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Bukleski M, Dimitrovska-Lazova S, Makrievski V, Tzvetkov P, Marinšek M, Skalar T, Kovacheva D, Aleksovska S. Crystal structure and spectroscopic determination of the phase transitions in methylammonium- and formamidinium bismuth iodide perovskites. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2024; 321:124715. [PMID: 38963948 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2024.124715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2024] [Revised: 05/29/2024] [Accepted: 06/24/2024] [Indexed: 07/06/2024]
Abstract
Understanding of the structural properties of hybrid organic-inorganic perovskites (HOIPs) and their behavior is crucial for their use as photovoltaics and for the design and assembly of solar cells. As part of this work, a detailed study was conducted to further understand bismuth iodide perovskites, with a specific focus on the phase transitions of methylammonium and formamidinium analogs. A detailed analysis of the temperature-dependent IR spectra was also performed in order to analyze the structural changes that occur. The presence of five phases in the methylammonium bismuth iodide (MABiI) and four phases in formamidinium bismuth iodide (FABiI) were determined. An additional confirmation of the reported results was obtained from the differential scanning calorimetry. The ambiguities concerning the crystal structure of FABiI were resolved based on the results by X-ray powder diffraction (XRPD).
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Affiliation(s)
- M Bukleski
- University "Ss Cyril and Methodius", Faculty of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, Institute of Chemistry, Arhimedova 5, 1000 Skopje, R.N. Macedonia.
| | - S Dimitrovska-Lazova
- University "Ss Cyril and Methodius", Faculty of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, Institute of Chemistry, Arhimedova 5, 1000 Skopje, R.N. Macedonia
| | - V Makrievski
- University "Ss Cyril and Methodius", Faculty of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, Institute of Chemistry, Arhimedova 5, 1000 Skopje, R.N. Macedonia
| | - P Tzvetkov
- Institute of General and Inorganic Chemistry, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Acad. G. Bonchev Str, Bd.11, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - M Marinšek
- University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, Večna pot 113 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - T Skalar
- University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, Večna pot 113 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - D Kovacheva
- Institute of General and Inorganic Chemistry, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Acad. G. Bonchev Str, Bd.11, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - S Aleksovska
- University "Ss Cyril and Methodius", Faculty of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, Institute of Chemistry, Arhimedova 5, 1000 Skopje, R.N. Macedonia
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Zhang B, Zhang Y, Su H, Huang E, Zhao Z, Xu Z, Liu Y, Zhang L, Zeng Z, You J, Jen AKY, Liu SF. Rational Design of A-Site Cation for High Performance Lead-Free Perovskite X-Ray Detectors. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024:e2405071. [PMID: 39221666 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202405071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2024] [Revised: 08/21/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
Design of hypotoxic lead-free perovskites, e.g. Bismuth(Bi)-based perovskites, is much beneficial for commercialization of perovskite X-ray detectors due to their strong radiation absorption. Nevertheless, the design principles governing the selection of A-site cations for achieving high-performance X-ray detectors remain elusive. Here, seven molecules (methylamine MA, amine NH3, dimethylbiguanide DGA, phenylethylamine PEA, 4-fluorophenethylamine p-FPEA, 1,3-propanediamine PDA, and 1,4-butanediamine BDA) and calculated their dipole moments and interaction strength with metal halide (BiI3) are selected. The first-principles calculations and related spectroscopy measurements confirm that organic molecules (DGA) with large dipole moments can have strong interactions with perovskite octahedron and improve the carrier transport between the organic and inorganic clusters. Consequently, zero-dimensional single crystal (SC) (DGA)BiI5∙H2O is synthesized. The (DGA)BiI5∙H2O SCs demonstrate an exceptional carrier mobility-lifetime product of 6.55 × 10-3 cm2 V-1, resulting in the high sensitivity of 5879.4 µCGyair -1cm-2, featuring a low detection limit (4.7 nGyair s-1) and remarkable X-ray irradiation stability even after 100 days of aging at a high electric field (100 V mm-1). Furthermore, the (DGA)BiI5∙H2O SCs for imaging, achieving a notable spatial resolution of 5.5 lp mm-1 are applied. This investigation establishes a pathway for systematically screening A-site cations to design low-dimensional SCs for high-performance X-ray detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bobo Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, Ministry of Education, Shaanxi Key Laboratory for Advanced Energy Devices, Shaanxi Engineering Lab for Advanced Energy Technology, International Joint Research Center of Shaanxi Province for Photoelectric Materials Science, Institute for Advanced Energy Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, China
| | - Yuefeng Zhang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Hong Kong Institute for Clean Energy, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, 999077, China
| | - Hang Su
- Key Laboratory of Photoelectric Conversion and Utilization of Solar Energy, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, Liaoning, 116023, China
| | - Endai Huang
- Research Institute of Medical and Biological Engineering, Ningbo University, Zhejiang, 315211, China
| | - Zeqin Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, Ministry of Education, Shaanxi Key Laboratory for Advanced Energy Devices, Shaanxi Engineering Lab for Advanced Energy Technology, International Joint Research Center of Shaanxi Province for Photoelectric Materials Science, Institute for Advanced Energy Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, China
| | - Zhuo Xu
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, Ministry of Education, Shaanxi Key Laboratory for Advanced Energy Devices, Shaanxi Engineering Lab for Advanced Energy Technology, International Joint Research Center of Shaanxi Province for Photoelectric Materials Science, Institute for Advanced Energy Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, China
| | - Yucheng Liu
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, Ministry of Education, Shaanxi Key Laboratory for Advanced Energy Devices, Shaanxi Engineering Lab for Advanced Energy Technology, International Joint Research Center of Shaanxi Province for Photoelectric Materials Science, Institute for Advanced Energy Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, China
| | - Lu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, Ministry of Education, Shaanxi Key Laboratory for Advanced Energy Devices, Shaanxi Engineering Lab for Advanced Energy Technology, International Joint Research Center of Shaanxi Province for Photoelectric Materials Science, Institute for Advanced Energy Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, China
| | - Zhiyuan Zeng
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Hong Kong Institute for Clean Energy, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, 999077, China
| | - Jiaxue You
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Hong Kong Institute for Clean Energy, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, 999077, China
| | - Alex K-Y Jen
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Hong Kong Institute for Clean Energy, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, 999077, China
| | - Shengzhong Frank Liu
- Key Laboratory of Photoelectric Conversion and Utilization of Solar Energy, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, Liaoning, 116023, China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
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3
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Xu Y, Li Z, Shi C, Li Y, Lei Y, Peng G, Yu T, Ren H, Wang H, Fan H, Zhang Y, Ci Z, Wang Q, Jin Z. Tailoring Multi-Phenyl Ring Cation for Stable Scalable Hybrid Bismuth Iodide Amorphous Film: Enabling Record Sensitivity and High-Performance X-Ray Array Imaging. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2406128. [PMID: 38940075 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202406128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2024] [Revised: 06/03/2024] [Indexed: 06/29/2024]
Abstract
The 329-type bismuth (Bi)-based metal halide (MH) polycrystalline films have potential to be applied in the new generation of X-ray imaging technology owing to high X-ray absorption coefficients and excellent detection properties. However, the mutually independent [Bi2X9]3- units and numerous grain boundaries in the material lead to low carrier transport and collection capabilities, severe ion migration, large dark currents, and poor response uniformity. Here, a new multi-phenyl ring methyltriphenylphosphonium (MTP) is designed to optimize the energy band structure. For the first time, the coupling between the A-site cation and [Bi2X9]3- is realized, making it the main contributor to the conduction band minimum (CBM), getting rid of dilemma that carrier transport is confined to [Bi2X9]3-. Further, the preparation of MTP3Bi2I9 amorphous large-area wafer is achieved by melt-quenching; the steric hindrance effect improves stability, increases ion migration energy, and promotes response uniformity (14%). Moreover, the amorphous structure takes advantage of A-site cation participation in the conductivity, achieving a record sensitivity (7601 µC Gy-1 cm-2) and low dark current (≈0.11 nA) in the field of amorphous X-ray detection, and features low-temperature large-area preparation. Ultimately, designing amorphous array imaging devices that exhibit excellent response uniformity and potential imaging capabilities is succeeded here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youkui Xu
- School of Physical Science and Technology & Lanzhou Center for Theoretical Physics & Key Laboratory of Theoretical Physics of Gansu Province & Key Laboratory of Quantum Theory and Applications of MoE, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - ZhenHua Li
- School of Physical Science and Technology & Lanzhou Center for Theoretical Physics & Key Laboratory of Theoretical Physics of Gansu Province & Key Laboratory of Quantum Theory and Applications of MoE, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Chang Shi
- School of Physical Science and Technology & Lanzhou Center for Theoretical Physics & Key Laboratory of Theoretical Physics of Gansu Province & Key Laboratory of Quantum Theory and Applications of MoE, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Yumai Li
- School of Physics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Yutian Lei
- School of Physical Science and Technology & Lanzhou Center for Theoretical Physics & Key Laboratory of Theoretical Physics of Gansu Province & Key Laboratory of Quantum Theory and Applications of MoE, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Guoqiang Peng
- School of Physical Science and Technology & Lanzhou Center for Theoretical Physics & Key Laboratory of Theoretical Physics of Gansu Province & Key Laboratory of Quantum Theory and Applications of MoE, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Tengfei Yu
- School of Physical Science and Technology & Lanzhou Center for Theoretical Physics & Key Laboratory of Theoretical Physics of Gansu Province & Key Laboratory of Quantum Theory and Applications of MoE, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Haiyu Ren
- School of Physical Science and Technology & Lanzhou Center for Theoretical Physics & Key Laboratory of Theoretical Physics of Gansu Province & Key Laboratory of Quantum Theory and Applications of MoE, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Haoxu Wang
- School of Physical Science and Technology & Lanzhou Center for Theoretical Physics & Key Laboratory of Theoretical Physics of Gansu Province & Key Laboratory of Quantum Theory and Applications of MoE, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Hengzhong Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Solid Lubrication, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Yongsheng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Solid Lubrication, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Zhipeng Ci
- School of Physical Science and Technology & Lanzhou Center for Theoretical Physics & Key Laboratory of Theoretical Physics of Gansu Province & Key Laboratory of Quantum Theory and Applications of MoE, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Qian Wang
- School of Physical Science and Technology & Lanzhou Center for Theoretical Physics & Key Laboratory of Theoretical Physics of Gansu Province & Key Laboratory of Quantum Theory and Applications of MoE, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Zhiwen Jin
- School of Physical Science and Technology & Lanzhou Center for Theoretical Physics & Key Laboratory of Theoretical Physics of Gansu Province & Key Laboratory of Quantum Theory and Applications of MoE, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
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4
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Pradhan A, Rana R, Rajaraman G, Pradhan M, Samal SL. (C 3H 7NH 3) 4Bi 1-xSb xI 9: 0D hybrid halide perovskite-like compounds with isolated triiodide units. Dalton Trans 2024. [PMID: 39087758 DOI: 10.1039/d4dt01692k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/02/2024]
Abstract
Antimony/bismuth-based organic-inorganic hybrid halide perovskite-like compounds have generated enormous research interest due to their excellent optical properties. Exploration of new compounds and understanding of their structural stability and optoelectronic properties is of utmost importance for practical applications of these materials. We report two new 0D perovskite-like compounds and their solid solution, (C3H7NH3)4Bi1-xSbxI9, having propyl amine as the spacer cation and iodine as the halide ion. All compounds crystallized in the space group C2/m at room temperature and undergo a phase transition from C2/m to P21/c at low temperature (90 K) as observed from the single-crystal study. A low-temperature (250 K, 180 K, 150 K and 90 K) single-crystal study shows that the (PA)4BiI9 compound retains the monoclinic space group C2/m until 150 K and undergoes a phase transition to the P21/c space group at 90 K. Further, it is observed that ordering, rearrangement and relaxation of the long-chain propyl amine group are primarily responsible for the structural transition. The structure contains [(Bi/Sb)I6]3- polyhedra along with linear I3- units, giving rise to the formula of (PA)3(Bi/Sb)I6·(PA)I3. The I3- units interact poorly while the [MI6]3- (M = Bi, Sb) octahedral units interact significantly with spacer cations via the H-bond, resulting in more distortion in these octahedral units. Theoretical calculations revealed that iodide ions have dual roles and contribute largely to both the valence band maxima and conduction band minima in these compounds. From both experimental and theoretical calculations, it is observed that the pristine compounds are of the indirect band gap-type and Sb substitution in (PA)4Bi1-xSbxI9 led to a gradual decrease in the band gap.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abinash Pradhan
- Solid State and Materials Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology, Rourkela-769008, India.
| | - Rajanikanta Rana
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology, Bombay-400076, India
| | - Gopalan Rajaraman
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology, Bombay-400076, India
| | - Monalisa Pradhan
- Department of Physics, School of Applied Sciences, KIIT Deemed to be University, Bhubaneswar 751024, Odisha, India
| | - Saroj L Samal
- Solid State and Materials Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology, Rourkela-769008, India.
- Center for Nanomaterials, National Institute of Technology, Rourkela-769008, India
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Ali N, Shehzad K, Attique S, Ali A, Akram F, Younis A, Ali S, Sun Y, Yu G, Wu H, Dai N. Exploring Non-Toxic Lower Dimensional Perovskites for Next-Generation X-Ray Detectors. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024; 20:e2310946. [PMID: 38229536 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202310946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2024]
Abstract
Owing to their extraordinary photophysical properties, organometal halide perovskites are emerging as a new material class for X-ray detection. However, the existence of toxic lead makes their commercialization questionable and should readily be replaced. Accordingly, several lead alternatives have been introduced into the framework of conventional perovskites, resulting in various new perovskite dimensionalities. Among these, Pb-free lower dimensional perovskites (LPVKs) not only show promising X-ray detecting properties due to their higher ionic migration energy, wider and tunable energy bandgap, smaller dark currents, and structural versatility but also exhibit extended environmental stability. Herein, first, the structural organization of the PVKs (including LPVKs) is summarized. In the context of X-ray detectors (XDs), the outstanding properties of the LPVKs and active layer synthesis routes are elaborated afterward. Subsequently, their applications in direct XDs are extensively discussed and the device performance, in terms of the synthesis method, device architecture, active layer size, figure of merits, and device stability are tabulated. Finally, the review is concluded with an in-depth outlook, thoroughly exploring the present challenges to LPVKs XDs, proposing innovative solutions, and future directions. This review provides valuable insights into optimizing non-toxic Pb-free perovskite XDs, paving the way for future advancements in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nasir Ali
- Research Center for Frontier Fundamental Studies, Zhejiang Labs, Yuhang District, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 311121, P. R. China
| | - Khurram Shehzad
- Research Center for Frontier Fundamental Studies, Zhejiang Labs, Yuhang District, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 311121, P. R. China
| | - Sanam Attique
- State Key Laboratory of Extreme Photonics and Instrumentation, College of Optical Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, P. R. China
| | - Ayaz Ali
- Research Center for Frontier Fundamental Studies, Zhejiang Labs, Yuhang District, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 311121, P. R. China
| | - Fazli Akram
- Center for High Technology Materials and the Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, 87131, USA
| | - Adnan Younis
- Department of Physics, College of Science, United Arab Emirates University, Al-Ain, 15551, United Arab Emirates
| | - Shahid Ali
- Department of Physics, University of Peshawar, Peshawar, 25000, Pakistan
| | - Yan Sun
- Research Center for Frontier Fundamental Studies, Zhejiang Labs, Yuhang District, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 311121, P. R. China
| | - Guolin Yu
- Research Center for Frontier Fundamental Studies, Zhejiang Labs, Yuhang District, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 311121, P. R. China
| | - Huizhen Wu
- Research Center for Frontier Fundamental Studies, Zhejiang Labs, Yuhang District, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 311121, P. R. China
- School of Physics, State Key Laboratory for Silicon Materials, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, P. R. China
| | - Ning Dai
- Research Center for Frontier Fundamental Studies, Zhejiang Labs, Yuhang District, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 311121, P. R. China
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Jiang X, Xie S, Xiao X, Zhao Y, Chen Z. Interface Engineering of Substrate-Integrated Single-Crystal Perovskite Wafers for Sensitive X-Ray Detection. SMALL METHODS 2024:e2400099. [PMID: 38634300 DOI: 10.1002/smtd.202400099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2024] [Revised: 04/06/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024]
Abstract
Metal halide perovskite single crystals are emerging candidates for X-ray detection, however, it is challenging for growth of thickness-controlled single-crystal wafer on commercial backplanes, limiting their practical imaging application. Herein, integration of micrometer-thick methylammonium lead triiodide (MAPbI3) single-crystal wafer on indium tin oxide (ITO) substrates by methylamine (MA)-induced interface recrystallization is reported. Through selection of hole transport material with rich functional group, intimate interface contact with low trap density can be achieved, leading to superior carrier transport properties and homogeneous photoresponse. The as-fabricated X-ray detectors exhibit high sensitivity of 1.4 × 104 µC Gyair -1 cm-2 and low detection limit of 177 nGyair s-1, which are comparable to previous reports based on free-standing MAPbI3 bulk crystals. This work provides a feasible strategy for constructing substrate-integrated single-crystal perovskite wafers with controlled thickness, which may promote practical imaging application of perovskite X-ray detectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaomei Jiang
- School of Preventive Medicine Sciences (Institute of Radiation Medicine), Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, No. 6699 Qingdao Road, Jinan, 250117, P. R. China
| | - Shengdan Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Crystal Materials & Institute of Crystal Materials, Shandong University, 27 Shanda South Road, Jinan, 250100, P. R. China
| | - Xing Xiao
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University, No. 16766 Jingshi Road, Jinan, 250014, P. R. China
| | - Yue Zhao
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Zhaolai Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Crystal Materials & Institute of Crystal Materials, Shandong University, 27 Shanda South Road, Jinan, 250100, P. R. China
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Shen Y, Ran C, Dong X, Wu Z, Huang W. Dimensionality Engineering of Organic-Inorganic Halide Perovskites for Next-Generation X-Ray Detector. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024; 20:e2308242. [PMID: 38016066 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202308242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Revised: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/30/2023]
Abstract
The next-generation X-ray detectors require novel semiconductors with low material/fabrication cost, excellent X-ray response characteristics, and robust operational stability. The family of organic-inorganic hybrid perovskites (OIHPs) materials comprises a range of crystal configuration (i.e., films, wafers, and single crystals) with tunable chemical composition, structures, and electronic properties, which can perfectly meet the multiple-stringent requirements of high-energy radiation detection, making them emerging as the cutting-edge candidate for next-generation X-ray detectors. From the perspective of molecular dimensionality, the physicochemical and optoelectronic characteristics of OIHPs exhibit dimensionality-dependent behavior, and thus the structural dimensionality is recognized as the key factor that determines the device performance of OIHPs-based X-ray detectors. Nevertheless, the correlation between dimensionality of OIHPs and performance of their X-ray detectors is still short of theoretical guidance, which become a bottleneck that impedes the development of efficient X-ray detectors. In the review, the advanced studies on the dimensionality engineering of OIHPs are critically assessed in X-ray detection application, discussing the current understanding on the "dimensionality-property" relationship of OIHPs and the state-of-the-art progresses on the dimensionality-engineered OIHPs-based X-ray detector, and highlight the open challenges and future outlook of this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Shen
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics, Xi'an Institute of Flexible Electronics (IFE) and Xi'an Institute of Biomedical Materials & Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an, 710072, China
| | - Chenxin Ran
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics, Xi'an Institute of Flexible Electronics (IFE) and Xi'an Institute of Biomedical Materials & Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an, 710072, China
| | - Xue Dong
- Technological Institute of Materials & Energy Science (TIMES), Xijing University, Xi'an, 710123, China
| | - Zhongbin Wu
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics, Xi'an Institute of Flexible Electronics (IFE) and Xi'an Institute of Biomedical Materials & Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an, 710072, China
| | - Wei Huang
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics, Xi'an Institute of Flexible Electronics (IFE) and Xi'an Institute of Biomedical Materials & Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an, 710072, China
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8
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Lu X, Xin D, Lei L, Fan Z, Dong S, Tie S, Yuan R, Lin P, Zhu J, Zheng X. High-Performance Flat-Panel Perovskite X-ray Detectors Enabled by Defect Passivation in Ruddlesden-Popper Perovskites. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024; 16:14006-14014. [PMID: 38450480 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.4c00232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/08/2024]
Abstract
Halide perovskites have emerged as promising candidates in X-ray detection due to their strong X-ray absorption and excellent optoelectronic properties. The development of sensitive and stable flat-panel X-ray detectors with high resolution is crucial for practical applications. In this paper, we introduce a novel flat-panel X-ray detector that integrates quasi-two-dimensional (2D) Ruddlesden-Popper (RP) perovskite with a pixeled thin film transistor (TFT) backplane. We incorporate 2,5-dibromopyrimidine (DBPM) as an additive to passivate the Lewis acid defects in the quasi-2D RP perovskite. This modification results in suppressed ion migration, improved optoelectronic performance, and enhanced operational stability of the device. Impressively, the activation energy of the RP perovskite increases from 0.96 to 1.35 eV with the DBPM additive. As a result, X-ray detectors exhibit a high sensitivity of ∼13,600 μC Gyair-1 cm-2, a low detection limit of 6.56 nGyair s-1, and excellent operational stability. Moreover, the flat-panel detectors demonstrate a high spatial resolution of 3.7 line pairs per millimeter and excellent X-ray imaging properties under a remarkably low X-ray dose of ∼50 μGyair, which is just half of the X-ray dose typically used in commercial equipment. This study opens new avenues for the development of flat-panel perovskite X-ray detectors with significant potential for various applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojuan Lu
- Department of Materials Science, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
- Sichuan Research Center of New Materials, Institute of Chemical Materials, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Chengdu 610200, China
| | - Deyu Xin
- Department of Materials Science, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
- Sichuan Research Center of New Materials, Institute of Chemical Materials, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Chengdu 610200, China
| | - Lin Lei
- Institute of Materials, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Jiangyou 621908, China
| | - Zhenghui Fan
- Sichuan Research Center of New Materials, Institute of Chemical Materials, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Chengdu 610200, China
| | - Siyin Dong
- Sichuan Research Center of New Materials, Institute of Chemical Materials, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Chengdu 610200, China
| | - Shujie Tie
- Department of Materials Science, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
- Sichuan Research Center of New Materials, Institute of Chemical Materials, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Chengdu 610200, China
| | - Ruihan Yuan
- Sichuan Research Center of New Materials, Institute of Chemical Materials, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Chengdu 610200, China
| | - Pu'an Lin
- Sichuan Research Center of New Materials, Institute of Chemical Materials, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Chengdu 610200, China
| | - Jianguo Zhu
- Department of Materials Science, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Xiaojia Zheng
- Sichuan Research Center of New Materials, Institute of Chemical Materials, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Chengdu 610200, China
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9
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Zhu ZK, Zhu T, You S, Yu P, Wu J, Zeng Y, Guan Q, Li Z, Qu C, Zhong H, Li L, Luo J. Chiral-Achiral Cations Intercalation Induced Lead-Free Chiral-Polar Hybrid Perovskites Enable Self-Powered X-Ray and Ultraviolet-Visible-Near-Infrared Photo Detection. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024; 20:e2307454. [PMID: 37948430 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202307454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2023] [Revised: 10/28/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
Lead halide hybrid perovskites have made great progress in direct X-ray detection and broadband photodetection, but the existence of toxic Pb and the demand for external operating voltage have severely limited their further applications and operational stability improvements. Therefore, exploring "green" lead-free hybrid perovskite that can both achieve X-ray detection and broadband photodetection without external voltage is of great importance, but remains severely challenging. Herein, using centrosymmetric (BZA)3BiI6 (1, BZA = benzylamine) as a template, a pair of chiral-polar lead-free perovskites, (BZA)2(R/S-PPA)BiI6 (2-R/S, R/S-PPA = (R/S)-1-Phenylpropylamine) are successfully obtained by introducing chiral aryl cations of (R/S)-1-Phenylpropylamine. Compared to 1, chiral-polar 2-R presents a significant irradiation-responsive bulk photovoltaic effect (BPVE) with an open circuit photovoltage of 0.4 V, which enables it with self-powered X-ray, UV-vis-NIR broadband photodetection. Specifically, 2-R device exhibits an ultralow detection limit of 18.5 nGy s-1 and excellent operational stability. Furthermore, 2-R as the first lead-free perovskite achieves significant broad-spectrum (377-940 nm) photodetection via light-induced pyroelectric effect. This work sheds light on the rational crystal reconstruction engineering and design of "green" hybrid perovskite toward high-demanded self-powered radiation detection and broadband photodetection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeng-Kui Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350002, China
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Fluorine and Silicon for Energy Materials and Chemistry of Ministry of Education, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330022, China
| | - Tingting Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350002, China
| | - Shihai You
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350002, China
| | - Panpan Yu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Fluorine and Silicon for Energy Materials and Chemistry of Ministry of Education, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330022, China
| | - Jianbo Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350002, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Ying Zeng
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Fluorine and Silicon for Energy Materials and Chemistry of Ministry of Education, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330022, China
| | - Qianwen Guan
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350002, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Zhou Li
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350002, China
| | - Chang Qu
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350002, China
| | - Haiqing Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350002, China
| | - Lina Li
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350002, China
- Fujian Science and Technology Innovation Laboratory for Optoelectronic Information of China, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350108, China
| | - Junhua Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350002, China
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Fluorine and Silicon for Energy Materials and Chemistry of Ministry of Education, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330022, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
- Fujian Science and Technology Innovation Laboratory for Optoelectronic Information of China, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350108, China
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10
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Cheng W, Wu S, Lu J, Li G, Li S, Tian W, Li L. Self-Powered Wide-Narrow Bandgap-Laminated Perovskite Photodetector with Bipolar Photoresponse for Secure Optical Communication. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2307534. [PMID: 38010259 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202307534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Revised: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
Perovskite photodetectors with bipolar photoresponse characteristics are expected to be applied in the field of secure optical communication (SOC). However, how to realize the perovskite photodetector with bipolar response remains challenging. Herein, by introducing bismuth iodide (BiI3 ) into Sn-Pb mixed perovskite precursor solution, 2D perovskite FA3 Bi2 I9 is spontaneously formed at the bottom to realize a wide-narrow bandgap-laminated perovskite film. Wavelength-dependent bipolar response is realized based on the absorption difference of the photoactive region with different bandgap combined with the carrier competition of the homotypic transport layer adopted in the as-fabricated photodetector. Under the visible/near-infrared (NIR) light irradiation, the bottom/top of the film generates a higher carrier concentration, where electrons are easier to be separated and transported by the SnO2 /PC61 BM to the bottom/top electrodes, respectively, resulting in a negative and positive bipolar response. Finally, based on positive NIR signal as the effective signal and negative visible signal as the interference signal, the SOC system is realized, where the positive NIR signal is well hidden by the negative visible signal. This work provides a simple and feasible strategy for fabrication of laminated perovskite films to achieve bipolar response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjie Cheng
- School of Physical Science and Technology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Thin Films, Center for Energy Conversion Materials & Physics (CECMP), Soochow University, Suzhou, 215006, China
| | - Shaolong Wu
- School of Optoelectronic Science and Engineering, Key Lab of Advanced Optical Manufacturing Technologies of Jiangsu Province & Key Lab of Modern Optical Technologies of Education Ministry of China, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215006, China
| | - Jiayu Lu
- School of Optoelectronic Science and Engineering, Key Lab of Advanced Optical Manufacturing Technologies of Jiangsu Province & Key Lab of Modern Optical Technologies of Education Ministry of China, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215006, China
| | - Guoyi Li
- School of Physical Science and Technology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Thin Films, Center for Energy Conversion Materials & Physics (CECMP), Soochow University, Suzhou, 215006, China
| | - Shenghong Li
- School of Physical Science and Technology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Thin Films, Center for Energy Conversion Materials & Physics (CECMP), Soochow University, Suzhou, 215006, China
| | - Wei Tian
- School of Physical Science and Technology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Thin Films, Center for Energy Conversion Materials & Physics (CECMP), Soochow University, Suzhou, 215006, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Negative Carbon Technologies, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Liang Li
- School of Physical Science and Technology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Thin Films, Center for Energy Conversion Materials & Physics (CECMP), Soochow University, Suzhou, 215006, China
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11
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Pinky T, Popy DA, Zhang Z, Jiang J, Pachter R, Saparov B. Synthesis and Characterization of New Hybrid Organic-Inorganic Metal Halides [(CH 3) 3SO]M 2I 3 (M = Cu and Ag). Inorg Chem 2024; 63:2174-2184. [PMID: 38235735 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.3c04119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2024]
Abstract
Recently, all-inorganic copper(I) metal halides have emerged as promising optical materials due to their high light emission efficiencies. This work details the crystal structure of the two hybrid organic-inorganic metal halides [(CH3)3SO]M2I3 (M = Cu and Ag) and their alloyed derivatives [(CH3)3SO]Cu2-xAgxI3 (x = 0.2; 1.25), which were obtained by incorporating trimethylsulfoxonium organic cation (CH3)3SO+ in place of Cs+ in the yellow-emitting all-inorganic CsCu2I3. These compounds are isostructural and centrosymmetric with the space group Pnma, featuring one-dimensional edge-sharing [M2I3]- anionic double chains separated by rows of (CH3)3SO+ cations. Based on density functional theory calculations, the highest occupied molecular orbitals (HOMOs) of [(CH3)3SO]M2I3 (M = Cu and Ag) are dominated by the Cu or Ag d and I p orbitals, while the lowest unoccupied molecular orbitals (LUMOs) are Cu or Ag s and I p orbitals. [(CH3)3SO]Cu2I3 single crystals exhibit a semiconductor resistivity of 9.94 × 109 Ω·cm. Furthermore, a prototype [(CH3)3SO]Cu2I3 single-crystal-based X-ray detector with a detection sensitivity of 200.54 uCGy-1 cm-2 (at electrical field E = 41.67 V/mm) was fabricated, indicating the potential use of [(CH3)3SO]Cu2I3 for radiation detection applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamanna Pinky
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma 73019, United States
| | - Dilruba A Popy
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma 73019, United States
| | - Zheng Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana 70118, United States
| | - Jie Jiang
- Air Force Research Laboratory, Materials and Manufacturing Directorate, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Dayton, Ohio 45433, United States
| | - Ruth Pachter
- Air Force Research Laboratory, Materials and Manufacturing Directorate, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Dayton, Ohio 45433, United States
| | - Bayram Saparov
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma 73019, United States
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12
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Chu D, Jia B, Liu N, Zhang Y, Li X, Feng J, Pi J, Yang Z, Zhao G, Liu Y, Liu S(F, Park NG. Lattice engineering for stabilized black FAPbI 3 perovskite single crystals for high-resolution x-ray imaging at the lowest dose. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eadh2255. [PMID: 37647409 PMCID: PMC10468129 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adh2255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 07/29/2023] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
Preliminary theoretical analyses indicate that lattice relaxation may be used to release lattice strain in the FAPbI3 perovskite to warrant both high x-ray detection performance and improved stability. Herein, we demonstrate stable black α-phase FAPbI3 single crystals (SCs) realized by lattice engineering via annealing in the ambient atmosphere. The engineered α-FAPbI3 SC detector shows almost all the best figures of merit including a high sensitivity of 4.15 × 105 μC Gyair-1 cm-2, a low detection limit of 1.1 nGyair s-1, a high resolution of 15.9 lp mm-1, and a short response time of 214 μs. We further demonstrate high-definition x-ray imaging at a dose rate below 10 nGyair s-1 on the FAPbI3 SC, indicating a minimal dose-area product of 0.048 mGyair cm2 to the patient for one-time posteroanterior chest diagnosis, which is more than 3000 times lower than the international reference level of 150 mGyair cm2. In addition, the robust long-term stability enables the FAPbI3 SC x-ray detector to work steadily for more than 40 years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Depeng Chu
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, National Ministry of Education, Shaanxi Engineering Lab for Advanced Energy Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an 710119, China
| | - Binxia Jia
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, National Ministry of Education, Shaanxi Engineering Lab for Advanced Energy Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an 710119, China
| | - Naiming Liu
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, National Ministry of Education, Shaanxi Engineering Lab for Advanced Energy Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an 710119, China
| | - Yunxia Zhang
- School of Science, Xi’an University of Posts & Telecommunications, Xi’an 710121, China
| | - Xiaotong Li
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Jiangshan Feng
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, National Ministry of Education, Shaanxi Engineering Lab for Advanced Energy Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an 710119, China
| | - Jiacheng Pi
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, National Ministry of Education, Shaanxi Engineering Lab for Advanced Energy Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an 710119, China
| | - Zhou Yang
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, National Ministry of Education, Shaanxi Engineering Lab for Advanced Energy Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an 710119, China
| | - Guangtao Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, National Ministry of Education, Shaanxi Engineering Lab for Advanced Energy Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an 710119, China
| | - Yucheng Liu
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, National Ministry of Education, Shaanxi Engineering Lab for Advanced Energy Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an 710119, China
| | - Shengzhong (Frank) Liu
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, National Ministry of Education, Shaanxi Engineering Lab for Advanced Energy Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an 710119, China
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Nam-Gyu Park
- School of Chemical Engineering, Center for Antibonding Regulated Crystals, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
- SKKU Institute of Energy Science and Technology (SIEST), Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
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13
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Pradhan A, Samal SL. Structural Transition in (C 2H 5NH 3) 3Bi 2-xSb xI 9:[(Bi/Sb) 2I 9] 3- Dimers to [(Bi/Sb) 3I 12] 3- Trimers to (∞ 1)[(Bi/Sb) 2I 93-] 1D Infinite Chains. Inorg Chem 2023; 62:13802-13811. [PMID: 37589494 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.3c01498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/18/2023]
Abstract
Antimony/bismuth-based lead-free hybrid halide defect 2D perovskites have been generating enormous research interest due to their inherent excellent optical properties. Exploration of new phases and understanding of their structural and optoelectronic properties are of paramount importance in the process of developing materials for practical solar cell applications. In this article, we have reported a structural transition from the 0D hexagonal phase containing isolated [M2I9]3- (M = Bi/Sb) units to the 1D orthorhombic phase via a new monoclinic phase with novel isolated trimeric [M3I12]3- units in (C2H5NH3)3Bi2-2xSb2xI9. The hexagonal phase is stable up to 2x = 0.6 in (C2H5NH3)3Bi2-2xSb2xI9. With gradual substitution of Sb, the cation-cation repulsion increases, which destabilizes the [M2I9]3- unit, and hence, the hexagonal phase becomes unstable. At intermediate composition, 2x = 0.8-1.6, a new monoclinic phase (S.G.: C2/m) with the composition (C2H5NH3)2Bi2-2xSb2xI8 is formed, containing isolated [M3I12]3- units. The symmetry reduction resulted in larger distortion, which relaxes the strain and stabilizes the trimeric unit in the intermediate compositions. Finally, at higher Sb compositions (2x = 1.9-2.0), the compounds crystallize in the orthorhombic 1D phase. In all three phases of (C2H5NH3)3Bi2-2xSb2xI9, the cationic ethylammonium units are completely disordered over the whole unit cell. Raman study clearly shows the phase transition in (C2H5NH3)3Bi2-2xSb2xI9 and also the structural distortion in (C2H5NH3)2Bi2-2xSb2xI8. Optical property study shows that all the compounds are of indirect band gap type. Furthermore, PL study shows better emission properties of the 1D orthorhombic Sb compounds as compared to the 0D hexagonal and monoclinic phases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abinash Pradhan
- Solid State and Materials Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology, Rourkela 769008, India
| | - Saroj L Samal
- Solid State and Materials Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology, Rourkela 769008, India
- Center for Nanomaterials, National Institute of Technology, Rourkela 769008, India
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14
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Geng X, Chen Y, Li Y, Ren J, Dun G, Qin K, Lin Z, Peng J, Tian H, Yang Y, Xie D, Ren T. Lead-Free Halide Perovskites for Direct X-Ray Detectors. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2023; 10:e2300256. [PMID: 37232232 PMCID: PMC10427383 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202300256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Revised: 05/06/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Lead halide perovskites have made remarkable progress in the field of radiation detection owing to the excellent and unique optoelectronic properties. However, the instability and the toxicity of lead-based perovskites have greatly hindered its practical applications. Alternatively, lead-free perovskites with high stability and environmental friendliness thus have fascinated significant research attention for direct X-ray detection. In this review, the current research progress of X-ray detectors based on lead-free halide perovskites is focused. First, the synthesis methods of lead-free perovskites including single crystals and films are discussed. In addition, the properties of these materials and the detectors, which can provide a better understanding and designing satisfactory devices are also presented. Finally, the challenge and outlook for developing high-performance lead-free perovskite X-ray detectors are also provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangshun Geng
- School of Integrated Circuit & Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology (BNRist)Tsinghua UniversityBeijing100084P. R. China
| | - Yu‐Ang Chen
- School of Integrated Circuit & Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology (BNRist)Tsinghua UniversityBeijing100084P. R. China
| | - Yuan‐Yuan Li
- School of Integrated Circuit & Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology (BNRist)Tsinghua UniversityBeijing100084P. R. China
| | - Jun Ren
- School of Integrated Circuit & Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology (BNRist)Tsinghua UniversityBeijing100084P. R. China
| | - Guan‐Hua Dun
- School of Integrated Circuit & Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology (BNRist)Tsinghua UniversityBeijing100084P. R. China
| | - Ken Qin
- School of Integrated Circuit & Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology (BNRist)Tsinghua UniversityBeijing100084P. R. China
| | - Zhu Lin
- Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and TechnologyTsinghua UniversityBeijing100084P. R. China
| | - Jiali Peng
- School of Integrated Circuit & Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology (BNRist)Tsinghua UniversityBeijing100084P. R. China
| | - He Tian
- School of Integrated Circuit & Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology (BNRist)Tsinghua UniversityBeijing100084P. R. China
| | - Yi Yang
- School of Integrated Circuit & Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology (BNRist)Tsinghua UniversityBeijing100084P. R. China
| | - Dan Xie
- School of Integrated Circuit & Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology (BNRist)Tsinghua UniversityBeijing100084P. R. China
| | - Tian‐Ling Ren
- School of Integrated Circuit & Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology (BNRist)Tsinghua UniversityBeijing100084P. R. China
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15
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Lin CF, Huang KW, Chen YT, Hsueh SL, Li MH, Chen P. Perovskite-Based X-ray Detectors. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 13:2024. [PMID: 37446540 DOI: 10.3390/nano13132024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Revised: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023]
Abstract
X-ray detection has widespread applications in medical diagnosis, non-destructive industrial radiography and safety inspection, and especially, medical diagnosis realized by medical X-ray detectors is presenting an increasing demand. Perovskite materials are excellent candidates for high-energy radiation detection based on their promising material properties such as excellent carrier transport capability and high effective atomic number. In this review paper, we introduce X-ray detectors using all kinds of halide perovskite materials along with various crystal structures and discuss their device performance in detail. Single-crystal perovskite was first fabricated as an active material for X-ray detectors, having excellent performance under X-ray illumination due to its superior photoelectric properties of X-ray attenuation with μm thickness. The X-ray detector based on inorganic perovskite shows good environmental stability and high X-ray sensitivity. Owing to anisotropic carrier transport capability, two-dimensional layered perovskites with a preferred orientation parallel to the substrate can effectively suppress the dark current of the device despite poor light response to X-rays, resulting in lower sensitivity for the device. Double perovskite applied for X-ray detectors shows better attenuation of X-rays due to the introduction of high-atomic-numbered elements. Additionally, its stable crystal structure can effectively lower the dark current of X-ray detectors. Environmentally friendly lead-free perovskite exhibits potential application in X-ray detectors by virtue of its high attenuation of X-rays. In the last section, we specifically introduce the up-scaling process technology for fabricating large-area and thick perovskite films for X-ray detectors, which is critical for the commercialization and mass production of perovskite-based X-ray detectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen-Fu Lin
- Department of Photonics, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70101, Taiwan
| | - Kuo-Wei Huang
- Department of Photonics, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70101, Taiwan
- Photovoltaic Technology Division, Green Energy & Environment Research Laboratories, Industrial Technology Research Institute, Tainan 71150, Taiwan
| | - Yen-Ting Chen
- Department of Photonics, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70101, Taiwan
| | - Sung-Lin Hsueh
- Department of Photonics, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70101, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Hsien Li
- Department of Applied Materials and Optoelectronic Engineering, National Chi Nan University, Nantou 54561, Taiwan
| | - Peter Chen
- Department of Photonics, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70101, Taiwan
- Core Facility Center (CFC), National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70101, Taiwan
- Hierarchical Green-Energy Materials (Hi-GEM) Research Center, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70101, Taiwan
- Program on Key Materials, Academy of Innovative Semiconductor and Sustainable Manufacturing, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70101, Taiwan
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16
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Chen M, Dong X, Chu D, Jia B, Zhang X, Zhao Z, Hao J, Zhang Y, Feng J, Ren X, Liang Y, Shi R, Najar A, Liu Y, Liu SF. Interlayer-Spacing Engineering of Lead-Free Perovskite Single Crystal for High-Performance X-Ray Imaging. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023; 35:e2211977. [PMID: 36802105 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202211977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Revised: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Lead-free A3 Bi2 I9 -type perovskites are demonstrated as a class of promising semiconductors for high-performance X-ray detection due to their high bulk resistivity and strong X-ray absorption, as well as reduced ion migration. However, due to their long interlamellar distance along their c-axis, their limited carrier transport along the vertical direction is a bottleneck for their detection sensitivity. Herein, a new A-site cation of aminoguanidinium (AG) with all-NH2 terminals is designed to shorten the interlayer spacing by forming more and stronger NH···I hydrogen bonds. The prepared large AG3 Bi2 I9 single crystals (SCs) render shorter interlamellar distance for a larger mobility-lifetime product of 7.94 × 10-3 cm2 V-1 , which is three times higher than the value measured on the best MA3 Bi2 I9 SC (2.87 × 10-3 cm2 V-1 ). Therefore, the X-ray detectors fabricated on the AG3 Bi2 I9 SC exhibit high sensitivity of 5791 uC Gy-1 cm-2 , a low detection limit of 2.6 nGy s-1, and a short response time of 690 µs, all of which are far better than those of the state-of-the-art MA3 Bi2 I9 SC detectors. The combination of high sensitivity and high stability enables astonishingly high spatial resolution (8.7 lp mm-1 ) X-ray imaging. This work will facilitate the development of low-cost and high-performance lead-free X-ray detectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Chen
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, National Ministry of Education, Shaanxi Engineering Lab for Advanced Energy Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, P. R. China
- School of Electric Power, Civil Engineering and Architecture, School of Physics and Electronics Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Quantum Optics and Quantum Optics Devices, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, 030006, P. R. China
| | - Xiaofeng Dong
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, National Ministry of Education, Shaanxi Engineering Lab for Advanced Energy Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, P. R. China
- School of Electric Power, Civil Engineering and Architecture, School of Physics and Electronics Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Quantum Optics and Quantum Optics Devices, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, 030006, P. R. China
| | - Depeng Chu
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, National Ministry of Education, Shaanxi Engineering Lab for Advanced Energy Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, P. R. China
| | - Binxia Jia
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, National Ministry of Education, Shaanxi Engineering Lab for Advanced Energy Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, P. R. China
| | - Xiaojie Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, National Ministry of Education, Shaanxi Engineering Lab for Advanced Energy Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, P. R. China
| | - Zeqin Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, National Ministry of Education, Shaanxi Engineering Lab for Advanced Energy Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, P. R. China
| | - Jinglu Hao
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, National Ministry of Education, Shaanxi Engineering Lab for Advanced Energy Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, P. R. China
| | - Yunxia Zhang
- School of Science, Xi'an University of Posts & Telecommunications, Xi'an, 710121, P. R. China
| | - Jiangshan Feng
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, National Ministry of Education, Shaanxi Engineering Lab for Advanced Energy Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, P. R. China
| | - Xiaodong Ren
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, National Ministry of Education, Shaanxi Engineering Lab for Advanced Energy Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, P. R. China
| | - Yuqian Liang
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, National Ministry of Education, Shaanxi Engineering Lab for Advanced Energy Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, P. R. China
| | - Ruixin Shi
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, National Ministry of Education, Shaanxi Engineering Lab for Advanced Energy Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, P. R. China
| | - Adel Najar
- Department of Physics, College of Science, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, 15551, UAE
| | - Yucheng Liu
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, National Ministry of Education, Shaanxi Engineering Lab for Advanced Energy Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, P. R. China
| | - Shengzhong Frank Liu
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, National Ministry of Education, Shaanxi Engineering Lab for Advanced Energy Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, 116023, P. R. China
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17
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Jiang W, Ren J, Li H, Liu D, Yang L, Xiong Y, Zhao Y. Improving the Performance and High-Field Stability of FAPbBr 3 Single Crystals in X-Ray Detection with Chenodeoxycholic Acid Additive. SMALL METHODS 2023; 7:e2201636. [PMID: 36732853 DOI: 10.1002/smtd.202201636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Revised: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Organometal halide perovskite single crystals are one of the most promising radiation detection materials due to their unique advantages of high absorption coefficient, long carrier diffusion length, and low defect density. However, the severe ion migration in perovskites deteriorates the X-ray detection performance under longtime and high-field operating conditions. This work reports an effective additive of chenodeoxycholic acid (CDCA), which can suppress the ion migration and improve the performance and the operational stability of FAPbBr3 single crystals (SCs) in X-ray detection significantl. The CDCA molecules in precursors effectively suppress the decomposition of FA ions, resulting in a better crystal orientation and stoichiometry. The trace amounts of CDCA residues in FAPbBr3 SCs improve the thermal stability and effectively suppress the ion migration. The resulting detector shows an impressive X-ray sensitivity up to 21 386.88 µC Gyair -1 cm-2 under -500 V and a detection limit of 15.23 nGyair s-1 . The response current of the detector at 225 V cm-1 field is barely changed under the 7200 s irradiation with a dose rate of 1.949 mGyair s-1 . This work provides insights for the additive selection and improving the operational stability of perovskite single crystals for commercial applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Jiang
- Institute of Materials, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Jiangyou, 621908, China
| | - Jiwei Ren
- Institute of Materials, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Jiangyou, 621908, China
| | - Haibin Li
- Institute of Materials, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Jiangyou, 621908, China
| | - Dan Liu
- Institute of Materials, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Jiangyou, 621908, China
| | - Lijun Yang
- Institute of Materials, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Jiangyou, 621908, China
| | - Ying Xiong
- State Key Laboratory for Environment-Friendly Energy Materials, Southwest University of Science & Technology, Mianyang, 621010, China
| | - Yiying Zhao
- Institute of Materials, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Jiangyou, 621908, China
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18
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Zhang X, Yu S, Meng X, Xiao S. A Review on Lead‐Free Perovskites for X‐Ray Detection and Imaging. CRYSTAL RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY 2023. [DOI: 10.1002/crat.202200232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xin Zhang
- College of Materials Science and Engineering North China University of Science and Technology Tangshan Hebei 06210 China
| | - Shouwu Yu
- College of Materials Science and Engineering North China University of Science and Technology Tangshan Hebei 06210 China
| | - Xianguang Meng
- College of Materials Science and Engineering North China University of Science and Technology Tangshan Hebei 06210 China
| | - Shujuan Xiao
- College of Materials Science and Engineering North China University of Science and Technology Tangshan Hebei 06210 China
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19
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He X, Deng Y, Ouyang D, Zhang N, Wang J, Murthy AA, Spanopoulos I, Islam SM, Tu Q, Xing G, Li Y, Dravid VP, Zhai T. Recent Development of Halide Perovskite Materials and Devices for Ionizing Radiation Detection. Chem Rev 2023; 123:1207-1261. [PMID: 36728153 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.2c00404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Ionizing radiation such as X-rays and γ-rays has been extensively studied and used in various fields such as medical imaging, radiographic nondestructive testing, nuclear defense, homeland security, and scientific research. Therefore, the detection of such high-energy radiation with high-sensitivity and low-cost-based materials and devices is highly important and desirable. Halide perovskites have emerged as promising candidates for radiation detection due to the large light absorption coefficient, large resistivity, low leakage current, high mobility, and simplicity in synthesis and processing as compared with commercial silicon (Si) and amorphous selenium (a-Se). In this review, we provide an extensive overview of current progress in terms of materials development and corresponding device architectures for radiation detection. We discuss the properties of a plethora of reported compounds involving organic-inorganic hybrid, all-inorganic, all-organic perovskite and antiperovskite structures, as well as the continuous breakthroughs in device architectures, performance, and environmental stability. We focus on the critical advancements of the field in the past few years and we provide valuable insight for the development of next-generation materials and devices for radiation detection and imaging applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyu He
- State Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and Die & Mould Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei430074, People's Republic of China
| | - Yao Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and Die & Mould Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei430074, People's Republic of China
| | - Decai Ouyang
- State Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and Die & Mould Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei430074, People's Republic of China
| | - Na Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and Die & Mould Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei430074, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and Die & Mould Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei430074, People's Republic of China
| | - Akshay A Murthy
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University Atomic and Nanoscale Characterization Experimental (NUANCE) Center, International Institute for Nanotechnology (IIN), and Department of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois60208, United States
| | - Ioannis Spanopoulos
- Department of Chemistry, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida33620, United States
| | - Saiful M Islam
- Department of Chemistry, Physics, and Atmospheric Sciences, Jackson State University, Jackson, Mississippi39217, United States
| | - Qing Tu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas77840, United States
| | - Guichuan Xing
- Institute of Applied Physics and Materials Engineering, University of Macau, Macao, SAR999078, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and Die & Mould Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei430074, People's Republic of China
| | - Vinayak P Dravid
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University Atomic and Nanoscale Characterization Experimental (NUANCE) Center, International Institute for Nanotechnology (IIN), and Department of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois60208, United States
| | - Tianyou Zhai
- State Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and Die & Mould Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei430074, People's Republic of China
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20
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Li H, He Y, Li W, Lu T, Tan M, Wei W, Yang B, Wei H. Perovskite Dimensional Evolution Through Cations Engineering to Tailor the Detection Limit in Hard X-ray Response. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2022; 18:e2203884. [PMID: 36117116 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202203884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Revised: 08/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Halide perovskites with various compositions are potential candidates in low-dosage X-ray detection due to their large sensitivity and tunable optoelectronic properties. Here, cations engineering induced dimensional evolution of halide perovskites between 0D, 2D, and 3D is reported. Centimeter-sized 2D lead-free perovskite single-crystal of 4-fluorophenethylammonium antimony iodide (FPEA3 SbI6 ) is synthesized. In contrast to the 0D phenethylammonium antimony iodide (PEA3 Sb2 I9 ), face-shared [Sb2 I9 ]3- of the bi-octahedral structure of PEA3 Sb2 I9 is split into corner-shared [SbI6 ]3- by intermolecular interactions and steric hindrance of FPEA+ ions in 2D FPEA3 SbI6 . Two Sb3+ ions share three octahedral [SbI6 ]3- , leaving one-third of Sb3+ vacancies in the framework of FPEA3 SbI6 . Furthermore, Sn2+ ions can be filled into the vacancies to form continuous 2D frameworks to tune the anisotropic conductivity and device sensitivity to hard X-rays. The dimensional evolution of perovskite single-crystals from 3D to 2D or 0D to 2D maximizes the signal/noise ratio to facilize the adjustability of detection limit in hard X-ray detection, which is determined by both device sensitivity and device noise current. A record low detection limit coefficient of 0.65 is achieved in the 2D FPEA3 SbSn0.5 I7 single-crystal sample, which results from selective charges collection over mobile ions/noise current in the 2D perovskite structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huayang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Photovoltaic Materials, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004, P. R. China
| | - Yuhong He
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, P. R. China
| | - Weijun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, P. R. China
| | - Tong Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, P. R. China
| | - Mingrui Tan
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, P. R. China
| | - Wei Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Optoelectronics, College of Electronic Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, P. R. China
| | - Bai Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, P. R. China
- Optical Functional Theragnostic Joint Laboratory of Medicine and Chemistry, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, P. R. China
| | - Haotong Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, P. R. China
- Optical Functional Theragnostic Joint Laboratory of Medicine and Chemistry, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, P. R. China
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21
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Zhang P, Hua Y, Xu Y, Sun Q, Li X, Cui F, Liu L, Bi Y, Zhang G, Tao X. Ultrasensitive and Robust 120 keV Hard X-Ray Imaging Detector based on Mixed-Halide Perovskite CsPbBr 3- n I n Single Crystals. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2022; 34:e2106562. [PMID: 35062044 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202106562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2021] [Revised: 12/29/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The relatively low resistivity and severe ion migration in CsPbBr3 significantly degrade the performance of X-ray detectors due to their high detection limit and current drift. The electrical properties and X-ray detection performances of CsPbBr3 -nIn single crystals are investigated by doping the iodine atoms into the melt-grown CsPbBr3 . The resistivity of CsPbBr3 -nIn single crystals increases from 3.6 × 109 (CsPbBr3 ) to 2.2 × 1011 (CsPbBr2 I) Ω cm, restraining the leak current and decreasing the detection limit of the detector. Additionally, CsPbBr3 -nIn single crystals exhibit stable dark currents, arising from their high ion migration activation energy. A record sensitivity of 6.3 × 104 µC Gy-1 cm-2 (CsPbBr2.9 I0.1 ) and a low detection limit of 54 nGy s-1 (CsPbBr2 I) are achieved by CsPbBr3 -nIn single crystals for the 120 keV hard X-ray detection under a 5000 V cm-1 electrical field. The CsPbBr2.9 I0.1 detector shows a stable current response with a dark current density of 0.58 µA cm-2 for 30 days and clear imaging for 120 keV Xrays at ambient conditions. The effective iodine atom doping strategy makes the CsPbBr3 -nIn single crystals promising for reproducible high-energy hard X-ray imaging systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crystal Materials, Institute of Crystal Materials, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100, P. R. China
| | - Yunqiu Hua
- State Key Laboratory of Crystal Materials, Institute of Crystal Materials, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100, P. R. China
| | - Yadong Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Solidification Processing, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710072, P. R. China
| | - Qihao Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Solidification Processing, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710072, P. R. China
| | - Xiang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crystal Materials, Institute of Crystal Materials, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100, P. R. China
| | - Fucai Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Crystal Materials, Institute of Crystal Materials, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100, P. R. China
| | - Lin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crystal Materials, Institute of Crystal Materials, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100, P. R. China
| | - Yanxiao Bi
- State Key Laboratory of Crystal Materials, Institute of Crystal Materials, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100, P. R. China
| | - Guodong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crystal Materials, Institute of Crystal Materials, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100, P. R. China
| | - Xutang Tao
- State Key Laboratory of Crystal Materials, Institute of Crystal Materials, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100, P. R. China
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22
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Li X, Zhang P, Hua Y, Cui F, Sun X, Liu L, Bi Y, Yue Z, Zhang G, Tao X. Ultralow Detection Limit and Robust Hard X-ray Imaging Detector Based on Inch-Sized Lead-Free Perovskite Cs 3Bi 2Br 9 Single Crystals. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:9340-9351. [PMID: 35133123 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c24086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Halide perovskites are promising candidates for soft X-ray detection (<80 keV) owing to their high X-ray absorption coefficient, resistivity, and mobility lifetime product. However, the lack of large high-quality single crystals (SCs) renders it challenging to manufacture robust hard X-ray imaging systems (>100 keV) with a low detection limit and stable dark current. Herein, high-quality inch-size two-dimensional (2D) Cs3Bi2Br9 (CBB) single crystals are grown from a melt via the Bridgman method. The crystal quality is enhanced by eliminating inclusions of CsBr-rich phases and restraining the trap-state density, leading to an enhanced resistivity of 1.41 × 1012 Ω cm and a mobility lifetime product of 8.32 × 10-4 cm2 V-1. The Au/CBB/Au single-crystal device exhibits a high sensitivity of 1705 μC Gyair-1 cm-2 in all-inorganic bismuth-based perovskites and an ultralow detection limit of 0.58 nGyair s-1 in all of the bismuth-based perovskites for 120 keV hard X-ray detection. The CBB detector exhibits high work stability with an ultralow dark current drift of 2.8 × 10-10 nA cm-1 s-1 V-1 and long-term air environment reliability under a high electric field of 10 000 V cm-1 owing to the ultrahigh ionic activation energy of the 2D structure. The proposed robust imaging system based on CBB SC is a promising tool for X-ray medical imaging and diagnostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crystal Materials, Institute of Crystal Materials, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, P. R. China
| | - Peng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crystal Materials, Institute of Crystal Materials, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, P. R. China
| | - Yunqiu Hua
- State Key Laboratory of Crystal Materials, Institute of Crystal Materials, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, P. R. China
| | - Fucai Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Crystal Materials, Institute of Crystal Materials, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, P. R. China
| | - Xue Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Crystal Materials, Institute of Crystal Materials, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, P. R. China
| | - Lin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crystal Materials, Institute of Crystal Materials, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, P. R. China
| | - Yanxiao Bi
- State Key Laboratory of Crystal Materials, Institute of Crystal Materials, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, P. R. China
| | - Zhongjie Yue
- State Key Laboratory of Crystal Materials, Institute of Crystal Materials, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, P. R. China
| | - Guodong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crystal Materials, Institute of Crystal Materials, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, P. R. China
| | - Xutang Tao
- State Key Laboratory of Crystal Materials, Institute of Crystal Materials, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, P. R. China
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23
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Xin D, Dong S, Zhang M, Tie S, Ren J, Lei L, Yu P, Zhu J, Zhao Y, Zheng X. Nucleation Engineering in Sprayed MA 3Bi 2I 9 Films for Direct-Conversion X-ray Detectors. J Phys Chem Lett 2022; 13:371-377. [PMID: 34985294 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.1c03922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Metal halide perovskite and its derivatives show great promise in X-ray detection. However, large-scale fabrication of high-quality thick perovskite films is still full of challenges due to the complicated crystal nucleation process that always introduces lots of cracks or pinholes in the final perovskite film. Here, a MA3Bi2I9 film was fabricated by the cost-effective, scalable spraying process, and MACl was used as an additive to effectively tune the crystallization process. As a result, a dense MA3Bi2I9 film constituted by large grains was obtained, which has a high carrier mobility of ∼1 cm2 V-1 s-1 and a large activation energy (Ea) for ion migration of 0.91 eV. Thanks to the outstanding optoelectronic characteristics, X-ray detectors with a configuration of ITO/MA3Bi2I9/Au show a sensitivity of 35 μC Gyair-1 cm-2 and a limit of detection (LoD) of 0.14 μGyairs-1, which is outstanding compared with commercial α-Se detectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deyu Xin
- Department of Materials Science, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
- Sichuan Research Center of New Materials, Institute of Chemical Materials, China Academy of Engineering Physics, 596 Yinhe Road, Shuangliu, Chengdu 610200, China
| | - Siyin Dong
- Sichuan Research Center of New Materials, Institute of Chemical Materials, China Academy of Engineering Physics, 596 Yinhe Road, Shuangliu, Chengdu 610200, China
| | - Min Zhang
- Sichuan Research Center of New Materials, Institute of Chemical Materials, China Academy of Engineering Physics, 596 Yinhe Road, Shuangliu, Chengdu 610200, China
| | - Shujie Tie
- Department of Materials Science, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
- Sichuan Research Center of New Materials, Institute of Chemical Materials, China Academy of Engineering Physics, 596 Yinhe Road, Shuangliu, Chengdu 610200, China
| | - Jiwei Ren
- Institute of Materials, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Jiangyou 621908, China
| | - Lin Lei
- Institute of Materials, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Jiangyou 621908, China
| | - Ping Yu
- Department of Materials Science, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Jianguo Zhu
- Department of Materials Science, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Yiying Zhao
- Institute of Materials, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Jiangyou 621908, China
| | - Xiaojia Zheng
- Sichuan Research Center of New Materials, Institute of Chemical Materials, China Academy of Engineering Physics, 596 Yinhe Road, Shuangliu, Chengdu 610200, China
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24
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McWhorter TM, Zhang Z, Creason TD, Thomas L, Du M, Saparov B. (C
7
H
11
N
2
)
2
MBr
4
(M=Cu, Zn): X‐Ray Sensitive 0D Hybrid Metal Halides with Tunable Broadband Emission. Eur J Inorg Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.202100954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Timothy M. McWhorter
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry University of Oklahoma Norman OK 73019-5251 USA
| | - Zheng Zhang
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry University of Oklahoma Norman OK 73019-5251 USA
| | - Tielyr D. Creason
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry University of Oklahoma Norman OK 73019-5251 USA
| | - Leonard Thomas
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry University of Oklahoma Norman OK 73019-5251 USA
| | - Mao‐Hua Du
- Materials Science & Technology Division Oak Ridge National Laboratory Oak Ridge Tennessee 37831 USA
| | - Bayram Saparov
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry University of Oklahoma Norman OK 73019-5251 USA
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25
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Kim D, Yang G. Perovskite materials: from single crystals to radiation detection. CrystEngComm 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2ce00637e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Pb- and Bi-based perovskite materials have high potential for detecting ionizing radiation but an enhanced research effort is needed to achieve large-size, high-performance single crystals at a competitive cost to accelerate this development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doup Kim
- Department of Nuclear Engineering, North Carolina State University, 2500 Stinson Drive, Raleigh, NC 27607-7909, USA
| | - Ge Yang
- Department of Nuclear Engineering, North Carolina State University, 2500 Stinson Drive, Raleigh, NC 27607-7909, USA
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26
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Weng W, Chen Q, Fan Y, Li Z, Huang H, Wu H, Ji C, Lin W. A lead-free halide hybrid perovskite (TMHD)BiCl 5 for ultraviolet photodetection. Inorg Chem Front 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2qi01030e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Lead halide hybrid perovskites with a wide bandgap (e.g., CH3NH3PbCl3) have gained tremendous attention in the field of ultraviolet (UV) photodetection due to their brilliant optoelectronic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Weng
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials Chemistry and Physics, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Science, Fuzhou, 350002, P.R. China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, P.R. China
- Fujian Science & Technology Innovation Laboratory for Optoelectcronic Information of China, Fuzhou, 350108, P.R. China
- Advanced Energy Science and Technology Guangdong Laboratory, Huizhou, 116023, P.R. China
| | - Qin Chen
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, P.R. China
| | - Yipeng Fan
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, P.R. China
| | - Zhou Li
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, P.R. China
| | - Haizhou Huang
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials Chemistry and Physics, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Science, Fuzhou, 350002, P.R. China
- Fujian Science & Technology Innovation Laboratory for Optoelectcronic Information of China, Fuzhou, 350108, P.R. China
| | - Hongchun Wu
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials Chemistry and Physics, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Science, Fuzhou, 350002, P.R. China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, P.R. China
- Fujian Science & Technology Innovation Laboratory for Optoelectcronic Information of China, Fuzhou, 350108, P.R. China
| | - Chengmin Ji
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials Chemistry and Physics, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Science, Fuzhou, 350002, P.R. China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, P.R. China
| | - Wenxiong Lin
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials Chemistry and Physics, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Science, Fuzhou, 350002, P.R. China
- Fujian Science & Technology Innovation Laboratory for Optoelectcronic Information of China, Fuzhou, 350108, P.R. China
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27
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Li C, Zhou S, Nie J, Huang J, Ouyang X, Xu Q. Durable Flexible Polymer-Encapsulated Cs 4PbI 6 Thin Film for High Sensitivity X-ray Detection. NANO LETTERS 2021; 21:10279-10283. [PMID: 34851648 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.1c03359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Because of the extraordinary properties including high atomic numbers and large μτ products, metal halide perovskites have been widely employed and used for radiation detecting. Cs4PbI6 material has a high X-ray attenuation coefficient and excellent electrical properties that have a good potential in X-ray detection applications. Here, we have designed a flexible polymer-encapsulated Au/Cs4PbI6/Au X-ray detector with outstanding sensitivity of 256.20 μC Gy-1 cm-2 irradiated by 30 keV X-ray at 10 V bias, long-time stability, and durable flexibility without obvious degradation after bending for 600 cycles. These features demonstrate that this polymer-encapsulated durable flexible and sensitive X-ray detector could open a new possibility for next-generation radiation applications in dosimeter, imaging technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Li
- Department of Nuclear Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing 211106, China
| | - Shuai Zhou
- Department of Nuclear Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing 211106, China
| | - Jing Nie
- Department of Nuclear Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing 211106, China
| | - Jie Huang
- Department of Nuclear Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing 211106, China
| | - Xiaoping Ouyang
- Department of Nuclear Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing 211106, China
- Shaanxi Engineering Research Center of Controllable Neutron Source, School of Science, Xijing University, Xi'an 710123, China
- Northwest Institute of Nuclear Technology, Xi'an 710024, China
| | - Qiang Xu
- Department of Nuclear Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing 211106, China
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Wen Q, Ma W, Liu Y, Jin X, Ren J, Lin C, Hu C, Yang YM, Li H. PbI 2-TiO 2 Bulk Heterojunctions with Long-Range Ordering for X-ray Detectors. J Phys Chem Lett 2021; 12:11176-11181. [PMID: 34761947 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.1c03297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
High-performance X-ray detectors are usually based on single crystals, due to the long-range ordering and hence outstanding electronic properties. On the other hand, bulk heterojunctions (BHJs) that can effectively enhance photogenerated exciton dissociation are widely used for photodetectors. The benefits of both spur investigation into how to combine these two strategies to enhance X-ray detection. Here, TiO2 networks are incorporated into PbI2 crystals to form interpenetrating type II heterojunctions, namely BHJs. These BHJs exhibit long-range ordering in molecular packing similar to that of single crystals. Compared with single crystals, the long-range ordered BHJs facilitate the separation of photogenerated electrons and holes to inhibit recombination, extend the mobility lifetime product by 6.4 times, and consequently improve X-ray sensitivity by 5.8 times. Hence, this work provides a new strategy using gel-grown crystals to fabricate high-performance X-ray detectors as well as a new platform for studying the behavior of X-ray-generated carriers in BHJs with long-range ordering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quan Wen
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecule Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, P. R. China
| | - Wenbo Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Modern Optical Instrumentation, College of Optical Science and Engineering, International Research Center for Advanced Photonics, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, P. R. China
| | - Yujing Liu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecule Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, P. R. China
| | - Xinyi Jin
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecule Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, P. R. China
| | - Jie Ren
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecule Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, P. R. China
| | - Chengce Lin
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecule Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, P. R. China
| | - Chong Hu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecule Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, P. R. China
| | - Yang Michael Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Modern Optical Instrumentation, College of Optical Science and Engineering, International Research Center for Advanced Photonics, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, P. R. China
| | - Hanying Li
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecule Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, P. R. China
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Zhang M, Zhao W, Xin D, Lei L, Long J, Zhao Y, Zhu J, Zheng X, Chen Q, Zhang WH. Solvent Free Laminated Fabrication of Lead Halide Perovskites for Sensitive and Stable X-ray Detection. J Phys Chem Lett 2021; 12:6961-6966. [PMID: 34283605 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.1c02171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The halide perovskite X-ray detector can meet the urgent needs of low-dose medical imaging by X-rays. However, there is still a pressing challenge in lacking robust methods for large-scale fabrication of high-quality perovskite films with tunable thickness. Here we report a laminated fabrication of polycrystalline MAPbI3 by using solvent-free liquid perovskite molten-salt (PMS), that offers reduced toxic issue, scalable fabrication, and highly tunability in film thickness. Nylon membrane was chosen as a scaffold for the infiltration of PMS, which simultaneously acts as a physical barrier to suppress the ionic migration in the MAPbI3-nylon composite (denoted as MAPbI3-LLP). The enhanced material properties result in good stability and high performance of X-ray detectors that show low detection limit and high sensitivity. Additionally, single gamma-ray photon detection was realized by MAPbI3-LLP detectors. The promising performance characteristics of such polycrystalline detectors can accelerate the adoption of polycrystalline perovskites in X-ray imaging and gamma-ray detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Zhang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
- Sichuan Research Center of New Materials, Institute of Chemical Materials, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Chengdu 610200, China
| | - Wei Zhao
- Institute of Fluid Physics, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang 621900, China
| | - Deyu Xin
- Sichuan Research Center of New Materials, Institute of Chemical Materials, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Chengdu 610200, China
- Department of Materials Science, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Lin Lei
- Institute of Materials, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Jiangyou 621908, China
| | - Jidong Long
- Institute of Fluid Physics, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang 621900, China
| | - Yiying Zhao
- Institute of Materials, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Jiangyou 621908, China
| | - Jianguo Zhu
- Department of Materials Science, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Xiaojia Zheng
- Sichuan Research Center of New Materials, Institute of Chemical Materials, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Chengdu 610200, China
| | - Qi Chen
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Wen-Hua Zhang
- Sichuan Research Center of New Materials, Institute of Chemical Materials, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Chengdu 610200, China
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Wang M, Sanchez‐Perez C, Habib F, Blunt MO, Carmalt CJ. Scalable Production of Ambient Stable Hybrid Bismuth-Based Materials: AACVD of Phenethylammonium Bismuth Iodide Films*. Chemistry 2021; 27:9406-9413. [PMID: 33908667 PMCID: PMC8361767 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202100774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Large homogeneous and adherent coatings of phenethylammonium bismuth iodide were produced using the cost-effective and scalable aerosol-assisted chemical vapor deposition (AACVD) methodology. The film morphology was found to depend on the deposition conditions and substrates, resulting in different optical properties to those reported from their spin-coated counterparts. Optoelectronic characterization revealed band bending effects occurring between the hybrid material and semiconducting substrates (TiO2 and FTO) due to heterojunction formation, and the optical bandgap of the hybrid material was calculated from UV-visible and PL spectrometry to be 2.05 eV. Maximum values for hydrophobicity and crystallographic preferential orientation were observed for films deposited on FTO/glass substrates, closely followed by values from films deposited on TiO2 /glass substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Wang
- Department of ChemistryUniversity College London20 Gordon StreetLondonWC1H 0AJUK
| | - C. Sanchez‐Perez
- Department of ChemistryUniversity College London20 Gordon StreetLondonWC1H 0AJUK
- Department of Telecommunications EngineeringInstituto de Energía SolarUniversidad Politécnica de MadridAvenida Complutense s/n28040MadridSpain
| | - F. Habib
- Department of ChemistryUniversity College London20 Gordon StreetLondonWC1H 0AJUK
| | - M. O. Blunt
- Department of ChemistryUniversity College London20 Gordon StreetLondonWC1H 0AJUK
| | - C. J. Carmalt
- Department of ChemistryUniversity College London20 Gordon StreetLondonWC1H 0AJUK
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