1
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Fransson J, Turin L. Current Induced Spin-Polarization in Chiral Molecules. J Phys Chem Lett 2024; 15:6370-6374. [PMID: 38857512 PMCID: PMC11194818 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.4c01362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2024] [Revised: 06/02/2024] [Accepted: 06/04/2024] [Indexed: 06/12/2024]
Abstract
The inverse spin-galvanic effect or current-induced spin-polarization is mainly associated with interfaces between different layers in semiconducting heterostructures, surfaces of metals, and bulk semiconducting materials. Here, we theoretically predict that the inverse spin-galvanic effect should also be present in chiral molecules, as a result of the chiral induced spin selectivity effect. As proof-of-principle, we calculate the nonequilibrium properties of a model system that previously has been successfully used to explain a multitude of aspects related to the chiral induced spin selectivity effect. Here we show that current driven spin-polarization in a chiral molecule gives rise to a magnetic moment that is sensitive to external magnet field. The chiral molecule then behaves like a soft ferromagnet. This, in turn, suggests that magnetic permeability measurement in otherwise nonmagnetic systems may be used noninvasively to detect the presence of spin-polarized currents.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. Fransson
- Department
of Physics and Astronomy, Box 516, 751 20, Uppsala University, Uppsala 751 21, Sweden
| | - L. Turin
- Clore
Laboratory, University of Buckingham, Buckingham MK18 1EG, U.K.
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2
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Preeyanka N, Zhu Q, Das TK, Naaman R. The Importance of Spin-Polarized Charge Reorganization in the Catalytic Activity of D-Glucose Oxidase. Chemphyschem 2024; 25:e202400033. [PMID: 38411033 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.202400033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2024] [Revised: 02/25/2024] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 02/28/2024]
Abstract
The reaction of D-glucose oxidase (GOx) with D- and L-glucose was investigated using confocal fluorescence microscopy and Hall voltage measurements, after the enzyme was adsorbed as a monolayer. By adsorbing the enzyme on a ferromagnetic substrate, we verified that the reaction is spin dependent. This conclusion was supported by monitoring the reaction when the enzyme is adsorbed on a Hall device that does not contain any magnetic elements. The spin dependence is consistent with the chiral-induced spin selectivity (CISS) effect; it can be explained by the improved fidelity of the electron transfer process through the chiral enzyme due to the coupling of the linear momentum of the electrons and their spin. Since the reaction studied often serve as a model system for enzymatic activity, the results may suggest the general importance of the spin-dependent electron transfer in bio-chemical processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naupada Preeyanka
- Department of Chemical and Biological Physics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 7610001, Israel
| | - Qirong Zhu
- Department of Chemical and Biological Physics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 7610001, Israel
| | - Tapan Kumar Das
- Department of Chemical and Biological Physics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 7610001, Israel
| | - Ron Naaman
- Department of Chemical and Biological Physics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 7610001, Israel
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3
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Bloom BP, Paltiel Y, Naaman R, Waldeck DH. Chiral Induced Spin Selectivity. Chem Rev 2024; 124:1950-1991. [PMID: 38364021 PMCID: PMC10906005 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2023] [Revised: 01/16/2024] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 02/18/2024]
Abstract
Since the initial landmark study on the chiral induced spin selectivity (CISS) effect in 1999, considerable experimental and theoretical efforts have been made to understand the physical underpinnings and mechanistic features of this interesting phenomenon. As first formulated, the CISS effect refers to the innate ability of chiral materials to act as spin filters for electron transport; however, more recent experiments demonstrate that displacement currents arising from charge polarization of chiral molecules lead to spin polarization without the need for net charge flow. With its identification of a fundamental connection between chiral symmetry and electron spin in molecules and materials, CISS promises profound and ubiquitous implications for existing technologies and new approaches to answering age old questions, such as the homochiral nature of life. This review begins with a discussion of the different methods for measuring CISS and then provides a comprehensive overview of molecules and materials known to exhibit CISS-based phenomena before proceeding to identify structure-property relations and to delineate the leading theoretical models for the CISS effect. Next, it identifies some implications of CISS in physics, chemistry, and biology. The discussion ends with a critical assessment of the CISS field and some comments on its future outlook.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian P. Bloom
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
| | - Yossi Paltiel
- Applied
Physics Department and Center for Nano-Science and Nano-Technology, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 9190401, Israel
| | - Ron Naaman
- Department
of Chemical and Biological Physics, Weizmann
Institute, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - David H. Waldeck
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
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4
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Tirion SH, van Wees BJ. Mechanism for Electrostatically Generated Magnetoresistance in Chiral Systems without Spin-Dependent Transport. ACS NANO 2024; 18:6028-6037. [PMID: 38353652 PMCID: PMC10906072 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c12925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Revised: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 02/28/2024]
Abstract
Significant attention has been drawn to electronic transport in chiral materials coupled to ferromagnets in the chirality-induced spin selectivity (CISS) effect. A large magnetoresistance (MR) is usually observed, which is widely interpreted to originate from spin (dependent) transport. However, there are severe discrepancies between the experimental results and the theoretical interpretations, most notably the apparent failure of the Onsager reciprocity relations in the linear response regime. We provide an alternative mechanism for the two terminal MR in chiral systems coupled to a ferromagnet. For this, we point out that it was observed experimentally that the electrostatic contact potential of chiral materials on a ferromagnet depends on the magnetization direction and chirality. The mechanism that we provide causes the transport barrier to be modified by the magnetization direction, already in equilibrium, in the absence of a bias current. This strongly alters the charge transport through and over the barrier, not requiring spin transport. This provides a mechanism that allows the linear response resistance to be sensitive to the magnetization direction and also explains the failure of the Onsager reciprocity relations. We propose experimental configurations to confirm our alternative mechanism for MR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sytze H. Tirion
- Zernike Institute for Advanced
Materials, University of Groningen, NL-9747AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Bart J. van Wees
- Zernike Institute for Advanced
Materials, University of Groningen, NL-9747AG Groningen, The Netherlands
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5
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Zhang Y, Wang G, Liu F, Shang Z, Li T, Yang Q, Zhai T, Wang X. Chirality detection of biological molecule through spin selectivity effect. J Chem Phys 2023; 159:114703. [PMID: 37721328 DOI: 10.1063/5.0156513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The ability to accurately monitor chiral biological molecules is of great significance for their potential applications in disease diagnosis and virus detection. As the existing chiral detection technologies are mainly relying on an optical method by using left/right circularly polarized light, the universality is low and the operation is complicated. Moreover, large quantity of chiral molecules is required, causing low detection efficiency. Here, a self-assembled monolayer of polypeptides has been fabricated to realize trace detection of chirality based on spin selectivity of photon-electron interaction. We have utilized Kerr technique to detect the rotation angle by the molecular monolayer, which indicates the chirality of polypeptides. The chiral structure of a biological molecule could result in spin-selectivity of electrons and thus influence the interaction between electron spin and light polarization. A Kerr rotation angle of ∼3° has been obviously observed, equivalent to the magneto-optic Kerr effect without magnetic material or magnetic field. Furthermore, we have provided a novel solution to achieve chirality discrimination and amplification simultaneously through an optical fiber. The proposed design is applicable for chiral detection via increasing their differential output signal, which clearly demonstrates a useful strategy toward chirality characterization of biological molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Zhang
- Department of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Faculty of Science, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China
| | - Guangcheng Wang
- Department of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Faculty of Science, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China
| | - Fangyuan Liu
- Department of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Faculty of Science, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China
| | - Zixuan Shang
- Department of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Faculty of Science, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China
| | - Tianhao Li
- Department of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Faculty of Science, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China
| | - Qianqian Yang
- Department of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Faculty of Science, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China
| | - Tianrui Zhai
- Department of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Faculty of Science, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China
| | - Xiaolei Wang
- Department of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Faculty of Science, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China
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6
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Fransson J. Temperature activated chiral induced spin selectivity. J Chem Phys 2023; 159:084115. [PMID: 37638628 DOI: 10.1063/5.0155854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent experiments performed on chiral molecules, comprising transition metal or rare earth elements, indicate temperature reinforced chiral induced spin selectivity. In these compounds, spin selectivity is suppressed in the low temperature regime but grows by one to several orders of magnitude as the temperature is increased to room temperature. By relating temperature to nuclear motion, it is proposed that nuclear displacements acting on the local spin moments, through indirect exchange interactions, generate an anisotropic magnetic environment that is enhanced with temperature. The induced local anisotropy field serves as the origin of a strongly increased spin selectivity at elevated temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Fransson
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, P.O. Box 516, 75120 Uppsala, Sweden
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7
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Kapon Y, Kammerbauer F, Yochelis S, Kläui M, Paltiel Y. Magneto-optical imaging of magnetic-domain pinning induced by chiral molecules. J Chem Phys 2023; 159:064701. [PMID: 37578062 DOI: 10.1063/5.0159351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Chiral molecules have the potential for creating new magnetic devices by locally manipulating the magnetic properties of metallic surfaces. When chiral polypeptides chemisorb onto ferromagnets, they can induce magnetization locally by spin exchange interactions. However, direct imaging of surface magnetization changes induced by chiral molecules was not previously realized. Here, we use magneto-optical Kerr microscopy to image domains in thin films and show that chiral polypeptides strongly pin domains, increasing the coercive field locally. In our study, we also observe a rotation of the easy magnetic axis toward the out-of-plane, depending on the sample's domain size and the adsorption area. These findings show the potential of chiral molecules to control and manipulate magnetization and open new avenues for future research on the relationship between chirality and magnetization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yael Kapon
- Institute of Applied Physics, Faculty of Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 9190401, Israel
| | - Fabian Kammerbauer
- Institute of Physics, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Staudingerweg 7, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Shira Yochelis
- Institute of Applied Physics, Faculty of Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 9190401, Israel
| | - Mathias Kläui
- Institute of Physics, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Staudingerweg 7, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Yossi Paltiel
- Institute of Applied Physics, Faculty of Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 9190401, Israel
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8
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Xu Y, Mi W. Chiral-induced spin selectivity in biomolecules, hybrid organic-inorganic perovskites and inorganic materials: a comprehensive review on recent progress. MATERIALS HORIZONS 2023; 10:1924-1955. [PMID: 36989068 DOI: 10.1039/d3mh00024a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The two spin states of electrons are degenerate in nonmagnetic materials. The chiral-induced spin selectivity (CISS) effect provides a new strategy for manipulating electron's spin and a deeper understanding of spin selective processes in organisms. Here, we summarize the important discoveries and recent experiments performed during the development of the CISS effect, analyze the spin polarized transport in various types of materials and discuss the mechanisms, theoretical calculations, experimental techniques and biological significance of the CISS effect. The first part of this review concisely presents a general overview of the discoveries and importance of the CISS effect, laws and underlying mechanisms of which are discussed in the next section, where several classical experimental methods for detecting the CISS effect are also introduced. Based on the organic and inorganic properties of materials, the CISS effect of organic biomolecules, hybrid organic-inorganic perovskites and inorganic materials are reviewed in the third, fourth and fifth sections, especially the chiral transfer mechanism of hybrid materials and the relationship between the CISS effect and life science. In addition, conclusions and prospective future of the CISS effect are outlined at the end, where the development and applications of the CISS effect in spintronics are directly described, which is helpful for designing promising chiral spintronic devices and understanding the natural status of chirality from a new perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingdan Xu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Low Dimensional Materials Physics and Preparation Technology, School of Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300354, China.
| | - Wenbo Mi
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Low Dimensional Materials Physics and Preparation Technology, School of Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300354, China.
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9
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Metzger T, Batchu H, Kumar A, Fedotov DA, Goren N, Bhowmick DK, Shioukhi I, Yochelis S, Schapiro I, Naaman R, Gidron O, Paltiel Y. Optical Activity and Spin Polarization: The Surface Effect. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:3972-3977. [PMID: 36765468 PMCID: PMC11139380 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c10456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2022] [Indexed: 02/12/2023]
Abstract
Chirality ('handedness') is a property that underlies a broad variety of phenomena in nature. Chiral molecules appear in two forms, and each is a mirror image of the other, the two enantiomers. The chirality of molecules is associated with their optical activity, and circular dichroism is commonly applied to identify the handedness of chiral molecules. Recently, the chiral induced spin selectivity (CISS) effect was established, according to which transfer of electrons within chiral molecules depends on the electron's spin. Which spin is preferred depends on the handedness of the chiral molecule and the direction of motion of the electron. Several experiments in the past indicated that there may be a relation between the optical activity of the molecules and their spin selectivity. Here, we show that for a molecule containing several stereogenic axes, when adsorbed on a metal substrate, the peaks in the CD spectra have the same signs for the two enantiomers. This is not the case when the molecules are adsorbed on a nonmetallic substrate or dissolved in solution. Quantum chemical simulations are able to explain the change in the CD spectra upon adsorption of the molecules on conductive and nonconductive surfaces. Surprisingly, the CISS properties are similar for the two enantiomers when adsorbed on the metal substrate, while when the molecules are adsorbed on nonmetallic surface, the preferred spin depends on the molecule handedness. This correlation between the optical activity and the CISS effect indicates that the CISS effect relates to the global polarizability of the molecule.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tzuriel
S. Metzger
- Department
of Applied Physics and Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem 9190401, Israel
| | - Harikrishna Batchu
- Institute
of Chemistry and Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, The Hebrew
University, Jerusalem 9190401, Israel
| | - Anil Kumar
- Department
of Chemical and Biological Physics, Weizmann
Institute, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Daniil A. Fedotov
- Institute
of Chemistry and Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, The Hebrew
University, Jerusalem 9190401, Israel
| | - Naama Goren
- Department
of Applied Physics and Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem 9190401, Israel
| | - Deb Kumar Bhowmick
- Department
of Chemical and Biological Physics, Weizmann
Institute, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Israa Shioukhi
- Institute
of Chemistry and Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, The Hebrew
University, Jerusalem 9190401, Israel
| | - Shira Yochelis
- Department
of Applied Physics and Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem 9190401, Israel
| | - Igor Schapiro
- Institute
of Chemistry and Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, The Hebrew
University, Jerusalem 9190401, Israel
| | - Ron Naaman
- Department
of Chemical and Biological Physics, Weizmann
Institute, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Ori Gidron
- Institute
of Chemistry and Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, The Hebrew
University, Jerusalem 9190401, Israel
| | - Yossi Paltiel
- Department
of Applied Physics and Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem 9190401, Israel
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10
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Yochelis S, Paltiel Y. Sensitive Chirality Measurements with Electrical Readout Utilizing the CISS Effect. Isr J Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ijch.202200102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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11
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Fransson J. The Chiral Induced Spin Selectivity Effect What It Is, What It Is Not, And Why It Matters. Isr J Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ijch.202200046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J. Fransson
- Department of Physics and Astronomy Uppsala University Box 516, 751 21 Uppsala Sweden
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12
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Wolf Y, Liu Y, Xiao J, Park N, Yan B. Unusual Spin Polarization in the Chirality-Induced Spin Selectivity. ACS NANO 2022; 16:18601-18607. [PMID: 36282509 PMCID: PMC9706810 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.2c07088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Chirality-induced spin selectivity (CISS) refers to the fact that electrons get spin polarized after passing through chiral molecules in a nanoscale transport device or in photoemission experiments. In CISS, chiral molecules are commonly believed to be a spin filter through which one favored spin transmits and the opposite spin gets reflected; that is, transmitted and reflected electrons exhibit opposite spin polarization. In this work, we point out that such a spin filter scenario contradicts the principle that equilibrium spin current must vanish. Instead, we find that both transmitted and reflected electrons present the same type of spin polarization, which is actually ubiquitous for a two-terminal device. More accurately, chiral molecules play the role of a spin polarizer rather than a spin filter. The direction of spin polarization is determined by the molecule chirality and the electron incident direction. And the magnitude of spin polarization relies on local spin-orbit coupling in the device. Our work brings a deeper understanding on CISS and interprets recent experiments, for example, the CISS-driven anomalous Hall effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yotam Wolf
- Department
of Condensed Matter Physics, Weizmann Institute
of Science, Rehovot7610001, Israel
| | - Yizhou Liu
- Department
of Condensed Matter Physics, Weizmann Institute
of Science, Rehovot7610001, Israel
| | - Jiewen Xiao
- Department
of Condensed Matter Physics, Weizmann Institute
of Science, Rehovot7610001, Israel
| | - Noejung Park
- Department
of Physics, Ulsan National Institute of
Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Binghai Yan
- Department
of Condensed Matter Physics, Weizmann Institute
of Science, Rehovot7610001, Israel
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13
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Twisted molecular wires polarize spin currents at room temperature. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:2116180119. [PMID: 35115404 PMCID: PMC8833206 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2116180119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
In contrast to conventional electronics, spintronics devices exploit the electron spin as an additional degree of freedom. The chirality-induced spin selectivity (CISS) effect, in which chiral molecules act as spin filters in electron transport, provides a pathway to control spins in molecules. We describe an approach that integrates both spin-polarizing and spin-propagating functionality into organic structures that feature low charge transport resistances. Binding chiral ligands to molecular wires controls polarized spin handedness, regulates spin currents, generates large NIR rotational strengths, and provides a mechanism to flip the favored spin orientation for spin transmission through chiral organic molecules. This work points the way to materials that provide both high spin selectivity and large-magnitude spin currents via the CISS mechanism. A critical spintronics challenge is to develop molecular wires that render efficiently spin-polarized currents. Interplanar torsional twisting, driven by chiral binucleating ligands in highly conjugated molecular wires, gives rise to large near-infrared rotational strengths. The large scalar product of the electric and magnetic dipole transition moments (μ→ij⋅m→ij), which are evident in the low-energy absorptive manifolds of these wires, makes possible enhanced chirality-induced spin selectivity–derived spin polarization. Magnetic-conductive atomic force microscopy experiments and spin-Hall devices demonstrate that these designs point the way to achieve high spin selectivity and large-magnitude spin currents in chiral materials.
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14
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Fransson J. Charge and Spin Dynamics and Enantioselectivity in Chiral Molecules. J Phys Chem Lett 2022; 13:808-814. [PMID: 35068158 PMCID: PMC8802319 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.1c03925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Charge and spin dynamics are addressed in chiral molecules immediately after their instantaneous coupling to an external metallic reservoir. This work describes how a spin polarization is induced in the chiral structure as a response to the charge dynamics. The dynamics indicate that chiral induced spin selectivity is an excited state phenomenon that in the transient regime can be partly captured using a simplistic single-particle description but in the stationary limit definitively shows that electron correlations, e.g., electron-vibration interactions, crucially contribute to sustain an intrinsic spin anisotropy that can lead to a nonvanishing spin selectivity. The dynamics, moreover, provide insight into enantiomer separation, due to different acquired spin polarizations.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. Fransson
- Department of Physics and
Astronomy, Uppsala University, Box 516, 751 21 Uppsala, Sweden
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15
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Besalú-Sala P, Solà M, Luis JM, Torrent-Sucarrat M. Fast and Simple Evaluation of the Catalysis and Selectivity Induced by External Electric Fields. ACS Catal 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.1c04247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Pau Besalú-Sala
- Institut de Química Computacional i Catàlisi and Departament de Química, Universitat de Girona, Campus de Montilivi, 17003 Girona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Miquel Solà
- Institut de Química Computacional i Catàlisi and Departament de Química, Universitat de Girona, Campus de Montilivi, 17003 Girona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Josep M. Luis
- Institut de Química Computacional i Catàlisi and Departament de Química, Universitat de Girona, Campus de Montilivi, 17003 Girona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Miquel Torrent-Sucarrat
- Department of Organic Chemistry I, Centro de Innovación en Química Avanzada (ORFEO-CINQA), Universidad del País Vasco/Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea (UPV/EHU) and Donostia International Physics Center (DIPC), P Manuel Lardizabal 3, E-20018 Donostia/San Sebastián, Euskadi, Spain
- Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science, Plaza Euskadi 5, 48009 Bilbao, Euskadi, Spain
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16
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Alwan S, Dubi Y. Spinterface Origin for the Chirality-Induced Spin-Selectivity Effect. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:14235-14241. [PMID: 34460242 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c05637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
When electrons are injected through a chiral molecule, the resulting current may become spin polarized. This effect, known as the chirality-induced spin-selectivity (CISS) effect, has been suggested to emerge due to the interplay between spin-orbit interactions and the chirality within the molecule. However, such explanations require unrealistically large values for the molecular spin-orbit interaction. Here, we present a theory for the CISS effect based on the interplay between spin-orbit interactions in the electrode, the chirality of the molecule (which induces a solenoid field), and spin-transfer torque at the molecule-electrode interface. Using a mean-field calculation with simple models for the molecular junction, we show that our phenomenological theory can qualitatively account for all key experimental observations, most importantly the magnitude of the CISS with realistic parameters. We also provide a set of predictions which can be readily tested experimentally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seif Alwan
- Department of Chemistry, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Be'er Sheva 8410501, Israel
| | - Yonatan Dubi
- Department of Chemistry, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Be'er Sheva 8410501, Israel.,Ilse Katz Center for Nanoscale Science and Technology, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Be'er Sheva 8410501, Israel
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17
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Chiesa A, Chizzini M, Garlatti E, Salvadori E, Tacchino F, Santini P, Tavernelli I, Bittl R, Chiesa M, Sessoli R, Carretta S. Assessing the Nature of Chiral-Induced Spin Selectivity by Magnetic Resonance. J Phys Chem Lett 2021; 12:6341-6347. [PMID: 34228926 PMCID: PMC8397348 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.1c01447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Understanding chiral-induced spin selectivity (CISS), resulting from charge transport through helical systems, has recently inspired many experimental and theoretical efforts but is still the object of intense debate. In order to assess the nature of CISS, we propose to focus on electron-transfer processes occurring at the single-molecule level. We design simple magnetic resonance experiments, exploiting a qubit as a highly sensitive and coherent magnetic sensor, to provide clear signatures of the acceptor polarization. Moreover, we show that information could even be obtained from time-resolved electron paramagnetic resonance experiments on a randomly oriented solution of molecules. The proposed experiments will unveil the role of chiral linkers in electron transfer and could also be exploited for quantum computing applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. Chiesa
- Dipartimento
di Scienze Matematiche, Fisiche e Informatiche, Università di Parma, I-43124 Parma, Italy
- UdR
Parma, INSTM, I-43124 Parma, Italy
| | - M. Chizzini
- Dipartimento
di Scienze Matematiche, Fisiche e Informatiche, Università di Parma, I-43124 Parma, Italy
| | - E. Garlatti
- Dipartimento
di Scienze Matematiche, Fisiche e Informatiche, Università di Parma, I-43124 Parma, Italy
- UdR
Parma, INSTM, I-43124 Parma, Italy
| | - E. Salvadori
- Dipartimento
di Chimica & NIS Centre, Università
di Torino, Via P. Giuria
7, I-10125 Torino, Italy
| | - F. Tacchino
- IBM
Quantum, IBM Research—Zurich, Säumerstrasse 4, 8803 Rüschlikon, Switzerland
| | - P. Santini
- Dipartimento
di Scienze Matematiche, Fisiche e Informatiche, Università di Parma, I-43124 Parma, Italy
- UdR
Parma, INSTM, I-43124 Parma, Italy
| | - I. Tavernelli
- IBM
Quantum, IBM Research—Zurich, Säumerstrasse 4, 8803 Rüschlikon, Switzerland
| | - R. Bittl
- Freie
Universität Berlin, Fachbereich Physik, Berlin Joint EPR Lab, Arnimallee 14, D-14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - M. Chiesa
- Dipartimento
di Chimica & NIS Centre, Università
di Torino, Via P. Giuria
7, I-10125 Torino, Italy
| | - R. Sessoli
- Dipartimento
di Chimica “Ugo Schiff” & INSTM, Università Degli Studi di Firenze, I-50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - S. Carretta
- Dipartimento
di Scienze Matematiche, Fisiche e Informatiche, Università di Parma, I-43124 Parma, Italy
- UdR
Parma, INSTM, I-43124 Parma, Italy
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18
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Fransson J. Charge Redistribution and Spin Polarization Driven by Correlation Induced Electron Exchange in Chiral Molecules. NANO LETTERS 2021; 21:3026-3032. [PMID: 33759530 PMCID: PMC8050826 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.1c00183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Revised: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Chiral induced spin selectivity is a phenomenon that has been attributed to chirality, spin-orbit interactions, and nonequilibrium conditions, while the role of electron exchange and correlations have been investigated only marginally until very recently. However, as recent experiments show that chiral molecules acquire a finite spin-polarization merely by being in contact with a metallic surface, these results suggest that electron correlations play a more crucial role for the emergence of the phenomenon than previously thought. Here, it is demonstrated that molecular vibrations give rise to molecular charge redistribution and accompany spin-polarization when coupling a chiral molecule to a nonmagnetic metal. The presented theory opens up new routes to construct a comprehensive picture of enantiomer separation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas Fransson
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Box 516, 75121 Uppsala, Sweden
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19
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Li X, Nan J, Pan X. Chiral Induced Spin Selectivity as a Spontaneous Intertwined Order. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2020; 125:263002. [PMID: 33449790 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.125.263002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Revised: 10/04/2020] [Accepted: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Chiral induced spin selectivity (CISS) describes efficient spin filtering by chiral molecules. This phenomenon has led to nanoscale manipulation of quantum spins with promising applications to spintronics and quantum computing, since its discovery nearly two decades ago. However, its underlying mechanism still remains mysterious for the required spin-orbit interaction (SOI) strength is unexpectedly large. Here we report a multi-orbital theory for CISS, where an effective SOI emerges from spontaneous formation of electron-hole pairing caused by many-body correlation. This mechanism produces a strong SOI reaching the energy scale of room temperature, which could support the large spin polarization observed in CISS. One central ingredient of our theory is the Wannier functions of the valence and conduction bands correspond, respectively, to one- and two-dimensional representation of the spatial rotation symmetry around the molecule elongation direction. The induced SOI strength is found to decrease when the band gap increases. Our theory may provide important guidance for searching other molecules with CISS effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaopeng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Surface Physics, Institute of Nanoelectronics and Quantum Computing, and Department of Physics, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
- Shanghai Qi Zhi Institute, AI Tower, Xuhui District, Shanghai 200232, China
| | - Jue Nan
- State Key Laboratory of Surface Physics, Institute of Nanoelectronics and Quantum Computing, and Department of Physics, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Xiangcheng Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department of Macromolecular Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
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20
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Al-Bustami H, Bloom BP, Ziv A, Goldring S, Yochelis S, Naaman R, Waldeck DH, Paltiel Y. Optical Multilevel Spin Bit Device Using Chiral Quantum Dots. NANO LETTERS 2020; 20:8675-8681. [PMID: 33185449 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.0c03445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The technological advancement of data storage is reliant upon the continuous development of faster and denser memory with low power consumption. Recent progress in flash memory has focused on increasing the number of bits per cell to increase information density. In this work an optical multilevel spin bit, based on the chiral induced spin selectivity (CISS) effect, is developed using nanometer sized chiral quantum dots. A double quantum dot architecture is adsorbed on the active area of a Ni based Hall sensor and a nine-state readout is achieved.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Al-Bustami
- Applied Physics Department and the Center for Nano-Science and Nano-Technology, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91904 Israel
| | - B P Bloom
- Chemistry Department, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh Pennsylvania 15260 United States
| | - Amir Ziv
- Applied Physics Department and the Center for Nano-Science and Nano-Technology, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91904 Israel
| | - S Goldring
- Applied Physics Department and the Center for Nano-Science and Nano-Technology, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91904 Israel
| | - S Yochelis
- Applied Physics Department and the Center for Nano-Science and Nano-Technology, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91904 Israel
| | - R Naaman
- Department of Chemical and Biological Physics, Weizmann Institute, Rehovot 76100 Israel
| | - D H Waldeck
- Chemistry Department, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh Pennsylvania 15260 United States
| | - Y Paltiel
- Applied Physics Department and the Center for Nano-Science and Nano-Technology, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91904 Israel
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21
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Naaman R, Paltiel Y, Waldeck DH. Chiral Induced Spin Selectivity Gives a New Twist on Spin-Control in Chemistry. Acc Chem Res 2020; 53:2659-2667. [PMID: 33044813 PMCID: PMC7676290 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.0c00485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The electron's spin, its intrinsic angular momentum, is a quantum property that plays a critical role in determining the electronic structure of molecules. Despite its importance, it is not used often for controlling chemical processes, photochemistry excluded. The reason is that many organic molecules have a total spin zero, namely, all the electrons are paired. Even for molecules with high spin multiplicity, the spin orientation is usually only weakly coupled to the molecular frame of nuclei and hence to the molecular orientation. Therefore, controlling the spin orientation usually does not provide a handle on controlling the geometry of the molecular species during a reaction. About two decades ago, however, a new phenomenon was discovered that relates the electron's spin to the handedness of chiral molecules and is now known as the chiral induced spin selectivity (CISS) effect. It was established that the efficiency of electron transport through chiral molecules depends on the electron spin and that it changes with the enantiomeric form of a molecule and the direction of the electron's linear momentum. This property means that, for chiral molecules, the electron spin is strongly coupled to the molecular frame. Over the past few years, we and others have shown that this feature can be used to provide spin-control over chemical reactions and to perform enantioseparations with magnetic surfaces.In this Account, we describe the CISS effect and demonstrate spin polarization effects on chemical reactions. Explicitly, we describe a number of processes that can be controlled by the electron's spin, among them the interaction of chiral molecules with ferromagnetic surfaces, the multielectron oxidation of water, and enantiospecific electrochemistry. Interestingly, it has been shown that the effect also takes place in inorganic chiral oxides like copper oxide, aluminum oxide, and cobalt oxide. The CISS effect results from the coupling between the electron linear momentum and its spin in a chiral system. Understanding the implications of this interaction promises to reveal a previously unappreciated role for chirality in biology, where chiral molecules are ubiquitous, and opens a new avenue into spin-controlled processes in chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ron Naaman
- Department of Chemical and Biological Physics, Weizmann Institute, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Yossi Paltiel
- Applied Physics Department and the Center for Nano-Science and Nano-Technology, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
| | - David H. Waldeck
- Chemistry Department, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
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22
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Mishra S, Mondal AK, Smolinsky EZB, Naaman R, Maeda K, Nishimura T, Taniguchi T, Yoshida T, Takayama K, Yashima E. Spin Filtering Along Chiral Polymers. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202006570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Suryakant Mishra
- Department of Chemical and Biological Physics Weizmann Institute Rehovot 76100 Israel
| | - Amit Kumar Mondal
- Department of Chemical and Biological Physics Weizmann Institute Rehovot 76100 Israel
| | - Eilam Z. B. Smolinsky
- Department of Chemical and Biological Physics Weizmann Institute Rehovot 76100 Israel
| | - Ron Naaman
- Department of Chemical and Biological Physics Weizmann Institute Rehovot 76100 Israel
| | - Katsuhiro Maeda
- WPI Nano Life Science Institute (WPI-NanoLSI) Kanazawa University Kakuma-machi Kanazawa 920-1192 Japan
- Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology Kanazawa University Kakuma-machi Kanazawa 920-1192 Japan
| | - Tatsuya Nishimura
- Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology Kanazawa University Kakuma-machi Kanazawa 920-1192 Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Taniguchi
- Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology Kanazawa University Kakuma-machi Kanazawa 920-1192 Japan
| | - Takumu Yoshida
- Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology Kanazawa University Kakuma-machi Kanazawa 920-1192 Japan
| | - Kokoro Takayama
- Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology Kanazawa University Kakuma-machi Kanazawa 920-1192 Japan
| | - Eiji Yashima
- Department of Molecular and Macromolecular Chemistry Graduate School of Engineering Nagoya University Chikusa-ku Nagoya 464-8603 Japan
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23
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Mishra S, Mondal AK, Smolinsky EZB, Naaman R, Maeda K, Nishimura T, Taniguchi T, Yoshida T, Takayama K, Yashima E. Spin Filtering Along Chiral Polymers. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:14671-14676. [PMID: 32533565 PMCID: PMC7496609 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202006570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Revised: 05/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Spin-dependent conduction and polarization in chiral polymers were studied for polymers organized as self-assembled monolayers with conduction along the polymer backbone, namely, along its longer axis. Large spin polarization and magnetoresistance effects were observed, showing a clear dependence on the secondary structure of the polymer. The results indicate that the spin polarization process does not include spin flipping and hence it results from backscattering probabilities for the two spin states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suryakant Mishra
- Department of Chemical and Biological PhysicsWeizmann InstituteRehovot76100Israel
| | - Amit Kumar Mondal
- Department of Chemical and Biological PhysicsWeizmann InstituteRehovot76100Israel
| | | | - Ron Naaman
- Department of Chemical and Biological PhysicsWeizmann InstituteRehovot76100Israel
| | - Katsuhiro Maeda
- WPI Nano Life Science Institute (WPI-NanoLSI)Kanazawa UniversityKakuma-machiKanazawa920-1192Japan
- Graduate School of Natural Science and TechnologyKanazawa UniversityKakuma-machiKanazawa920-1192Japan
| | - Tatsuya Nishimura
- Graduate School of Natural Science and TechnologyKanazawa UniversityKakuma-machiKanazawa920-1192Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Taniguchi
- Graduate School of Natural Science and TechnologyKanazawa UniversityKakuma-machiKanazawa920-1192Japan
| | - Takumu Yoshida
- Graduate School of Natural Science and TechnologyKanazawa UniversityKakuma-machiKanazawa920-1192Japan
| | - Kokoro Takayama
- Graduate School of Natural Science and TechnologyKanazawa UniversityKakuma-machiKanazawa920-1192Japan
| | - Eiji Yashima
- Department of Molecular and Macromolecular ChemistryGraduate School of EngineeringNagoya UniversityChikusa-kuNagoya464-8603Japan
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24
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Abstract
This Perspective discusses recent experiments that bear on the chiral induced spin selectivity (CISS) mechanism and its manifestation in electronic and magnetic properties of chiral molecules and materials. Although the discussion emphasizes newer experiments, such as the magnetization dependence of chiral molecule interactions with ferromagnetic surfaces, early experiments, which reveal the nonlinear scaling of the spin filtering with applied potential, are described also. In many of the theoretical studies, one has had to invoke unusually large spin-orbit couplings in order to reproduce the large spin filtering observed in experiments. Experiments imply that exchange interactions and Pauli exclusion constraints are an important aspect of CISS. They also demonstrate the spin-dependent charge flow between a ferromagnetic substrate and chiral molecules. With these insights in mind, a simplified model is described in which the chiral molecule's spin polarization is enhanced by a spin blockade effect to generate large spin filtering.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Naaman
- Department of Chemical and Biological Physics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Y Paltiel
- Applied Physics Department, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
| | - D H Waldeck
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, 219 Parkman Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260 United States
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25
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Ghosh S, Mishra S, Avigad E, Bloom BP, Baczewski LT, Yochelis S, Paltiel Y, Naaman R, Waldeck DH. Effect of Chiral Molecules on the Electron's Spin Wavefunction at Interfaces. J Phys Chem Lett 2020; 11:1550-1557. [PMID: 32013436 PMCID: PMC7307953 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.9b03487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2019] [Accepted: 02/04/2020] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Kelvin-probe measurements on ferromagnetic thin film electrodes coated with self-assembled monolayers of chiral molecules reveal that the electron penetration from the metal electrode into the chiral molecules depends on the ferromagnet's magnetization direction and the molecules' chirality. Electrostatic potential differences as large as 100 mV are observed. These changes arise from the applied oscillating electric field, which drives spin-dependent charge penetration from the ferromagnetic substrate to the chiral molecules. The enantiospecificity of the response is studied as a function of the magnetization strength, the magnetization direction, and the handedness and length of the chiral molecules. These new phenomena are rationalized in terms of the chiral-induced spin selectivity (CISS) effect, in which one spin orientation of electrons from the ferromagnet penetrates more easily into a chiral molecule than does the other orientation. The large potential changes (>kT at room temperature) manifested here imply that this phenomenon is important for spin transport in chiral spintronic devices and for magneto-electrochemistry of chiral molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Supriya Ghosh
- Chemistry
Department, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
| | - Suryakant Mishra
- Department
of Chemical and Biological Physics, Weizmann
Institute, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Eytan Avigad
- Applied
Physics Department, the Hebrew University
of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
| | - Brian P. Bloom
- Chemistry
Department, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
| | - L. T. Baczewski
- Magnetic
Heterostructures Laboratory, Institute of Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Al. Lotnikow 32/46, 02-668 Warszawa, Poland
| | - Shira Yochelis
- Applied
Physics Department, the Hebrew University
of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
| | - Yossi Paltiel
- Applied
Physics Department, the Hebrew University
of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
| | - Ron Naaman
- Department
of Chemical and Biological Physics, Weizmann
Institute, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - David H. Waldeck
- Chemistry
Department, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
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26
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Abstract
Chirality-induced spin selectivity, discovered about two decades ago in helical molecules, is a nonequilibrium effect that emerges from the interplay between geometrical helicity and spin-orbit interactions. Several model Hamiltonians building on this interplay have been proposed, and while these can yield spin-polarized transport properties that agree with experimental observations, they simultaneously depend on unrealistic values of the spin-orbit interaction parameters. It is likely, however, that a common deficit originates from the fact that all these models are uncorrelated or single-electron theories. Therefore, chirality-induced spin selectivity is here addressed using a many-body approach, which allows for nonequilibrium conditions and a systematic treatment of the correlated state. The intrinsic molecular spin polarization increases by 2 orders of magnitude, or more, compared to the corresponding result in the uncorrelated model. In addition, the electronic structure responds to varying external magnetic conditions which, therefore, enables comparisons of the currents provided for different spin polarizations in one or both of the leads between which the molecule is mounted. Using experimentally feasible parameters and room temperature, the obtained normalized difference between such currents may be as large as 5-10% for short molecular chains, clearly suggesting the vital importance of including electron correlations when searching for explanations of the phenomenon.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Fransson
- Department of Physics and Astronomy , Uppsala University , Box 516, 75120 Uppsala , Sweden
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