry.
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Anthocyanins: Metabolic Digestion, Bioavailability, Therapeutic Effects, Current Pharmaceutical/Industrial Use, and Innovation Potential. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 12:antiox12010048. [PMID: 36670910 PMCID: PMC9855055 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12010048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Revised: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
In this work, various concepts and features of anthocyanins have been comprehensively reviewed, taking the benefits of the scientific publications released mainly within the last five years. Within the paper, common topics such as anthocyanin chemistry and occurrence, including the biosynthesis of anthocyanins emphasizing the anthocyanin formation pathway, anthocyanin chemistry, and factors influencing the anthocyanins' stability, are covered in detail. By evaluating the recent in vitro and human experimental studies on the absorption and bioavailability of anthocyanins present in typical food and beverages, this review elucidates the significant variations in biokinetic parameters based on the model, anthocyanin source, and dose, allowing us to make basic assumptions about their bioavailability. Additionally, special attention is paid to other topics, such as the therapeutic effects of anthocyanins. Reviewing the recent in vitro, in vivo, and epidemiological studies on the therapeutic potential of anthocyanins against various diseases permits a demonstration of the promising efficacy of different anthocyanin sources at various levels, including the neuroprotective, cardioprotective, antidiabetic, antiobesity, and anticancer effects. Additionally, the studies on using plant-based anthocyanins as coloring food mediums are extensively investigated in this paper, revealing the successful use of anthocyanins in coloring various products, such as dietary and bakery products, mixes, juices, candies, beverages, ice cream, and jams. Lastly, the successful application of anthocyanins as prebiotic ingredients, the innovation potential of anthocyanins in industry, and sustainable sources of anthocyanins, including a quantitative research literature and database analysis, is performed.
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Xu X, Qin H, Liu C, Liu J, Lyu M, Wang F, Xing Y, Tian G, Zhu Z, Jiang Y, Ge S. Transcriptome and Metabolome Analysis Reveals the Effect of Nitrogen-Potassium on Anthocyanin Biosynthesis in "Fuji" Apple. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2022; 70:15057-15068. [PMID: 36412927 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.2c06287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Nitrogen (N) and potassium (K) have significant effects on apple peel color. To further understand the molecular mechanism of N-K regulation of apple color, we analyzed the apple peel under different N and K treatments using isotope labeling, transcriptomics, and metabolomics. Under high N treatments, fruit red color and anthocyanin content decreased significantly. High N decreased the 13C distribution rate and increased the Ndff values of fruits, while K increased the expression of MdSUTs and MdSOTs and promoted 13C transportation to fruits. Anthocyanin-targeted metabonomics and transcriptome analysis revealed that high N downregulated the expression of structural genes related to the anthocyanin synthesis pathway (MdPAL, Md4CL, MdF3H, MdANS, and MdUFGT) and their regulators (MdMYBs and MdbHLHs), and also decreased some metabolites contents. K alleviated this inhibition and seven anthocyanins were regulated by N-K. Our results improve the understanding of the synergistic regulation of apple fruit coloring by N-K.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinxiang Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong 271002, China
| | - Hanhan Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong 271002, China
| | - Chunling Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong 271002, China
| | - Jingquan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong 271002, China
| | - Mengxue Lyu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong 271002, China
| | - Fen Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong 271002, China
- Key Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology in Universities of Shandong, College of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, Weifang University, Weifang, Shandong 261061, China
| | - Yue Xing
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong 271002, China
| | - Ge Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong 271002, China
| | - Zhanling Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong 271002, China
| | - Yuanmao Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong 271002, China
| | - Shunfeng Ge
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong 271002, China
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10
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Cheng C, Guo Z, Li H, Mu X, Wang P, Zhang S, Yang T, Cai H, Wang Q, Lü P, Zhang J. Integrated metabolic, transcriptomic and chromatin accessibility analyses provide novel insights into the competition for anthocyanins and flavonols biosynthesis during fruit ripening in red apple. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:975356. [PMID: 36212335 PMCID: PMC9540549 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.975356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Fruit ripening is accompanied by a wide range of metabolites and global changes in gene expression that are regulated by various factors. In this study, we investigated the molecular differences in red apple 'Hongmantang' fruits at three ripening stages (PS1, PS5 and PS9) through a comprehensive analysis of metabolome, transcriptome and chromatin accessibility. Totally, we identified 341 and 195 differentially accumulated metabolites (DAMs) in comparison I (PS5_vs_PS1) and comparison II (PS9_vs_PS5), including 57 and 23 differentially accumulated flavonoids (DAFs), respectively. Intriguingly, among these DAFs, anthocyanins and flavonols showed opposite patterns of variation, suggesting a possible competition between their biosynthesis. To unveil the underlying mechanisms, RNA-Seq and ATAC-Seq analyses were performed. A total of 852 DEGs significantly enriched in anthocyanin metabolism and 128 differential accessible regions (DARs) significantly enriched by MYB-related motifs were identified as up-regulated in Comparison I but down-regulated in Comparison II. Meanwhile, the 843 DEGs significantly enriched in phenylalanine metabolism and the 364 DARs significantly enriched by bZIP-related motifs showed opposite trends. In addition, four bZIPs and 14 MYBs were identified as possible hub genes regulating the biosynthesis of flavonols and anthocyanins. Our study will contribute to the understanding of anthocyanins and flavonols biosynthesis competition in red apple fruits during ripening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunzhen Cheng
- College of Horticulture, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong, China
| | - Ziwei Guo
- College of Horticulture, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong, China
| | - Hua Li
- College of Horticulture, FAFU-UCR Joint Center for Horticultural Biology and Metabolomics, Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Xiaopeng Mu
- College of Horticulture, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong, China
| | - Pengfei Wang
- College of Horticulture, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong, China
| | - Shuai Zhang
- College of Horticulture, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong, China
| | - Tingzhen Yang
- Fruit Research Institute, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong, China
| | - Huacheng Cai
- Fruit Research Institute, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong, China
| | - Qian Wang
- Fruit Research Institute, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong, China
| | - Peitao Lü
- College of Horticulture, FAFU-UCR Joint Center for Horticultural Biology and Metabolomics, Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Jiancheng Zhang
- College of Horticulture, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong, China
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11
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Shi C, Liu L, Wei Z, Liu J, Li M, Yan Z, Gao D. Anthocyanin Accumulation and Molecular Analysis of Correlated Genes by Metabolomics and Transcriptomics in Sister Line Apple Cultivars. Life (Basel) 2022; 12:life12081246. [PMID: 36013425 PMCID: PMC9410521 DOI: 10.3390/life12081246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Revised: 08/12/2022] [Accepted: 08/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Red coloration in apples, an important quality trait, is primarily attributed to the accumulation of anthocyanins. Centuries of breeding have produced a wide variety of apples with different levels of anthocyanins in response to genetic and environmental stimuli. The Huashuo apple shows a much darker red color than its sister line, Huarui. Thirteen different anthocyanins were detected in Huashuo and Huarui apples, of which ten were significantly more abundant in Huashuo apples, confirming that the color difference is indeed attributed to high anthocyanins accumulation rather than the types of anthocyanins. In particular, the contents of cyanidin 3-O-galactoside levels were highest among anthocyanins in both cultivars, reaching >5000 μg·g−1 at the last color transition stage in Huashuo apples, while only >3000 μg·g−1 in Huarui apples. Moreover, the expression of most structural genes, especially DFR, CHI, and 4CL associated with anthocyanin synthesis, were higher in Huashuo apples than in Huarui apples. Combined transcriptomics, metabolomics, and qRT-PCR analysis revealed that six transcription factors from the MYB and bZIP transcription factor families likely play key roles in the dark coloring of Huashuo apples. These results provide deeper insights into apple coloring and suggest a series of candidate genes for breeding anthocyanin-rich cultivars.
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12
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Lu Z, Huang Y, Mao S, Wu F, Liu Y, Mao X, Adhikari PB, Xu Y, Wang L, Zuo H, Rao MJ, Xu Q. The high-quality genome of pummelo provides insights into the tissue-specific regulation of citric acid and anthocyanin during domestication. HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2022; 9:uhac175. [PMID: 36238347 PMCID: PMC9552194 DOI: 10.1093/hr/uhac175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Citric acid and anthocyanin contents were co-selected during Citrus domestication. Pummelo is a founding species in the Citrus genus, but the domestication of pummelo has not been well studied. Here, we compared the citric acid and anthocyanin contents of a low citric acid pummelo (Citrus maxima LCA) and its high citric acid variety (HCA) from the same cultivation area in China. Our study revealed that, unlike the LCA type, the HCA variety accumulated anthocyanin in the pericarp early in fruit development. To investigate the genetic basis of acid and anthocyanin enrichment in HCA pulp and pericarp, respectively, we generated a chromosome-scale HCA genome using long-read sequence reads and Hi-C sequencing data. Transcriptome analysis and transient overexpression assays showed that the accumulation of citric acid and anthocyanin was associated with high expression of CgANTHOCYANIN1 (CgAN1), and two different MYBs transcription factors (CgPH4 and CgRuby1), respectively. Moreover, the CgAN1 promoter was more methylated in the LCA pulp than in the HCA pulp. Treatment with a DNA methylation inhibitor, 5-azacytidine, alleviated the CgAN1 promoter hypermethylation in the LCA pulp, leading to increased CgAN1 expression and citric acid content. This study provides a new high-quality pummelo genome and insight into the molecular mechanism behind the change in tissue-specific citric acid and anthocyanin accumulation during pummelo domestication and provides a conceptual basis for precise genetic manipulation in fruit flavor breeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhihao Lu
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| | - Yue Huang
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| | - Sangyin Mao
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| | - Fangfang Wu
- Science and Technology Innovation Research Center of Majia Pummelo, Guangfeng, Shangrao, Jiangxi 334000, China
| | - Yong Liu
- College of Agronomy, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330045, China
| | - Xiangqing Mao
- Service Center for Agriculture and Rural Area, Guangfeng, Shangrao, Jiangxi 334000, China
| | - Prakash Babu Adhikari
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| | - Yuantao Xu
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| | - Lun Wang
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| | - Hao Zuo
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| | - Muhammad Junaid Rao
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, College of Agriculture, Guangxi University, 100 Daxue Road, Nanning, Guangxi 530004, China
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13
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He J, Xu Y, Huang D, Fu J, Liu Z, Wang L, Zhang Y, Xu R, Li L, Deng X, Xu Q. TRIPTYCHON-LIKE regulates aspects of both fruit flavor and color in citrus. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2022; 73:3610-3624. [PMID: 35263759 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erac069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 02/18/2022] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Deciphering the genetic basis of organoleptic traits is critical for improving the quality of fruits, which greatly shapes their appeal to consumers. Here, we characterize the citrus R3-MYB transcription factor TRIPTYCHON-LIKE (CitTRL), which is closely associated with the levels of citric acid, proanthocyanidins (PAs), and anthocyanins. Overexpression of CitTRL lowered acidity levels and PA contents in citrus calli as well as anthocyanin and PA contents in Arabidopsis leaves and seeds. CitTRL interacts with the two basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) proteins CitbHLH1 and ANTHOCYANIN 1 (CitAN1) to regulate fruit quality. We show that CitTRL competes with the R2R3-MYB CitRuby1 for binding to CitbHLH1 or CitAN1, thereby repressing their activation of anthocyanin structural genes. CitTRL also competes with a second R2R3-MYB, CitPH4, for binding to CitAN1, thus altering the expression of the vacuolar proton-pump gene PH5 and Leucoanthocyanidin reductase, responsible for vacuolar acidification and proanthocyanidins biosynthesis, respectively. Moreover, CitPH4 activates CitTRL transcription, thus forming an activator-repressor loop to prevent the overaccumulation of citric acid and PAs. Overall, this study demonstrates that CitTRL acts as a repressor of the accumulation of citric acid, PAs, and anthocyanins by a cross-regulation mechanism. Our results provide an opportunity to simultaneously manipulate these key traits as a means to produce citrus fruits that are both visually and organoleptically appealing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaxian He
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Yuantao Xu
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Ding Huang
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Jialing Fu
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Ziang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Lun Wang
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Yin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Rangwei Xu
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Li Li
- Plant Breeding and Genetics Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
- Robert W. Holley Center for Agriculture and Health, USDA-Agricultural Research Service, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Xiuxin Deng
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Qiang Xu
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan 430070, China
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14
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Zhang Y, Zhao Q, Feng Y, Dong Y, Zhang T, Yang Q, Gu H, Huang J, Li Y. Integrated Transcriptomic and Metabolomic Analyses Reveal the Mechanisms Underlying Anthocyanin Coloration and Aroma Formation in Purple Fennel. Front Nutr 2022; 9:875360. [PMID: 35571884 PMCID: PMC9093692 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.875360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The color and aroma are the significant traits of vegetables and fruits, but the metabolic and molecular mechanisms underlying anthocyanin accumulation and aroma formation remain almost unknown in fennel (Anethum foeniculum L.), which is a crucial vegetable crop and grown widely for aromatic leaves and bulbs. Here, ten major anthocyanins identified and quantified by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole Orbitrap high-resolution mass spectrometry (UHPLC-Q-Orbitrap HRMS) were mainly responsible for the coloration of purple fennel leaf. With the application of GC-MS, it was found that the reduced volatile phenylpropanoids including isoeugenol, trans-isoeugenol, and apiol chiefly account for the characteristic aroma changes of the purple fennel. Moreover, the characteristic anthocyanin coloration and aroma formation in purple fennel were systematically studied with the integrated transcriptomics and metabolomics. The critical genes associated with the biosynthesis and regulation of anthocyanins and volatile phenylpropanoids were isolated and studied carefully in transiently transfected tobacco cells and transgenic tomato plants. Together with the results of UHPLC-Q-Orbitrap HRMS, RT-qPCR, and yeast two hybrid (Y2H), it is proved that the metabolic flux redirection of phenylpropanoid pathway primarily regulated by a functional MYB-bHLH-WD40 complex consisting of AfTT8, AfMYB7, and AfTTG1 accounts for the characteristic anthocyanin coloration and aroma formation in purple fennel leaf. The systematic understanding of the anthocyanin accumulation and aroma formation will assist in the improvement of fennel resource utilization and breeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanjie Zhang
- School of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Qing Zhao
- School of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Youwei Feng
- School of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yuanhang Dong
- School of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Tianjiao Zhang
- School of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Qiu Yang
- School of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Huihui Gu
- School of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Jinyong Huang
- School of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yan Li
- School of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.,The Center of Advanced Analysis and Gene Sequencing, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
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15
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Cho HJ, Han AR, Choi C. Effect of Paper-Bagging on Apple Skin Patterning Associated with MdMYB10 Promoter Methylation. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23063319. [PMID: 35328740 PMCID: PMC8948882 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23063319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Revised: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Paper-bagging is an efficient method to maximize apple skin color, but a relationship between this technique and fruit skin patterning has not been demonstrated. Here, the ‘Fuji’ fruit with red-striped skin changed to red-blushed skin under re-exposure to light after bag treatment. Higher expression of MdMYB10, a transcription factor that regulates anthocyanin biosynthesis in apples, correlated with increased anthocyanin concentration in bag removal fruit. At the mature stage, a comparison of methylation status in the MdMYB10 promoter revealed that the methylation level in the region from −2585 to −2117 bp was reduced in bag removal fruit, especially for CHG context. It can be regulated by the downregulated expression of DNA methyltransferases such as MdMET, MdCMT, and MdDRM. Our results suggest that the bag removal treatment in this cultivar causes a change in skin patterning from striped to blushed pigmentation by inducing DNA demethylation of MdMYB10.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Cheol Choi
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-10-9360-0362
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16
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Li X, Cai K, Han Z, Zhang S, Sun A, Xie Y, Han R, Guo R, Tigabu M, Sederoff R, Pei X, Zhao C, Zhao X. Chromosome-Level Genome Assembly for Acer pseudosieboldianum and Highlights to Mechanisms for Leaf Color and Shape Change. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:850054. [PMID: 35310631 PMCID: PMC8927880 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.850054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Acer pseudosieboldianum (Pax) Komarov is an ornamental plant with prominent potential and is naturally distributed in Northeast China. Here, we obtained a chromosome-scale genome assembly of A. pseudosieboldianum combining HiFi and Hi-C data, and the final assembled genome size was 690.24 Mb and consisted of 287 contigs, with a contig N50 value of 5.7 Mb and a BUSCO complete gene percentage of 98.4%. Genome evolution analysis showed that an ancient duplication occurred in A. pseudosieboldianum. Phylogenetic analyses revealed that Aceraceae family could be incorporated into Sapindaceae, consistent with the present Angiosperm Phylogeny Group system. We further construct a gene-to-metabolite correlation network and identified key genes and metabolites that might be involved in anthocyanin biosynthesis pathways during leaf color change. Additionally, we identified crucial teosinte branched1, cycloidea, and proliferating cell factors (TCP) transcription factors that might be involved in leaf morphology regulation of A. pseudosieboldianum, Acer yangbiense and Acer truncatum. Overall, this reference genome is a valuable resource for evolutionary history studies of A. pseudosieboldianum and lays a fundamental foundation for its molecular breeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Li
- College of Forestry and Grassland, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, School of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
| | - Kewei Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, School of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
| | - Zhiming Han
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, School of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
| | - Shikai Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, School of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
| | - Anran Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, School of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
| | - Ying Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, School of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
| | - Rui Han
- College of Forestry and Grassland, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Ruixue Guo
- College of Forestry and Grassland, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Mulualem Tigabu
- Southern Swedish Forest Research Centre, Faculty of Forest Science, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Lomma, Sweden
| | - Ronald Sederoff
- Forest Biotechnology Group, Department of Forestry and Environmental Resources, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States
| | - Xiaona Pei
- College of Forestry and Grassland, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Chunli Zhao
- College of Forestry and Grassland, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Xiyang Zhao
- College of Forestry and Grassland, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, School of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
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17
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Yu L, Sun Y, Zhang X, Chen M, Wu T, Zhang J, Xing Y, Tian J, Yao Y. ROS1 promotes low temperature-induced anthocyanin accumulation in apple by demethylating the promoter of anthocyanin-associated genes. HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2022; 9:uhac007. [PMID: 35147161 PMCID: PMC9123231 DOI: 10.1093/hr/uhac007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Low temperature can affect the growth and development of plants through changes in DNA demethylation patterns. Another known effect of low temperature is the accumulation of anthocyanin pigments. However, it is not known whether the two phenomena are linked, specifically, whether DNA demethylation participates in anthocyanin accumulation in response to low-temperature stress. The ROS1 gene is involved in plant DNA demethylation and influences methylation levels in response to low temperature stress. In this study, using RNA sequencing, we detected that the transcription levels of MdROS1 correlate with the anthocyanin content, as well as with those of anthocyanin biosynthesis-related genes in apple (Malus domestica), at low temperatures. Genomic bisulfite sequencing showed that the methylation levels of the promoters of the anthocyanin related genes MdCHS, MdCHI, MdF3'H, MdANS, MdUFGT, and MdMYB10 decreased in apple leaves after low-temperature treatment. Similar expression and methylation results were also found in apple fruit. Transiently silencing MdROS1 in the leaves and fruit of apple cultivars inhibited the accumulation of anthocyanins and led to decreased expression of anthocyanin biosynthetic genes, and the opposite results were detected in MdROS1-overexpressing leaves and fruit. A promoter binding assay showed that the conserved RRD-DME domains of MdROS1 directly bind to the promoters of MdF3'H and MdUFGT. Taken together, these results suggest that ROS1 affects the anthocyanin biosynthetic pathway by decreasing the methylation level of anthocyanin-related gene promoters, thereby increasing their expression and increasing anthocyanin accumulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lujia Yu
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, China
- Department of Plant Science and Technology, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, China
| | - Yuying Sun
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, China
- Department of Plant Science and Technology, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, China
| | - Xi Zhang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, China
- Department of Plant Science and Technology, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, China
| | - Mengchen Chen
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, China
- Department of Plant Science and Technology, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, China
| | - Ting Wu
- College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Jie Zhang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, China
- Department of Plant Science and Technology, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, China
| | - Yifan Xing
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, China
- Department of Plant Science and Technology, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, China
| | - Ji Tian
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, China
- Department of Plant Science and Technology, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, China
| | - Yuncong Yao
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, China
- Department of Plant Science and Technology, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, China
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18
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Yang J, Chen Y, Xiao Z, Shen H, Li Y, Wang Y. Multilevel regulation of anthocyanin-promoting R2R3-MYB transcription factors in plants. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:1008829. [PMID: 36147236 PMCID: PMC9485867 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1008829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Anthocyanins are common secondary metabolites in plants that confer red, blue, and purple colorations in plants and are highly desired by consumers for their visual appearance and nutritional quality. In the last two decades, the anthocyanin biosynthetic pathway and transcriptional regulation of anthocyanin biosynthetic genes (ABGs) have been well characterized in many plants. From numerous studies on model plants and horticultural crops, many signaling regulators have been found to control anthocyanin accumulation via regulation of anthocyanin-promoting R2R3-MYB transcription factors (so-called R2R3-MYB activators). The regulatory mechanism of R2R3-MYB activators is mediated by multiple environmental factors (e.g., light, temperature) and internal signals (e.g., sugar, ethylene, and JA) in complicated interactions at multiple levels. Here, we summarize the transcriptional control of R2R3-MYB activators as a result of natural variations in the promoter of their encoding genes, upstream transcription factors and epigenetics, and posttranslational modifications of R2R3-MYB that determine color variations of horticultural plants. In addition, we focus on progress in elucidating the integrated regulatory network of anthocyanin biosynthesis mediated by R2R3-MYB activators in response to multiple signals. We also highlight a few gene cascade modules involved in the regulation of anthocyanin-related R2R3-MYB to provide insights into anthocyanin production in horticultural plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianfei Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
- School of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
| | - Yunzhu Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Utilization of Woody Oil Resource, Hunan Academy of Forestry, Changsha, China
| | - Zhihong Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Utilization of Woody Oil Resource, Hunan Academy of Forestry, Changsha, China
| | - Hailong Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
- School of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
| | - Yuhua Li
- College of Life Sciences, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
- Yuhua Li,
| | - Yu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
- College of Life Sciences, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
- *Correspondence: Yu Wang,
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Gao HN, Jiang H, Cui JY, You CX, Li YY. Review: The effects of hormones and environmental factors on anthocyanin biosynthesis in apple. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 312:111024. [PMID: 34620429 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2021.111024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2021] [Revised: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Fruit coloration is an appearance trait that directly affects the commercial value and market competitiveness of apples. The red color of apple fruit is mainly affected by anthocyanin accumulation, and the synthesis of anthocyanin is affected by various factors. The critical roles of hormones and environmental factors during apple anthocyanin biosynthesis are described. This review also elaborates the specific mechanisms of the responses of internal genes to stress and changes in anthocyanin when apples are exposed to different environmental stressors. This study provides direction for future research on apple anthocyanin and is a reference for anthocyanin studies in other species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huai-Na Gao
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, National Research Center for Apple Engineering and Technology, Shandong Collaborative Innovation Center of Fruit & Vegetable Quality and Efficient Production, College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271018, Shandong, China
| | - Han Jiang
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, National Research Center for Apple Engineering and Technology, Shandong Collaborative Innovation Center of Fruit & Vegetable Quality and Efficient Production, College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271018, Shandong, China
| | - Jian-Ying Cui
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, National Research Center for Apple Engineering and Technology, Shandong Collaborative Innovation Center of Fruit & Vegetable Quality and Efficient Production, College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271018, Shandong, China
| | - Chun-Xiang You
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, National Research Center for Apple Engineering and Technology, Shandong Collaborative Innovation Center of Fruit & Vegetable Quality and Efficient Production, College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271018, Shandong, China.
| | - Yuan-Yuan Li
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, National Research Center for Apple Engineering and Technology, Shandong Collaborative Innovation Center of Fruit & Vegetable Quality and Efficient Production, College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271018, Shandong, China.
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20
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Dang Q, Sha H, Nie J, Wang Y, Yuan Y, Jia D. An apple (Malus domestica) AP2/ERF transcription factor modulates carotenoid accumulation. HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2021; 8:223. [PMID: 34611138 PMCID: PMC8492665 DOI: 10.1038/s41438-021-00694-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Revised: 08/15/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Color is an important trait for horticultural crops. Carotenoids are one of the main pigments for coloration and have important implications for photosynthesis in plants and benefits for human health. Here, we identified an APETALA2 (AP2)/ETHYLENE RESPONSE FACTOR (ERF) transcription factor named MdAP2-34 in apple (Malus domestica Borkh.). MdAP2-34 expression exhibited a close correlation with carotenoid content in 'Benin Shogun' and 'Yanfu 3' fruit flesh. MdAP2-34 promotes carotenoid accumulation in MdAP2-34-OVX transgenic apple calli and fruits by participating in the carotenoid biosynthesis pathway. The major carotenoid contents of phytoene and β-carotene were much higher in overexpressing MdAP2-34 transgenic calli and fruit skin, yet the predominant compound of lutein showed no obvious difference, indicating that MdAP2-34 regulates phytoene and β-carotene accumulation but not lutein. MdPSY2-1 (phytoene synthase 2) is a major gene in the carotenoid biosynthesis pathway in apple fruit, and the MdPSY2-1 gene is directly bound and transcriptionally activated by MdAP2-34. In addition, overexpressing MdPSY2-1 in apple calli mainly increases phytoene and total carotenoid contents. Our findings will advance and extend our understanding of the complex molecular mechanisms of carotenoid biosynthesis in apple, and this research is valuable for accelerating the apple breeding process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingyuan Dang
- Qingdao Key Lab of Modern Agriculture Quality and Safety Engineering, College of Horticulture, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China
| | - Haiyun Sha
- Qingdao Key Lab of Modern Agriculture Quality and Safety Engineering, College of Horticulture, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China
| | - Jiyun Nie
- Qingdao Key Lab of Modern Agriculture Quality and Safety Engineering, College of Horticulture, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China
| | - Yongzhang Wang
- Qingdao Key Lab of Modern Agriculture Quality and Safety Engineering, College of Horticulture, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China
| | - Yongbing Yuan
- Qingdao Key Lab of Modern Agriculture Quality and Safety Engineering, College of Horticulture, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China.
| | - Dongjie Jia
- Qingdao Key Lab of Modern Agriculture Quality and Safety Engineering, College of Horticulture, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China.
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21
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Identification of anthocyanins in the fruits of Kadsura coccinea using UPLC-MS/MS-based metabolomics. BIOCHEM SYST ECOL 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bse.2021.104324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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22
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Fang ZZ, Lin-Wang K, Zhou DR, Lin YJ, Jiang CC, Pan SL, Espley RV, Andre CM, Ye XF. Activation of PsMYB10.2 Transcription Causes Anthocyanin Accumulation in Flesh of the Red-Fleshed Mutant of 'Sanyueli' ( Prunus salicina Lindl.). FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:680469. [PMID: 34239526 PMCID: PMC8259629 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.680469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2021] [Accepted: 05/21/2021] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Plum is one of the most important stone fruits in the world and anthocyanin-rich plums are increasingly popular due to their health-promoting potential. In this study, we investigated the mechanisms of anthocyanin accumulation in the flesh of the red-fleshed mutant of the yellow-fleshed plum 'Sanyueli'. RNA-Seq and qRT-PCR showed that anthocyanin biosynthetic genes and the transcription factor PsMYB10.2 were upregulated in the flesh of the mutant. Functional testing in tobacco leaves indicated that PsMYB10.2 was an anthocyanin pathway activator and can activate the promoter of the anthocyanin biosynthetic genes PsUFGT and PsGST. The role of PsMYB10.2 in anthocyanin accumulation in the flesh of plum was further confirmed by virus-induced gene silencing. These results provide information for further elucidating the underlying mechanisms of anthocyanin accumulation in the flesh of plum and for the breeding of new red-fleshed plum cultivars.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Zhen Fang
- Fruit Research Institute, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou, China
- Fujian Engineering and Technology Research Center for Deciduous Fruit Trees, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou, China
| | - Kui Lin-Wang
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Mt Albert Research Centre, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Dan-Rong Zhou
- Fruit Research Institute, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou, China
- Fujian Engineering and Technology Research Center for Deciduous Fruit Trees, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou, China
| | - Yan-Juan Lin
- Fruit Research Institute, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou, China
- Fujian Engineering and Technology Research Center for Deciduous Fruit Trees, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou, China
| | - Cui-Cui Jiang
- Fruit Research Institute, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou, China
- Fujian Engineering and Technology Research Center for Deciduous Fruit Trees, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou, China
| | - Shao-Lin Pan
- Fruit Research Institute, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou, China
- Fujian Engineering and Technology Research Center for Deciduous Fruit Trees, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou, China
| | - Richard V. Espley
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Mt Albert Research Centre, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Christelle M. Andre
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Mt Albert Research Centre, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Xin-Fu Ye
- Fruit Research Institute, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou, China
- Fujian Engineering and Technology Research Center for Deciduous Fruit Trees, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou, China
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23
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Jia D, Wu P, Shen F, Li W, Zheng X, Wang Y, Yuan Y, Zhang X, Han Z. Genetic variation in the promoter of an R2R3-MYB transcription factor determines fruit malate content in apple (Malus domestica Borkh.). PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 186:549-568. [PMID: 33624810 PMCID: PMC8154052 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiab098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 02/13/2021] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Deciphering the mechanism of malate accumulation in apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) fruits can help to improve their flavor quality and enhance their benefits for human health. Here, we analyzed malate content as a quantitative trait that is determined mainly by genetic effects. In a previous study, we identified an R2R3-MYB transcription factor named MdMYB44 that was a candidate gene in qtl08.1 (quantitative trait locus mapped to chromosome 8) of fruit malate content. In the present study, we established that MdMYB44 negatively regulates fruit malate accumulation by repressing the promoter activity of the malate-associated genes Ma1 (Al-Activated Malate Transporter 9), Ma10 (P-type ATPase 10), MdVHA-A3 (V-type ATPase A3), and MdVHA-D2 (V-type ATPase D2). Two single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the MdMYB44 promoter, SNP A/G and SNP T/-, were experimentally shown to associate with fruit malate content. The TATA-box in the MdMYB44 promoter in the presence of SNP A enhances the basal activity of the MdMYB44 promoter. The binding of a basic-helix-loop-helix transcription factor MdbHLH49 to the MdMYB44 promoter was enhanced by the presence of SNP T, leading to increased MdMYB44 transcript levels and reduced malate accumulation. Furthermore, MdbHLH49 interacts with MdMYB44 and enhances MdMYB44 activity. The two SNPs could be used in combination to select for sour or non-sour apples, providing a valuable tool for the selection of fruit acidity by the apple breeding industry. This research is important for understanding the complex molecular mechanisms of fruit malate accumulation and accelerating the development of germplasm innovation in apple species and cultivars.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongjie Jia
- Qingdao Key Laboratory of Modern Agriculture Quality and Safety Engineering, College of Horticulture, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
| | - Peng Wu
- Qingdao Key Laboratory of Modern Agriculture Quality and Safety Engineering, College of Horticulture, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
| | - Fei Shen
- Beijing Agro-Biotechnology Research Center, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100097, China
| | - Wei Li
- College of Horticulture, Institute for Horticultural Plants, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Xiaodong Zheng
- Qingdao Key Laboratory of Modern Agriculture Quality and Safety Engineering, College of Horticulture, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
| | - Yongzhang Wang
- Qingdao Key Laboratory of Modern Agriculture Quality and Safety Engineering, College of Horticulture, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
| | - Yongbing Yuan
- Qingdao Key Laboratory of Modern Agriculture Quality and Safety Engineering, College of Horticulture, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
| | - Xinzhong Zhang
- College of Horticulture, Institute for Horticultural Plants, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Zhenhai Han
- College of Horticulture, Institute for Horticultural Plants, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
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