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Gao X, Liu M, Lei M, Kong Y, Xu X, Zhang Q. A Zn-MOF-based mixed matrix membrane as an ultrastable luminescent sensor for selective and visual detection of antibiotics and pesticides in food samples. Talanta 2024; 277:126303. [PMID: 38796929 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2024.126303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2024] [Revised: 05/07/2024] [Accepted: 05/20/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
The detection of antibiotics and pesticides are of great significance since their residues threaten the health of human beings by accumulation. However, most traditional solid chemical sensors are suffer from the limitations of low sensitivity and economic practicability because of the aggregating nature and unstable of solid sensors. Herein, a new luminescent sensor 1@PMMA (1, [(ZnL)·H2O]n (H2L = 5-(4-(pyridin-4-yl)benzamido)benzene-1,3-dioic acid); PMMA = poly(methyl methacrylate)) was successfully prepared. Notably, the polymer matrix provided the chemical protection for MOF particles. The as fabricated 1@PMMA was stable in milk, honey and egg as well as exhibited strong blue emission under ultraviolet light irradiation, which can act as luminescent probe for detecting antibiotics and pesticides. More interestingly, 1@PMMA exhibited visual, real-time and recyclable detection of antibiotics ornidazole (ODZ) and pesticides 2,6-dichloro-4-nitrobenzenamine (DCN) in real food samples. This work shows that the luminescent MOF-based mixed matrix membranes could be applied as good candidates for sensing analytes in practical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiuting Gao
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, Shandong 252059, China
| | - Mengying Liu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, Shandong 252059, China
| | - Mingyuan Lei
- Key Laboratory of Evidence Identification in Universities of Shandong Province, Shandong University of Political Science and Law, Jinan, Shandong 250014, China
| | - Yuxia Kong
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, Shandong 252059, China
| | - Xinjiang Xu
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Agricultural Resources Chemistry and Biotechnology, College of Chemistry and Food Science, Yulin Normal University, Yulin 537000, China
| | - Qingfu Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, Shandong 252059, China.
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2
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Paoli-Lombardo R, Primas N, Vanelle P. DprE1 and Ddn as promising therapeutic targets in the development of novel anti-tuberculosis nitroaromatic drugs. Eur J Med Chem 2024; 274:116559. [PMID: 38850856 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2024.116559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2024] [Revised: 05/17/2024] [Accepted: 05/20/2024] [Indexed: 06/10/2024]
Abstract
Tuberculosis remains the second deadliest infectious disease in humans and a public health threat due to the emergence of multidrug-resistant (MDR-TB) and extensively drug-resistant (XDR-TB) strains. Therefore, it is urgent to identify new anti-tuberculosis treatments and novel therapeutic targets to prevent the emergence of resistance. In recent years, the study of anti-tuberculosis properties of nitroaromatic compounds has led to the identification of two novel biological targets, the deazaflavin (F420)-dependent nitroreductase Ddn and the decaprenylphosphoryl-β-d-ribose 2'-epimerase DprE1. This review aims to show why Ddn and DprE1 are promising therapeutic targets and highlight nitroaromatic compounds interest in developing new anti-tuberculosis treatments active against MDR-TB and XDR-TB. Despite renewed interest in the development of new anti-tuberculosis nitroaromatic compounds, pharmaceutical companies often exclude nitro-containing molecules from their drug discovery programs because of their toxic and mutagenic potential. This exclusion results in missed opportunities to identify new nitroaromatic compounds and promising therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romain Paoli-Lombardo
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, ICR UMR 7273, Laboratoire de Pharmaco-Chimie Radicalaire, 13385, Marseille, France; AP-HM, Service Central de la Qualité et de l'Information Pharmaceutiques, 13005, Marseille, France
| | - Nicolas Primas
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, ICR UMR 7273, Laboratoire de Pharmaco-Chimie Radicalaire, 13385, Marseille, France; AP-HM, Service Central de la Qualité et de l'Information Pharmaceutiques, 13005, Marseille, France
| | - Patrice Vanelle
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, ICR UMR 7273, Laboratoire de Pharmaco-Chimie Radicalaire, 13385, Marseille, France; AP-HM, Service Central de la Qualité et de l'Information Pharmaceutiques, 13005, Marseille, France.
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3
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Marshall CM, Federice JG, Bell CN, Cox PB, Njardarson JT. An Update on the Nitrogen Heterocycle Compositions and Properties of U.S. FDA-Approved Pharmaceuticals (2013-2023). J Med Chem 2024; 67:11622-11655. [PMID: 38995264 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.4c01122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/13/2024]
Abstract
This Perspective is a continuation of our analysis of U.S. FDA-approved small-molecule drugs (1938-2012) containing nitrogen heterocycles. In this study we report drug structure and property analyses of 321 unique new small-molecule drugs approved from January 2013 to December 2023 as well as information about frequency of important heteroatoms such as sulfur and fluorine and key small nitrogen substituents (CN and NO2). The most notable change is an incredible increase in drugs containing at least one nitrogen heterocycle─82%, compared to 59% from preceding decades─as well as a significant increase in the number of nitrogen heterocycles per drug. Pyridine has claimed the #1 high-frequency nitrogen heterocycle occurrence spot from piperidine (#2), with pyrimidine (#5), pyrazole (#6), and morpholine (#9) being the big top 10 climbers. Also notable is high number of fused nitrogen heterocycles, apparently driven largely by newly approved cancer drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher M Marshall
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
| | - John G Federice
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
| | - Chloe N Bell
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
| | - Philip B Cox
- Discovery Research, AbbVie Inc., 1 North Waukegan Road, North Chicago, Illinois 60064, United States
| | - Jon T Njardarson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
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4
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Sadanala BD, Trivedi R. Ferrocenyl Azoles: Versatile N-Containing Heterocycles and their Anticancer Activities. CHEM REC 2024; 24:e202300347. [PMID: 38984727 DOI: 10.1002/tcr.202300347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2023] [Revised: 05/04/2024] [Indexed: 07/11/2024]
Abstract
The medicinal chemistry of ferrocene has gained its momentum after the discovery of biological activities of ferrocifen and ferroquine. These ferrocenyl drugs have been designed by replacing the aromatic moiety of the organic drugs, tamoxifen and chloroquine respectively, with a ferrocenyl unit. The promising biological activities of these ferrocenyl drugs have paved a path to explore the medicinal applications of several ferrocenyl conjugates. In these conjugates, the ferrocenyl moiety has played a vital role in enhancing or imparting the anticancer activity to the molecule. The ferrocenyl conjugates induce the cytotoxicity by generating reactive oxygen species and thereby damaging the DNA. In medicinal chemistry, the five membered nitrogen heterocycles (azoles) play a significant role due to their rigid ring structure and hydrogen bonding ability with the biomolecules. Several potent drug candidates with azole groups have been in use as chemotherapeutics. Considering the importance of ferrocenyl moiety and azole groups, several ferrocenyl azole conjugates have been synthesized and screened for their biological activities. Hence, in the view of a wide scope in the development of potent drugs based on ferrocenyl azole conjugates, herein we present the details of synthesis and the anticancer activities of ferrocenyl compounds bearing azole groups such as imidazole, triazoles, thiazole and isoxazoles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhavya Deepthi Sadanala
- Catalysis and Fine Chemicals Department, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad, Uppal Road, Tarnaka, Hyderabad, 500007, Telangana, India
- Present address, Department of Chemistry, Central University of Karnataka, Kalaburagi, 585367, Karnataka, India
| | - Rajiv Trivedi
- Catalysis and Fine Chemicals Department, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad, Uppal Road, Tarnaka, Hyderabad, 500007, Telangana, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, AcSIR, Headquarters, CSIR-HRDC campus Sector 19, Kamala Nehru Nagar, Ghaziabad, U.P., 201 002, India
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5
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Pelizaro BI, Batista JCZ, Portapilla GB, das Neves AR, Silva F, Carvalho DB, Shiguemoto CYK, Pessatto LR, Paredes-Gamero EJ, Cardoso IA, Luccas PH, Nonato MC, Lopes NP, Galvão F, Oliveira KMP, Cassemiro NS, Silva DB, Piranda EM, Arruda CCP, de Albuquerque S, Baroni ACM. Design and Synthesis of Novel 3-Nitro-1 H-1,2,4-triazole-1,2,3-triazole-1,4-disubstituted Analogs as Promising Antitrypanosomatid Agents: Evaluation of In Vitro Activity against Chagas Disease and Leishmaniasis. J Med Chem 2024; 67:2584-2601. [PMID: 38305199 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.3c01745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2024]
Abstract
A series of 28 compounds, 3-nitro-1H-1,2,4-triazole, were synthesized by click-chemistry with diverse substitution patterns using medicinal chemistry approaches, such as bioisosterism, Craig-plot, and the Topliss set with excellent yields. Overall, the analogs demonstrated relevant in vitro antitrypanosomatid activity. Analog 15g (R1 = 4-OCF3-Ph, IC50 = 0.09 μM, SI = >555.5) exhibited an outstanding antichagasic activity (Trypanosoma cruzi, Tulahuen LacZ strain) 68-fold more active than benznidazole (BZN, IC50 = 6.15 μM, SI = >8.13) with relevant selectivity index, and suitable LipE = 5.31. 15g was considered an appropriate substrate for the type I nitro reductases (TcNTR I), contributing to a likely potential mechanism of action for antichagasic activity. Finally, 15g showed nonmutagenic potential against Salmonella typhimurium strains (TA98, TA100, and TA102). Therefore, 3-nitro-1H-1,2,4-triazole 15g is a promising antitrypanosomatid candidate for in vivo studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno I Pelizaro
- Laboratório de Síntese e Química Medicinal (LASQUIM), Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Alimentos e Nutrição, Universidade Federal de Mato Grossso do Sul- UFMS, Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul CEP 79070-900, Brazil
| | - Jaqueline C Z Batista
- Laboratório de Parasitologia Humana, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Federal de Mato Grossso do Sul- UFMS, Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul CEP 79070-900,Brazil
| | - Gisele B Portapilla
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Toxicológicas e Bromatológicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo CEP 14040-900, Brazil
| | - Amarith R das Neves
- Laboratório de Síntese e Química Medicinal (LASQUIM), Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Alimentos e Nutrição, Universidade Federal de Mato Grossso do Sul- UFMS, Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul CEP 79070-900, Brazil
- Laboratório de Parasitologia Humana, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Federal de Mato Grossso do Sul- UFMS, Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul CEP 79070-900,Brazil
| | - Fernanda Silva
- Laboratório de Parasitologia Humana, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Federal de Mato Grossso do Sul- UFMS, Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul CEP 79070-900,Brazil
| | - Diego B Carvalho
- Laboratório de Síntese e Química Medicinal (LASQUIM), Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Alimentos e Nutrição, Universidade Federal de Mato Grossso do Sul- UFMS, Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul CEP 79070-900, Brazil
| | - Cristiane Y K Shiguemoto
- Laboratório de Síntese e Química Medicinal (LASQUIM), Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Alimentos e Nutrição, Universidade Federal de Mato Grossso do Sul- UFMS, Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul CEP 79070-900, Brazil
| | - Lucas R Pessatto
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular (BioMol) e Cultivos Celulares, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Alimentos e Nutrição, Universidade Federal do Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande,Mato Grosso do Sul CEP 79070-900 ,Brazil
| | - Edgar J Paredes-Gamero
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular (BioMol) e Cultivos Celulares, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Alimentos e Nutrição, Universidade Federal do Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande,Mato Grosso do Sul CEP 79070-900 ,Brazil
| | - Iara A Cardoso
- Laboratório de Cristalografia de Proteínas, Departamento de Ciências BioMoleculares, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Avenida do Café s/n Monte Alegre, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo CEP 14040-903 ,Brazil
| | - Pedro H Luccas
- Laboratório de Cristalografia de Proteínas, Departamento de Ciências BioMoleculares, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Avenida do Café s/n Monte Alegre, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo CEP 14040-903 ,Brazil
| | - M Cristina Nonato
- Laboratório de Cristalografia de Proteínas, Departamento de Ciências BioMoleculares, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Avenida do Café s/n Monte Alegre, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo CEP 14040-903 ,Brazil
| | - Norberto P Lopes
- Núcleo de Pesquisas em Produtos Naturais e Sintéticos, Departamento de Ciências Biomoleculares, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Avenida do Café s/n Monte Alegre, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo CEP 14040-903, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Galvão
- Faculdade de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal da Grande Dourados, Dourados, Mato Grosso do Sul CEP 79804-970, Brazil
| | - Kelly M P Oliveira
- Faculdade de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal da Grande Dourados, Dourados, Mato Grosso do Sul CEP 79804-970, Brazil
| | - Nadla S Cassemiro
- Laboratório de Produtos Naturais e Espectrometria de Massas (LAPNEM), Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Alimentos e Nutrição, Universidade Federal de Mato Grossso do Sul- UFMS, Campo Grande ,Mato Grosso do SulCEP 79070-900, Brazil
| | - Denise B Silva
- Laboratório de Produtos Naturais e Espectrometria de Massas (LAPNEM), Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Alimentos e Nutrição, Universidade Federal de Mato Grossso do Sul- UFMS, Campo Grande ,Mato Grosso do SulCEP 79070-900, Brazil
| | - Eliane M Piranda
- Laboratório de Parasitologia Humana, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Federal de Mato Grossso do Sul- UFMS, Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul CEP 79070-900,Brazil
| | - Carla C P Arruda
- Laboratório de Parasitologia Humana, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Federal de Mato Grossso do Sul- UFMS, Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul CEP 79070-900,Brazil
| | - Sergio de Albuquerque
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Toxicológicas e Bromatológicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo CEP 14040-900, Brazil
| | - Adriano C M Baroni
- Laboratório de Síntese e Química Medicinal (LASQUIM), Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Alimentos e Nutrição, Universidade Federal de Mato Grossso do Sul- UFMS, Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul CEP 79070-900, Brazil
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6
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Subbaiah MAM, Rautio J, Meanwell NA. Prodrugs as empowering tools in drug discovery and development: recent strategic applications of drug delivery solutions to mitigate challenges associated with lead compounds and drug candidates. Chem Soc Rev 2024; 53:2099-2210. [PMID: 38226865 DOI: 10.1039/d2cs00957a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2024]
Abstract
The delivery of a drug to a specific organ or tissue at an efficacious concentration is the pharmacokinetic (PK) hallmark of promoting effective pharmacological action at a target site with an acceptable safety profile. Sub-optimal pharmaceutical or ADME profiles of drug candidates, which can often be a function of inherently poor physicochemical properties, pose significant challenges to drug discovery and development teams and may contribute to high compound attrition rates. Medicinal chemists have exploited prodrugs as an informed strategy to productively enhance the profiles of new chemical entities by optimizing the physicochemical, biopharmaceutical, and pharmacokinetic properties as well as selectively delivering a molecule to the site of action as a means of addressing a range of limitations. While discovery scientists have traditionally employed prodrugs to improve solubility and membrane permeability, the growing sophistication of prodrug technologies has enabled a significant expansion of their scope and applications as an empowering tool to mitigate a broad range of drug delivery challenges. Prodrugs have emerged as successful solutions to resolve non-linear exposure, inadequate exposure to support toxicological studies, pH-dependent absorption, high pill burden, formulation challenges, lack of feasibility of developing solid and liquid dosage forms, first-pass metabolism, high dosing frequency translating to reduced patient compliance and poor site-specific drug delivery. During the period 2012-2022, the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved 50 prodrugs, which amounts to 13% of approved small molecule drugs, reflecting both the importance and success of implementing prodrug approaches in the pursuit of developing safe and effective drugs to address unmet medical needs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Murugaiah A M Subbaiah
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Biocon Bristol Myers Squibb R&D Centre, Biocon Park, Bommasandra Phase IV, Bangalore, PIN 560099, India.
| | - Jarkko Rautio
- School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Nicholas A Meanwell
- The Baruch S. Blumberg Institute, Doylestown, PA 18902, USA
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, The College of Pharmacy, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
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7
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Navarro-Peñaloza R, Anacleto-Santos J, Rivera-Fernández N, Sánchez-Bartez F, Gracia-Mora I, Caballero AB, Gamez P, Barba-Behrens N. Anti-toxoplasma activity and DNA-binding of copper(II) and zinc(II) coordination compounds with 5-nitroimidazole-based ligands. J Biol Inorg Chem 2024; 29:33-49. [PMID: 38099935 PMCID: PMC11001709 DOI: 10.1007/s00775-023-02029-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 04/10/2024]
Abstract
Tetrahedral copper(II) and zinc(II) coordination compounds from 5-nitroimidazole derivatives, viz. 1-(2-chloroethyl)-2-methyl-5-nitroimidazole (cenz) and ornidazole 1-(3-chloro-2-hydroxypropyl)-2-methyl-5-nitroimidazole (onz), were synthesized and spectroscopically characterized. Their molecular structures were determined by X-ray diffraction studies. The complexes [Cu(onz)2X2], [Zn(onz)2X2], [Cu(cenz)2X2] and [Zn(cenz)2X2] (X- = Cl, Br), are stable in solution and exhibit positive LogD7.4 values that are in the range for molecules capable of crossing the cell membrane via passive difussion. Their biological activity against Toxoplasma gondi was investigated, and IC50 and lethal dose (LD50) values were determined. The ornidazole copper(II) compounds showed very good antiparasitic activity in its tachyzoite morphology. The interaction of the coordination compounds with DNA was examined by circular dichroism, fluorescence (using intercalating ethidium bromide and minor groove binding Hoechst 33258) and UV-Vis spectroscopy. The copper(II) compounds interact with the minor groove of the biomolecule, whereas weaker electrostatic interactions take place with the zinc(II) compounds. The spectroscopic data achieved for the two series of complexes (namely with copper(II) and zinc(II) as metal center) agree with the respective DNA-damage features observed by gel electrophoresis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rubí Navarro-Peñaloza
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, Coyoacán, 04510, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Jhony Anacleto-Santos
- Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, Coyoacán, 04510, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Norma Rivera-Fernández
- Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, Coyoacán, 04510, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Francisco Sánchez-Bartez
- Unidad de Investigación Preclínica (UNIPREC), Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, Coyoacán, 04510, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Isabel Gracia-Mora
- Unidad de Investigación Preclínica (UNIPREC), Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, Coyoacán, 04510, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Ana B Caballero
- nanoBIC, Departament de Química Inorgànica i Orgànica, Secció Química Inorgànica,, Universitat de Barcelona, Martí i Franquès 1-11, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
- Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (IN2UB), Universitat de Barcelona, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Patrick Gamez
- nanoBIC, Departament de Química Inorgànica i Orgànica, Secció Química Inorgànica,, Universitat de Barcelona, Martí i Franquès 1-11, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
- Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (IN2UB), Universitat de Barcelona, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
- Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA), Passeig Lluís Companys 23, 08010, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Norah Barba-Behrens
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, Coyoacán, 04510, Mexico City, Mexico.
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8
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Hamid A, Mäser P, Mahmoud AB. Drug Repurposing in the Chemotherapy of Infectious Diseases. Molecules 2024; 29:635. [PMID: 38338378 PMCID: PMC10856722 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29030635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2023] [Revised: 01/18/2024] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Repurposing is a universal mechanism for innovation, from the evolution of feathers to the invention of Velcro tape. Repurposing is particularly attractive for drug development, given that it costs more than a billion dollars and takes longer than ten years to make a new drug from scratch. The COVID-19 pandemic has triggered a large number of drug repurposing activities. At the same time, it has highlighted potential pitfalls, in particular when concessions are made to the target product profile. Here, we discuss the pros and cons of drug repurposing for infectious diseases and analyze different ways of repurposing. We distinguish between opportunistic and rational approaches, i.e., just saving time and money by screening compounds that are already approved versus repurposing based on a particular target that is common to different pathogens. The latter can be further distinguished into divergent and convergent: points of attack that are divergent share common ancestry (e.g., prokaryotic targets in the apicoplast of malaria parasites), whereas those that are convergent arise from a shared lifestyle (e.g., the susceptibility of bacteria, parasites, and tumor cells to antifolates due to their high rate of DNA synthesis). We illustrate how such different scenarios can be capitalized on by using examples of drugs that have been repurposed to, from, or within the field of anti-infective chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amal Hamid
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Khartoum, Khartoum 11111, Sudan;
| | - Pascal Mäser
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Infection Biology, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Allschwil, 4123 Basel, Switzerland
- Faculty of Science, University of Basel, 4001 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Abdelhalim Babiker Mahmoud
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Khartoum, Khartoum 11111, Sudan;
- Department of Microbial Natural Products, Helmholtz Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland, 66123 Saarbruecken, Germany
- Department of Microbial Drugs, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
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9
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Joyce SA, Clarke DJ. Microbial metabolites as modulators of host physiology. Adv Microb Physiol 2024; 84:83-133. [PMID: 38821635 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ampbs.2023.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2024]
Abstract
The gut microbiota is increasingly recognised as a key player in influencing human health and changes in the gut microbiota have been strongly linked with many non-communicable conditions in humans such as type 2 diabetes, obesity and cardiovascular disease. However, characterising the molecular mechanisms that underpin these associations remains an important challenge for researchers. The gut microbiota is a complex microbial community that acts as a metabolic interface to transform ingested food (and other xenobiotics) into metabolites that are detected in the host faeces, urine and blood. Many of these metabolites are only produced by microbes and there is accumulating evidence to suggest that these microbe-specific metabolites do act as effectors to influence human physiology. For example, the gut microbiota can digest dietary complex polysaccharides (such as fibre) into short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) such as acetate, propionate and butyrate that have a pervasive role in host physiology from nutrition to immune function. In this review we will outline our current understanding of the role of some key microbial metabolites, such as SCFA, indole and bile acids, in human health. Whilst many studies linking microbial metabolites with human health are correlative we will try to highlight examples where genetic evidence is available to support a specific role for a microbial metabolite in host health and well-being.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan A Joyce
- School of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - David J Clarke
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; School of Microbiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.
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10
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Fan C, Zhou F, Huang W, Xue Y, Xu C, Zhang R, Xian M, Feng X. Characterization of an efficient N-oxygenase from Saccharothrix sp. and its application in the synthesis of azomycin. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS AND BIOPRODUCTS 2023; 16:194. [PMID: 38104149 PMCID: PMC10724926 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-023-02446-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Accepted: 12/08/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The nitro group constitutes a significant functional moiety within numerous valuable substances, such as nitroimidazoles, a class of antimicrobial drugs exhibiting broad spectrum activity. Conventional chemical methods for synthesizing nitro compounds suffer from harsh conditions, multiple steps, and environmental issues. Biocatalysis has emerged as a promising alternative to overcome these drawbacks, with certain enzymes capable of catalyzing nitro group formation gradually being discovered in nature. Nevertheless, the practical application is hindered by the restricted diversity and low catalytic activity exhibited by the reported nitrifying enzymes. RESULTS A novel N-oxygenase SaRohS harboring higher catalytic capability of transformation 2-aminoimidazole to azomycin was characterized from Saccharothrix sp. Phylogenetic tree analysis revealed that SaRohS belongs to the heme-oxygenase-like diiron oxygenase (HDOs) family. SaRohS exhibited optimal activity at pH 5.5 and 25 ℃, respectively. The enzyme maintained relatively stable activity within the pH range of 4.5 to 6.5 and the temperature range of 20 ℃ to 35 ℃. Following sequence alignment and structural analysis, several promising amino acid residues were meticulously chosen for catalytic performance evaluation. Site-directed mutations showed that threonine 75 was essential for the catalytic activity. The dual mutant enzyme G95A/K115T exhibited the highest catalytic efficiency, which was approximately 5.8-fold higher than that of the wild-type and 22.3-fold higher than that of the reported N-oxygenase KaRohS from Kitasatospora azatica. The underlying catalytic mechanism was investigated through molecular docking and molecular dynamics. Finally, whole-cell biocatalysis was performed and 2-aminoimidazole could be effectively converted into azomycin with a reaction conversion rate of 42% within 14 h. CONCLUSIONS An efficient N-oxygenase that catalyzes 2-aminoimidazole to azomycin was screened form Saccharothrix sp., its phylogenetics and enzymatic properties were analyzed. Through site-directed mutation, enhancements in catalytic competence were achieved, and the molecular basis underlying the enhanced enzymatic activity of the mutants was revealed via molecular docking and dynamic simulation. Furthermore, the application potential of this enzyme was assessed through whole cell biocatalysis, demonstrating it as a promising alternative method for azomycin production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuanle Fan
- CAS Key Laboratory of Biobased Materials, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266101, China
- Shandong Energy Institute, Qingdao, 266101, China
- Qingdao New Energy Shandong Laboratory, Qingdao, 266101, China
| | - Fang Zhou
- CAS Key Laboratory of Biobased Materials, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266101, China
- Shandong Energy Institute, Qingdao, 266101, China
- Qingdao New Energy Shandong Laboratory, Qingdao, 266101, China
| | - Wei Huang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Biobased Materials, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266101, China
- Shandong Energy Institute, Qingdao, 266101, China
- Qingdao New Energy Shandong Laboratory, Qingdao, 266101, China
| | - Yi Xue
- CAS Key Laboratory of Biobased Materials, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266101, China
- Shandong Energy Institute, Qingdao, 266101, China
- Qingdao New Energy Shandong Laboratory, Qingdao, 266101, China
| | - Chao Xu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Biobased Materials, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266101, China
- Shandong Energy Institute, Qingdao, 266101, China
- Qingdao New Energy Shandong Laboratory, Qingdao, 266101, China
| | - Rubing Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Biobased Materials, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266101, China
- Shandong Energy Institute, Qingdao, 266101, China
- Qingdao New Energy Shandong Laboratory, Qingdao, 266101, China
| | - Mo Xian
- CAS Key Laboratory of Biobased Materials, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266101, China.
- Shandong Energy Institute, Qingdao, 266101, China.
- Qingdao New Energy Shandong Laboratory, Qingdao, 266101, China.
| | - Xinjun Feng
- CAS Key Laboratory of Biobased Materials, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266101, China.
- Shandong Energy Institute, Qingdao, 266101, China.
- Qingdao New Energy Shandong Laboratory, Qingdao, 266101, China.
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11
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Carvalho DB, Costa PAN, Portapilla GB, das Neves AR, Shiguemoto CYK, Pelizaro BI, Silva F, Piranda EM, Arruda CCP, Gaspari PDM, Cardoso IA, Luccas PH, Nonato MC, Lopes NP, de Albuquerque S, Baroni ACM. Design, synthesis and antitrypanosomatid activity of 2-nitroimidazole-3,5-disubstituted isoxazole compounds based on benznidazole. Eur J Med Chem 2023; 260:115451. [PMID: 37573209 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2023.115451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2022] [Revised: 05/02/2023] [Accepted: 05/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/14/2023]
Abstract
Chagas disease and leishmaniasis are neglected diseases of high priority as a public health problem. Pharmacotherapy is based on the administration of a few drugs, which exhibit hazardous adverse effects and toxicity to the patients. Thus, the search for new antitrypanosomatid drugs is imperative to overcome the limitations of the treatments. In this work, 46 2-nitroimidazole 3,5-disubstituted isoxazole compounds were synthesized in good yields by [3 + 2] cycloaddition reaction between terminal acetylene (propargyl-2-nitroimidazole) and chloro-oximes. The compounds were non-toxic to LLC-MK2 cells. Compounds 30, 35, and 44 showed in vitro antichagasic activity, 15-fold, 12-fold, and 10-fold, respectively, more active than benznidazole (BZN). Compounds 30, 35, 44, 45, 53, and 61 acted as substrates for the TcNTR enzyme, indicating that this might be one of the mechanisms of action involved in their antiparasitic activity. Piperazine series and 4-monosubstituted compounds were potent against T. cruzi parasites. Besides the in vitro activity observed in compound 45, the in vivo assay showed that the compound only reduced the parasitemia levels by the seventh-day post-infection (77%, p > 0.001) compared to the control group. However, 45 significantly reduced the parasite load in cardiac tissue (p < 0.01) 11 days post-infection. Compounds 49, 52, and 54 showed antileishmanial activity against intracellular amastigotes of Leishmania (L.) amazonensis at the same range as amphotericin B. These findings highlight the antitrypanosomatid properties of 2-nitroimidazole 3,5-disubstituted isoxazole compounds and the possibility in using them as antitrypanosomatid agents in further studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego B Carvalho
- Laboratório de Síntese e Química Medicinal (LASQUIM), Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Alimentos e Nutrição, Universidade Federal de Mato Grossso do Sul- UFMS, Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, CEP 79051-470, Brazil
| | - Pedro A N Costa
- Laboratório de Síntese e Química Medicinal (LASQUIM), Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Alimentos e Nutrição, Universidade Federal de Mato Grossso do Sul- UFMS, Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, CEP 79051-470, Brazil; Laboratório de Parasitologia Humana, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Federal de Mato Grossso do Sul- UFMS, Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, CEP 79070-900, Brazil
| | - Gisele B Portapilla
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Toxicológicas e Bromatológicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto - Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, CEP 14040-900, Brazil
| | - Amarith R das Neves
- Laboratório de Síntese e Química Medicinal (LASQUIM), Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Alimentos e Nutrição, Universidade Federal de Mato Grossso do Sul- UFMS, Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, CEP 79051-470, Brazil; Laboratório de Parasitologia Humana, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Federal de Mato Grossso do Sul- UFMS, Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, CEP 79070-900, Brazil
| | - Cristiane Y K Shiguemoto
- Laboratório de Síntese e Química Medicinal (LASQUIM), Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Alimentos e Nutrição, Universidade Federal de Mato Grossso do Sul- UFMS, Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, CEP 79051-470, Brazil
| | - Bruno I Pelizaro
- Laboratório de Síntese e Química Medicinal (LASQUIM), Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Alimentos e Nutrição, Universidade Federal de Mato Grossso do Sul- UFMS, Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, CEP 79051-470, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Silva
- Laboratório de Parasitologia Humana, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Federal de Mato Grossso do Sul- UFMS, Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, CEP 79070-900, Brazil
| | - Eliane M Piranda
- Laboratório de Parasitologia Humana, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Federal de Mato Grossso do Sul- UFMS, Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, CEP 79070-900, Brazil
| | - Carla C P Arruda
- Laboratório de Parasitologia Humana, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Federal de Mato Grossso do Sul- UFMS, Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, CEP 79070-900, Brazil
| | - Priscyla D M Gaspari
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Avenida do Café s/n Monte Alegre, CEP 14040-903, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Iara A Cardoso
- Laboratório de Cristalografia de Proteínas, Departamento de Ciências BioMoleculares, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Avenida do Café s/n Monte Alegre, CEP 14040-903, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Pedro H Luccas
- Laboratório de Cristalografia de Proteínas, Departamento de Ciências BioMoleculares, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Avenida do Café s/n Monte Alegre, CEP 14040-903, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - M Cristina Nonato
- Laboratório de Cristalografia de Proteínas, Departamento de Ciências BioMoleculares, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Avenida do Café s/n Monte Alegre, CEP 14040-903, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Norberto P Lopes
- Núcleo de Pesquisas em Produtos Naturais e Sintéticos, Departamento de Ciências Biomoleculares, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Avenida do Café s/n Monte Alegre, Ribeirão Preto, SP, CEP 14040-903, Brazil
| | - Sergio de Albuquerque
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Toxicológicas e Bromatológicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto - Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, CEP 14040-900, Brazil
| | - Adriano C M Baroni
- Laboratório de Síntese e Química Medicinal (LASQUIM), Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Alimentos e Nutrição, Universidade Federal de Mato Grossso do Sul- UFMS, Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, CEP 79051-470, Brazil.
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12
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Zhang H, Zhang S, Li Y, Li L, Hou X. Biochar/sodium alginate mixed matrix membrane as adsorbent for in-syringe solid-phase extraction towards trace nitroimidazoles in water samples prior to ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry analysis. J Sep Sci 2023; 46:e2300316. [PMID: 37688330 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202300316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Revised: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 09/03/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023]
Abstract
In the present work, the herb (Poria cocos (Schw.) Wolf) residue, as an environmentally friendly and renewable biomass source, was converted into novel biochar. Biochar/sodium alginate mixed matrix membrane was fabricated. On this basis, a biochar/sodium alginate mixed matrix membrane-based in-syringe solid-phase extraction was developed combined with ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry to determine nitroimidazoles in water samples. The factors including times of exaction, type, and volume of elution solvent, and sample solution pH were thoroughly optimized. Then the correlation coefficient was 0.9995-0.9997. The limit of detection of four analytes was between 0.006 and 0.014 ng/mL, and the recovery was between 79.02% and 99.1%. Consequently, the established method would provide a new perspective on monitoring nitroimidazoles in water samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyu Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, P. R. China
| | - Sijia Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, P. R. China
| | - Yingying Li
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, P. R. China
| | - Lin Li
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, P. R. China
| | - Xiaohong Hou
- School of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, P. R. China
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13
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Koh AJJ, Thombare V, Hussein M, Rao GG, Li J, Velkov T. Bifunctional antibiotic hybrids: A review of clinical candidates. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1158152. [PMID: 37397488 PMCID: PMC10313405 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1158152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 06/02/2023] [Indexed: 07/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Antibiotic resistance is a top threat to human health and a priority across the globe. This problematic issue is accompanied by the decline of new antibiotics in the pipeline over the past 30 years. In this context, an urgent need to develop new strategies to combat antimicrobial resistance is in great demand. Lately, among the possible approaches used to deal with antimicrobial resistance is the covalent ligation of two antibiotic pharmacophores that target the bacterial cells through a dissimilar mode of action into a single hybrid molecule, namely hybrid antibiotics. This strategy exhibits several advantages, including better antibacterial activity, overcoming the existing resistance towards individual antibiotics, and may ultimately delay the onset of bacterial resistance. This review sheds light on the latest development of the dual antibiotic hybrids pipeline, their potential mechanisms of action, and challenges in their use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Augustine Jing Jie Koh
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIP, Australia
| | - Varsha Thombare
- Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Department of Pharmacology, Monash University, Parkville, VIP, Australia
| | - Maytham Hussein
- Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Department of Pharmacology, Monash University, Parkville, VIP, Australia
| | - Gauri G. Rao
- Division of Pharmacotherapy and Experimental Therapeutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Jian Li
- Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Parkville, VIP, Australia
| | - Tony Velkov
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIP, Australia
- Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Department of Pharmacology, Monash University, Parkville, VIP, Australia
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14
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Giacomazzo GE, Conti L, Fagorzi C, Pagliai M, Andreini C, Guerri A, Perito B, Mengoni A, Valtancoli B, Giorgi C. Ruthenium(II) Polypyridyl Complexes and Metronidazole Derivatives: A Powerful Combination in the Design of Photoresponsive Antibacterial Agents Effective under Hypoxic Conditions. Inorg Chem 2023; 62:7716-7727. [PMID: 37163381 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.3c00214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Ruthenium(II) polypyridyl complexes (RPCs) are gaining momentum in photoactivated chemotherapy (PACT), thanks to the possibility of overcoming the classical reliance on molecular oxygen of photodynamic therapy while preserving the selective drug activation by using light. However, notwithstanding the intriguing perspectives, the translation of such an approach in the development of new antimicrobials has been only barely considered. Herein, MTZH-1 and MTZH-2, two novel analogues of metronidazole (MTZ), a mainstay drug in the treatment of anaerobic bacterial infections, were designed and inserted in the strained ruthenium complexes [Ru(tpy)(dmp)(MTZ-1)]PF6 (Ru2) and [Ru(tpy)(dmp)(MTZ-2)]PF6 (Ru3) (tpy = terpyridine, dmp = 2,9-dimethyl-1,10-phenanthroline) (Chart 1). Analogously to the parental compound [Ru(tpy)(dmp)(5NIM)]PF6 (Ru1) (5-nitroimidazolate), the Ru(II)-imidazolate coordination of MTZ derivatives resulted in promising Ru(II) photocages, capable to easily unleash the bioactive ligands upon light irradiation and increase the antibacterial activity against Bacillus subtilis, which was chosen as a model of Gram-positive bacteria. The photoreleased 5-nitroimidazole-based ligands led to remarkable phototoxicities under hypoxic conditions (<1% O2), with the lead compound Ru3 that exhibited the highest potency across the series, being comparable to the one of the clinical drug MTZ. Besides, the chemical architectures of MTZ derivatives made their interaction with NimAunfavorable, being NimA a model of reductases responsible for bacterial resistance against 5-nitroimidazole-based antibiotics, thus hinting at their possible use to combat antimicrobial resistance. This work may therefore provide fundamental knowledge in the design of novel photoresponsive tools to be used in the fight against infectious diseases. For the first time, the effectiveness of the "photorelease antimicrobial therapy" under therapeutically relevant hypoxic conditions was demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gina Elena Giacomazzo
- Department of Chemistry "Ugo Schiff", University of Florence, Via della Lastruccia 3, Sesto Fiorentino, 50019 Firenze, Italy
| | - Luca Conti
- Department of Chemistry "Ugo Schiff", University of Florence, Via della Lastruccia 3, Sesto Fiorentino, 50019 Firenze, Italy
| | - Camilla Fagorzi
- Department of Biology, University of Florence, Via Madonna del Piano 6, Sesto Fiorentino, 50019 Firenze, Italy
| | - Marco Pagliai
- Department of Chemistry "Ugo Schiff", University of Florence, Via della Lastruccia 3, Sesto Fiorentino, 50019 Firenze, Italy
| | - Claudia Andreini
- Department of Chemistry "Ugo Schiff", University of Florence, Via della Lastruccia 3, Sesto Fiorentino, 50019 Firenze, Italy
- Magnetic Resonance Center (CERM), University of Florence, Via Luigi Sacconi 6, Sesto Fiorentino, 50019 Firenze, Italy
| | - Annalisa Guerri
- Department of Chemistry "Ugo Schiff", University of Florence, Via della Lastruccia 3, Sesto Fiorentino, 50019 Firenze, Italy
| | - Brunella Perito
- Department of Biology, University of Florence, Via Madonna del Piano 6, Sesto Fiorentino, 50019 Firenze, Italy
| | - Alessio Mengoni
- Department of Biology, University of Florence, Via Madonna del Piano 6, Sesto Fiorentino, 50019 Firenze, Italy
| | - Barbara Valtancoli
- Department of Chemistry "Ugo Schiff", University of Florence, Via della Lastruccia 3, Sesto Fiorentino, 50019 Firenze, Italy
| | - Claudia Giorgi
- Department of Chemistry "Ugo Schiff", University of Florence, Via della Lastruccia 3, Sesto Fiorentino, 50019 Firenze, Italy
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15
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Wood GE, Kim CM, Aguila LKT, Cichewicz RH. In Vitro Susceptibility and Resistance of Mycoplasma genitalium to Nitroimidazoles. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2023; 67:e0000623. [PMID: 37070857 PMCID: PMC10112249 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00006-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycoplasma genitalium is a sexually transmitted reproductive tract pathogen of men and women. M. genitalium infections are increasingly difficult to treat due to poor efficacy of doxycycline and acquired resistance to azithromycin and moxifloxacin. A recent clinical trial suggested that metronidazole may improve cure rates for women with pelvic inflammatory disease and reduced the detection of M. genitalium when included with standard doxycycline plus ceftriaxone treatment. As data regarding susceptibility of mycoplasmas to nitroimidazoles are lacking in the scientific literature, we determined the in vitro susceptibility of 10 M. genitalium strains to metronidazole, secnidazole, and tinidazole. MICs ranged from 1.6 to 12.5 μg/mL for metronidazole, 3.1 to 12.5 μg/mL for secnidazole, and 0.8 to 6.3 μg/mL for tinidazole. None of these agents was synergistic with doxycycline in checkerboard broth microdilution assays. Tinidazole was superior to metronidazole and secnidazole in terms of MIC and time-kill kinetics and was bactericidal (>99.9% killing) at concentrations below reported serum concentrations. Mutations associated with nitroimidazole resistance were identified by whole-genome sequencing of spontaneous resistant mutants, suggesting a mechanism for reductive activation of the nitroimidazole prodrug by a predicted NAD(P)H-dependent flavin mononucleotide (FMN) oxidoreductase. The presence of oxygen did not affect MICs of wild-type M. genitalium, but a nitroimidazole-resistant mutant was defective for growth under anaerobic conditions, suggesting that resistant mutants may have a fitness disadvantage in anaerobic genital sites. Clinical studies are needed to determine if nitroimidazoles, especially tinidazole, are effective for eradicating M. genitalium infections in men and women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gwendolyn E Wood
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Caroline M Kim
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Laarni Kendra T Aguila
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Robert H Cichewicz
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma, USA
- Natural Products Discovery Group, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma, USA
- Institute for Natural Products Applications and Research Technologies, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma, USA
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16
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Beteck RM, Isaacs M, Legoabe LJ, Hoppe HC, Tam CC, Kim JH, Petzer JP, Cheng LW, Quiambao Q, Land KM, Khanye SD. Synthesis and in vitro antiprotozoal evaluation of novel metronidazole-Schiff base hybrids. Arch Pharm (Weinheim) 2023; 356:e2200409. [PMID: 36446720 DOI: 10.1002/ardp.202200409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Revised: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
Herein we report the synthesis of 21 novel small molecules inspired by metronidazole and Schiff base compounds. The compounds were evaluated against Trichomonas vaginalis and cross-screened against other pathogenic protozoans of clinical relevance. Most of these compounds were potent against T. vaginalis, exhibiting IC50 values < 5 µM. Compound 20, the most active compound against T. vaginalis, exhibited an IC50 value of 3.4 µM. A few compounds also exhibited activity against Plasmodium falciparum and Trypanosomal brucei brucei, with compound 6 exhibiting an IC50 value of 0.7 µM against P. falciparum and compound 22 exhibiting an IC50 value of 1.4 µM against T.b. brucei. Compound 22 is a broad-spectrum antiprotozoal agent, showing activities against all three pathogenic protozoans under investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard M Beteck
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Centre of Excellence for Pharmaceutical Sciences (Pharmacen), North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
| | - Michelle Isaacs
- Centre for Chemico- and Biomedical Research, Rhodes University, Makhanda, South Africa
| | - Lesetja J Legoabe
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Centre of Excellence for Pharmaceutical Sciences (Pharmacen), North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
| | - Heinrich C Hoppe
- Centre for Chemico- and Biomedical Research, Rhodes University, Makhanda, South Africa.,Faculty of Science, Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Rhodes University, Makhanda, South Africa
| | - Christina C Tam
- Foodborne Toxin Detection and Prevention Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Albany, California, USA
| | - Jong H Kim
- Foodborne Toxin Detection and Prevention Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Albany, California, USA
| | - Jacobus P Petzer
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Centre of Excellence for Pharmaceutical Sciences (Pharmacen), North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
| | - Luisa W Cheng
- Foodborne Toxin Detection and Prevention Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Albany, California, USA
| | - Quincel Quiambao
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of the Pacific, Stockton, California, USA
| | - Kirkwood M Land
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of the Pacific, Stockton, California, USA
| | - Setshaba D Khanye
- Centre for Chemico- and Biomedical Research, Rhodes University, Makhanda, South Africa.,Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Rhodes University, Makhanda, South Africa
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17
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Ma L, Zeng W, Tan Z, Wang R, Yang Y, Lin S, Li F, Wang S. Activated Hepatic Nuclear Factor-κB in Experimental Colitis Regulates CYP2A5 and Metronidazole Disposition. Mol Pharm 2023; 20:1222-1229. [PMID: 36583631 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.2c00890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Systemic exposure of metronidazole is increased in patients with inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs), while the underlying mechanism remains unknown. Here, we aim to decipher the mechanisms by which experimental colitis regulates metronidazole disposition in mice. We first confirmed that the systemic exposure of metronidazole was elevated in dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced experimental colitis. Hepatic microsomal incubation with metronidazole revealed that the production rate of 2-hydroxymetronidazole was inhibited, suggestive of a diminished hydroxylation reaction upon colitis. Remarkably, the hydroxylation reaction of metronidazole was selectively catalyzed by CYP2A5, which was downregulated in the liver of colitis mice. In addition, hepatic nuclear factor (NF)-κB (a prototypical and critical signaling pathway in inflammation) was activated in colitis mice. Luciferase reporter and chromatin immunoprecipitation assay indicated that NF-κB downregulated Cyp2a5 transcription through binding to an NF-κB binding site (-1711 to -1720 bp) in the promoter. We further verified that the regulatory effects of colitis on CYP2A5 depended on the disease itself rather than the DSS compound. First, one-day administration of DSS did not alter mRNA and protein levels of CYP2A5. Moreover, CYP2A5 was suppressed in the Il-10-/- spontaneously developing colitis model. Furthermore, Cyp2a5 expression was downregulated in both groups of mice with modest or severe colitis, whereas the expression change was much more significant in severe colitis as compared to modest colitis. Altogether, activated hepatic NF-κB in experimental colitis regulates CYP2A5 and metronidazole disposition, revealing the mechanism of pharmacokinetic instability under IBDs, and providing a theoretical foundation for rational drug use in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luyao Ma
- Institute of Molecular Rhythm and Metabolism, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Wanying Zeng
- Institute of Molecular Rhythm and Metabolism, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Zhiyi Tan
- Guangzhou Customs Technology Center, Guangzhou 510623, China
| | - Rui Wang
- The Third Clinical Medical College, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang 453003, China
| | - Yi Yang
- Department of Bariatric Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou 510630, China
| | - Shubin Lin
- Institute of Molecular Rhythm and Metabolism, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Feng Li
- Infectious Diseases Institute, Guangzhou Eighth People's Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510440, China
| | - Shuai Wang
- Institute of Molecular Rhythm and Metabolism, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, China
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18
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Li L, Li Y, Zhang S, Wang T, Hou X. Monolithic and compressible MIL-101(Cr)/cellulose aerogel/melamine sponge based microextraction in packed syringe towards trace nitroimidazoles in water samples prior to UPLC-MS/MS analysis. Talanta 2023; 253:123935. [PMID: 36122434 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2022.123935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Revised: 09/05/2022] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
In this study, MIL-101(Cr)/cellulose aerogel/melamine sponge composite was fabricated through a simple soaking method. The composite was packed in the syringe barrel and used as the sorbent for microextraction in packed syringe. Coupled to UPLC-MS/MS, the proposed method was employed for the analysis of trace nitroimidazoles in water samples. The parameters affecting the extraction efficiency, including sorbent type, pH value of sample solution, sample solution volume and elution solvent were optimized. Under the optimal conditions, good linearity (r > 0.99 for five analytes), high sensitivity (limit of detection: 8.250-16.33 ng L-1), ideal precision (intra-day precision: 1.1%-5.3%, inter-day precision: 1.8%-6.7%) and satisfactory accuracy (recovery: 70.4%-96.7%) were achieved. The proposed method was proved to be efficient, easily operative and environmentally friendly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Li
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, 110016, People's Republic of China
| | - Yingying Li
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, 110016, People's Republic of China
| | - Sijia Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, 110016, People's Republic of China
| | - Ting Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, 110016, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaohong Hou
- School of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, 110016, People's Republic of China.
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19
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Hart CJS, Riches AG, Tiash S, Clapper E, Ramu S, Zuegg J, Ryan JH, Skinner-Adams TS. A Subset Screen of the Compounds Australia Scaffold Library Identifies 7-Acylaminodibenzoxazepinones as Potent and Selective Hits for Anti- Giardia Drug Discovery. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10123182. [PMID: 36551938 PMCID: PMC9775191 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10123182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2022] [Revised: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
On an annual basis the flagellate protozoan, Giardia duodenalis, is responsible for an estimated one billion human infections of which approximately two hundred million cause disease. However, the treatment of Giardia infections is reliant on a small group of chemotherapeutic classes that have a broad spectrum of antimicrobial activity and increasing treatment failure rates. To improve this situation, we need new drugs. In this study we screened the Compounds Australia Scaffolds Library for compounds with potent and selective activity against these parasites. Unlike previous drug discovery efforts that have focused on drug repurposing, this library is comprised of commercially available synthetic compounds arranged into lead-like scaffolds to facilitate structure activity relationship assessments and de novo drug discovery. A screen of 2451 compounds in this library identified 40 hits (>50% inhibitory activity at 10 µM, over 48 h). Secondary testing identified three compounds with IC50 values <1 μM and >50-fold selectivity for parasites over mammalian cells and a hit series, CL9406, comprising compounds with potent (lowest IC50 180 nM) and selective activity for Giardia parasites. The most promising compound in this series, SN00797640, displayed selective activity against assemblage A, B, and metronidazole resistant parasites which was parasiticidal (minimum lethal concentration 625 nM) and synergistic with albendazole. SN00797640 was well-tolerated when administered to mice at doses of 50 mg/kg daily for three days paving the way for pre-clinical in vivo activity assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher J. S. Hart
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Andrew G. Riches
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization, Biomedical Manufacturing, Clayton, VIC 3168, Australia
| | - Snigdha Tiash
- Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Nathan, QLD 4111, Australia
| | - Erin Clapper
- Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Nathan, QLD 4111, Australia
| | - Soumya Ramu
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Johannes Zuegg
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - John H. Ryan
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization, Biomedical Manufacturing, Clayton, VIC 3168, Australia
| | - Tina S. Skinner-Adams
- Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Nathan, QLD 4111, Australia
- Correspondence:
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20
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Synthesis, characterization and in vitro cytotoxicity of ruthenium(II) metronidazole complexes: Cell cycle arrest at G1/S transition and apoptosis induction in MCF-7 cells. J Inorg Biochem 2022; 237:112022. [PMID: 36244314 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2022.112022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Revised: 09/25/2022] [Accepted: 10/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Ruthenium compounds are known to be potential drug candidates since they offer the potential for reduced toxicity. Furthermore, the various oxidation states, different mechanisms of action and ligand substitution kinetics give them advantages over platinum-based complexes, making them suitable for use in biological applications. So, herein, novel ruthenium(II) complexes with metronidazole as ligand were obtained [RuCl(MTNZ)(dppb)(4,4'-Mebipy)]PF6 (1), [RuCl(MTNZ)(dppb)(4,4'-Methoxybipy)]PF6 (2), [RuCl(MTNZ)(dppb)(bipy)]PF6 (3) and [RuCl(MTNZ)(dppb)(phen)]PF6 (4) where, MTNZ = metronidazole, dppb = 1,4-bis(diphenylphosphino)butane, 4,4'-Mebipy = 4,4'-dimethyl-2,2'-bipyridine, 4,4'-Methoxybipy = 4,4'-dimethoxy-2,2'-bipyridine, bipy = 2,2'-bipyridine and phen = 1,10-phenanthroline. The complexes were characterized by elemental analysis, molar conductivity, infrared and UV-Vis spectroscopy, cyclic voltammetry, 31P{1H}, 1H, 13C{1H} and Dept 135 NMR and mass spectrometry. The interaction of complexes 1-4 with DNA was evaluated, and their cytotoxicity profiles were determined on four different tumor cell lines derived from human cancers (SK-MEL-147, melanoma; HepG2, hepatocarcinoma; MCF-7, estrogen-positive breast cancer; A549, non-small cell lung cancer). We demonstrated that complexes (1) and (3) are promising antitumor agents once inhibited the proliferative behavior of MCF-7 cells and induced apoptosis.
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Reinhardt T, Lee KM, Niederegger L, Hess CR, Sieber SA. Indolin-2-one Nitroimidazole Antibiotics Exhibit an Unexpected Dual Mode of Action. ACS Chem Biol 2022; 17:3077-3085. [PMID: 36259427 PMCID: PMC9679994 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.2c00462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Nitroimidazoles such as metronidazole are used as anti-infective drugs against anaerobic bacteria. Upon in vivo reduction of the nitro group, reactive radicals damage DNA and proteins in the absence of oxygen. Unexpectedly, a recent study of nitroimidazoles linked to an indolin-2-one substituent revealed potent activities against aerobic bacteria. This suggests a different, yet undiscovered mode of action (MoA). To decipher this MoA, we first performed whole proteome analysis of compound-treated cells, revealing an upregulation of bacteriophage-associated proteins, indicative of DNA damage. Since DNA binding of the compound was not observed, we applied activity-based protein profiling (ABPP) for direct target discovery. Labeling studies revealed topoisomerase IV, an essential enzyme for DNA replication, as the most enriched hit in pathogenic Staphylococcus aureus cells. Subsequent topoisomerase assays confirmed the inhibition of DNA decatenation in the presence of indolin-2-one nitroimidazole with an activity comparable to ciprofloxacin, a known inhibitor of this enzyme. Furthermore, we determined significantly increased redox potentials of indolin-2-one nitroimidazoles compared to classic 5-nitroimidazoles such as metronidazole, which facilitates in vivo reduction. Overall, this study unravels that indolin-2-one-functionalized nitroimidazoles feature an unexpected dual MoA: first, the direct inhibition of the topoisomerase IV and second the classic nitroimidazole MoA of reductive bioactivation leading to damaging reactive species. Importantly, this dual MoA impairs resistance development. Given the clinical application of this compound class, the new mechanism could be a starting point to mitigate resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Till Reinhardt
- Center
for Functional Protein Assemblies (CPA), Department of Chemistry,
Chair of Organic Chemistry II, Technical
University of Munich, Ernst-Otto-Fischer Straße 8, D-85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Kyu M. Lee
- Center
for Functional Protein Assemblies (CPA), Department of Chemistry,
Chair of Organic Chemistry II, Technical
University of Munich, Ernst-Otto-Fischer Straße 8, D-85748 Garching, Germany,Therapeutics
& Biotechnology Division, Korea Research
Institute of Chemical Technology, Daejeon 34114, Korea
| | - Lukas Niederegger
- Department
of Chemistry and Catalysis Research Center, Technical University of Munich, Lichtenbergstraße 4, D-85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Corinna R. Hess
- Department
of Chemistry and Catalysis Research Center, Technical University of Munich, Lichtenbergstraße 4, D-85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Stephan A. Sieber
- Center
for Functional Protein Assemblies (CPA), Department of Chemistry,
Chair of Organic Chemistry II, Technical
University of Munich, Ernst-Otto-Fischer Straße 8, D-85748 Garching, Germany,
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22
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Geng B, Huang X, Wu Y, He Q, Yang S. Identification and Characterization of Genes Related to Ampicillin Antibiotic Resistance in Zymomonas mobilis. Antibiotics (Basel) 2022; 11:1476. [PMID: 36358131 PMCID: PMC9686808 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics11111476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2022] [Revised: 10/18/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Antibiotics can inhibit or kill microorganisms, while microorganisms have evolved antibiotic resistance strategies to survive antibiotics. Zymomonas mobilis is an ideal industrial microbial chassis and can tolerate multiple antibiotics. However, the mechanisms of antibiotic resistance and genes associated with antibiotic resistance have not been fully analyzed and characterized. In this study, we investigated genes associated with antibiotic resistance using bioinformatic approaches and examined genes associated with ampicillin resistance using CRISPR/Cas12a-based genome-editing technology. Six ampicillin-resistant genes (ZMO0103, ZMO0893, ZMO1094, ZMO1650, ZMO1866, and ZMO1967) were identified, and five mutant strains ZM4∆0103, ZM4∆0893, ZM4∆1094, ZM4∆1650, and ZM4∆1866 were constructed. Additionally, a four-gene mutant ZM4∆ARs was constructed by knocking out ZMO0103, ZMO0893, ZMO1094, and ZMO1650 continuously. Cell growth, morphology, and transformation efficiency of mutant strains were examined. Our results show that the cell growth of ZM4∆0103 and ZM4∆ARs was significantly inhibited with 150 μg/mL ampicillin, and cells changed to a long filament shape from a short rod shape. Moreover, the transformation efficiencies of ZM4∆0103 and ZM4∆ARs were decreased. Our results indicate that ZMO0103 is the key to ampicillin resistance in Z. mobilis, and other ampicillin-resistant genes may have a synergetic effect with it. In summary, this study identified and characterized genes related to ampicillin resistance in Z. mobilis and laid a foundation for further study of other antibiotic resistance mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Qiaoning He
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, Environmental Microbial Technology Center of Hubei Province, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, China
| | - Shihui Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, Environmental Microbial Technology Center of Hubei Province, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, China
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Janin YL. On drug discovery against infectious diseases and academic medicinal chemistry contributions. Beilstein J Org Chem 2022; 18:1355-1378. [PMID: 36247982 PMCID: PMC9531561 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.18.141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
This perspective is an attempt to document the problems that medicinal chemists are facing in drug discovery. It is also trying to identify relevant/possible, research areas in which academics can have an impact and should thus be the subject of grant calls. Accordingly, it describes how hit discovery happens, how compounds to be screened are selected from available chemicals and the possible reasons for the recurrent paucity of useful/exploitable results reported. This is followed by the successful hit to lead stories leading to recent and original antibacterials which are, or about to be, used in human medicine. Then, illustrated considerations and suggestions are made on the possible inputs of academic medicinal chemists. This starts with the observation that discovering a “good” hit in the course of a screening campaign still rely on a lot of luck – which is within the reach of academics –, that the hit to lead process requires a lot of chemistry and that if public–private partnerships can be important throughout these stages, they are absolute requirements for clinical trials. Concerning suggestions to improve the current hit success rate, one academic input in organic chemistry would be to identify new and pertinent chemical space, design synthetic accesses to reach these and prepare the corresponding chemical libraries. Concerning hit to lead programs on a given target, if no new hits are available, previously reported leads along with new structural data can be pertinent starting points to design, prepare and assay original analogues. In conclusion, this text is an actual plea illustrating that, in many countries, academic research in medicinal chemistry should be more funded, especially in the therapeutic area neglected by the industry. At the least, such funds would provide the intensive to secure series of hopefully relevant chemical entities which appears to often lack when considering the results of academic as well as industrial screening campaigns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yves L Janin
- Structure et Instabilité des Génomes (StrInG), Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, INSERM, CNRS, Alliance Sorbonne Université, 75005 Paris, France
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24
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Abd El-Fattah W, Elamin NY. Synthesis, Spectroscopic Characterization, Molecular Docking and Biological Activity of Novel Secnidazole Metal Complexes. INORGANICS 2022; 10:156. [DOI: 10.3390/inorganics10100156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/02/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, four new Secnidazole metal complexes have been synthesized through the reaction of Secnidazole drug with AuCl3, PtCl2, PdCl2, AgNO3 salts. The structures of the synthesized complexes were elucidated using elemental analysis, molar conductivity, thermal analysis, IR, 1H-NMR and UV-Vis spectroscopy. The spectroscopic results confirm that Secnidazole drug act as a bidentate ligand, coordinated to the metal ion with N3 of the imidazole ring and oxygen atom of OH group. The antimicrobial data revealed that the complexes possess a better antibacterial activity against most of the selected bacteria species than the free drug. In addition, the cytotoxic data showed that Ag-complex possesses a potent anticancer activity against MCF-7 cell line. The docking data showed that the synthesized complexes displayed a good and effective binding model against breast cancer protein (3hb5) which was confirmed by the low values of binding energy and multiple H-bonds.
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25
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Ang CW, Lee BM, Jackson CJ, Wang Y, Franzblau SG, Francisco AF, Kelly JM, Bernhardt PV, Tan L, West NP, Sykes ML, Hinton AO, Bolisetti R, Avery VM, Cooper MA, Blaskovich MA. Nitroimidazopyrazinones with Oral Activity against Tuberculosis and Chagas Disease in Mouse Models of Infection. J Med Chem 2022; 65:13125-13142. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.2c00972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chee Wei Ang
- Center for Superbug Solutions, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
- School of Science, Monash University Malaysia, Subang Jaya, 47500 Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Brendon M. Lee
- Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University, Sullivans Creek Road, Acton ACT 2601, Australia
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York 10021, United States
| | - Colin J. Jackson
- Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University, Sullivans Creek Road, Acton ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Yuehong Wang
- Institute for Tuberculosis Research, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60612, United States
| | - Scott G. Franzblau
- Institute for Tuberculosis Research, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60612, United States
| | - Amanda F. Francisco
- Department of Infection Biology, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London WC1E 7HT, United Kingdom
| | - John M. Kelly
- Department of Infection Biology, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London WC1E 7HT, United Kingdom
| | - Paul V. Bernhardt
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Lendl Tan
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Nicholas P. West
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Melissa L. Sykes
- Discovery Biology, Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Don Young Road, Nathan, Queensland 4111, Australia
| | - Alexandra O. Hinton
- Center for Superbug Solutions, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Raghu Bolisetti
- Center for Superbug Solutions, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Vicky M. Avery
- Discovery Biology, Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Don Young Road, Nathan, Queensland 4111, Australia
- School of Environment and Science, Griffith University, Nathan, Queensland 4111, Australia
| | - Matthew A. Cooper
- Center for Superbug Solutions, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Mark A.T. Blaskovich
- Center for Superbug Solutions, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
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26
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Fawad Ansari M, Tan YM, Sun H, Li S, Zhou CH. Unique iminotetrahydroberberine-corbelled metronidazoles as potential membrane active broad-spectrum antibacterial agents. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2022; 76:129012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2022.129012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2022] [Revised: 09/14/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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27
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Bruna RE, Casal A, Bercovich B, Gramajo H, Rodríguez E, García Véscovi E. A natural product from Streptomyces targets PhoP and exerts antivirulence action against Salmonella enterica. J Antimicrob Chemother 2022; 77:3050-3063. [PMID: 35972206 DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkac278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The overprescription and misuse of classical antimicrobial compounds to treat gastrointestinal or systemic salmonellosis have been accelerating the surge of antibiotic-recalcitrant bacterial populations, posing a major public health challenge. Therefore, alternative therapeutic approaches to treat Salmonella infections are urgently required. OBJECTIVES To identify and characterize actinobacterial secreted compounds with inhibitory properties against the Salmonella enterica PhoP/PhoQ signal transduction system, crucial for virulence regulation. METHODS The methodology was based on a combination of the measurement of the activity of PhoP/PhoQ-dependent and -independent reporter genes and bioguided assays to screen for bioactive inhibitory metabolites present in culture supernatants obtained from a collection of actinobacterial isolates. Analogues of azomycin were used to analyse the functional groups required for the detected bioactivity and Salmonella mutants and complemented strains helped to dissect the azomycin mechanism of action. The tetrazolium dye colorimetric assay was used to investigate azomycin potential cytotoxicity on cultured macrophages. Salmonella intramacrophage replication capacity upon azomycin treatment was assessed using the gentamicin protection assay. RESULTS Sublethal concentrations of azomycin, a nitroheterocyclic compound naturally produced by Streptomyces eurocidicus, repressed the Salmonella PhoP/PhoQ system activity by targeting PhoP and inhibiting its transcriptional activity in a PhoQ- and aspartate phosphorylation-independent manner. Sublethal, non-cytotoxic concentrations of azomycin prevented Salmonella intramacrophage replication. CONCLUSIONS Azomycin selectively inhibits the activity of the Salmonella virulence regulator PhoP, a new activity described for this nitroheterocyclic compound that can be repurposed to develop novel anti-Salmonella therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto E Bruna
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Rosario, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Alejo Casal
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Rosario, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Bárbara Bercovich
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Rosario, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Hugo Gramajo
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Rosario, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Eduardo Rodríguez
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Rosario, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Eleonora García Véscovi
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Rosario, Santa Fe, Argentina
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28
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Zheng Y, Müller J, Kunz S, Siderius M, Maes L, Caljon G, Müller N, Hemphill A, Sterk GJ, Leurs R. 3-nitroimidazo[1,2-b]pyridazine as a novel scaffold for antiparasitics with sub-nanomolar anti-Giardia lamblia activity. Int J Parasitol Drugs Drug Resist 2022; 19:47-55. [PMID: 35716585 PMCID: PMC9213561 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpddr.2022.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2022] [Revised: 05/18/2022] [Accepted: 05/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
As there is a continuous need for novel anti-infectives, the present study aimed to fuse two modes of action into a novel 3-nitroimidazo[1,2-b]pyridazine scaffold to improve antiparasitic efficacy. For this purpose, we combined known structural elements of phosphodiesterase inhibitors, a target recently proposed for Trypanosoma brucei and Giardia lamblia, with a nitroimidazole scaffold to generate nitrosative stress. The compounds were evaluated in vitro against a panel of protozoal parasites, namely Giardia lamblia, Trypanosoma brucei, T. cruzi, Leishmania infantum and Plasmodium falciparum and for cytotoxicity on MRC-5 cells. Interestingly, selective sub-nanomolar activity was obtained against G. lamblia, and by testing several analogues with and without the nitro group, it was shown that the presence of a nitro group, but not PDE inhibition, is responsible for the low IC50 values of these novel compounds. Adding the favourable drug-like properties (low molecular weight, cLogP (1.2–4.1) and low polar surface area), the key compounds from the 3-nitroimidazo[1,2-b]pyridazine series can be considered as valuable hits for further anti-giardiasis drug exploration and development. Analogues fusing a nitroimidazole moiety and a PDE inhibitor scaffold were prepared. These compounds were tested in vitro against a panel of protozoal parasites. Against Giardia lamblia, sub-nanomolar IC50 values were determined. PDE inhibition provided no significant contribution to the anti-Giardia potency. High potency with drug-like properties warrants further study of this hit series.
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29
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Raju S, Sheridan PE, Hauer AK, Garrett AE, McConnell DE, Thornton JA, Stokes SL, Emerson J. Cu-Catalyzed Chan-Evans-Lam Coupling reactions of 2-Nitroimidazole with Aryl boronic acids: An effort toward new bioactive agents against S. pneumoniae. Chem Biodivers 2022; 19:e202200327. [PMID: 35819995 PMCID: PMC10184775 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.202200327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The coupling of phenylboronic acids with poorly-activated imidazoles is studied as a model system to explore the use of copper-catalyzed Chan-Evans-Lam (CEL) coupling for targeted C-N bond forming reactions. Optimized CEL reaction conditions are reported for four phenanthroline-based ligand systems, where the ligand 4,5-diazafluoren-9-one (dafo, L2 ) with 1 molar equivalent of potassium carbonate yielded the highest reactivity. The substrate 2-Nitroimidazole (also known as azomycin) has documented antimicrobial activity against a range of microbes. Here N-arylation of 2-nitroimidazole with a range of aryl boronic acids has been successfully developed by copper(II)-catalyzed CEL reactions. Azomycin and a range of newly arylated azomycin derivatives were screened against S. pneumoniae , where 1-(4-(benzyloxy)phenyl)-2-nitro-1H-imidazole ( 3d ) was demonstrated to have a minimal inhibition concentration value of 3.3 μg/mL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Selvam Raju
- Mississippi State University, Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, 1115 Hand Laboratory, 39762, Mississippi State, UNITED STATES
| | - Patrick E Sheridan
- Mississippi State University, Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, 1115 Hand Lab, 39762, Mississippi State, UNITED STATES
| | - Alanna K Hauer
- Mississippi State University, Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, 1115 Hand Lab, 39762, Mississippi State, UNITED STATES
| | - Allyn E Garrett
- Mississippi State University, Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, 1115 Hand Lab, 39762, Mississippi State, UNITED STATES
| | - Danielle E McConnell
- Mississippi State University, Biological Sciences, Harned Hall, 39762, Mississippi State, UNITED STATES
| | - Justin A Thornton
- Mississippi State University, Biological Sciences, Harned Hall, 39762, Mississippi State, UNITED STATES
| | - Sean L Stokes
- Mississippi State University, Chemistry, 1115 Hand Lab, 39762, Mississippi State, UNITED STATES
| | - Joseph Emerson
- Mississippi State University, Chemistry, 1115 Hand Laboratory, 310 President's circle, 39762, Mississippi State, UNITED STATES
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Bresser PL, Sathekge MM, Vorster M. PET/CT features of a novel gallium-68 labelled hypoxia seeking agent in patients diagnosed with tuberculosis: a proof-of-concept study. Nucl Med Commun 2022; 43:787-793. [PMID: 35506285 DOI: 10.1097/mnm.0000000000001580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT) in infection and inflammation has yielded promising results across a range of radiopharmaceuticals. In particular, PET/CT imaging of tuberculosis (TB) allows for a better understanding of this complex disease by providing insights into molecular processes within the TB microenvironment. TB lesions are hypoxic with research primarily focussed on cellular processes occurring under hypoxic stress. With the development of hypoxia seeking PET/CT radiopharmaceuticals, that can be labelled in-house using a germanium-68/gallium-68 (68Ge/68Ga) generator, a proof-of-concept for imaging hypoxia in TB is presented. METHODS Ten patients diagnosed with TB underwent whole-body PET/CT imaging, 60-90 min after intravenous administration of 74-185 MBq (2-5 mCi) 68Ga-nitroimidazole. No oral or intravenous contrast was administered. Images were visually and semiquantitatively assessed for abnormal 68Ga-uptake in the lungs. RESULTS A total of 28 lesions demonstrating hypoxic uptake were identified. Low- to moderate-uptake was seen in nodules, areas of consolidation and cavitation as well as effusions. The mean standard uptake value (SUVmean) of the lesions was 0.47 (IQR, 0.32-0.82) and SUVmax was 0.71 (IQR, 0.41-1.11). The lesion to muscle ratio (median, 1.70; IQR, 1.15-2.31) was higher than both the left ventricular and the aorta lesion to blood ratios. CONCLUSION Moving towards the development of unique host-directed therapies (HDT), modulation of oxygen levels may improve therapeutic outcome by reprogramming TB lesions to overcome hypoxia. This proof-of-concept study suggests that hypoxia in TB lesions can be imaged and quantified using 68Ga-nitroimidazole PET/CT. Subsequently, hypoxic load can be estimated to inform personalised treatment plans of patients diagnosed with TB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippa L Bresser
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
- Department of Anatomy and Medical Imaging, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Mike M Sathekge
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Mariza Vorster
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Inkosi Albert Luthuli Central Hospital, University of Kwazulu Natal, Durban, South Africa
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31
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Luminescent Sensors Based on the Assembly of Coinage Metal Nanoclusters. CHEMOSENSORS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/chemosensors10070253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Coinage metals, such as Cu, Ag and Au, can form nanoclusters, which, when functionalized with ligands, have unique electronic and optical properties and are widely used in biomedical imaging, remote sensing, labeling, catalytic, etc. The mechanisms, structures and properties of nanocluster assemblies have been well reviewed. However, the collections and analyses of nanocluster assemblies for sensor application are few. This review examines different nanocluster sensor platforms with a focus on the assembly and analysis of the assembly processes and examples of applications.
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Bresser PL, Reed J, Sathekge MM, Vorster M. 68 Ga-nitroimidazole PET/CT imaging of hypoxia in tuberculosis: A case series. J Med Radiat Sci 2022; 69:518-524. [PMID: 35760568 DOI: 10.1002/jmrs.603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2022] [Accepted: 06/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) lesions in humans have been proven to be severely hypoxic with hypoxia leading to latency and dormancy of disease. Dormant TB lesions become less susceptible to standard TB treatment regimens with varying responses to treatment but may have increased susceptibility to nitroimidazole drugs. This in turn implies that positron emission tomography / computed tomography (PET/CT) imaging with radiolabelled nitroimidazoles may identify patients who will benefit from treatment with antimicrobial agents that are active against anaerobic bacteria. This case series aims to highlight the hypoxic uptake and retention of a novel 68 Ga-labelled hypoxia-seeking agent in TB lesions at different time points during anti-TB therapy using PET/CT imaging. Patients with confirmed TB underwent whole-body PET/CT after administration of a 68 Ga-nitroimidazole derivative at baseline and follow-up. Images were analysed both qualitatively and semi-quantitatively. Hypoxic uptake and change in uptake over time were analysed using lesion-to-muscle ratio (LMR) and lesion-to-blood ratio (LBR). 68 Ga-nitroimidazole avid lesions were demonstrated most frequently in the upper lobes of the lung. Low-grade hypoxic uptake was visualised in areas of consolidation, cavitation, nodules and lymph nodes. From baseline to follow-up imaging, the LMR increased with persistent hypoxic load despite morphologic improvement. This case series highlights the dynamic hypoxic microenvironment in TB lesions. From these initial data, it appears that 68 Ga-nitroimidazole is a promising candidate for monitoring hypoxic load in patients diagnosed with TB. Such imaging could identify patients who would benefit from individualised therapy targeting other mechanisms in the TB microenvironment with the intention to predict or improve treatment response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippa L Bresser
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa.,Department of Anatomy and Medical Imaging, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Janet Reed
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Mike M Sathekge
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Mariza Vorster
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa.,Department of Nuclear Medicine, Inkosi Albert Luthuli Central Hospital, University of Kwazulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
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Repurposing the Kinase Inhibitor Mavelertinib for Giardiasis Therapy. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2022; 66:e0001722. [PMID: 35703552 PMCID: PMC9295539 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00017-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A phenotypic screen of the ReFRAME compound library was performed to identify cell-active inhibitors that could be developed as therapeutics for giardiasis. A primary screen against Giardia lamblia GS clone H7 identified 85 cell-active compounds at a hit rate of 0.72%. A cytotoxicity counterscreen against HEK293T cells was carried out to assess hit compound selectivity for further prioritization. Mavelertinib (PF-06747775), a third-generation epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor (EGFR-TKI), was identified as a potential new therapeutic based on indication, activity, and availability after reconfirmation. Mavelertinib has in vitro efficacy against metronidazole-resistant 713-M3 strains. Other EGFR-TKIs screened in follow-up assays exhibited insignificant inhibition of G. lamblia at 5 μM, suggesting that the primary molecular target of mavelertinib may have a different mechanistic binding mode from human EGFR-tyrosine kinase. Mavelertinib, dosed as low as 5 mg/kg of body weight or as high as 50 mg/kg, was efficacious in the acute murine Giardia infection model. These results suggest that mavelertinib merits consideration for repurposing and advancement to giardiasis clinical trials while its analogues are further developed.
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Fernandes GFS, Thompson AM, Castagnolo D, Denny WA, Dos Santos JL. Tuberculosis Drug Discovery: Challenges and New Horizons. J Med Chem 2022; 65:7489-7531. [PMID: 35612311 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.2c00227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Over the past 2000 years, tuberculosis (TB) has claimed more lives than any other infectious disease. In 2020 alone, TB was responsible for 1.5 million deaths worldwide, comparable to the 1.8 million deaths caused by COVID-19. The World Health Organization has stated that new TB drugs must be developed to end this pandemic. After decades of neglect in this field, a renaissance era of TB drug discovery has arrived, in which many novel candidates have entered clinical trials. However, while hundreds of molecules are reported annually as promising anti-TB agents, very few successfully progress to clinical development. In this Perspective, we critically review those anti-TB compounds published in the last 6 years that demonstrate good in vivo efficacy against Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Additionally, we highlight the main challenges and strategies for developing new TB drugs and the current global pipeline of drug candidates in clinical studies to foment fresh research perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guilherme F S Fernandes
- Department of Chemistry, University College London, 20 Gordon Street, London WC1H 0AJ, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew M Thompson
- Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Daniele Castagnolo
- Department of Chemistry, University College London, 20 Gordon Street, London WC1H 0AJ, United Kingdom
| | - William A Denny
- Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Jean L Dos Santos
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara 14800903, Brazil
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35
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Singh R, Shaheer M, Sobhia ME. Molecular dynamic assisted investigation on impact of mutations in deazaflavin dependent nitroreductase against pretomanid: a computational study. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2022:1-23. [PMID: 35574601 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2022.2069156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
In the past decade, TB drugs belonging to the nitroimidazole class, pretomanid and delamanid, have been authorised to treat MDR-TB and XDR-TB. With a novel inhibition mechanism and a reduction in the span of treatment, it is now being administered in various combinations. This approach is not the ultimate remedy since the target protein Deazaflavin dependent nitroreductase (Ddn) has a high mutation frequency, and already pretomanid resistant clinical isolates are reported in various studies. Ddn is essential for M.tuberculosis to emerge from hypoxia, and point mutations in critical residues confer resistance to Nitro-imidazoles. Among the pool of available mutants, we have selected seven mutants viz DdnL49P, DdnY65S, DdnS78Y, DdnK79Q, DdnW88R, DdnY133C, and DdnY136S, all of which exhibited resistance to pretomanid. To address this issue, through computational study primarily by MD simulation, we attempted to elucidate these point mutations' impact and investigate the resistance mechanism. Hence, the DdnWT and mutant (MT) complexes were subjected to all-atom molecular dynamics (MD) simulations for 100 ns. Interestingly, we observed the escalation of the distance between cofactor and ligand in some mutants, along with a significant change in ligand conformation relative to the DdnWT. Moreover, we confirmed that mutations rendered ligand instability and were ejected from the binding pocket as a result. In conclusion, the results obtained provide a new structural insight and vital clues for designing novel inhibitors to combat nitroimidazole resistanceCommunicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravi Singh
- Department of Pharmacoinformatics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Punjab, India
| | - Muhammed Shaheer
- Department of Pharmacoinformatics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Punjab, India
| | - M Elizabeth Sobhia
- Department of Pharmacoinformatics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Punjab, India
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36
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Emerging impact of triazoles as anti-tubercular agent. Eur J Med Chem 2022; 238:114454. [PMID: 35597009 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2022.114454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Revised: 05/04/2022] [Accepted: 05/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Tuberculosis, a disease of poverty is a communicable infection with a reasonably high mortality rate worldwide. 10 Million new cases of TB were reported with approx 1.4 million deaths in the year 2019. Due to the growing number of drug-sensitive and drug-resistant tuberculosis cases, there is a vital need to develop new and effective candidates useful to combat this deadly disease. Despite tremendous efforts to identify a mechanism-based novel antitubercular agent, only a few have entered into clinical trials in the last six decades. In recent years, triazoles have been well explored as the most valuable scaffolds in drug discovery and development. Triazole framework possesses favorable properties like hydrogen bonding, moderate dipole moment, enhanced water solubility, and also the ability to bind effectively with biomolecular targets of M. tuberculosis and therefore this scaffold displayed excellent potency against TB. This review is an endeavor to summarize an up-to-date innovation of triazole-appended hybrids during the last 10 years having potential in vitro and in vivo antitubercular activity with structure activity relationship analysis. This review may help medicinal chemists to explore the triazole scaffolds for the rational design of potent drug candidates having better efficacy, improved selectivity and minimal toxicity so that these hybrid NCEs can effectively be explored as potential lead to fight against M. tuberculosis.
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Functionalized Nitroimidazole Scaffold Construction and Their Pharmaceutical Applications: A 1950–2021 Comprehensive Overview. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2022; 15:ph15050561. [PMID: 35631389 PMCID: PMC9144801 DOI: 10.3390/ph15050561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Revised: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Nitroimidazole represents one of the most essential and unique scaffolds in drug discovery since its discovery in the 1950s. It was K. Maeda in Japan who reported in 1953 the first nitroimidazole as a natural product from Nocardia mesenterica with antibacterial activity, which was later identified as Azomycin 1 (2-nitroimidazole) and remained in focus until now. This natural antibiotic was the starting point for synthesizing numerous analogs and regio-isomers, leading to several life-saving drugs and clinical candidates against a number of diseases, including infections (bacterial, viral, parasitic) and cancers, as well as imaging agents in medicine/diagnosis. In the present decade, the nitroimidazole scaffold has again been given two life-saving drugs (Delamanid and Pretomanid) used to treat MDR (multi-drug resistant) tuberculosis. Keeping in view the highly successful track-record of the nitroimidazole scaffold in providing breakthrough therapeutic drugs, this comprehensive review focuses explicitly on presenting the activity profile and synthetic chemistry of functionalized nitroimidazole (2-, 4- and 5-nitroimidazoles as well as the fused nitroimidazoles) based drugs and leads published from 1950 to 2021. The present review also presents the miscellaneous examples in each class. In addition, the mutagenic profile of nitroimidazole-based drugs and leads and derivatives is also discussed.
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Nandy P, Santra RC, Lahiri D, Nag M, Das S. In Situ Reactivity of Electrochemically Generated Nitro Radical Anion on Tinidazole and Its Monomeric and Dimeric Cu II Complexes on Model Biological Targets with Relative Manifestation of Preventing Bacterial Biofilm Formation. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:8268-8280. [PMID: 35309450 PMCID: PMC8928527 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c04822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Formation of nitro radical anion (-NO2 •-) and other reduction products of 5-nitroimidazoles, although important for antimicrobial activity, makes the drugs neurotoxic. Hence, an appropriate generation and their role in the free radical pathway needs proper realization. This was attempted by studying the action of tinidazole and its CuII complexes on model targets (nucleic acid bases and calf thymus DNA). Results obtained were correlated with studies on biological species where prevention of biofilm formation on Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa was followed. Tinidazole and its CuII complexes subjected to electrochemical reduction in aqueous solution, under de-aerated conditions, interact with model nucleic acid bases and calf thymus DNA. These model targets were followed to realize what happens when such compounds undergo enzymatic reduction within cells of microorganisms that they eventually kill. Studies reveal that CuII complexes were better in modifying nucleic acid bases and calf thymus DNA than tinidazole; damage caused to nucleic acid bases was correlated with that caused to DNA, indicating that compounds affect DNA rich in thymine and adenine. Minimum bactericidal concentrations on sessile S. aureus and P. aeruginosa for the monomeric CuII complex were 12.5 and 20.25 μM respectively, while those for the dimeric complex were 40.0 and 45.0 μM, respectively. Biofilm formation by P. aeruginosa and S. aureus and viability count of sessile cells were also determined. CuII complexes of tinidazole brought about substantial reduction in carbohydrate and protein content in S. aureus and P. aeruginosa. Downregulation of quorum sensing signaling mechanism viz. reduced production of pyocyanin and elastase during biofilm formation was also detected. CuII complexes showed much higher tendency to prevent biofilm formation than tinidazole, almost comparable to amoxicillin, an established drug in this regard.
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Affiliation(s)
- Promita Nandy
- . Department of
Chemistry, Inorganic Chemistry Section, Jadavpur University, Kolkata 700 032, India
| | - Ramesh C. Santra
- . Department of
Chemistry, Inorganic Chemistry Section, Jadavpur University, Kolkata 700 032, India
| | - Dibyajit Lahiri
- Department
of Biotechnology, University of Engineering
and Management, Kolkata 700 156, India
| | - Moupriya Nag
- Department
of Biotechnology, University of Engineering
and Management, Kolkata 700 156, India
| | - Saurabh Das
- . Department of
Chemistry, Inorganic Chemistry Section, Jadavpur University, Kolkata 700 032, India
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39
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Yang L, Zeng L, Tao Y, Wang D, Zhang K, Tian M, Xia Z, Gao D. Galli Gigerii Endothelium Corneum derived fluorescent carbon dots and their application as sensing platform for nitroimidazoles and cell imaging. Microchem J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2021.107089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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40
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Yang S, Lyu X, Zhang J, Shui Y, Yang R, Xu X. The Application of Small Molecules to the Control of Typical Species Associated With Oral Infectious Diseases. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:816386. [PMID: 35265531 PMCID: PMC8899129 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.816386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Oral microbial dysbiosis is the major causative factor for common oral infectious diseases including dental caries and periodontal diseases. Interventions that can lessen the microbial virulence and reconstitute microbial ecology have drawn increasing attention in the development of novel therapeutics for oral diseases. Antimicrobial small molecules are a series of natural or synthetic bioactive compounds that have shown inhibitory effect on oral microbiota associated with oral infectious diseases. Novel small molecules, which can either selectively inhibit keystone microbes that drive dysbiosis of oral microbiota or inhibit the key virulence of the microbial community without necessarily killing the microbes, are promising for the ecological management of oral diseases. Here we discussed the research progress in the development of antimicrobial small molecules and delivery systems, with a particular focus on their antimicrobial activity against typical species associated with oral infectious diseases and the underlying mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sirui Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Department of Cariology and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiaoying Lyu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Department of Cariology and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yusen Shui
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ran Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xin Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Department of Cariology and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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Ma Z, He S, Yuan Y, Zhuang Z, Liu Y, Wang H, Chen J, Xu X, Ding C, Molodtsov V, Lin W, Robertson GT, Weiss WJ, Pulse M, Nguyen P, Duncan L, Doyle T, Ebright RH, Lynch AS. Design, Synthesis, and Characterization of TNP-2198, a Dual-Targeted Rifamycin-Nitroimidazole Conjugate with Potent Activity against Microaerophilic and Anaerobic Bacterial Pathogens. J Med Chem 2022; 65:4481-4495. [PMID: 35175750 PMCID: PMC8958509 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.1c02045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
![]()
TNP-2198, a stable
conjugate of a rifamycin pharmacophore and a
nitroimidazole pharmacophore, has been designed, synthesized, and
evaluated as a novel dual-targeted antibacterial agent for the treatment
of microaerophilic and anaerobic bacterial infections. TNP-2198 exhibits
greater activity than a 1:1 molar mixture of the parent drugs and
exhibits activity against strains resistant to both rifamycins and
nitroimidazoles. A crystal structure of TNP-2198 bound to a Mycobacterium tuberculosis RNA polymerase transcription
initiation complex reveals that the rifamycin portion of TNP-2198
binds to the rifamycin binding site on RNAP and the nitroimidazole
portion of TNP-2198 interacts directly with the DNA template-strand
in the RNAP active-center cleft, forming a hydrogen bond with a base
of the DNA template strand. TNP-2198 is currently in Phase 2 clinical
development for the treatment of Helicobacter pylori infection, Clostridioides difficile infection,
and bacterial vaginosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenkun Ma
- TenNor Therapeutics Ltd, 218 Xinghu Street, Suzhou Industrial Park, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Shijie He
- TenNor Therapeutics Ltd, 218 Xinghu Street, Suzhou Industrial Park, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Ying Yuan
- TenNor Therapeutics Ltd, 218 Xinghu Street, Suzhou Industrial Park, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Zhijun Zhuang
- TenNor Therapeutics Ltd, 218 Xinghu Street, Suzhou Industrial Park, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Yu Liu
- TenNor Therapeutics Ltd, 218 Xinghu Street, Suzhou Industrial Park, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Huan Wang
- TenNor Therapeutics Ltd, 218 Xinghu Street, Suzhou Industrial Park, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Jing Chen
- TenNor Therapeutics Ltd, 218 Xinghu Street, Suzhou Industrial Park, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Xiangyi Xu
- TenNor Therapeutics Ltd, 218 Xinghu Street, Suzhou Industrial Park, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Charles Ding
- TenNor Therapeutics Ltd, 218 Xinghu Street, Suzhou Industrial Park, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Vadim Molodtsov
- Waksman Institute and Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, United States
| | - Wei Lin
- Waksman Institute and Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, United States
| | - Gregory T Robertson
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, 80523-1682, United States
| | - William J Weiss
- HSC College of Pharmacy, University of North Texas, Fort Worth, Texas 76107, United States
| | - Mark Pulse
- HSC College of Pharmacy, University of North Texas, Fort Worth, Texas 76107, United States
| | - Phung Nguyen
- HSC College of Pharmacy, University of North Texas, Fort Worth, Texas 76107, United States
| | - Leonard Duncan
- JMI Laboratories, North Liberty, Iowa 52317, United States
| | - Timothy Doyle
- JMI Laboratories, North Liberty, Iowa 52317, United States
| | - Richard H Ebright
- Waksman Institute and Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, United States
| | - Anthony Simon Lynch
- TenNor Therapeutics Ltd, 218 Xinghu Street, Suzhou Industrial Park, Suzhou 215123, China
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Wang H, Wei C, Zou H, Linghu C, Wang Z, Wang J, Chen Y, Zhang L. Transition-metal-free, direct C-H radical trifluoromethylation of nitroimidazoles with Togni’s reagent. Tetrahedron Lett 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2022.153659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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2-Nitro-1-vinyl-1H-imidazole. MOLBANK 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/m1326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Nitroimidazoles are pharmacophoric groups responsible for important antiparasitic activity against several infectious diseases. 2-Nitroimidazoles are found in some antiparasitic drugs and are one of the main moieties responsible for the biological activities exhibited. As an example, we can mention the drug benznidazole, the only drug available in Brazil for the treatment of Chagas disease. This work describes an efficient methodology for the synthesis of 2-nitro-1-vinyl-1H-imidazole through a simple and direct approach, as well as its full characterization and biological assessment. The antiparasitic evaluation of 2-nitro-1-vinyl-1H-imidazole against Trypanosoma cruzi (Tulahuen C2C4-LacZ strain) showed IC50 = 4.8 μM on amastigotes and low cytotoxicity against LLC-MK2 cells (IC50 > 500 μM), validating 2-nitro-1-vinyl-1H-imidazole as a biologically active structural subunit for anti-T. cruzi activity. The results presented herein demonstrate that 2-nitro-1-vinyl-1H-imidazole can be easily obtained, possessing great potential for use in the design of new antichagasic drugs through a molecular hybridization strategy using known coupling reactions.
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Satta M, Casavola AR, Cartoni A, Castrovilli MC, Catone D, Chiarinelli J, Borocci S, Avaldi L, Bolognesi P. Ionization of 2- and 4(5)-Nitroimidazoles Radiosensitizers: A "Kinetic Competition" Between NO 2 and NO Losses. Chemphyschem 2021; 22:2387-2391. [PMID: 34597457 PMCID: PMC9293481 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.202100629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2021] [Revised: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Nitroimidazoles are a class of chemicals with a remarkable broad spectrum of applications from the production of explosives to the use as radiosensitizers in radiotherapy. The understanding of thedynamics of their fragmentation induced by ionizing sources is of fundamental interest. The goal of this work is to theoretically investigate the kinetic competition between the two most important decomposition channels of 2, 4 and 5‐Nitroimidazole cations: the NO and NO2 losses. The calculated rate constants of the two processes are in very good agreement with the experimental Photoelectron‐Photoion Coincidence (PEPICO) branching ratio. This study solves the intriguing and theoretically unexplained experimental observation that 2‐Nitroimidazole, at variance with the other two regio‐isomers is a source for only NO at low energies (<12.76 eV). This is a key point for biomedical application of the nitroimidazoles, because NO is the vasodilator that favors the reoxigenation of hypoxic tumor tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauro Satta
- Istituto per lo Studio dei Materiali Nanostrutturati (ISMN-CNR), Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli studi di Roma La Sapienza, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185, Roma, Italy
| | - Anna Rita Casavola
- Istituto di Struttura della Materia (ISM-CNR), Area della Ricerca di Roma 1, Via Salaria Km 29,300, 00016, Monterotondo Scalo (RM), Italy
| | - Antonella Cartoni
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli studi di Roma La Sapienza, Pl.e Aldo Moro 5, 00185, Roma, Italy
| | - Mattea Carmen Castrovilli
- Istituto di Struttura della Materia (ISM-CNR), Area della Ricerca di Roma 1, Via Salaria Km 29,300, 00016, Monterotondo Scalo (RM), Italy
| | - Daniele Catone
- Istituto di Struttura della Materia (ISM-CNR), Area della Ricerca di Roma 2, Via del Fosso del Cavaliere 10, 00133, Roma, Italy
| | - Jacopo Chiarinelli
- Istituto di Struttura della Materia (ISM-CNR), Area della Ricerca di Roma 1, Via Salaria Km 29,300, 00016, Monterotondo Scalo (RM), Italy
| | - Stefano Borocci
- Dipartimento per l'Innovazione nei Sistemi Biologici, Agroalimentari e Forestali (DIBAF), Università della Tuscia, Viterbo, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Avaldi
- Istituto di Struttura della Materia (ISM-CNR), Area della Ricerca di Roma 1, Via Salaria Km 29,300, 00016, Monterotondo Scalo (RM), Italy
| | - Paola Bolognesi
- Istituto di Struttura della Materia (ISM-CNR), Area della Ricerca di Roma 1, Via Salaria Km 29,300, 00016, Monterotondo Scalo (RM), Italy
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Yang S, Zhang J, Yang R, Xu X. Small Molecule Compounds, A Novel Strategy against Streptococcus mutans. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10121540. [PMID: 34959495 PMCID: PMC8708136 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10121540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Revised: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Dental caries, as a common oral infectious disease, is a worldwide public health issue. Oral biofilms are the main cause of dental caries. Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans) is well recognized as the major causative factor of dental caries within oral biofilms. In addition to mechanical removal such as tooth brushing and flossing, the topical application of antimicrobial agents is necessarily adjuvant to the control of caries particularly for high-risk populations. The mainstay antimicrobial agents for caries such as chlorhexidine have limitations including taste confusions, mucosal soreness, tooth discoloration, and disruption of an oral microbial equilibrium. Antimicrobial small molecules are promising in the control of S. mutans due to good antimicrobial activity, good selectivity, and low toxicity. In this paper, we discussed the application of antimicrobial small molecules to the control of S. mutans, with a particular focus on the identification and development of active compounds and their modes of action against the growth and virulence of S. mutans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sirui Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Chengdu 610041, China; (S.Y.); (J.Z.)
- Department of Cariology and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Jin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Chengdu 610041, China; (S.Y.); (J.Z.)
- Department of Cariology and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Ran Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Chengdu 610041, China; (S.Y.); (J.Z.)
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
- Correspondence: (R.Y.); (X.X.)
| | - Xin Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Chengdu 610041, China; (S.Y.); (J.Z.)
- Department of Cariology and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
- Correspondence: (R.Y.); (X.X.)
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Giacomazzo GE, Conti L, Guerri A, Pagliai M, Fagorzi C, Sfragano PS, Palchetti I, Pietraperzia G, Mengoni A, Valtancoli B, Giorgi C. Nitroimidazole-Based Ruthenium(II) Complexes: Playing with Structural Parameters to Design Photostable and Light-Responsive Antibacterial Agents. Inorg Chem 2021; 61:6689-6694. [PMID: 34793162 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.1c03032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
5-Nitroimidazole (5NIMH), chosen as a molecular model of nitroimidazole derivatives, which represent a broad-spectrum class of antimicrobials, was incorporated into the ruthenium complexes [Ru(tpy)(phen)(5NIM)]PF6 (1) and [Ru(tpy)(dmp)(5NIM)]PF6 (2) (tpy = terpyridine, phen = phenanthroline, dmp = 2,9-dimethyl-1,10-phenanthroline). Besides the uncommon metal coordination of 5-nitroimidazole in its imidazolate form (5NIM), the different architectures of the spectator ligands (phen and dmp) were exploited to tune the "mode of action" of the resulting complexes, passing from a photostable compound where the redox properties of 5NIMH are preserved (1) to one suitable for the nitroimidazole phototriggered release (2) and whose antibacterial activity against B. subtilis, chosen as cellular model, is effectively improved upon light exposure. This study may provide a fundamental knowledge on the use of Ru(II)-polypyridyl complexes to incorporate and/or photorelease biologically relevant nitroimidazole derivatives in the design of a novel class of antimicrobials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gina Elena Giacomazzo
- Department of Chemistry "Ugo Schiff", University of Florence, Via della Lastruccia 3, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy
| | - Luca Conti
- Department of Chemistry "Ugo Schiff", University of Florence, Via della Lastruccia 3, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy
| | - Annalisa Guerri
- Department of Chemistry "Ugo Schiff", University of Florence, Via della Lastruccia 3, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy
| | - Marco Pagliai
- Department of Chemistry "Ugo Schiff", University of Florence, Via della Lastruccia 3, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy
| | - Camilla Fagorzi
- Department of Biology, University of Florence, Via Madonna del Piano 6, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy
| | - Patrick Severin Sfragano
- Department of Chemistry "Ugo Schiff", University of Florence, Via della Lastruccia 3, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy
| | - Ilaria Palchetti
- Department of Chemistry "Ugo Schiff", University of Florence, Via della Lastruccia 3, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy
| | - Giangaetano Pietraperzia
- Department of Chemistry "Ugo Schiff", University of Florence, Via della Lastruccia 3, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy.,European Laboratory for Non-Linear Spectroscopy (LENS), Via Nello Carrara 1, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy
| | - Alessio Mengoni
- Department of Biology, University of Florence, Via Madonna del Piano 6, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy
| | - Barbara Valtancoli
- Department of Chemistry "Ugo Schiff", University of Florence, Via della Lastruccia 3, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy
| | - Claudia Giorgi
- Department of Chemistry "Ugo Schiff", University of Florence, Via della Lastruccia 3, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy
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Abid WK, Naser AI. The efficacy of a new paste formulation as an alternative therapeutic agent for traumatic ulcers. J Taibah Univ Med Sci 2021; 16:724-732. [PMID: 34690654 PMCID: PMC8498728 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtumed.2021.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2020] [Revised: 05/01/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives The present study aims to evaluate the healing effect of a new topical paste formulation on mucosal wounds. Methods This study was conducted in 40 adult male rabbits. The animals were divided into two groups: a control group containing rabbits that were treated with only Orabase paste (comprising olive oil and beeswax) and an experimental group that included rabbits that were treated with Orabase paste containing hyaluronic acid, rosemary extract, and metronidazole. Each of these groups was randomly divided into four groups according to the observational period (post-treatment days 1, 3, 7, and 15). Further, biopsy samples for histological examination were obtained from the animals’ oral mucosal defects. Results We found that the new formulation (Orabase paste containing hyaluronic acid, rosemary extract, and metronidazole) had a stronger healing effect. The inflammation and re-epithelization scores at 3–7 days for the experimental group appeared superior in which (P-values were 0.038 and 0.034 for inflammation and 0.046 and 0.025 for re-epithelization) respectively. Furthermore, the re-epithelization score on the 15th day for the new formulation was significant (P ≤ 0.05), with the inflammatory response being milder. Conclusions Topical application of new paste formulation provided good therapeutic results. The new formulation was effective in resolving inflammation during specific phases of mucosal healing and significantly advanced wound healing at different stages. It also afforded a better healing response in terms of reduced wound contraction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wafaa K Abid
- Dentistry Department, Alkunooze University College, Basrah, Iraq
| | - Alyaa I Naser
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, College of Dentistry, University of Mosul, Iraq
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49
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Elvir-Lazo OL, White PF, Cruz Eng H, Yumul F, Chua R, Yumul R. Impact of chronic medications in the perioperative period: mechanisms of action and adverse drug effects (Part I). Postgrad Med 2021; 133:939-952. [PMID: 34551662 DOI: 10.1080/00325481.2021.1982297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Background: This review article discusses the pharmacology of the most commonly used chronic medications in patients undergoing elective surgical procedures. The mechanism of action and adverse side effects of cardiovascular medications (e.g., beta blockers, alpha-2 agonist, calcium channel blockers, ACE inhibitors, diuretics), lipid-lowering drugs, gastrointestinal medications (H2-blockers, proton pump inhibitors), pulmonary medications (inhaled β-agonists, anticholinergics,), antibiotics (tetracyclines, clindamycin and macrolide, linezolid), opioids and non-opioids analgesics (NSAIDs, COX-2 inhibitors, acetaminophen), gabapentanoids, erectile dysfunction (ED) drugs, and psychotropic drugs (tricyclic antidepressants [TCAs], monoamine oxidase inhibitors [MAOI], selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors [SSRIs], serotonin norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors [SNRIs], and cannabinol-containing drugs) will be reviewed.Materials and Methods: An online search was conducted from January 2000 through February 2021 with the Medline database through PubMed and Google Scholar using the following search terms/keywords: "chronic medications in the perioperative period", and "chronic medications and anesthetic implications." In addition, we searched for anesthetic side effects associated with the major drug groups.Results and Conclusions: An understanding of the pharmacology and pharmacokinetics of most used chronic medications is important to avoid untoward outcomes in the perioperative period. These drug interactions may result in altered efficacy and toxicity of the anesthetic medications administered during surgery. These drug-drug interactions can also effect the morbidity, mortality, and recovery time of surgical patients. Part I of this two-part review article focuses on the mechanisms of action and adverse side effects of the chronic medications most commonly taken by surgical patients in the preoperative period.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Paul F White
- Department of Anesthesiology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,The White Mountain Institute, The Sea Ranch, CA, USA
| | - Hillenn Cruz Eng
- Department of Anesthesiology, Adena Health System, Chillicothe, OH, USA
| | - Firuz Yumul
- Skagit Regional Health, Family Medicine, Arlington, WA, USA
| | - Raissa Chua
- Department of Internal Medicine, Huntington Hospital, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Roya Yumul
- Department of Anesthesiology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,David Geffen School of Medicine-UCLA, Charles R, Drew University of Medicine and Science, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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Rice AM, Faig A, Wolff DE, King SB. Sodium borohydride and thiol mediated nitrite release from nitroaromatic antibiotics. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2021; 48:128245. [PMID: 34242759 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2021.128245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2021] [Revised: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Nitroaromatic antibiotics are used to treat a variety of bacterial and parasitic infections. These prodrugs require reductive bioactivation for activity, which provides a pathway for the release of nitrogen oxide species such as nitric oxide, nitrite, and/or nitroxyl. Using sodium borohydride and 2-aminoethanol as model reductants, this work examines release of nitrogen oxide species from various nitroaromatic compounds through several characterization methods. Specifically, 4- and 5-nitroimidazoles reproducibly generate higher amounts of nitrite (not nitric oxide or nitroxyl) than 2-nitroimidazoles during the reaction of model hydride donors or thiols. Mass spectrometric analysis shows clean formation of products resulting from nucleophile addition and nitro group loss. 2-Nitrofurans generate nitrite upon addition of sodium borohydride or 2-aminoethanethiol, but these complex reactions do not produce clean organic products. A mechanism that includes nucleophile addition to the carbon βto the nitro group to generate a nitronate anion followed by protonation and nitrous acid elimination explains the observed products and labeling studies. These systematic studies give a better understanding of the release mechanisms of nitrogen oxide species from these compounds allowing for the design of more efficient therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison M Rice
- Wake Forest University, Department of Chemistry, Winston-Salem, NC 27101, United States of America
| | - Allison Faig
- Wake Forest University, Department of Chemistry, Winston-Salem, NC 27101, United States of America
| | - David E Wolff
- Wake Forest University, Department of Chemistry, Winston-Salem, NC 27101, United States of America
| | - S Bruce King
- Wake Forest University, Department of Chemistry, Winston-Salem, NC 27101, United States of America.
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