1
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Liu D, Fu J, Elishav O, Sakakibara M, Yamanouchi K, Hirshberg B, Nakamuro T, Nakamura E. Melting entropy of crystals determined by electron-beam-induced configurational disordering. Science 2024; 384:1212-1219. [PMID: 38815089 DOI: 10.1126/science.adk3620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 05/01/2024] [Indexed: 06/01/2024]
Abstract
Upon melting, the molecules in a crystal explore numerous configurations, reflecting an increase in disorder. The molar entropy of disorder can be defined by Boltzmann's formula ΔSd = Rln(Wd), where Wd is the increase in the number of microscopic states, so far inaccessible experimentally. We found that the Arrhenius frequency factor A of the electron diffraction signal decay provides Wd through an experimental equation A = AINTWd, where AINT is an inelastic scattering cross section. The method connects Clausius and Boltzmann experimentally and supplements the Clausius approach, being applicable to a femtogram quantity of thermally unstable and biomolecular crystals. The data also showed that crystal disordering and crystallization of melt are reciprocal, both governed by the entropy change but manifesting in opposite directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongxin Liu
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Jiarui Fu
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Oren Elishav
- School of Chemistry, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
| | - Masaya Sakakibara
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Kaoru Yamanouchi
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Barak Hirshberg
- School of Chemistry, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
- The Center for Computational Molecular and Materials Science, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
| | - Takayuki Nakamuro
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Eiichi Nakamura
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
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2
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Mulvey JT, Iyer KP, Ortega T, Merham JG, Pivak Y, Sun H, Hochbaum AI, Patterson JP. Correlating electrochemical stimulus to structural change in liquid electron microscopy videos using the structural dissimilarity metric. Ultramicroscopy 2024; 257:113894. [PMID: 38056395 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultramic.2023.113894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2023] [Revised: 10/09/2023] [Accepted: 11/23/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023]
Abstract
In-situ liquid cell transmission electron microscopy (LCTEM) with electrical biasing capabilities has emerged as an invaluable tool for directly imaging electrode processes with high temporal and spatial resolution. However, accurately quantifying structural changes that occur on the electrode and subsequently correlating them to the applied stimulus remains challenging. Here, we present structural dissimilarity (DSSIM) analysis as segmentation-free video processing algorithm for locally detecting and quantifying structural change occurring in LCTEM videos. In this study, DSSIM analysis is applied to two in-situ LCTEM videos to demonstrate how to implement this algorithm and interpret the results. We show DSSIM analysis can be used as a visualization tool for qualitative data analysis by highlighting structural changes which are easily missed when viewing the raw data. Furthermore, we demonstrate how DSSIM analysis can serve as a quantitative metric and efficiently convert 3-dimensional microscopy videos to 1-dimenional plots which makes it easy to interpret and compare events occurring at different timepoints in a video. In the analyses presented here, DSSIM is used to directly correlate the magnitude and temporal scale of structural change to the features of the applied electrical bias. ImageJ, Python, and MATLAB programs, including a user-friendly interface and accompanying documentation, are published alongside this manuscript to make DSSIM analysis easily accessible to the scientific community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin T Mulvey
- Department of Material Science and Engineering, University of California-Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA.
| | - Katen P Iyer
- Department of Material Science and Engineering, University of California-Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Tomàs Ortega
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of California-Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Jovany G Merham
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, California-Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Yevheniy Pivak
- DENSsolutions B.V., Informaticalaan 12, 2628 ZD Delft, the Netherlands
| | - Hongyu Sun
- DENSsolutions B.V., Informaticalaan 12, 2628 ZD Delft, the Netherlands
| | - Allon I Hochbaum
- Department of Material Science and Engineering, University of California-Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA; Department of Chemistry, University of California, California-Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA; Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, California-Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA; Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California, California-Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Joseph P Patterson
- Department of Material Science and Engineering, University of California-Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA; Department of Chemistry, University of California, California-Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA.
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3
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Oppliger J, Denner MM, Küspert J, Frison R, Wang Q, Morawietz A, Ivashko O, Dippel AC, Zimmermann MV, Biało I, Martinelli L, Fauqué B, Choi J, Garcia-Fernandez M, Zhou KJ, Christensen NB, Kurosawa T, Momono N, Oda M, Natterer FD, Fischer MH, Neupert T, Chang J. Weak signal extraction enabled by deep neural network denoising of diffraction data. NAT MACH INTELL 2024; 6:180-186. [PMID: 38404481 PMCID: PMC10883886 DOI: 10.1038/s42256-024-00790-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/27/2024]
Abstract
The removal or cancellation of noise has wide-spread applications in imaging and acoustics. In applications in everyday life, such as image restoration, denoising may even include generative aspects, which are unfaithful to the ground truth. For scientific use, however, denoising must reproduce the ground truth accurately. Denoising scientific data is further challenged by unknown noise profiles. In fact, such data will often include noise from multiple distinct sources, which substantially reduces the applicability of simulation-based approaches. Here we show how scientific data can be denoised by using a deep convolutional neural network such that weak signals appear with quantitative accuracy. In particular, we study X-ray diffraction and resonant X-ray scattering data recorded on crystalline materials. We demonstrate that weak signals stemming from charge ordering, insignificant in the noisy data, become visible and accurate in the denoised data. This success is enabled by supervised training of a deep neural network with pairs of measured low- and high-noise data. We additionally show that using artificial noise does not yield such quantitatively accurate results. Our approach thus illustrates a practical strategy for noise filtering that can be applied to challenging acquisition problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jens Oppliger
- Physik-Institut, Universität Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Julia Küspert
- Physik-Institut, Universität Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Ruggero Frison
- Physik-Institut, Universität Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Qisi Wang
- Physik-Institut, Universität Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Department of Physics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | | | - Oleh Ivashko
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Hamburg, Germany
| | | | | | - Izabela Biało
- Physik-Institut, Universität Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Faculty of Physics and Applied Computer Science, AGH University of Krakow, Krakow, Poland
| | | | - Benoît Fauqué
- JEIP, USR 3573 CNRS, Collège de France, PSL University, Paris, France
| | | | | | | | | | - Tohru Kurosawa
- Department of Physics, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Naoki Momono
- Department of Physics, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
- Department of Applied Sciences, Muroran Institute of Technology, Muroran, Japan
| | - Migaku Oda
- Department of Physics, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | | | | | - Titus Neupert
- Physik-Institut, Universität Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Johan Chang
- Physik-Institut, Universität Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
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4
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Liu Y, Liu X, Su A, Gong C, Chen S, Xia L, Zhang C, Tao X, Li Y, Li Y, Sun T, Bu M, Shao W, Zhao J, Li X, Peng Y, Guo P, Han Y, Zhu Y. Revolutionizing the structural design and determination of covalent-organic frameworks: principles, methods, and techniques. Chem Soc Rev 2024; 53:502-544. [PMID: 38099340 DOI: 10.1039/d3cs00287j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Covalent organic frameworks (COFs) represent an important class of crystalline porous materials with designable structures and functions. The interconnected organic monomers, featuring pre-designed symmetries and connectivities, dictate the structures of COFs, endowing them with high thermal and chemical stability, large surface area, and tunable micropores. Furthermore, by utilizing pre-functionalization or post-synthetic functionalization strategies, COFs can acquire multifunctionalities, leading to their versatile applications in gas separation/storage, catalysis, and optoelectronic devices. Our review provides a comprehensive account of the latest advancements in the principles, methods, and techniques for structural design and determination of COFs. These cutting-edge approaches enable the rational design and precise elucidation of COF structures, addressing fundamental physicochemical challenges associated with host-guest interactions, topological transformations, network interpenetration, and defect-mediated catalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yikuan Liu
- Center for Electron Microscopy, Institute for Frontier and Interdisciplinary Sciences, State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Chemistry Synthesis Technology, College of Materials Science and Engineering and College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Xiaona Liu
- National Engineering Research Center of Lower-Carbon Catalysis Technology, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China.
| | - An Su
- Center for Electron Microscopy, Institute for Frontier and Interdisciplinary Sciences, State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Chemistry Synthesis Technology, College of Materials Science and Engineering and College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Chengtao Gong
- Center for Electron Microscopy, Institute for Frontier and Interdisciplinary Sciences, State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Chemistry Synthesis Technology, College of Materials Science and Engineering and College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Shenwei Chen
- Center for Electron Microscopy, Institute for Frontier and Interdisciplinary Sciences, State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Chemistry Synthesis Technology, College of Materials Science and Engineering and College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Liwei Xia
- Center for Electron Microscopy, Institute for Frontier and Interdisciplinary Sciences, State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Chemistry Synthesis Technology, College of Materials Science and Engineering and College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Chengwei Zhang
- Center for Electron Microscopy, Institute for Frontier and Interdisciplinary Sciences, State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Chemistry Synthesis Technology, College of Materials Science and Engineering and College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Xiaohuan Tao
- Center for Electron Microscopy, Institute for Frontier and Interdisciplinary Sciences, State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Chemistry Synthesis Technology, College of Materials Science and Engineering and College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Yue Li
- Institute of Intelligent Computing, Zhejiang Lab, Hangzhou 311121, China
| | - Yonghe Li
- Center for Electron Microscopy, Institute for Frontier and Interdisciplinary Sciences, State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Chemistry Synthesis Technology, College of Materials Science and Engineering and College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Tulai Sun
- Center for Electron Microscopy, Institute for Frontier and Interdisciplinary Sciences, State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Chemistry Synthesis Technology, College of Materials Science and Engineering and College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Mengru Bu
- Center for Electron Microscopy, Institute for Frontier and Interdisciplinary Sciences, State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Chemistry Synthesis Technology, College of Materials Science and Engineering and College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Wei Shao
- Center for Electron Microscopy, Institute for Frontier and Interdisciplinary Sciences, State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Chemistry Synthesis Technology, College of Materials Science and Engineering and College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Jia Zhao
- Center for Electron Microscopy, Institute for Frontier and Interdisciplinary Sciences, State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Chemistry Synthesis Technology, College of Materials Science and Engineering and College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Xiaonian Li
- Center for Electron Microscopy, Institute for Frontier and Interdisciplinary Sciences, State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Chemistry Synthesis Technology, College of Materials Science and Engineering and College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Yongwu Peng
- Center for Electron Microscopy, Institute for Frontier and Interdisciplinary Sciences, State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Chemistry Synthesis Technology, College of Materials Science and Engineering and College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Peng Guo
- National Engineering Research Center of Lower-Carbon Catalysis Technology, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Yu Han
- School of Emergent Soft Matter, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China.
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Yihan Zhu
- Center for Electron Microscopy, Institute for Frontier and Interdisciplinary Sciences, State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Chemistry Synthesis Technology, College of Materials Science and Engineering and College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, Zhejiang, China.
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5
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Moradi A, Rog M, Stam G, Tromp RM, van der Molen SJ. Back illuminated photo emission electron microscopy (BIPEEM). Ultramicroscopy 2023; 253:113809. [PMID: 37544269 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultramic.2023.113809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2023] [Revised: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 08/08/2023]
Abstract
A new, complementary technique based on Photo Emission Electron Microscopy (PEEM) is demonstrated. In contrast to PEEM, the sample is placed on a transparent substrate and is illuminated from the back side while electrons are collected from the other (front) side. In this paper, the working principle of this technique, coined back-illuminated PEEM (BIPEEM), is described. In BIPEEM, the electron intensity is strongly thickness-dependent. This dependence can be described by a simple model which contains the optical attenuation length and the electron mean free path. Electrons forming an image in BIPEEM hence carry information of the inner part of the sample, as well as of the surface, as we demonstrate experimentally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amin Moradi
- Leiden Institute of Physics, Niels Bohrweg2, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Matthijs Rog
- Leiden Institute of Physics, Niels Bohrweg2, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Guido Stam
- Leiden Institute of Physics, Niels Bohrweg2, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - R M Tromp
- Leiden Institute of Physics, Niels Bohrweg2, Leiden, the Netherlands; IBM T.J.Watson Research Center, Yorktown Heights, New York 10598, United States
| | - S J van der Molen
- Leiden Institute of Physics, Niels Bohrweg2, Leiden, the Netherlands
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6
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Persson I, Laval H, Chambon S, Bonfante G, Hirakawa K, Wantz G, Watts B, Marcus MA, Xu X, Ying L, Lakhwani G, Andersson MR, Cairney JM, Holmes NP. Sub-4 nm mapping of donor-acceptor organic semiconductor nanoparticle composition. NANOSCALE 2023; 15:6126-6142. [PMID: 36939532 DOI: 10.1039/d3nr00839h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
We report, for the first time, sub-4 nm mapping of donor : acceptor nanoparticle composition in eco-friendly colloidal dispersions for organic electronics. Low energy scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) mapping has revealed the internal morphology of organic semiconductor donor : acceptor blend nanoparticles at the sub-4 nm level. A unique element was available for utilisation as a fingerprint element to differentiate donor from acceptor material in each blend system. Si was used to map the location of donor polymer PTzBI-Si in PTzBI-Si:N2200 nanoparticles, and S (in addition to N) was used to map donor polymer TQ1 in TQ1:PC71BM nanoparticles. For select material blends, synchrotron-based scanning transmission X-ray microscopy (STXM), was demonstrated to remain as the superior chemical contrast technique for mapping organic donor : acceptor morphology, including for material combinations lacking a unique fingerprint element (e.g. PTQ10:Y6), or systems where the unique element is in a terminal functional group (unsaturated, dangling bonds) and can hence be easily damaged under the electron beam, e.g. F on PTQ10 donor polymer in the PTQ10:IDIC donor : acceptor blend. We provide both qualitative and quantitative compositional mapping of organic semiconductor nanoparticles with STEM EDX, with sub-domains resolved in nanoparticles as small as 30 nm in diameter. The sub-4 nm mapping technology reported here shows great promise for the optimisation of organic semiconductor blends for applications in organic electronics (solar cells and bioelectronics) and photocatalysis, and has further applications in organic core-shell nanomedicines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingemar Persson
- Australian Centre for Microscopy and Microanalysis, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia.
- Thin Film Physics, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology (IFM), Linköping University, SE-58183 Linköping, Sweden
| | - Hugo Laval
- University of Bordeaux, IMS, CNRS, UMR 5218, Bordeaux INP, ENSCBP, F-33405 Talence, France
| | - Sylvain Chambon
- LIMMS/CNRS-IIS (IRL2820), Institute of Industrial Science, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 153-8505, Japan
| | - Gwenael Bonfante
- LIMMS/CNRS-IIS (IRL2820), Institute of Industrial Science, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 153-8505, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Hirakawa
- LIMMS/CNRS-IIS (IRL2820), Institute of Industrial Science, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 153-8505, Japan
| | - Guillaume Wantz
- University of Bordeaux, IMS, CNRS, UMR 5218, Bordeaux INP, ENSCBP, F-33405 Talence, France
| | | | - Matthew A Marcus
- Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Xiaoxue Xu
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Information Technology, University of Technology Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia
| | - Lei Ying
- Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, P. R. China
| | - Girish Lakhwani
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Exciton Science, School of Chemistry, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
- The University of Sydney Nano Institute, Faculty of Science, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Mats R Andersson
- Flinders Institute for Nanoscale Science and Technology, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia 5042, Australia
| | - Julie M Cairney
- Australian Centre for Microscopy and Microanalysis, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia.
- School of Aerospace, Mechanical and Mechatronic Engineering, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Natalie P Holmes
- Australian Centre for Microscopy and Microanalysis, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia.
- The University of Sydney Nano Institute, Faculty of Science, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
- School of Aerospace, Mechanical and Mechatronic Engineering, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
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7
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Jain N, Hao Y, Parekh U, Kaltenegger M, Pedrazo-Tardajos A, Lazzaroni R, Resel R, Geerts YH, Bals S, Van Aert S. Exploring the effects of graphene and temperature in reducing electron beam damage: A TEM and electron diffraction-based quantitative study on Lead Phthalocyanine (PbPc) crystals. Micron 2023; 169:103444. [PMID: 36965270 DOI: 10.1016/j.micron.2023.103444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2023] [Revised: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 03/27/2023]
Abstract
High-resolution transmission electron microscopy (TEM) of organic crystals, such as Lead Phthalocyanine (PbPc), is very challenging since these materials are prone to electron beam damage leading to the breakdown of the crystal structure during investigation. Quantification of the damage is imperative to enable high-resolution imaging of PbPc crystals with minimum structural changes. In this work, we performed a detailed electron diffraction study to quantitatively measure degradation of PbPc crystals upon electron beam irradiation. Our study is based on the quantification of the fading intensity of the spots in the electron diffraction patterns. At various incident dose rates (e/Å2/s) and acceleration voltages, we experimentally extracted the decay rate (1/s), which directly correlates with the rate of beam damage. In this manner, a value for the critical dose (e/Å2) could be determined, which can be used as a measure to quantify beam damage. Using the same methodology, we explored the influence of cryogenic temperatures, graphene TEM substrates, and graphene encapsulation in prolonging the lifetime of the PbPc crystal structure during TEM investigation. The knowledge obtained by diffraction experiments is then translated to real space high-resolution TEM imaging of PbPc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noopur Jain
- Electron Microscopy for Materials Science (EMAT) and NANOlab Center of Excellence, University of Antwerp, 2020 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Yansong Hao
- Electron Microscopy for Materials Science (EMAT) and NANOlab Center of Excellence, University of Antwerp, 2020 Antwerp, Belgium; Laboratory for Chemistry of Novel Materials, Materials Research Institute, University of Mons, 7000 Mons, Belgium
| | - Urvi Parekh
- Electron Microscopy for Materials Science (EMAT) and NANOlab Center of Excellence, University of Antwerp, 2020 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Martin Kaltenegger
- Institute of Solid State Physics, Graz University of Technology, 8010 Graz, Austria; Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Adrián Pedrazo-Tardajos
- Electron Microscopy for Materials Science (EMAT) and NANOlab Center of Excellence, University of Antwerp, 2020 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Roberto Lazzaroni
- Laboratory for Chemistry of Novel Materials, Materials Research Institute, University of Mons, 7000 Mons, Belgium
| | - Roland Resel
- Institute of Solid State Physics, Graz University of Technology, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Yves Henri Geerts
- Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), 1050 Brussels, Belgium; International Solvay Institutes of Physics and Chemistry, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Sara Bals
- Electron Microscopy for Materials Science (EMAT) and NANOlab Center of Excellence, University of Antwerp, 2020 Antwerp, Belgium.
| | - Sandra Van Aert
- Electron Microscopy for Materials Science (EMAT) and NANOlab Center of Excellence, University of Antwerp, 2020 Antwerp, Belgium.
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8
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Xu YC, Ding L, Yao ZF, Shao Y, Wang JY, Zhang WB, Pei J. Conjugated Polymers in Solution: A Physical Perspective. J Phys Chem Lett 2023; 14:927-939. [PMID: 36669464 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.2c03600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Excellent progress has been made in the optoelectronic properties of conjugated polymers by controlling solution-state aggregation. However, due to the wide variety and complex structures of conjugated polymers, it is still challenging to fully understand the complex aggregation process and microstructures both in solution and in the solid state. This Perspective focuses on the chain conformations and the aggregation of conjugated polymers in solution. We discuss the factors in detail which affect solution-state aggregation and microstructures from the perspective of polymer physics in solutions, including chemical structures and environmental conditions. Based on the understanding of multiple interactions of conjugated polymers in solution, strategies to regulate solid-state microstructures and obtain high-performance polymer-based devices from solution-state aggregation are summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Chun Xu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of Education, Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing100871, China
| | - Li Ding
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of Education, Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing100871, China
| | - Ze-Fan Yao
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of Education, Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing100871, China
| | - Yu Shao
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of Education, Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing100871, China
| | - Jie-Yu Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of Education, Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing100871, China
| | - Wen-Bin Zhang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of Education, Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing100871, China
| | - Jian Pei
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of Education, Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing100871, China
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9
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Čalkovský M, Müller E, Gerthsen D. Quantitative analysis of backscattered-electron contrast in scanning electron microscopy. J Microsc 2023; 289:32-47. [PMID: 36245312 DOI: 10.1111/jmi.13148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Revised: 09/21/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Backscattered-electron scanning electron microscopy (BSE-SEM) imaging is a valuable technique for materials characterisation because it provides information about the homogeneity of the material in the analysed specimen and is therefore an important technique in modern electron microscopy. However, the information contained in BSE-SEM images is up to now rarely quantitatively evaluated. The main challenge of quantitative BSE-SEM imaging is to relate the measured BSE intensity to the backscattering coefficient η and the (average) atomic number Z to derive chemical information from the BSE-SEM image. We propose a quantitative BSE-SEM method, which is based on the comparison of Monte-Carlo (MC) simulated and measured BSE intensities acquired from wedge-shaped electron-transparent specimens with known thickness profile. The new method also includes measures to improve and validate the agreement of the MC simulations with experimental data. Two different challenging samples (ZnS/Zn(Ox S1- x )/ZnO/Si-multilayer and PTB7/PC71 BM-multilayer systems) are quantitatively analysed, which demonstrates the validity of the proposed method and emphasises the importance of realistic MC simulations for quantitative BSE-SEM analysis. Moreover, MC simulations can be used to optimise the imaging parameters (electron energy, detection-angle range) in advance to avoid tedious experimental trial and error optimisation. Under optimised imaging conditions pre-determined by MC simulations, the BSE-SEM technique is capable of distinguishing materials with small composition differences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Čalkovský
- 3DMM2O, Cluster of Excellence (EXC-2082/1-390761711), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Karlsruhe, Germany.,Laboratory for Electron Microscopy, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Erich Müller
- Laboratory for Electron Microscopy, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Dagmar Gerthsen
- 3DMM2O, Cluster of Excellence (EXC-2082/1-390761711), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Karlsruhe, Germany.,Laboratory for Electron Microscopy, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Karlsruhe, Germany
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10
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Valencia L, de la Mata M, Herrera M, Delgado F, Hernández-Saz J, Molina S. Induced damage during STEM-EELS analyses on acrylic-based materials for Stereolithography. Polym Degrad Stab 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2022.110044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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11
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Chen C, Guo X, Zhao G, Yao Y, Zhu Y. Effects of electron irradiation on structure and bonding of polymer spherulite thin films. POLYMER 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2022.125195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
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12
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Wu M, Harreiß C, Ophus C, Johnson M, Fink RH, Spiecker E. Seeing structural evolution of organic molecular nano-crystallites using 4D scanning confocal electron diffraction (4D-SCED). Nat Commun 2022; 13:2911. [PMID: 35614053 PMCID: PMC9132979 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-30413-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Direct observation of organic molecular nanocrystals and their evolution using electron microscopy is extremely challenging, due to their radiation sensitivity and complex structure. Here, we introduce 4D-scanning confocal electron diffraction (4D-SCED), which enables direct in situ observation of bulk heterojunction (BHJ) thin films. 4D-SCED combines confocal electron optic setup with a pixelated detector to record focused spot-like diffraction patterns with high angular resolution, using an order of magnitude lower dose than previous methods. We apply it to study an active layer in organic solar cells, namely DRCN5T:PC71BM BHJ thin films. Structural details of DRCN5T nano-crystallites oriented both in- and out-of-plane are imaged at ~5 nm resolution and dose budget of ~5 e−/Å2. We use in situ annealing to observe the growth of the donor crystals, evolution of the crystal orientation, and progressive enrichment of PC71BM at interfaces. This highly dose-efficient method opens more possibilities for studying beam sensitive soft materials. Studying organic molecular nanocrystals with electron microscopy has been challenging due to complex structures and radiation sensitivity. Here, the authors present 4D-scanning confocal electron diffraction, and demonstrate direct in situ observation of structural evolution of bulk heterojunction thin films.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingjian Wu
- Institute of Micro- and Nanostructure Research & Center for Nanoanalysis and Electron Microscopy (CENEM), Department of Materials Science, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Cauerstraße 3, D-91058, Erlangen, Germany.
| | - Christina Harreiß
- Institute of Micro- and Nanostructure Research & Center for Nanoanalysis and Electron Microscopy (CENEM), Department of Materials Science, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Cauerstraße 3, D-91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Colin Ophus
- National Center for Electron Microscopy, Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Manuel Johnson
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstr. 3, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Rainer H Fink
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstr. 3, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Erdmann Spiecker
- Institute of Micro- and Nanostructure Research & Center for Nanoanalysis and Electron Microscopy (CENEM), Department of Materials Science, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Cauerstraße 3, D-91058, Erlangen, Germany.
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13
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Blanco-Portals J, Peiró F, Estradé S. Strategies for EELS Data Analysis. Introducing UMAP and HDBSCAN for Dimensionality Reduction and Clustering. MICROSCOPY AND MICROANALYSIS : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF MICROSCOPY SOCIETY OF AMERICA, MICROBEAM ANALYSIS SOCIETY, MICROSCOPICAL SOCIETY OF CANADA 2022; 28:109-122. [PMID: 35177136 DOI: 10.1017/s1431927621013696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Hierarchical density-based spatial clustering of applications with noise (HDBSCAN) and uniform manifold approximation and projection (UMAP), two new state-of-the-art algorithms for clustering analysis, and dimensionality reduction, respectively, are proposed for the segmentation of core-loss electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS) spectrum images. The performances of UMAP and HDBSCAN are systematically compared to the other clustering analysis approaches used in EELS in the literature using a known synthetic dataset. Better results are found for these new approaches. Furthermore, UMAP and HDBSCAN are showcased in a real experimental dataset from a core–shell nanoparticle of iron and manganese oxides, as well as the triple combination nonnegative matrix factorization–UMAP–HDBSCAN. The results obtained indicate how the complementary use of different combinations may be beneficial in a real-case scenario to attain a complete picture, as different algorithms highlight different aspects of the dataset studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Blanco-Portals
- LENS-MIND, Department of Electronics and Biomedical Engineering, Universitat de Barcelona, 08028Barcelona, Spain
- Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (IN2UB), Universitat de Barcelona, 08028Barcelona, Spain
| | - Francesca Peiró
- LENS-MIND, Department of Electronics and Biomedical Engineering, Universitat de Barcelona, 08028Barcelona, Spain
- Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (IN2UB), Universitat de Barcelona, 08028Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sònia Estradé
- LENS-MIND, Department of Electronics and Biomedical Engineering, Universitat de Barcelona, 08028Barcelona, Spain
- Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (IN2UB), Universitat de Barcelona, 08028Barcelona, Spain
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14
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Velazco A, Béché A, Jannis D, Verbeeck J. Reducing electron beam damage through alternative STEM scanning strategies, Part I: Experimental findings. Ultramicroscopy 2021; 232:113398. [PMID: 34655928 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultramic.2021.113398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Revised: 07/31/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The highly energetic electrons in a transmission electron microscope (TEM) can alter or even completely destroy the structure of samples before sufficient information can be obtained. This is especially problematic in the case of zeolites, organic and biological materials. As this effect depends on both the electron beam and the sample and can involve multiple damage pathways, its study remained difficult and is plagued with irreproducibility issues, circumstantial evidence, rumors, and a general lack of solid data. Here we take on the experimental challenge to investigate the role of the STEM scan pattern on the damage behavior of a commercially available zeolite sample with the clear aim to make our observations as reproducible as possible. We make use of a freely programmable scan engine that gives full control over the tempospatial distribution of the electron probe on the sample and we use its flexibility to obtain multiple repeated experiments under identical conditions comparing the difference in beam damage between a conventional raster scan pattern and a newly proposed interleaved scan pattern that provides exactly the same dose and dose rate and visits exactly the same scan points. We observe a significant difference in beam damage for both patterns with up to 11 % reduction in damage (measured from mass loss). These observations demonstrate without doubt that electron dose, dose rate and acceleration voltage are not the only parameters affecting beam damage in (S)TEM experiments and invite the community to rethink beam damage as an unavoidable consequence of applied electron dose.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Velazco
- EMAT, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020 Antwerp, Belgium; NANOlab Center of Excellence, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - A Béché
- EMAT, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020 Antwerp, Belgium; NANOlab Center of Excellence, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - D Jannis
- EMAT, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020 Antwerp, Belgium; NANOlab Center of Excellence, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - J Verbeeck
- EMAT, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020 Antwerp, Belgium; NANOlab Center of Excellence, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020 Antwerp, Belgium.
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15
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Pal R, Bourgeois L, Weyland M, Sikder AK, Saito K, Funston AM, Bellare JR. Chemical Fingerprinting of Polymers Using Electron Energy-Loss Spectroscopy. ACS OMEGA 2021; 6:23934-23942. [PMID: 34568672 PMCID: PMC8459415 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c02939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Electron energy-loss spectroscopy (EELS) is becoming an important tool in the characterization of polymeric materials. The sensitivity of EELS to changes in the chemical structure of polymeric materials dictates its applicability. In particular, it is important for compositional analysis to have reference spectra of pure components. Here, we report the spectra of the carbon K-edge of six polymers (polyethylene, polypropylene, polybutylene terephthalate, and polylactic acid) including copolymers (styrene acrylonitrile and acrylonitrile butadiene styrene), to be used as reference spectra for future EELS studies of polymers. We have successfully decomposed the carbon K-edge of each of the polymers and assigned the observed peaks to bonding transitions. The spectra have been acquired in standard experimental conditions, and electron beam damage has been taken into account during establishment of spectral-structural relationships. We found that the more commonly available low-energy resolution spectrometers are adequate to chemically fingerprint linear saturated hydrocarbons such as PE, PP, and PLA. We have thus moved a step closer toward creating an atlas of polymer EELS spectra, which can be subsequently used for chemical bond mapping of polymeric materials with nanoscale spatial resolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruchi Pal
- IITB-Monash
Research Academy, IIT Bombay, Mumbai 400076, India
| | - Laure Bourgeois
- Monash
Centre for Electron Microscopy, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
- Department
of Materials Science & Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Matthew Weyland
- Monash
Centre for Electron Microscopy, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
- Department
of Materials Science & Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Arun K. Sikder
- SABIC
Research and Technology Pvt. Ltd., Bengaluru 562125, India
| | - Kei Saito
- School
of Chemistry, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Alison M. Funston
- School
of Chemistry, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
- ARC Centre
of Excellence in Exciton Science, School of Chemistry, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Jayesh R. Bellare
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, IIT Bombay, Mumbai 400076, India
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16
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Rizvi A, Mulvey JT, Carpenter BP, Talosig R, Patterson JP. A Close Look at Molecular Self-Assembly with the Transmission Electron Microscope. Chem Rev 2021; 121:14232-14280. [PMID: 34329552 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Molecular self-assembly is pervasive in the formation of living and synthetic materials. Knowledge gained from research into the principles of molecular self-assembly drives innovation in the biological, chemical, and materials sciences. Self-assembly processes span a wide range of temporal and spatial domains and are often unintuitive and complex. Studying such complex processes requires an arsenal of analytical and computational tools. Within this arsenal, the transmission electron microscope stands out for its unique ability to visualize and quantify self-assembly structures and processes. This review describes the contribution that the transmission electron microscope has made to the field of molecular self-assembly. An emphasis is placed on which TEM methods are applicable to different structures and processes and how TEM can be used in combination with other experimental or computational methods. Finally, we provide an outlook on the current challenges to, and opportunities for, increasing the impact that the transmission electron microscope can have on molecular self-assembly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aoon Rizvi
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States
| | - Justin T Mulvey
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States
| | - Brooke P Carpenter
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States
| | - Rain Talosig
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States
| | - Joseph P Patterson
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States
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17
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Gruene T, Holstein JJ, Clever GH, Keppler B. Establishing electron diffraction in chemical crystallography. Nat Rev Chem 2021; 5:660-668. [PMID: 37118416 DOI: 10.1038/s41570-021-00302-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The emerging field of 3D electron diffraction (3D ED) opens new opportunities for structure determination from sub-micrometre-sized crystals. Although the foundations of this technology emerged earlier, the past decade has seen developments in cryo-electron microscopy and (X-ray) crystallography that particularly enable the widespread use of 3D ED. This Perspective describes to chemists and chemical crystallographers just how similar electron and X-ray diffraction are and discusses their complementary aspects. We wish to establish 3D ED in the broader chemistry community, such that electron crystallography becomes a common part of the analytical chemistry toolkit. With a suitable instrument at their disposal, every skilled crystallographer can quickly learn to perform structure determinations using 3D ED.
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18
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Jiang X, Sun J, Zuckermann RN, Balsara NP. Effect of hydration on morphology of thin phosphonate block copolymer electrolyte membranes studied by electron tomography. POLYM ENG SCI 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/pen.25646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xi Jiang
- Materials Sciences Division Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Berkeley California USA
| | - Jing Sun
- Key Laboratory of Biobased Polymer Materials, Shandong Provincial Education Department, School of Polymer Science and Engineering Qingdao University of Science and Technology Qingdao China
| | - Ronald N. Zuckermann
- Materials Sciences Division Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Berkeley California USA
- Molecular Foundry Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Berkeley California USA
| | - Nitash P. Balsara
- Materials Sciences Division Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Berkeley California USA
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering University of California Berkeley California USA
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19
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Leijten ZJWA, Wirix MJM, Lazar S, Verhoeven W, Luiten OJ, With G, Friedrich H. Nanoscale chemical analysis of beam‐sensitive polymeric materials by cryogenic electron microscopy. JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/pol.20210012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zino J. W. A. Leijten
- Laboratory of Physical Chemistry, Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry Eindhoven University of Technology Eindhoven The Netherlands
- Center for Multiscale Electron Microscopy, Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry Eindhoven University of Technology Eindhoven The Netherlands
- Institute for Complex Molecular Systems Eindhoven University of Technology Eindhoven The Netherlands
| | - Maarten J. M. Wirix
- Materials and Structural Analysis Thermo Fisher Scientific Eindhoven The Netherlands
| | - Sorin Lazar
- Materials and Structural Analysis Thermo Fisher Scientific Eindhoven The Netherlands
| | - Wouter Verhoeven
- Coherence and Quantum Technology group, Department of Applied Physics Eindhoven University of Technology Eindhoven The Netherlands
| | - O. Jom Luiten
- Institute for Complex Molecular Systems Eindhoven University of Technology Eindhoven The Netherlands
- Coherence and Quantum Technology group, Department of Applied Physics Eindhoven University of Technology Eindhoven The Netherlands
| | - Gijsbertus With
- Laboratory of Physical Chemistry, Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry Eindhoven University of Technology Eindhoven The Netherlands
- Center for Multiscale Electron Microscopy, Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry Eindhoven University of Technology Eindhoven The Netherlands
| | - Heiner Friedrich
- Laboratory of Physical Chemistry, Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry Eindhoven University of Technology Eindhoven The Netherlands
- Center for Multiscale Electron Microscopy, Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry Eindhoven University of Technology Eindhoven The Netherlands
- Institute for Complex Molecular Systems Eindhoven University of Technology Eindhoven The Netherlands
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20
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Kuei B, Gomez ED. Pushing the limits of high-resolution polymer microscopy using antioxidants. Nat Commun 2021; 12:153. [PMID: 33420049 PMCID: PMC7794589 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-20363-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2020] [Accepted: 11/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
High-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) has been transformative to the field of polymer science, enabling the direct imaging of molecular structures. Although some materials have remarkable stability under electron beams, most HRTEM studies are limited by the electron dose the sample can handle. Beam damage of conjugated polymers is not yet fully understood, but it has been suggested that the diffusion of secondary reacting species may play a role. As such, we examine the effect of the addition of antioxidants to a series of solution-processable conjugated polymers as an approach to mitigating beam damage. Characterizing the effects of beam damage by calculating critical dose DC values from the decay of electron diffraction peaks shows that beam damage of conjugated polymers in the TEM can be minimized by using antioxidants at room temperature, even if the antioxidant does not alter or incorporate into polymer crystals. As a consequence, the addition of antioxidants pushes the resolution limit of polymer microscopy, enabling imaging of a 3.6 Å lattice spacing in poly[(5,6-difluoro-2,1,3-benzothiadiazol-4,7-diyl)-alt-(3,3″'-di(2-octyldodecyl)-2,2';5',2″;5″,2″'-quaterthiophene-5,5″'-diyl)] (PffBT4T-2OD).
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Affiliation(s)
- Brooke Kuei
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, 16802, USA
| | - Enrique D Gomez
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, 16802, USA.
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, 16802, USA.
- Materials Research Institute, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, 16802, USA.
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21
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Han Z, Porter AE. In situ Electron Microscopy of Complex Biological and Nanoscale Systems: Challenges and Opportunities. FRONTIERS IN NANOTECHNOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.3389/fnano.2020.606253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In situ imaging for direct visualization is important for physical and biological sciences. Research endeavors into elucidating dynamic biological and nanoscale phenomena frequently necessitate in situ and time-resolved imaging. In situ liquid cell electron microscopy (LC-EM) can overcome certain limitations of conventional electron microscopies and offer great promise. This review aims to examine the status-quo and practical challenges of in situ LC-EM and its applications, and to offer insights into a novel correlative technique termed microfluidic liquid cell electron microscopy. We conclude by suggesting a few research ideas adopting microfluidic LC-EM for in situ imaging of biological and nanoscale systems.
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22
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Ayoola HO, Li CH, House SD, Bonifacio CS, Kisslinger K, Jinschek J, Saidi WA, Yang JC. Origin and Suppression of Beam Damage-Induced Oxygen-K Edge Artifact from γ-Al2O3 using Cryo-EELS. Ultramicroscopy 2020; 219:113127. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ultramic.2020.113127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2020] [Revised: 09/06/2020] [Accepted: 09/29/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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23
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Kim J, Hou S, Zhao H, Forrest SR. Nanoscale Mapping of Morphology of Organic Thin Films. NANO LETTERS 2020; 20:8290-8297. [PMID: 33135904 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.0c03440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
We determine precise nanoscale information about the morphologies of several organic thin film structures using Fourier plane imaging microscopy (FIM). We used FIM microscopy to detect the orientation of molecular transition dipole moments from an extremely low density of luminescent dye molecules, which we call "morphology sensors". The orientation of the sensor molecules is driven by the local film structure and thus can be used to determine details of the host morphology without influencing it. We use symmetric planar phosphorescent dye molecules as the sensors that are deposited into the bulk of organic film hosts during the growth. We demonstrate morphological mapping with a depth resolution to a few Ångstroms that is limited by the ability to determine thickness during deposition, along with an in-plane resolution limited by optical diffraction. Furthermore, we monitor morphological changes arising from thermal annealing of metastable organic films that are commonly employed in photonic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jongchan Kim
- Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Shaocong Hou
- Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Haonan Zhao
- Department of Physics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Stephen R Forrest
- Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
- Department of Physics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
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24
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Kuei B, Bator C, Gomez ED. Imaging 0.36 nm Lattice Planes in Conjugated Polymers by Minimizing Beam Damage. Macromolecules 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.0c01082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Brooke Kuei
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Carol Bator
- Huck Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Enrique D. Gomez
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
- Materials Research Institute, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
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25
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Slot TK, Riley N, Shiju NR, Medlin JW, Rothenberg G. An experimental approach for controlling confinement effects at catalyst interfaces. Chem Sci 2020; 11:11024-11029. [PMID: 34123192 PMCID: PMC8162257 DOI: 10.1039/d0sc04118a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 09/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Catalysts are conventionally designed with a focus on enthalpic effects, manipulating the Arrhenius activation energy. This approach ignores the possibility of designing materials to control the entropic factors that determine the pre-exponential factor. Here we investigate a new method of designing supported Pt catalysts with varying degrees of molecular confinement at the active site. Combining these with fast and precise online measurements, we analyse the kinetics of a model reaction, the platinum-catalysed hydrolysis of ammonia borane. We control the environment around the Pt particles by erecting organophosphonic acid barriers of different heights and at different distances. This is done by first coating the particles with organothiols, then coating the surface with organophosphonic acids, and finally removing the thiols. The result is a set of catalysts with well-defined "empty areas" surrounding the active sites. Generating Arrhenius plots with >300 points each, we then compare the effects of each confinement scenario. We show experimentally that confining the reaction influences mainly the entropy part of the enthalpy/entropy trade-off, leaving the enthalpy unchanged. Furthermore, we find this entropy contribution is only relevant at very small distances (<3 Å for ammonia borane), where the "empty space" is of a similar size to the reactant molecule. This suggests that confinement effects observed over larger distances must be enthalpic in nature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thierry K Slot
- Van 't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam Science Park 904 Amsterdam 1098 XH The Netherlands
| | - Nathan Riley
- Van 't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam Science Park 904 Amsterdam 1098 XH The Netherlands
| | - N Raveendran Shiju
- Van 't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam Science Park 904 Amsterdam 1098 XH The Netherlands
| | - J Will Medlin
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder Jennie Smoly Caruthers Biotechnology Building, 3415 Colorado Avenue Boulder Colorado 80303 USA
| | - Gadi Rothenberg
- Van 't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam Science Park 904 Amsterdam 1098 XH The Netherlands
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26
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Jo A, Huet C, Naguib HE. Template-Assisted Self-Assembly of Conductive Polymer Electrodes for Ionic Electroactive Polymers. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2020; 8:837. [PMID: 32850715 PMCID: PMC7412994 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2020.00837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Ionic electroactive polymers (ionic EAPs) can greatly aid in biomedical applications where micro-sized actuators are required for delicate procedures. Since these types of actuators generally require platinum or gold metallic electrodes, they tend to be expensive and susceptible to delamination. Previous research has solved this problem by replacing the metallic electrodes with conductive polymers (CP) and forming an interpenetrating polymer network (IPN) between the conductive polymer (CP) and the solid polymer electrolyte (SPE). Since these actuators contain toxic ionic liquids, they are unsuitable for biological applications. In this study, we present a novel and facile method of fabricating a biocompatible and ionic liquid-free actuator that uses semi-IPN to hold the CP and Nafion-based SPE layers together. Surface activated fabrication treatment (SAFT) is applied to the precursor-Nafion membrane in order to convert the sulfonyl fluoride groups on the surface to sulfonate. Through template-assisted self-assembly, the CP electrodes from either polyaniline (PANI) or poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) interlock with the surface treated precursor-Nafion membrane so that no delamination can occur. The electrodes growth pattern, interfacial layer's thickness, and shape can be controlled by adjusting the SAFT concentration and duration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Jo
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Clémence Huet
- Department of Material Science and Engineering, Polytech Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - Hani E. Naguib
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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Posar JA, Davis J, Large MJ, Basiricò L, Ciavatti A, Fraboni B, Dhez O, Wilkinson D, Sellin PJ, Griffith MJ, Lerch MLF, Rosenfeld A, Petasecca M. Characterization of an organic semiconductor diode for dosimetry in radiotherapy. Med Phys 2020; 47:3658-3668. [PMID: 32395821 DOI: 10.1002/mp.14229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2020] [Revised: 04/15/2020] [Accepted: 05/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The development of novel detectors for dosimetry in advanced radiotherapy modalities requires materials that have a water equivalent response to ionizing radiation such that characterization of radiation beams can be performed without the need for complex calibration procedures and correction factors. Organic semiconductors are potentially an ideal technology in fabricating devices for dosimetry due to tissue equivalence, mechanical flexibility, and relatively cheap manufacturing cost. The response of a commercial organic photodetector (OPD), coupled to a plastic scintillator, to ionizing radiation from a linear accelerator and orthovoltage x-ray tube has been characterized to assess its potential as a dosimeter for radiotherapy. The radiation hardness of the OPD has also been investigated to demonstrate its longevity for such applications. METHODS Radiation hardness measurements were achieved by observing the response of the OPD to the visible spectrum and 70 keV x rays after pre-exposure to 40 kGy of ionizing radiation. The response of a preirradiated OPD to 6-MV photons from a linear accelerator in reference conditions was compared to a nonirradiated OPD with respect to direct and indirect (RP400 plastic scintillator) detection mechanisms. Dose rate dependence of the OPD was measured by varying the surface-to-source distance between 90 and 300 cm. Energy dependence was characterized from 29.5 to 129 keV with an x-ray tube. The percentage depth dose (PDD) curves were measured from 0.5 to 20 cm and compared to an ionization chamber. RESULTS The OPD sensitivity to visible light showed substantial degradation of the broad 450 to 600 nm peak from the donor after irradiation to 40 kGy. After irradiation, the spectral shape has a dominant absorbance peak at 370 nm, as the acceptor better withstood radiation damage. Its response to x rays stabilized to 30% after 35 kGy, with a 0.5% difference between 770 Gy increments. The OPD exhibited reproducible detection of ionizing radiation when coupled with a scintillator. Indirect detection showed a linear response from 25 to 500 cGy and constant response to dose rates from 0.31 Gy/pulse to 3.4 × 10-4 Gy/pulse. However, without the scintillator, response increased by 100% at low dose rates. Energy independence between 100 keV and 1.2 MeV advocates their use as a dosimeter without beam correction factors. A dependence on the scintillator thickness used during a comparison of the PDD to the ionizing chamber was identified. A 1-mm-thick scintillator coupled with the OPD demonstrated the best agreement of ± 3%. CONCLUSIONS The response of OPDs to ionizing radiation has been characterized, showing promising use as a dosimeter when coupled with a plastic scintillator. The mechanisms of charge transport and trapping within organic materials varies for visible and ionizing radiation, due to differing properties for direct and indirect detection mechanisms and observing a substantial decrease in sensitivity to the visible spectrum after 40 kGy. This study proved that OPDs produce a stable response to 6-MV photons, and with a deeper understanding of the charge transport mechanisms due to exposure to ionizing radiation, they are promising candidates as the first flexible, water equivalent, real-time dosimeter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessie A Posar
- Centre for Medical Radiation Physics, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, 2522, Australia
| | - Jeremy Davis
- Centre for Medical Radiation Physics, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, 2522, Australia
| | - Matthew J Large
- Centre for Medical Radiation Physics, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, 2522, Australia
| | - Laura Basiricò
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Bologna, Viale Berti Pichat 6/2, Bologna, 40127, Italy
| | - Andrea Ciavatti
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Bologna, Viale Berti Pichat 6/2, Bologna, 40127, Italy
| | - Beatrice Fraboni
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Bologna, Viale Berti Pichat 6/2, Bologna, 40127, Italy
| | - Olivier Dhez
- ISORG, 60 Rue des berges, Parc Polyetc, Immeuble Tramontane, Grenoble, 38000, France
| | - Dean Wilkinson
- Centre for Medical Radiation Physics, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, 2522, Australia.,Illawarra Cancer Care Centre, Wollongong Hospital, Wollongong, NSW, 2500, Australia
| | - Paul J Sellin
- Department of Physics, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey, GU2 7XH, UK
| | - Matthew J Griffith
- Priority Research Centre for Organic Electronics, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, 2308, Australia.,School of Aeronautical, Mechanical and Mechatronic Engineering, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, 2050, Australia
| | - Michael L F Lerch
- Centre for Medical Radiation Physics, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, 2522, Australia
| | - Anatoly Rosenfeld
- Centre for Medical Radiation Physics, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, 2522, Australia
| | - Marco Petasecca
- Centre for Medical Radiation Physics, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, 2522, Australia
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Yuan P, Wu JY, Ogletree DF, Urban JJ, Dames C, Ma Y. Adapting the Electron Beam from SEM as a Quantitative Heating Source for Nanoscale Thermal Metrology. NANO LETTERS 2020; 20:3019-3029. [PMID: 32267709 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.9b04940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The electron beam (e-beam) in the scanning electron microscopy (SEM) provides an appealing mobile heating source for thermal metrology with spatial resolution of ∼1 nm, but the lack of systematic quantification of the e-beam heating power limits such application development. Here, we systemically study e-beam heating in LPCVD silicon nitride (SiNx) thin-films with thickness ranging from 200 to 500 nm from both experiments and complementary Monte Carlo simulations using the CASINO software package. There is good agreement about the thickness-dependent e-beam energy absorption of thin-film between modeling predictions and experiments. Using the absorption results, we then demonstrate adapting the e-beam as a quantitative heating source by measuring the thickness-dependent thermal conductivity of SiNx thin-films, with the results validated to within 7% by a separate Joule heating experiment. The results described here will open a new avenue for using SEM e-beams as a mobile heating source for advanced nanoscale thermal metrology development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengyu Yuan
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- The Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California, Merced, Merced, California 95343, United States
| | - Jason Y Wu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - D Frank Ogletree
- The Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Jeffrey J Urban
- The Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Chris Dames
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Yanbao Ma
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California, Merced, Merced, California 95343, United States
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Disk-Shaped Cobalt Nanocrystals as Fischer–Tropsch Synthesis Catalysts Under Industrially Relevant Conditions. Top Catal 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s11244-020-01270-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
AbstractColloidal synthesis of metal nanocrystals (NC) offers control over size, crystal structure and shape of nanoparticles, making it a promising method to synthesize model catalysts to investigate structure-performance relationships. Here, we investigated the synthesis of disk-shaped Co-NC, their deposition on a support and performance in the Fischer–Tropsch (FT) synthesis under industrially relevant conditions. From the NC synthesis, either spheres only or a mixture of disk-shaped and spherical Co-NC was obtained. The disks had an average diameter of 15 nm, a thickness of 4 nm and consisted of hcp Co exposing (0001) on the base planes. The spheres were 11 nm on average and consisted of ε-Co. After mild oxidation, the CoO-NC were deposited on SiO2 with numerically 66% of the NC being disk-shaped. After reduction, the catalyst with spherical plus disk-shaped Co-NC had 50% lower intrinsic activity for FT synthesis (20 bar, 220 °C, H2/CO = 2 v/v) than the catalyst with spherical NC only, while C5+-selectivity was similar. Surprisingly, the Co-NC morphology was unchanged after catalysis. Using XPS it was established that nitrogen-containing ligands were largely removed and in situ XRD revealed that both catalysts consisted of 65% hcp Co and 21 or 32% fcc Co during FT. Furthermore, 3–5 nm polycrystalline domains were observed. Through exclusion of several phenomena, we tentatively conclude that the high fraction of (0001) facets in disk-shaped Co-NC decrease FT activity and, although very challenging to pursue, that metal nanoparticle shape effects can be studied at industrially relevant conditions.
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Zhang C, Firestein KL, Fernando JFS, Siriwardena D, von Treifeldt JE, Golberg D. Recent Progress of In Situ Transmission Electron Microscopy for Energy Materials. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2020; 32:e1904094. [PMID: 31566272 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201904094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2019] [Revised: 09/01/2019] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
In situ transmission electron microscopy (TEM) is one of the most powerful approaches for revealing physical and chemical process dynamics at atomic resolutions. The most recent developments for in situ TEM techniques are summarized; in particular, how they enable visualization of various events, measure properties, and solve problems in the field of energy by revealing detailed mechanisms at the nanoscale. Related applications include rechargeable batteries such as Li-ion, Na-ion, Li-O2 , Na-O2 , Li-S, etc., fuel cells, thermoelectrics, photovoltaics, and photocatalysis. To promote various applications, the methods of introducing the in situ stimuli of heating, cooling, electrical biasing, light illumination, and liquid and gas environments are discussed. The progress of recent in situ TEM in energy applications should inspire future research on new energy materials in diverse energy-related areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Zhang
- Science and Engineering, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), 2 George Street, Brisbane, QLD, 4001, Australia
| | - Konstantin L Firestein
- Science and Engineering, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), 2 George Street, Brisbane, QLD, 4001, Australia
| | - Joseph F S Fernando
- Science and Engineering, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), 2 George Street, Brisbane, QLD, 4001, Australia
| | - Dumindu Siriwardena
- Science and Engineering, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), 2 George Street, Brisbane, QLD, 4001, Australia
| | - Joel E von Treifeldt
- Science and Engineering, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), 2 George Street, Brisbane, QLD, 4001, Australia
| | - Dmitri Golberg
- Science and Engineering, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), 2 George Street, Brisbane, QLD, 4001, Australia
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Chen Q, Dwyer C, Sheng G, Zhu C, Li X, Zheng C, Zhu Y. Imaging Beam-Sensitive Materials by Electron Microscopy. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2020; 32:e1907619. [PMID: 32108394 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201907619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2019] [Revised: 12/20/2019] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Electron microscopy allows the extraction of multidimensional spatiotemporally correlated structural information of diverse materials down to atomic resolution, which is essential for figuring out their structure-property relationships. Unfortunately, the high-energy electrons that carry this important information can cause damage by modulating the structures of the materials. This has become a significant problem concerning the recent boost in materials science applications of a wide range of beam-sensitive materials, including metal-organic frameworks, covalent-organic frameworks, organic-inorganic hybrid materials, 2D materials, and zeolites. To this end, developing electron microscopy techniques that minimize the electron beam damage for the extraction of intrinsic structural information turns out to be a compelling but challenging need. This article provides a comprehensive review on the revolutionary strategies toward the electron microscopic imaging of beam-sensitive materials and associated materials science discoveries, based on the principles of electron-matter interaction and mechanisms of electron beam damage. Finally, perspectives and future trends in this field are put forward.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiaoli Chen
- Center for Electron Microscopy, State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Chemistry Synthesis Technology and College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, China
| | - Christian Dwyer
- Department of Physics, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, 85287-1504, USA
| | - Guan Sheng
- Advanced Membranes and Porous Materials Center, Physical Science and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Chongzhi Zhu
- Center for Electron Microscopy, State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Chemistry Synthesis Technology and College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, China
| | - Xiaonian Li
- Center for Electron Microscopy, State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Chemistry Synthesis Technology and College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, China
| | - Changlin Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Surface Physics and Department of Physics, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, China
| | - Yihan Zhu
- Center for Electron Microscopy, State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Chemistry Synthesis Technology and College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, China
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32
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Carlino E. In-Line Holography in Transmission Electron Microscopy for the Atomic Resolution Imaging of Single Particle of Radiation-Sensitive Matter. MATERIALS 2020; 13:ma13061413. [PMID: 32245011 PMCID: PMC7142924 DOI: 10.3390/ma13061413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2020] [Revised: 03/16/2020] [Accepted: 03/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
In this paper, for the first time it is shown how in-line holography in Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) enables the study of radiation-sensitive nanoparticles of organic and inorganic materials providing high-contrast holograms of single nanoparticles, while illuminating specimens with a density of current as low as 1–2 e−Å−2s−1. This provides a powerful method for true single-particle atomic resolution imaging and opens up new perspectives for the study of soft matter in biology and materials science. The approach is not limited to a particular class of TEM specimens, such as homogenous samples or samples specially designed for a particular TEM experiment, but has better application in the study of those specimens with differences in shape, chemical composition, crystallography, and orientation, which cannot be currently addressed at atomic resolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elvio Carlino
- Istituto per la Microelettronica ed i Microsistemi, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR-IMM), Sezione di Lecce, Campus Universitario, via per Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy
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Revealing Sources of Variation for Reproducible Imaging of Protein Assemblies by Electron Microscopy. MICROMACHINES 2020; 11:mi11030251. [PMID: 32120860 PMCID: PMC7143348 DOI: 10.3390/mi11030251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2020] [Revised: 02/24/2020] [Accepted: 02/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Electron microscopy plays an important role in the analysis of functional nano-to-microstructures. Substrates and staining procedures present common sources of variation for the analysis. However, systematic investigations on the impact of these sources on data interpretation are lacking. Here we pinpoint key determinants associated with reproducibility issues in the imaging of archetypal protein assemblies, protein shells, and filaments. The effect of staining on the morphological characteristics of the assemblies was assessed to reveal differential features for anisotropic (filaments) and isotropic (shells) forms. Commercial substrates and coatings under the same staining conditions gave comparable results for the same model assembly, while highlighting intrinsic sample variations including the density and heterogenous distribution of assemblies on the substrate surface. With no aberrant or disrupted structures observed, and putative artefacts limited to substrate-associated markings, the study emphasizes that reproducible imaging must correlate with an optimal combination of substrate stability, stain homogeneity, accelerating voltage, and magnification.
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Pal R, Bourgeois L, Weyland M, Sikder AK, Saito K, Funston AM, Bellare JR. Chemical fingerprinting of polyvinyl acetate and polycarbonate using electron energy-loss spectroscopy. Polym Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/d0py00771d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
This work demonstrates that the high sensitivity of EELS can be used to identify the changes in the chemical structure of polymeric materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruchi Pal
- IITB-Monash Research Academy
- IIT Bombay
- Mumbai 400076
- India
| | - Laure Bourgeois
- Monash Centre for Electron Microscopy
- Monash University
- Australia
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering
- Monash University
| | - Matthew Weyland
- Monash Centre for Electron Microscopy
- Monash University
- Australia
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering
- Monash University
| | - Arun K. Sikder
- SABIC Research and Technology Pvt. Ltd
- Bengaluru 562125
- India
| | - Kei Saito
- School of Chemistry
- Monash University
- Clayton
- Australia
| | - Alison M. Funston
- School of Chemistry
- Monash University
- Clayton
- Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Exciton Science
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Low-dose (S)TEM elemental analysis of water and oxygen uptake in beam sensitive materials. Ultramicroscopy 2019; 208:112855. [PMID: 31634656 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultramic.2019.112855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2018] [Revised: 07/18/2019] [Accepted: 10/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The performance stability of organic photovoltaics (OPVs) is largely determined by their nanoscale morphology and composition and is highly dependent on the interaction with oxygen and water from air. Low-dose cryo-(S)TEM techniques, in combination with OPV donor-acceptor model systems, can be used to assess oxygen- and water-uptake in the donor, acceptor and their interface. By determining a materials dependent critical electron dose from the decay of the oxygen K-edge intensity in Electron Energy Loss Spectra, we reliably measured oxygen- and water-uptake minimizing and correcting electron beam effects. With measurements below the dose limit the capability of STEM-EDX, EFTEM and STEM-EELS techniques are compared to qualitatively and quantitatively measure oxygen and water uptake in these OPV model systems. Here we demonstrate that oxygen and water is mainly taken up in acceptor-rich regions, and that specific oxygen uptake at the donor-acceptor interphase does not occur. STEM-EELS is shown to be the best suitable technique, enabling quantification of the local oxygen concentration in OPV model systems.
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Masters RC, Stehling N, Abrams KJ, Kumar V, Azzolini M, Pugno NM, Dapor M, Huber A, Schäfer P, Lidzey DG, Rodenburg C. Mapping Polymer Molecular Order in the SEM with Secondary Electron Hyperspectral Imaging. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2019; 6:1801752. [PMID: 30886802 PMCID: PMC6402282 DOI: 10.1002/advs.201801752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2018] [Revised: 12/08/2018] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Understanding nanoscale molecular order within organic electronic materials is a crucial factor in building better organic electronic devices. At present, techniques capable of imaging molecular order within a polymer are limited in resolution, accuracy, and accessibility. In this work, presented are secondary electron (SE) spectroscopy and secondary electron hyperspectral imaging, which make an exciting alternative approach to probing molecular ordering in poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT) with scanning electron microscope-enabled resolution. It is demonstrated that the crystalline content of a P3HT film is reflected by its SE energy spectrum, both empirically and through correlation with nano-Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, an innovative technique for exploring nanoscale chemistry. The origin of SE spectral features is investigated using both experimental and modeling approaches, and it is found that the different electronic properties of amorphous and crystalline P3HT result in SE emission with different energy distributions. This effect is exploited by acquiring hyperspectral SE images of different P3HT films to explore localized molecular orientation. Machine learning techniques are used to accurately identify and map the crystalline content of the film, demonstrating the power of an exciting characterization technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert C. Masters
- Department of Materials Science and EngineeringUniversity of SheffieldSheffieldS1 3JDUK
| | - Nicola Stehling
- Department of Materials Science and EngineeringUniversity of SheffieldSheffieldS1 3JDUK
| | - Kerry J. Abrams
- Department of Materials Science and EngineeringUniversity of SheffieldSheffieldS1 3JDUK
| | - Vikas Kumar
- Department of Materials Science and EngineeringUniversity of SheffieldSheffieldS1 3JDUK
| | - Martina Azzolini
- European Centre for Theoretical Studies in Nuclear Physics and Related Areas (ECT*‐FBK) and Trento Institute for Fundamental Physics and Applications (TIFPA‐INFN)Trento38123Italy
- Laboratory of Bio‐Inspired and Graphene NanomechanicsDepartment of CivilEnvironmental and Mechanical EngineeringUniversity of TrentoTrento38123Italy
| | - Nicola M. Pugno
- Laboratory of Bio‐Inspired and Graphene NanomechanicsDepartment of CivilEnvironmental and Mechanical EngineeringUniversity of TrentoTrento38123Italy
- Ket‐LabEdoardo Amaldi FoundationRome00133Italy
- School of Engineering and Materials ScienceQueen Mary University of LondonLondonE1 4NSUK
| | - Maurizio Dapor
- European Centre for Theoretical Studies in Nuclear Physics and Related Areas (ECT*‐FBK) and Trento Institute for Fundamental Physics and Applications (TIFPA‐INFN)Trento38123Italy
| | | | | | - David G. Lidzey
- Department of Physics and AstronomyUniversity of SheffieldSheffieldS3 7RHUK
| | - Cornelia Rodenburg
- Department of Materials Science and EngineeringUniversity of SheffieldSheffieldS1 3JDUK
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Mendes RG, Pang J, Bachmatiuk A, Ta HQ, Zhao L, Gemming T, Fu L, Liu Z, Rümmeli MH. Electron-Driven In Situ Transmission Electron Microscopy of 2D Transition Metal Dichalcogenides and Their 2D Heterostructures. ACS NANO 2019; 13:978-995. [PMID: 30673226 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.8b08079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Investigations on monolayered transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) and TMD heterostructures have been steadily increasing over the past years due to their potential application in a wide variety of fields such as microelectronics, sensors, batteries, solar cells, and supercapacitors, among others. The present work focuses on the characterization of TMDs using transmission electron microscopy, which allows not only static atomic resolution but also investigations into the dynamic behavior of atoms within such materials. Herein, we present a body of recent research from the various techniques available in the transmission electron microscope to structurally and analytically characterize layered TMDs and briefly compare the advantages of TEM with other characterization techniques. Whereas both static and dynamic aspects are presented, special emphasis is given to studies on the electron-driven in situ dynamic aspects of these materials while under investigation in a transmission electron microscope. The collection of the presented results points to a future prospect where electron-driven nanomanipulation may be routinely used not only in the understanding of fundamental properties of TMDs but also in the electron beam engineering of nanocircuits and nanodevices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael G Mendes
- Leibniz Institute for Solid State and Materials Research Dresden , P.O. Box 270116, Dresden D-01171 , Germany
| | - Jinbo Pang
- Leibniz Institute for Solid State and Materials Research Dresden , P.O. Box 270116, Dresden D-01171 , Germany
| | - Alicja Bachmatiuk
- Leibniz Institute for Solid State and Materials Research Dresden , P.O. Box 270116, Dresden D-01171 , Germany
- Centre of Polymer and Carbon Materials , Polish Academy of Sciences , M. Curie-Skłodowskiej 34 , Zabrze 41-819 , Poland
| | | | | | - Thomas Gemming
- Leibniz Institute for Solid State and Materials Research Dresden , P.O. Box 270116, Dresden D-01171 , Germany
| | - Lei Fu
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Science , Wuhan University , Wuhan 430072 , China
| | - Zhongfan Liu
- Center for Nanochemistry, Beijing Science and Engineering Centre for Nanocarbons, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering , Peking University , Beijing 100871 , China
| | - Mark H Rümmeli
- Leibniz Institute for Solid State and Materials Research Dresden , P.O. Box 270116, Dresden D-01171 , Germany
- Centre of Polymer and Carbon Materials , Polish Academy of Sciences , M. Curie-Skłodowskiej 34 , Zabrze 41-819 , Poland
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Gorelick S, Alan T, Sadek AZ, Tjeung RT, Marco AD. Nanofluidic and monolithic environmental cells for cryogenic microscopy. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2019; 30:085301. [PMID: 30582575 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/aaea44] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
We present a device capable of combining nanofluidics and cryogenic transmission electron microscopy (cryo-TEM) to allow inspection of water-soluble samples under near-native conditions. The devices can be produced in a multitude of designs, but as a general rule, they consist of channels or chambers enclosed between two electron-transparent silicon nitride windows. With the appropriate design, those devices can allow screening of multiple samples in parallel and remove the interaction between the sample and the environment (no air-water interface). We demonstrate channel sizes from 80 to 500 nm in height and widths from 100 to 2000 μm. The presented fabrication flow allows producing hollow devices on a single wafer eliminating the need of aligning or bonding two half-cavities from separate wafers, which provides additional resistance to thermal stress. Taking advantage of a single-step through-membrane exposure with a 100 keV electron beam, we introduced arrays of thin (10-15 nm) electron-transparent silicon nitride membrane windows aligned between top and bottom (200-250 nm) carrier membranes. Importantly, the final devices are compatible with standard TEM holders. Furthermore, they are compatible with rapid freezing of samples, which is crucial for the formation of vitreous water, hence avoiding the formation of crystalline ice, that is detrimental for TEM imaging. To demonstrate the potential of this technology, we tested those devices in imaging experiments verifying their applicability for cryo-TEM applications and proved that vitreous water could be prepared through conventional plunge freezing of the chips.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Gorelick
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, 23 Innovation Walk, 3800 Clayton, Victoria, Australia. ARC Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
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S’ari M, Blade H, Brydson R, Cosgrove SD, Hondow N, Hughes LP, Brown A. Toward Developing a Predictive Approach To Assess Electron Beam Instability during Transmission Electron Microscopy of Drug Molecules. Mol Pharm 2018; 15:5114-5123. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.8b00693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mark S’ari
- School of Chemical and Process Engineering, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, United Kingdom
| | - Helen Blade
- Pharmaceutical Technology and Development, AstraZeneca, Macclesfield SK10 2NA, United Kingdom
| | - Rik Brydson
- School of Chemical and Process Engineering, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen D. Cosgrove
- Pharmaceutical Technology and Development, AstraZeneca, Macclesfield SK10 2NA, United Kingdom
| | - Nicole Hondow
- School of Chemical and Process Engineering, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, United Kingdom
| | - Leslie P. Hughes
- Pharmaceutical Technology and Development, AstraZeneca, Macclesfield SK10 2NA, United Kingdom
| | - Andy Brown
- School of Chemical and Process Engineering, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, United Kingdom
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Abbasi K, Wang D, Fusella MA, Rand BP, Avishai A. Methods for Conducting Electron Backscattered Diffraction (EBSD) on Polycrystalline Organic Molecular Thin Films. MICROSCOPY AND MICROANALYSIS : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF MICROSCOPY SOCIETY OF AMERICA, MICROBEAM ANALYSIS SOCIETY, MICROSCOPICAL SOCIETY OF CANADA 2018; 24:420-423. [PMID: 29925461 DOI: 10.1017/s1431927618000442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Electron backscattered diffraction (EBSD) is a technique regularly used to obtain crystallographic information from inorganic samples. When EBSD is acquired simultaneously with emitting diodes data, a sample can be thoroughly characterized both structurally and compositionally. For organic materials, coherent Kikuchi patterns do form when the electron beam interacts with crystalline material. However, such patterns tend to be weak due to the low average atomic number of organic materials. This is compounded by the fact that the patterns fade quickly and disappear completely once a critical electron dose is exceeded, inhibiting successful collection of EBSD maps from them. In this study, a new approach is presented that allows successful collection of EBSD maps from organic materials, here the extreme example of a hydrocarbon organic molecular thin film, and opens new avenues of characterization for crystalline organic materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Abbasi
- 1Swagelok Center for Surface Analysis of Materials,Case School of Engineering,Case Western Reserve University,Cleveland,OH 44106,USA
| | - Danqi Wang
- 1Swagelok Center for Surface Analysis of Materials,Case School of Engineering,Case Western Reserve University,Cleveland,OH 44106,USA
| | - Michael A Fusella
- 2Department of Electrical Engineering,Princeton University,Princeton,NJ 08544,USA
| | - Barry P Rand
- 2Department of Electrical Engineering,Princeton University,Princeton,NJ 08544,USA
| | - Amir Avishai
- 1Swagelok Center for Surface Analysis of Materials,Case School of Engineering,Case Western Reserve University,Cleveland,OH 44106,USA
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Gnanasekaran K, de With G, Friedrich H. Quantification and optimization of ADF-STEM image contrast for beam-sensitive materials. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2018; 5:171838. [PMID: 29892376 PMCID: PMC5990820 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.171838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2017] [Accepted: 03/27/2018] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Many functional materials are difficult to analyse by scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) on account of their beam sensitivity and low contrast between different phases. The problem becomes even more severe when thick specimens need to be investigated, a situation that is common for materials that are ordered from the nanometre to micrometre length scales or when performing dynamic experiments in a TEM liquid cell. Here we report a method to optimize annular dark-field (ADF) STEM imaging conditions and detector geometries for a thick and beam-sensitive low-contrast specimen using the example of a carbon nanotube/polymer nanocomposite. We carried out Monte Carlo simulations as well as quantitative ADF-STEM imaging experiments to predict and verify optimum contrast conditions. The presented method is general, can be easily adapted to other beam-sensitive and/or low-contrast materials, as shown for a polymer vesicle within a TEM liquid cell, and can act as an expert guide on whether an experiment is feasible and to determine the best imaging conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karthikeyan Gnanasekaran
- Laboratory of Materials and Interface Chemistry, Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Gijsbertus de With
- Laboratory of Materials and Interface Chemistry, Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Heiner Friedrich
- Laboratory of Materials and Interface Chemistry, Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
- Institute for Complex and Molecular System, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
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