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Chen Z, Cao Y, Jiang W, Yan Z, Cai G, Ye J, Wang H, Liu L. Porphyromonas gingivalis OMVs promoting endothelial dysfunction via the STING pathway in periodontitis. Oral Dis 2024. [PMID: 38696515 DOI: 10.1111/odi.14969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2024] [Revised: 04/06/2024] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 05/04/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aimed to assess the effects of Porphyromonas gingivalis outer membrane vesicles (Pg-OMVs) in chronic periodontitis and explore the underlying mechanism involved. METHODS In vitro, Pg-OMVs were incubated with Ea.hy926 (vessel endothelial cells, ECs) to evaluate their effects on endothelial functions and to investigate the underlying mechanism. The effects of endothelial dysfunction on MG63 osteoblast-like cells were verified using an indirect co-culture method. For in vivo studies, micro-CT was conducted to identify alveolar bone mass. Immunofluorescence staining was conducted to confirm the levels of stimulator of interferon genes (STING) in the blood vessel and the number of Runx2+ cells around the alveolar bone. RESULTS Pg-OMVs were endocytosed by ECs, leading to endothelial dysfunction. The cGAS-STING-TBK1 pathway was activated in ECs, which subsequently inhibited MG63 migration and early osteogenesis differentiation. In vivo, Pg-OMVs promoted alveolar bone resorption, increased STING levels in the blood vessel, and decreased Runx2+ cells around the alveolar bone. CONCLUSIONS Pg-OMVs caused endothelial dysfunction and activated the cGAS-STING-TBK1 signal cascade in ECs, thereby impairing ECs-mediated osteogenesis. Furthermore, Pg-OMVs aggregated alveolar bone loss and altered the blood vessel-mediated osteogenesis with elevated STING.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenwei Chen
- Department of Orthodontics, The Affiliated Stomatological Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of Research, Prevention and Treatment for Oral Diseases (Nanjing Medical University), Nanjing, China
| | - Ye Cao
- Department of Orthodontics, The Affiliated Stomatological Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of Research, Prevention and Treatment for Oral Diseases (Nanjing Medical University), Nanjing, China
| | - Wenxiu Jiang
- Department of Orthodontics, The Affiliated Stomatological Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of Research, Prevention and Treatment for Oral Diseases (Nanjing Medical University), Nanjing, China
| | - Zixin Yan
- Department of Orthodontics, The Affiliated Stomatological Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of Research, Prevention and Treatment for Oral Diseases (Nanjing Medical University), Nanjing, China
| | - Guanhui Cai
- Department of Orthodontics, The Affiliated Stomatological Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of Research, Prevention and Treatment for Oral Diseases (Nanjing Medical University), Nanjing, China
| | - Junjie Ye
- Department of Orthodontics, The Affiliated Stomatological Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of Research, Prevention and Treatment for Oral Diseases (Nanjing Medical University), Nanjing, China
| | - Hua Wang
- Department of Orthodontics, The Affiliated Stomatological Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of Research, Prevention and Treatment for Oral Diseases (Nanjing Medical University), Nanjing, China
- Department of Orthodontics, Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center of Stomatological Translational Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Luwei Liu
- Department of Orthodontics, The Affiliated Stomatological Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of Research, Prevention and Treatment for Oral Diseases (Nanjing Medical University), Nanjing, China
- Department of Orthodontics, Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center of Stomatological Translational Medicine, Nanjing, China
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Ye X, Paul B, Mo J, Reynolds EC, Ghosal D, Veith PD. Ultrastructural and glycoproteomic characterization of Prevotella intermedia: Insights into O-glycosylation and outer membrane vesicles. Microbiologyopen 2024; 13:e1401. [PMID: 38409911 PMCID: PMC10897501 DOI: 10.1002/mbo3.1401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2023] [Revised: 02/08/2024] [Accepted: 02/16/2024] [Indexed: 02/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Prevotella intermedia, a Gram-negative bacterium from the Bacteroidota phylum, is associated with periodontitis. Other species within this phylum are known to possess the general O-glycosylation system. The O-glycoproteome has been characterized in several species, including Tannerella forsythia, Porphyromonas gingivalis, and Flavobacterium johnsoniae. In our study, we used electron cryotomography (cryoET) and glycoproteomics to reveal the ultrastructure of P. intermedia and characterize its O-glycoproteome. Our cryoET analysis unveiled the ultrastructural details of the cell envelope and outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) of P. intermedia. We observed an electron-dense surface layer surrounding both cells and OMVs. The OMVs were often large (>200 nm) and presented two types, with lumens being either electron-dense or translucent. LC-MS/MS analyses of P. intermedia fractions led to the identification of 1655 proteins, which included 62 predicted T9SS cargo proteins. Within the glycoproteome, we identified 443 unique O-glycosylation sites within 224 glycoproteins. Interestingly, the O-glycosylation motif exhibited a broader range than reported in other species, with O-glycosylation found at D(S/T)(A/I/L/M/T/V/S/C/G/F/N/E/Q/D/P). We identified a single O-glycan with a delta mass of 1531.48 Da. Its sequence was determined by MS2 and MS3 analyses using both collision-induced dissociation and high-energy collisional dissociation fragmentation modes. After partial deglycosylation with trifluoromethanesulfonic acid, the O-glycan sequence was confirmed to be dHex-dHex-HexNAc (HPO3 -C6 H12 O5 )-dHex-Hex-HexA-Hex(dHex). Bioinformatic analyses predicted the localization of O-glycoproteins, with 73 periplasmic proteins, 53 inner membrane proteins, 52 lipoproteins, 26 outer membrane proteins, and 14 proteins secreted by the T9SS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Ye
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology InstituteThe University of MelbourneMelbourneVictoriaAustralia
- Oral Health Cooperative Research Centre, Melbourne Dental School, Bio21 InstituteThe University of MelbourneParkvilleVictoriaAustralia
| | - Bindusmita Paul
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology InstituteThe University of MelbourneMelbourneVictoriaAustralia
- Oral Health Cooperative Research Centre, Melbourne Dental School, Bio21 InstituteThe University of MelbourneParkvilleVictoriaAustralia
| | - Joyce Mo
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology InstituteThe University of MelbourneMelbourneVictoriaAustralia
- Oral Health Cooperative Research Centre, Melbourne Dental School, Bio21 InstituteThe University of MelbourneParkvilleVictoriaAustralia
| | - Eric C. Reynolds
- Oral Health Cooperative Research Centre, Melbourne Dental School, Bio21 InstituteThe University of MelbourneParkvilleVictoriaAustralia
| | - Debnath Ghosal
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology InstituteThe University of MelbourneMelbourneVictoriaAustralia
- ARC Centre for Cryo‐electron Microscopy of Membrane Proteins, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology InstituteUniversity of MelbourneParkvilleVictoriaAustralia
| | - Paul D. Veith
- Oral Health Cooperative Research Centre, Melbourne Dental School, Bio21 InstituteThe University of MelbourneParkvilleVictoriaAustralia
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Olczak T, Śmiga M, Antonyuk SV, Smalley JW. Hemophore-like proteins of the HmuY family in the oral and gut microbiome: unraveling the mystery of their evolution. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 2024; 88:e0013123. [PMID: 38305743 PMCID: PMC10966948 DOI: 10.1128/mmbr.00131-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2024] Open
Abstract
SUMMARY Heme (iron protoporphyrin IX, FePPIX) is the main source of iron and PPIX for host-associated pathogenic bacteria, including members of the Bacteroidota (formerly Bacteroidetes) phylum. Porphyromonas gingivalis, a keystone oral pathogen, uses a unique heme uptake (Hmu) system, comprising a hemophore-like protein, designated as the first member of the novel HmuY family. Compared to classical, secreted hemophores utilized by Gram-negative bacteria or near-iron transporter domain-based hemophores utilized by Gram-positive bacteria, the HmuY family comprises structurally similar proteins that have undergone diversification during evolution. The best characterized are P. gingivalis HmuY and its homologs from Tannerella forsythia (Tfo), Prevotella intermedia (PinO and PinA), Bacteroides vulgatus (Bvu), and Bacteroides fragilis (BfrA, BfrB, and BfrC). In contrast to the two histidine residues coordinating heme iron in P. gingivalis HmuY, Tfo, PinO, PinA, Bvu, and BfrA preferentially use two methionine residues. Interestingly, BfrB, despite conserved methionine residue, binds the PPIX ring without iron coordination. BfrC binds neither heme nor PPIX in keeping with the lack of conserved histidine or methionine residues used by other members of the HmuY family. HmuY competes for heme binding and heme sequestration from host hemoproteins with other members of the HmuY family to increase P. gingivalis competitiveness. The participation of HmuY in the host immune response confirms its relevance in relation to the survival of P. gingivalis and its ability to induce dysbiosis not only in the oral microbiome but also in the gut microbiome or other host niches, leading to local injuries and involvement in comorbidities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa Olczak
- Laboratory of Medical Biology, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wrocław, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Michał Śmiga
- Laboratory of Medical Biology, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wrocław, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Svetlana V. Antonyuk
- Molecular Biophysics Group, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, the University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - John W. Smalley
- Institute of Life Course and Medical Sciences, School of Dentistry, the University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
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Liu S, Butler CA, Ayton S, Reynolds EC, Dashper SG. Porphyromonas gingivalis and the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease. Crit Rev Microbiol 2024; 50:127-137. [PMID: 36597758 DOI: 10.1080/1040841x.2022.2163613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Revised: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 12/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The cause of Alzheimer's disease (AD), and the pathophysiological mechanisms involved, remain major unanswered questions in medical science. Oral bacteria, especially those species associated with chronic periodontitis and particularly Porphyromonas gingivalis, are being linked causally to AD pathophysiology in a subpopulation of susceptible individuals. P. gingivalis produces large amounts of proteolytic enzymes, haem and iron capture proteins, adhesins and internalins that are secreted and attached to the cell surface and concentrated onto outer membrane vesicles (OMVs). These enzymes and adhesive proteins have been shown to cause host tissue damage and stimulate inflammatory responses. The ecological and pathophysiological roles of P. gingivalis OMVs, their ability to disperse widely throughout the host and deliver functional proteins lead to the proposal that they may be the link between a P. gingivalis focal infection in the subgingivae during periodontitis and neurodegeneration in AD. P. gingivalis OMVs can cross the blood brain barrier and may accelerate AD-specific neuropathology by increasing neuroinflammation, plaque/tangle formation and dysregulation of iron homeostasis, thereby inducing ferroptosis leading to neuronal death and neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sixin Liu
- School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, United States of America
| | - Catherine A Butler
- Centre for Oral Health Research, Melbourne Dental School, Bio21 Institute, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Scott Ayton
- Melbourne Dementia Research Centre, Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Eric C Reynolds
- Centre for Oral Health Research, Melbourne Dental School, Bio21 Institute, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Stuart G Dashper
- Centre for Oral Health Research, Melbourne Dental School, Bio21 Institute, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
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Haugsten HR, Kristoffersen AK, Haug TM, Søland TM, Øvstebø R, Aass HCD, Enersen M, Galtung HK. Isolation, characterization, and fibroblast uptake of bacterial extracellular vesicles from Porphyromonas gingivalis strains. Microbiologyopen 2023; 12:e1388. [PMID: 37877660 PMCID: PMC10579780 DOI: 10.1002/mbo3.1388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Revised: 10/04/2023] [Accepted: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 10/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Periodontitis is an inflammatory condition caused by bacteria and represents a serious health problem worldwide as the inflammation damages the supporting tissues of the teeth and may predispose to systemic diseases. Porphyromonas gingivalis is considered a keystone periodontal pathogen that releases bacterial extracellular vesicles (bEVs) containing virulence factors, such as gingipains, that may contribute to the pathogenesis of periodontitis. This study aimed to isolate and characterize bEVs from three strains of P. gingivalis, investigate putative bEV uptake into human oral fibroblasts, and determine the gingipain activity of the bEVs. bEVs from three bacterial strains, ATCC 33277, A7A1-28, and W83, were isolated through ultrafiltration and size-exclusion chromatography. Vesicle size distribution was measured by nano-tracking analysis (NTA). Transmission electron microscopy was used for bEV visualization. Flow cytometry was used to detect bEVs and gingipain activity was measured with an enzyme assay using a substrate specific for arg-gingipain. The uptake of bEVs into oral fibroblasts was visualized using confocal microscopy. NTA showed bEV concentrations from 108 to 1011 particles/mL and bEV diameters from 42 to 356 nm. TEM pictures demonstrated vesicle-like structures. bEV-gingipains were detected both by flow cytometry and enzyme assay. Fibroblasts incubated with bEVs labeled with fluorescent dye displayed intracellular localization consistent with bEV internalization. In conclusion, bEVs from P. gingivalis were successfully isolated and characterized, and their uptake into human oral fibroblasts was documented. The bEVs displayed active gingipains demonstrating their origin from P. gingivalis and the potential role of bEVs in periodontitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helene R. Haugsten
- Institute of Oral Biology, Faculty of DentistryUniversity of OsloOsloNorway
| | | | - Trude M. Haug
- Institute of Oral Biology, Faculty of DentistryUniversity of OsloOsloNorway
| | - Tine M. Søland
- Institute of Oral Biology, Faculty of DentistryUniversity of OsloOsloNorway
- Department of PathologyOslo University HospitalOsloNorway
| | - Reidun Øvstebø
- The Blood Cell Research Group, Department of Medical BiochemistryOslo University HospitalUllevålNorway
| | - Hans C. D. Aass
- The Blood Cell Research Group, Department of Medical BiochemistryOslo University HospitalUllevålNorway
| | - Morten Enersen
- Institute of Oral Biology, Faculty of DentistryUniversity of OsloOsloNorway
| | - Hilde K. Galtung
- Institute of Oral Biology, Faculty of DentistryUniversity of OsloOsloNorway
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Costeira R, Aduse-Opoku J, Vernon JJ, Rodriguez-Algarra F, Joseph S, Devine DA, Marsh PD, Rakyan V, Curtis MA, Bell JT. Hemin availability induces coordinated DNA methylation and gene expression changes in Porphyromonas gingivalis. mSystems 2023; 8:e0119322. [PMID: 37436062 PMCID: PMC10470040 DOI: 10.1128/msystems.01193-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Periodontal disease is a chronic inflammatory disease in which the oral pathogen Porphyromonas gingivalis plays an important role. Porphyromonas gingivalis expresses virulence determinants in response to higher hemin concentrations, but the underlying regulatory processes remain unclear. Bacterial DNA methylation has the potential to fulfil this mechanistic role. We characterized the methylome of P. gingivalis, and compared its variation to transcriptome changes in response to hemin availability. Porphyromonas gingivalis W50 was grown in chemostat continuous culture with excess or limited hemin, prior to whole-methylome and transcriptome profiling using Nanopore and Illumina RNA-Seq. DNA methylation was quantified for Dam/Dcm motifs and all-context N6-methyladenine (6mA) and 5-methylcytosine (5mC). Of all 1,992 genes analyzed, 161 and 268 were respectively over- and under-expressed with excess hemin. Notably, we detected differential DNA methylation signatures for the Dam "GATC" motif and both all-context 6mA and 5mC in response to hemin availability. Joint analyses identified a subset of coordinated changes in gene expression, 6mA, and 5mC methylation that target genes involved in lactate utilization and ABC transporters. The results identify altered methylation and expression responses to hemin availability in P. gingivalis, with insights into mechanisms regulating its virulence in periodontal disease. IMPORTANCE DNA methylation has important roles in bacteria, including in the regulation of transcription. Porphyromonas gingivalis, an oral pathogen in periodontitis, exhibits well-established gene expression changes in response to hemin availability. However, the regulatory processes underlying these effects remain unknown. We profiled the novel P. gingivalis epigenome, and assessed epigenetic and transcriptome variation under limited and excess hemin conditions. As expected, multiple gene expression changes were detected in response to limited and excess hemin that reflect health and disease, respectively. Notably, we also detected differential DNA methylation signatures for the Dam "GATC" motif and both all-context 6mA and 5mC in response to hemin. Joint analyses identified coordinated changes in gene expression, 6mA, and 5mC methylation that target genes involved in lactate utilization and ABC transporters. The results identify novel regulatory processes underlying the mechanism of hemin regulated gene expression in P. gingivalis, with phenotypic impacts on its virulence in periodontal disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo Costeira
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Joseph Aduse-Opoku
- Centre for Host-Microbiome Interactions, Faculty of Dentistry, Oral & Craniofacial Sciences, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jon J. Vernon
- Division of Oral Biology, School of Dentistry, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Francisco Rodriguez-Algarra
- The Blizard Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Susan Joseph
- Centre for Host-Microbiome Interactions, Faculty of Dentistry, Oral & Craniofacial Sciences, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Deirdre A. Devine
- Division of Oral Biology, School of Dentistry, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Philip D. Marsh
- Division of Oral Biology, School of Dentistry, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Vardhman Rakyan
- The Blizard Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Michael A. Curtis
- Centre for Host-Microbiome Interactions, Faculty of Dentistry, Oral & Craniofacial Sciences, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jordana T. Bell
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
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Śmiga M, Siemińska K, Trindade SC, Gomes-Filho IS, Nobre dos Santos EK, Olczak T. Hemophore-like proteins produced by periodontopathogens are recognized by the host immune system and react differentially with IgG antibodies. J Oral Microbiol 2023; 15:2214455. [PMID: 37213663 PMCID: PMC10193874 DOI: 10.1080/20002297.2023.2214455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2023] [Revised: 04/16/2023] [Accepted: 05/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Aims Hemophore-like proteins sequester heme from host hemoproteins. We aimed to determine whether the host immune system can recognize not only Porphyromonas gingivalis HmuY but also its homologs expressed by other periodontopathogens, and how periodontitis influences the production of respective antibodies. Methods The reactivity of total bacterial antigens and purified proteins with serum IgG antibodies of 18 individuals with periodontitis and 17 individuals without periodontitis was examined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). To compare IgG reactivity between groups with and without periodontitis and within the various dilutions of sera, statistical analysis was performed using the Mann-Whitney U-test and two-way ANOVA test with the post-hoc Bonferroni test. Results Individuals with periodontitis produced IgG antibodies reacting more strongly not only with total P. gingivalis antigens (P = 0.0002; 1:400) and P. gingivalis HmuY (P = 0.0016; 1:100) but also with Prevotella intermedia PinA (P = 0.0059; 1:100), and with low efficiency with P. intermedia PinO (P = 0.0021; 1:100). No increase in the reactivity of IgG antibodies with Tannerella forsythia Tfo and P. gingivalis HusA was found in individuals with periodontitis. Conclusions Although hemophore-like proteins are structurally related, they are differentially recognized by the host immune system. Our findings point to specific antigens, mainly P. gingivalis HmuY and P. intermedia PinA, whose immunoreactivity could be further investigated to develop markers of periodontitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michał Śmiga
- Laboratory of Medical Biology, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wrocław, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Klaudia Siemińska
- Laboratory of Medical Biology, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wrocław, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Soraya C. Trindade
- Laboratory of Oral Biology, Department of Health, Feira de Santana State University, Feira de Santana, Brazil
- Laboratory of Immunology and Molecular Biology, Institute of Health Science, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Isaac S. Gomes-Filho
- Laboratory of Oral Biology, Department of Health, Feira de Santana State University, Feira de Santana, Brazil
| | - Ellen K. Nobre dos Santos
- Laboratory of Immunology and Molecular Biology, Institute of Health Science, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Teresa Olczak
- Laboratory of Medical Biology, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wrocław, Wrocław, Poland
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8
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Smiline Girija AS. Moonlighting proteins [ML proteins]: The pandora's box of insidious oro-dental diseases. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA. MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2023; 1870:119435. [PMID: 36738892 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2023.119435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Oral pathogens survive in the harsh niche of the oral microbiome on account of a plethora of moonlighting [ML] proteins that can multitask in the oro-mucosal layers. ML proteins are considered as the complex protein hyperspace expressed in many oral bacterial pathogens and encompass many hypothetical and experimentally evidenced proteins that can efficiently assist in the initiation and progression of various oro-dental infections. With the propensity of multi-drug resistance and biofilm formation, unravelling the mysterious functions associated with the oral ML proteins could be essential in targeting the vital oral bacteria and their associated infections. This commentary thus throws insights onto the key clues on various ML proteins that can be considered for the development of therapeutic versatility to curtail the complications caused by various oral bacterial species.
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Affiliation(s)
- A S Smiline Girija
- Department of Microbiology, Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences [SIMATS], Chennai 600077, Tamilnadu, India.
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9
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Śmiga M, Ślęzak P, Wagner M, Olczak T. Interplay between Porphyromonas gingivalis Hemophore-Like Protein HmuY and Kgp/RgpA Gingipains Plays a Superior Role in Heme Supply. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0459322. [PMID: 36752645 PMCID: PMC10100897 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.04593-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 02/09/2023] Open
Abstract
To acquire heme as a source of iron and protoporphyrin IX, Porphyromonas gingivalis uses gingipains, Hmu, and Hus systems. The aim of this study was to assess the correlation between the production and function of the most important virulence factors of P. gingivalis involved in heme supply, namely, hemophore-like proteins (HmuY and HusA) and gingipains. Respective mutant strains were used, and the expression of genes at the transcript and protein levels, as well as the importance of these genes' products for virulence potential, was examined. We found that HmuY and Kgp/RgpA gingipains are among the main P. gingivalis virulence factors synergistically engaged in heme supply. Their expression is related mainly when P. gingivalis grows in conditions rich in iron and heme sources, resembling those found in severe periodontitis. We confirmed that HmuY production is strictly dependent on the availability of heme and iron in the external environment, whereas we did not observe such dependence in the production of HusA. Moreover, we found that the HmuY protein can easily sequester heme from the HusA protein. The only correlation in the production of HmuY and HusA hemophore-like proteins could occur in P. gingivalis grown in conditions rich in iron and heme sources, mimicking an environment typical for severe periodontitis. Based on our observations, we suggest that HmuY is the major heme-binding protein produced by P. gingivalis, especially in iron- and heme-depleted conditions, typical for healthy periodontium and the initial stages of infection. The HusA protein could play a supporting role in P. gingivalis heme uptake. IMPORTANCE Altered or disturbed mutualism between oral microbiome members results in dysbiosis with local injuries and subsequently in systemic diseases. Periodontitis belongs to a group of multifactorial infectious diseases, characterized by inflammation and destruction of tooth-supporting tissues. Porphyromonas gingivalis is considered the main etiologic agent and keystone pathogen responsible for developing advanced periodontitis. As part of the infective process, P. gingivalis must acquire heme to survive and multiply at the infection site. Analysis of the mutual relationship between its main virulence factors showed that heme acquisition in P. gingivalis is a complex process in which mainly the Hmu system, with the leading role played by the HmuY hemophore-like protein, and Kgp and RgpA gingipains prefer cooperative interplay. It seems that the Hus system, including HusA hemophore-like protein, could be involved in another, so far uncharacterized, stage of iron and heme supply.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michał Śmiga
- Laboratory of Medical Biology, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wrocław, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Paulina Ślęzak
- Laboratory of Medical Biology, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wrocław, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Mateusz Wagner
- Laboratory of Medical Biology, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wrocław, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Teresa Olczak
- Laboratory of Medical Biology, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wrocław, Wrocław, Poland
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10
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Gains AF, Lambert DW, Stafford GP. Identification of a Czc-like operon of the periodontal pathobiont P. gingivalis involved in metal ion efflux. Anaerobe 2023; 80:102696. [PMID: 36642290 DOI: 10.1016/j.anaerobe.2023.102696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Revised: 01/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The study aimed to investigate the role of the PGN2012 gene of the periodontitis contributing pathobiont Porphyromonas gingivalis. PGN2012 is a homolgue of TolC and is a gene our group previously showed was overexpressed in hyperinvasive cells. METHODS The study used a combination of bioinformatics, knockout mutagenesis, growth experiments, biofilm assays and human cell invation assays to investigate PGN2012 function. RESULTS Bioinformatics identified that PGN2012 is part of one of four TolC containing gene loci in P. gingivalis that we predicted may encode a metal resistance RND family tripartite pump, similar to those present in other Gram-negative bacteria, but which are not well understood in anaerobic bacteria. A ΔPGN2012 deletion displayed slightly reduced growth in liquid culture but did not effect biofilm formation or human cell invasion. When metal ions were included in the medium the mutant displayed significantly increased sensitivity to the divalent metal ions Zn2+ (500 μM), Co2+ (2 mM), and Cd2+(0.1 mM) but not Cu2+. CONCLUSIONS We propose to rename the PGN2012-2014 genes czcCBA, which we suggest plays a role in intracellular stress resistance where zinc is often employed by host cells in antibacterial defence with implications for chronic infection in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- A F Gains
- School of Clinical Dentistry, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S10 2TA, UK
| | - D W Lambert
- School of Clinical Dentistry, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S10 2TA, UK
| | - G P Stafford
- School of Clinical Dentistry, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S10 2TA, UK.
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11
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Contribution of -Omics Technologies in the Study of Porphyromonas gingivalis during Periodontitis Pathogenesis: A Minireview. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 24:ijms24010620. [PMID: 36614064 PMCID: PMC9820714 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24010620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Revised: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Periodontitis is a non-communicable chronic inflammatory disease characterized by the progressive and irreversible breakdown of the soft periodontal tissues and resorption of teeth-supporting alveolar bone. The etiology of periodontitis involves dysbiotic shifts in the diversity of microbial communities inhabiting the subgingival crevice, which is dominated by anaerobic Gram-negative bacteria, including Porphyromonas gingivalis. Indeed, P. gingivalis is a keystone pathogen with a repertoire of attributes that allow it to colonize periodontal tissues and influence the metabolism, growth rate, and virulence of other periodontal bacteria. The pathogenic potential of P. gingivalis has been traditionally analyzed using classical biochemical and molecular approaches. However, the arrival of new techniques, such as whole-genome sequencing, metagenomics, metatranscriptomics, proteomics, and metabolomics, allowed the generation of high-throughput data, offering a suitable option for bacterial analysis, allowing a deeper understanding of the pathogenic properties of P. gingivalis and its interaction with the host. In the present review, we revise the use of the different -omics technologies and techniques used to analyze bacteria and discuss their potential in studying the pathogenic potential of P. gingivalis.
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12
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Phillips PL, Wu XJ, Reyes L. Differential affinity chromatography reveals a link between Porphyromonas gingivalis-induced changes in vascular smooth muscle cell differentiation and the type 9 secretion system. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:983247. [PMID: 36483452 PMCID: PMC9722745 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.983247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Porphyromonas gingivalis is implicated in adverse pregnancy outcome. We previously demonstrated that intrauterine infection with various strains of P. gingivalis impairs the physiologic remodeling of the uterine spiral arteries (IRSA) during pregnancy, which underlies the major obstetrical syndromes. Women diagnosed with IRSA also have a greater risk for premature cardiovascular disease in later life. The dysregulated plasticity of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) is present in both IRSA and premature cardiovascular events. We hypothesized that VSMCs could serve as a bait to identify P. gingivalis proteins associated with dysregulated VSMC plasticity as seen in IRSA. We first confirmed that dams with P. gingivalis A7UF-induced IRSA also show perturbed aortic smooth muscle cell (AoSMC) plasticity along with the P. gingivalis colonization of the tissue. The in vitro infection of AoSMCs with IRSA-inducing strain A7UF also perturbed AoSMC plasticity that did not occur with infection by non-IRSA-inducing strain W83. Far-Western blotting with strain W83 and strain A7UF showed a differential binding pattern to the rat aorta and primary rat AoSMCs. The affinity chromatography/pull-down assay combined with mass spectrometry was used to identify P. gingivalis/AoSMC protein interactions specific to IRSA. Membrane proteins with a high binding affinity to AoSMCs were identified in the A7UF pull-down but not in the W83 pull-down, most of which were the outer membrane components of the Type 9 secretion system (T9SS) and T9SS cargo proteins. Additional T9SS cargo proteins were detected in greater abundance in the A7UF pull-down eluate compared to W83. None of the proteins enriched in the W83 eluate were T9SS components nor T9SS cargo proteins despite their presence in the prey preparations used in the pull-down assay. In summary, differential affinity chromatography established that the components of IRSA-inducing P. gingivalis T9SS as well as its cargo directly interact with AoSMCs, which may play a role in the infection-induced dysregulation of VSMC plasticity. The possibility that the T9SS is involved in the microbial manipulation of host cell events important for cell differentiation and tissue remodeling would constitute a new virulence function for this system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priscilla L. Phillips
- Microbiology and Immunology, A.T. Still University of Health Sciences, Kirksville College of Osteopathic Medicine, Kirksville, MO, United States
| | - Xiao-jun Wu
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin - Madison, School of Veterinary Medicine, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Leticia Reyes
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin - Madison, School of Veterinary Medicine, Madison, WI, United States,*Correspondence: Leticia Reyes,
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13
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The Relationship between Mutations in Gene-Specific Domains of Salivary Fibronectin (cFn) and Dynamin-2 (Dynm-2) and the Development of Porphyromonas gingivalis-Initiated Periodontitis. JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR PATHOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/jmp3030015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Periodontitis is a chronic inflammatory disease characterized by the destruction of the supporting structures of the teeth. Its high prevalence and negative effects on quality of life make it one of the current problems in dentistry. Porphyromonas gingivalis (P. gingivalis) is the predominant periodontal pathogen that expresses a number of virulence factors involved in the pathogenesis of periodontitis. P. gingivalis fimbriae are a critical factor in the interaction between the organism and the host tissue. They promote both bacterial adhesion and invasion into the target sites. Fimbriae are capable of binding to human saliva components, extracellular matrix proteins, and commensal bacteria, as well as firmly binding to the cellular integrin α5β1. After attachment to α5β1-integrin, P. gingivalis is captured by cellular pseudopodia, which makes invagination through an actin-mediated pathway possible. It has been proven that the invagination event also requires the participation of the host cell dynamin, actin fibers, microtubules and lipid rafts. Work has emerged investigating mutations in the proline-rich terminal domain (PRD) and their impact on disease development. Salivary antimicrobial peptides are early protective factors against microbial attack. Of great interest is fibronectin (FN) as the main competitor of P. gingivalis fimbriae. The FN can interact with cells in three different regions: the central cell-binding domain (CCBD), the COOH terminal heparin-binding domain (Hep2), and the type III connecting segment (IIICS), including the CS1 region (Yamada, 1991). CCBD is the major cell-adhesion domain of FN and contains an Arg–Gly–Asp (RGD) motif that is recognized by members of the cell adhesion receptor integrin family, including a5b1, which is the primary FN receptor in many cell types. The work focuses on identifying the relationship between the development of periodontitis and the presence of mutations in the adhesion domains of salivary proteins such as cellular fibronectin (cFN) and dynamin-2 (DYNM2).
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14
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Abstract
Porphyromonas gingivalis is an important human pathogen and also a model organism for the Bacteroidetes phylum. O-glycosylation has been reported in this phylum with findings that include the O-glycosylation motif, the structure of the O-glycans in a few species, and an extensive O-glycoproteome analysis in Tannerella forsythia. However, O-glycosylation has not yet been confirmed in P. gingivalis. We therefore used glycoproteomics approaches including partial deglycosylation with trifluoromethanesulfonic acid as well as both HILIC and FAIMS based glycopeptide enrichment strategies leading to the identification of 257 putative glycosylation sites in 145 glycoproteins. The sequence of the major O-glycan was elucidated to be HexNAc-HexNAc(P-Gro-[Ac]0-2)-dHex-Hex-HexA-Hex(dHex). Western blot analyses of mutants lacking the glycosyltransferases PGN_1134 and PGN_1135 demonstrated their involvement in the biosynthesis of the glycan while mass spectrometry analysis of the truncated O-glycans suggested that PGN_1134 and PGN_1135 transfer the two HexNAc sugars. Interestingly, a strong bias against the O-glycosylation of abundant proteins exposed to the cell surface such as abundant T9SS cargo proteins, surface lipoproteins, and outer membrane β-barrel proteins was observed. In contrast, the great majority of proteins associated with the inner membrane or periplasm were glycosylated irrespective of their abundance. The P. gingivalis O-glycosylation system may therefore function to establish the desired physicochemical properties of the periplasm. IMPORTANCEPorphyromonas gingivalis is an oral pathogen primarily associated with severe periodontal disease and further associated with rheumatoid arthritis, dementia, cardiovascular disease, and certain cancers. Protein glycosylation can be important for a variety of reasons including protein function, solubility, protease resistance, and thermodynamic stability. This study has for the first time demonstrated the presence of O-linked glycosylation in this organism by determining the basic structure of the O-glycans and identifying 257 glycosylation sites in 145 proteins. It was found that most proteins exposed to the periplasm were O-glycosylated; however, the abundant surface exposed proteins were not. The O-glycans consisted of seven monosaccharides and a glycerol phosphate with 0–2 acetyl groups. These glycans are likely to have a stabilizing role to the proteins that bear them and must be taken into account when the proteins are produced in heterologous organisms.
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15
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Veith PD, Glew MD, Gorasia DG, Cascales E, Reynolds EC. The Type IX Secretion System and Its Role in Bacterial Function and Pathogenesis. J Dent Res 2021; 101:374-383. [PMID: 34889148 DOI: 10.1177/00220345211051599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Porphyromonas, Tannerella, and Prevotella species found in severe periodontitis use the Type IX Secretion System (T9SS) to load their outer membrane surface with an array of virulence factors. These virulence factors are then released on outer membrane vesicles (OMVs), which penetrate the host to dysregulate the immune response to establish a positive feedback loop of chronic, inflammatory destruction of the tooth's supporting tissues. In this review, we present the latest information on the molecular architecture of the T9SS and provide mechanistic insight into its role in secretion and attachment of cargo proteins to produce a virulence coat on cells and OMVs. The recent molecular structures of the T9SS motor comprising PorL and PorM as well as the secretion pore Sov, together with advances in the overall interactome, have provided insight into the possible mechanisms of secretion. We propose the presence of PorL/M motors arranged in a circle at the inner membrane with bent periplasmic rotors interacting with the PorN protein. At the outer membrane, we envisage a slide carousel model where the PorN protein is driven around a circular track composed of PorK. Cargo proteins are transported by PorN to PorW and the Sov translocon just as slides are rotated to the projection window. Secreted proteins are proposed to then be shuttled along highways consisting of the PorV shuttle protein to an array of attachment complexes distributed around the cell. The cell surface attachment of cargo is a hallmark of the T9SS, and in Porphyromonas gingivalis and Tannerella forsythia, this attachment is achieved via covalent bonding to a linking sugar synthesized by the Wbp/Vim pathway. The cell-surface attached cargo are enriched on OMVs, which are then released from the cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- P D Veith
- Oral Health CRC, Melbourne Dental School, Bio21 Institute, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - M D Glew
- Oral Health CRC, Melbourne Dental School, Bio21 Institute, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - D G Gorasia
- Oral Health CRC, Melbourne Dental School, Bio21 Institute, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - E Cascales
- Laboratoire d'Ingénierie des Syst èmes Macromol éculaires (LISM), Institut de Microbiologie, Bioénergies and Biotechnologie (IM2B), Aix-Marseille Université, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), UMR7255, Marseille Cedex, France
| | - E C Reynolds
- Oral Health CRC, Melbourne Dental School, Bio21 Institute, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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Śmiga M, Smalley JW, Ślęzak P, Brown JL, Siemińska K, Jenkins RE, Yates EA, Olczak T. Glycation of Host Proteins Increases Pathogenic Potential of Porphyromonas gingivalis. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222112084. [PMID: 34769513 PMCID: PMC8585099 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222112084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Revised: 10/30/2021] [Accepted: 11/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The non-enzymatic addition of glucose (glycation) to circulatory and tissue proteins is a ubiquitous pathophysiological consequence of hyperglycemia in diabetes. Given the high incidence of periodontitis and diabetes and the emerging link between these conditions, it is of crucial importance to define the basic virulence mechanisms employed by periodontopathogens such as Porphyromonas gingivalis in mediating the disease process. The aim of this study was to determine whether glycated proteins are more easily utilized by P. gingivalis to stimulate growth and promote the pathogenic potential of this bacterium. We analyzed the properties of three commonly encountered proteins in the periodontal environment that are known to become glycated and that may serve as either protein substrates or easily accessible heme sources. In vitro glycated proteins were characterized using colorimetric assays, mass spectrometry, far- and near-UV circular dichroism and UV–visible spectroscopic analyses and SDS-PAGE. The interaction of glycated hemoglobin, serum albumin and type one collagen with P. gingivalis cells or HmuY protein was examined using spectroscopic methods, SDS-PAGE and co-culturing P. gingivalis with human keratinocytes. We found that glycation increases the ability of P. gingivalis to acquire heme from hemoglobin, mostly due to heme sequestration by the HmuY hemophore-like protein. We also found an increase in biofilm formation on glycated collagen-coated abiotic surfaces. We conclude that glycation might promote the virulence of P. gingivalis by making heme more available from hemoglobin and facilitating bacterial biofilm formation, thus increasing P. gingivalis pathogenic potential in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michał Śmiga
- Laboratory of Medical Biology, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wrocław, 14A F. Joliot-Curie St., 50-383 Wrocław, Poland; (M.Ś.); (P.Ś.); (K.S.)
| | - John W. Smalley
- Institute of Life Course and Medical Sciences, School of Dentistry, The University of Liverpool, Pembroke Place, Liverpool L3 5PS, UK; (J.W.S.); (J.L.B.)
| | - Paulina Ślęzak
- Laboratory of Medical Biology, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wrocław, 14A F. Joliot-Curie St., 50-383 Wrocław, Poland; (M.Ś.); (P.Ś.); (K.S.)
| | - Jason L. Brown
- Institute of Life Course and Medical Sciences, School of Dentistry, The University of Liverpool, Pembroke Place, Liverpool L3 5PS, UK; (J.W.S.); (J.L.B.)
| | - Klaudia Siemińska
- Laboratory of Medical Biology, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wrocław, 14A F. Joliot-Curie St., 50-383 Wrocław, Poland; (M.Ś.); (P.Ś.); (K.S.)
| | - Rosalind E. Jenkins
- CDSS Bioanalytical Facility, Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, Faculty of Health and Life Science, The University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3GE, UK;
| | - Edwin A. Yates
- Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, Faculty of Health and Life Science, The University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZB, UK;
| | - Teresa Olczak
- Laboratory of Medical Biology, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wrocław, 14A F. Joliot-Curie St., 50-383 Wrocław, Poland; (M.Ś.); (P.Ś.); (K.S.)
- Correspondence:
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17
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Ma L, Cao Z. Membrane vesicles from periodontal pathogens and their potential roles in periodontal disease and systemic illnesses. J Periodontal Res 2021; 56:646-655. [PMID: 33826135 DOI: 10.1111/jre.12884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Revised: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Periodontium is an ordered ecological system where a dynamic equilibrium exists between oral microorganisms and the host defense system, and periodontal disease occurs whenever the balance is broken. Periodontal pathogens mainly include gram-negative anaerobic bacteria and emerging gram-positive microbes, which have a large variety of virulence factors and influence disease initiation and progression. Recently, different types of bacterial membrane vesicles (MVs), formed by bubbling of membrane materials from living cells or in conditions of endolysin-triggered cell death, have gained interests as a novel virulence factor for periodontopathogens. MVs load multiple sorted cargo molecules, such as proteins, lipids, and genetic materials, and actively participate in toxin transport, signal delivery, and periodontal disease pathogenesis. Since periodontitis is recognized as a risk factor for many systemic diseases, periodontal MVs could work as a bridge for periodontal diseases and systemic illnesses. Furthermore, MVs with unique nature and advantages are promising candidates as vaccines and drug delivery vehicles. In this review, we provided an overview of different types and compositions of periodontal MVs, described their involvements in the pathogenesis of periodontitis and several general diseases, and discussed potential applications of periodontal MVs in vaccination and drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Ma
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST KLOS) & Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education (KLOBME), School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhengguo Cao
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST KLOS) & Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education (KLOBME), School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Department of Periodontology, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
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18
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Sphingolipid-Containing Outer Membrane Vesicles Serve as a Delivery Vehicle To Limit Macrophage Immune Response to Porphyromonas gingivalis. Infect Immun 2021; 89:IAI.00614-20. [PMID: 33361202 PMCID: PMC8090959 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00614-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Sphingolipids (SLs) are essential structural components of mammalian cell membranes. Our group recently determined that the oral anaerobe Porphyromonas gingivalis delivers its SLs to host cells and that the ability of P. gingivalis to synthesize SLs limits the elicited host inflammatory response during cellular infection. Sphingolipids (SLs) are essential structural components of mammalian cell membranes. Our group recently determined that the oral anaerobe Porphyromonas gingivalis delivers its SLs to host cells and that the ability of P. gingivalis to synthesize SLs limits the elicited host inflammatory response during cellular infection. As P. gingivalis robustly produces outer membrane vesicles (OMVs), we hypothesized that OMVs serve as a delivery vehicle for SLs, that the SL status of the OMVs may impact cargo loading to OMVs, and that SL-containing OMVs limit elicited host inflammation similar to that observed by direct bacterial challenge. Transwell cell culture experiments determined that in comparison to the parent strain W83, the SL-null mutant elicited a hyperinflammatory immune response from THP-1 macrophage-like cells with elevated tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), interleukin 1β (IL-1β), and IL-6. Targeted assessment of Toll-like receptors (TLRs) identified elevated expression of TLR2, unchanged TLR4, and elevated expression of the adaptor molecules MyD88 and TRIF (Toll/IL-1 receptor domain-containing adaptor-inducing beta interferon) by SL-null P. gingivalis. No significant differences in gingipain activity were observed in our infection models, and both strains produced OMVs of similar sizes. Using comparative two-dimensional gel electrophoresis, we identified differences in the protein cargo of the OMVs between parent and SL-null strain. Importantly, use of purified OMVs recapitulated the cellular inflammatory response observed in the transwell system with whole bacteria. These findings provide new insights into the role of SLs in P. gingivalis OMV cargo assembly and expand our understanding of SL-OMVs as bacterial structures that modulate the host inflammatory response.
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Zhang Z, Liu D, Liu S, Zhang S, Pan Y. The Role of Porphyromonas gingivalis Outer Membrane Vesicles in Periodontal Disease and Related Systemic Diseases. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 10:585917. [PMID: 33585266 PMCID: PMC7877337 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.585917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Periodontal disease is a chronic infectious disease associated with a variety of bacteria, which can cause damage to the periodontal support structure and affect a variety of systemic system diseases such as cancer, cardiovascular disease, diabetes, rheumatoid arthritis, non-alcoholic fatty liver, and Alzheimer's disease. Porphyromonas gingivalis (P. gingivalis) is the most important pathogenic bacteria for periodontal disease. It can produce outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) and release them into the environment, playing an important role in its pathogenesis. This article focuses on P. gingivalis OMVs, reviews its production and regulation, virulence components, mode of action and related diseases, with a view to providing new ideas for the prevention and treatment of diseases related to P. gingivalis infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiying Zhang
- Department of Periodontics, Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, School and Hospital of Stomatology, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Dongjuan Liu
- Department of Emergency and Oral Medicine, Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, School and Hospital of Stomatology, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Sai Liu
- Department of Dental Materials, Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, School and Hospital of Stomatology, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Shuwei Zhang
- Department of Periodontics, Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, School and Hospital of Stomatology, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yaping Pan
- Department of Periodontics, Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, School and Hospital of Stomatology, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
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20
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Guo Y, Wang Y, Wang Y, Jin Y, Wang C. Heme Competition Triggers an Increase in the Pathogenic Potential of Porphyromonas gingivalis in Porphyromonas gingivalis-Candida albicans Mixed Biofilm. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:596459. [PMID: 33343538 PMCID: PMC7738433 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.596459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
As one of the main pathogens of periodontitis, Porphyromonas gingivalis often forms mixed biofilms with other bacteria or fungi under the gingiva, such as Candida albicans. Heme is an important iron source for P. gingivalis and C. albicans that supports their growth in the host. From the perspective of heme competition, this study aims to clarify that the competition for heme enhances the pathogenic potential of P. gingivalis during the interaction between P. gingivalis and C. albicans. Porphyromonas gingivalis single-species biofilm and P. gingivalis-C. albicans dual-species biofilm were established in a low- and high-heme environment. The results showed that the vitality of P. gingivalis was increased in the dual-species biofilm under the condition of low heme, and the same trend was observed under a laser confocal microscope. Furthermore, the morphological changes in P. gingivalis were observed by electron microscope, and the resistance of P. gingivalis in dual-species biofilm was stronger against the killing effect of healthy human serum and antibiotics. The ability of P. gingivalis to agglutinate erythrocyte was also enhanced in dual-species biofilm. These changes disappeared when heme was sufficient, which confirmed that heme competition was the cause of thepathogenicy change in P. gingivalis. Gene level analysis showed that P. gingivalis was in a superior position in the competition relationship by increasing the expression of heme utilization-related genes, such as HmuY, HmuR, HusA, and Tlr. In addition, the expression of genes encoding gingipains (Kgp, RgpA/B) was also significantly increased. They not only participate in the process of utilizing heme, but also are important components of the virulence factors of P. gingivalis. In conclusion, our results indicated that the pathogenic potential of P. gingivalis was enhanced by C. albicans through heme competition, which ultimately promoted the occurrence and development of periodontitis and, therefore, C. albicans subgingival colonization should be considered as a factor in assessing the risk of periodontitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanyang Guo
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Department of Prosthodontics, Affiliated Hospital of Stomatology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yu Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Department of Prosthodontics, Affiliated Hospital of Stomatology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yijin Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Department of Prosthodontics, Affiliated Hospital of Stomatology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yabing Jin
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Department of Prosthodontics, Affiliated Hospital of Stomatology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Chen Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Department of Prosthodontics, Affiliated Hospital of Stomatology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
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21
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Veith PD, Gorasia DG, Reynolds EC. Towards defining the outer membrane proteome of Porphyromonas gingivalis. Mol Oral Microbiol 2020; 36:25-36. [PMID: 33124778 DOI: 10.1111/omi.12320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Revised: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Porphyromonas gingivalis is a Gram-negative anaerobic pathogen found in subgingival plaque associated with progressive periodontitis. Proteins associated with the outer membrane (OM) of Gram-negative pathogens are particularly important for understanding virulence and for developing vaccines. The aim of this study was to establish a reliable list of outer membrane associated proteins (Omps) for this organism. Starting with a list of 99 experimentally determined Omps, several bioinformatics tools were used to predict a further 52 proteins, leading to a predicted OM proteome of 151 proteins. The tools used included databases of protein families, prediction of OM β-barrels and structural homology. The list includes 33 T9SS cargo proteins, 43 lipoproteins and 66 OM β-barrel proteins with some overlap between categories. The proteins are discussed both in these structural categories as well as their various functions in OM biogenesis, nutrient acquisition, protein secretion, adhesion and efflux. Proteins that were previously shown to be part of large complexes are highlighted and cross reference is provided to a previous major study of protein localization in P. gingivalis. Finally, proteins were also scored according to their level of conservation within the Bacteroidales taxon. Low scores were shown to correlate with virulence factors and may be predictive of novel virulence factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul D Veith
- Oral Health Cooperative Research Centre, Melbourne Dental School, Bio21 Institute, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Dhana G Gorasia
- Oral Health Cooperative Research Centre, Melbourne Dental School, Bio21 Institute, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Eric C Reynolds
- Oral Health Cooperative Research Centre, Melbourne Dental School, Bio21 Institute, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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22
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Nemoto TK, Ohara Nemoto Y. Dipeptidyl-peptidases: Key enzymes producing entry forms of extracellular proteins in asaccharolytic periodontopathic bacterium Porphyromonas gingivalis. Mol Oral Microbiol 2020; 36:145-156. [PMID: 33006264 PMCID: PMC8048996 DOI: 10.1111/omi.12317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Revised: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Porphyromonas gingivalis, a pathogen of chronic periodontitis, is an asaccharolytic microorganism that solely utilizes nutritional amino acids as its energy source and cellular constituents. The bacterium is considered to incorporate proteinaceous nutrients mainly as dipeptides, thus exopeptidases that produce dipeptides from polypeptides are critical for survival and proliferation. We present here an overview of dipeptide production by P. gingivalis mediated by dipeptidyl-peptidases (DPPs), e.g., DPP4, DPP5, DPP7, and DPP11, serine exopeptidases localized in periplasm, which release dipeptides from the N-terminus of polypeptides. Additionally, two other exopeptidases, acylpeptidyl-oligopeptidase (AOP) and prolyl tripeptidyl-peptidase A (PTP-A), which liberate N-terminal acylated di-/tri-peptides and tripeptides with Pro at the third position, respectively, provide polypeptides in an acceptable form for DPPs. Hence, a large fraction of dipeptides is produced from nutritional polypeptides by DPPs with differential specificities in combination with AOP and PTP-A. The resultant dipeptides are then incorporated across the inner membrane mainly via a proton-dependent oligopeptide transporter (POT), a member of the major facilitator superfamily. Recent studies also indicate that DPP4 and DPP7 directly link between periodontal and systemic diseases, such as type 2 diabetes mellitus and coagulation abnormality, respectively. Therefore, these dipeptide-producing and incorporation molecules are considered to be potent targets for prevention and treatment of periodontal and related systemic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takayuki K Nemoto
- Department of Oral Molecular Biology, Course of Medical and Dental Sciences, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Yuko Ohara Nemoto
- Department of Oral Molecular Biology, Course of Medical and Dental Sciences, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan
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Type IX Secretion System Cargo Proteins Are Glycosylated at the C Terminus with a Novel Linking Sugar of the Wbp/Vim Pathway. mBio 2020; 11:mBio.01497-20. [PMID: 32873758 PMCID: PMC7468200 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.01497-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Porphyromonas gingivalis and Tannerella forsythia, two pathogens associated with severe gum disease, use the type IX secretion system (T9SS) to secrete and attach toxic arrays of virulence factor proteins to their cell surfaces. The proteins are tethered to the outer membrane via glycolipid anchors that have remained unidentified for more than 2 decades. In this study, the first sugar molecules (linking sugars) in these anchors are identified and found to be novel compounds. The novel biosynthetic pathway of these linking sugars is also elucidated. A diverse range of bacteria that do not have the T9SS were found to have the genes for this pathway, suggesting that they may synthesize similar linking sugars for utilization in different systems. Since the cell surface attachment of virulence factors is essential for virulence, these findings reveal new targets for the development of novel therapies. Porphyromonas gingivalis and Tannerella forsythia use the type IX secretion system to secrete cargo proteins to the cell surface where they are anchored via glycolipids. In P. gingivalis, the glycolipid is anionic lipopolysaccharide (A-LPS), of partially known structure. Modified cargo proteins were deglycosylated using trifluoromethanesulfonic acid and digested with trypsin or proteinase K. The residual modifications were then extensively analyzed by tandem mass spectrometry. The C terminus of each cargo protein was amide-bonded to a linking sugar whose structure was deduced to be 2-N-seryl, 3-N-acetylglucuronamide in P. gingivalis and 2-N-glycyl, 3-N-acetylmannuronic acid in T. forsythia. The structures indicated the involvement of the Wbp pathway to produce 2,3-di-N-acetylglucuronic acid and a WbpS amidotransferase to produce the uronamide form of this sugar in P. gingivalis. The wbpS gene was identified as PGN_1234 as its deletion resulted in the inability to produce the uronamide. In addition, the P. gingivalisvimA mutant which lacks A-LPS was successfully complemented by the T. forsythiavimA gene; however, the linking sugar was altered to include glycine rather than serine. After removal of the acetyl group at C-2 by the putative deacetylase, VimE, VimA presumably transfers the amino acid to complete the biosynthesis. The data explain all the enzyme activities required for the biosynthesis of the linking sugar accounting for six A-LPS-specific genes. The linking sugar is therefore the key compound that enables the attachment of cargo proteins in P. gingivalis and T. forsythia. We propose to designate this novel linking sugar biosynthetic pathway the Wbp/Vim pathway.
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Kin LX, Butler CA, Slakeski N, Hoffmann B, Dashper SG, Reynolds EC. Metabolic cooperativity between Porphyromonas gingivalis and Treponema denticola. J Oral Microbiol 2020; 12:1808750. [PMID: 32944158 PMCID: PMC7482830 DOI: 10.1080/20002297.2020.1808750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Porphyromonas gingivalis and Treponema denticola are proteolytic periodontopathogens that co-localize in polymicrobial subgingival plaque biofilms, display in vitro growth symbiosis and synergistic virulence in animal models of disease. These symbioses are underpinned by a range of metabolic interactions including cooperative hydrolysis of glycine-containing peptides to produce free glycine, which T. denticola uses as a major energy and carbon source. Objective To characterize the P. gingivalis gene products essential for these interactions. Methods: The P. gingivalis transcriptome exposed to cell-free T. denticola conditioned medium was determined using RNA-seq. P. gingivalis proteases potentially involved in hydrolysis of glycine-containing peptides were identified using a bioinformatics approach. Results One hundred and thirty-twogenes displayed differential expression, with the pattern of gene expression consistent with succinate cross-feeding from T. denticola to P. gingivalis and metabolic shifts in the P. gingivalis folate-mediated one carbon superpathway. Interestingly, no P. gingivalis proteases were significantly up-regulated. Three P. gingivalis proteases were identified as candidates and inactivated to determine their role in the release of free glycine. P. gingivalis PG0753 and PG1788 but not PG1605 are involved in the hydrolysis of glycine-containing peptides, making free glycine available for T. denticola utilization. Conclusion Collectively these metabolic interactions help to partition resources and engage synergistic interactions between these two species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Xin Kin
- Oral Health Cooperative Research Centre, Melbourne Dental School, Bio21 Institute, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Catherine A Butler
- Oral Health Cooperative Research Centre, Melbourne Dental School, Bio21 Institute, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Nada Slakeski
- Oral Health Cooperative Research Centre, Melbourne Dental School, Bio21 Institute, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Brigitte Hoffmann
- Oral Health Cooperative Research Centre, Melbourne Dental School, Bio21 Institute, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Stuart G Dashper
- Oral Health Cooperative Research Centre, Melbourne Dental School, Bio21 Institute, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Eric C Reynolds
- Oral Health Cooperative Research Centre, Melbourne Dental School, Bio21 Institute, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
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Ahmadi Badi S, Bruno SP, Moshiri A, Tarashi S, Siadat SD, Masotti A. Small RNAs in Outer Membrane Vesicles and Their Function in Host-Microbe Interactions. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:1209. [PMID: 32670219 PMCID: PMC7327240 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.01209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2019] [Accepted: 05/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Sara Ahmadi Badi
- Microbiology Research Center, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Arfa Moshiri
- Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Samira Tarashi
- Microbiology Research Center, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Andrea Masotti
- Research Laboratories, Children's Hospital Bambino Gesù-IRCCS, Rome, Italy
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Dineshkumar K, Aparna V, Wu L, Wan J, Abdelaziz MH, Su Z, Wang S, Xu H. Bacterial bug-out bags: outer membrane vesicles and their proteins and functions. J Microbiol 2020; 58:531-542. [DOI: 10.1007/s12275-020-0026-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2020] [Revised: 05/06/2020] [Accepted: 05/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Nguyen T, Sedghi L, Ganther S, Malone E, Kamarajan P, Kapila YL. Host-microbe interactions: Profiles in the transcriptome, the proteome, and the metabolome. Periodontol 2000 2020; 82:115-128. [PMID: 31850641 DOI: 10.1111/prd.12316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Periodontal studies using transcriptomics, proteomics, and metabolomics encompass the collection of mRNA transcripts, proteins, and small-molecule chemicals in the context of periodontal health and disease. The number of studies using these approaches has significantly increased in the last decade and they have provided new insight into the pathogenesis and host-microbe interactions that define periodontal diseases. This review provides an overview of current molecular findings using -omic approaches that underlie periodontal disease, including modulation of the host immune response, tissue homeostasis, and complex metabolic processes of the host and the oral microbiome. Integration of these -omic approaches will broaden our perspective of the molecular mechanisms involved in periodontal disease, advancing and improving the diagnosis and treatment of various stages and forms of periodontal disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trang Nguyen
- School of Dentistry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Lea Sedghi
- Department of Orofacial Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Sean Ganther
- Department of Orofacial Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Erin Malone
- Department of Orofacial Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Pachiyappan Kamarajan
- Department of Orofacial Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Yvonne L Kapila
- Department of Orofacial Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
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Synthesis of ppGpp impacts type IX secretion and biofilm matrix formation in Porphyromonas gingivalis. NPJ Biofilms Microbiomes 2020; 6:5. [PMID: 32005827 PMCID: PMC6994654 DOI: 10.1038/s41522-020-0115-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2019] [Accepted: 01/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
In order to persist, bacteria need to adjust their physiological state in response to external and internal cues. External stimuli are often referred to as stressors. The stringent response, mediated by the alarmone (p)ppGpp, is central to the stress response in many bacteria; yet, there is limited knowledge regarding the role of (p)ppGpp signaling in bacteria belonging to the phylum Bacteroidetes. Like its counterparts in the gut (e.g., Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron and Bacteroides fragilis), Porphyromonas gingivalis persists in close association with its human host. Given the potential for numerous perturbations in the oral cavity, and the fact that P. gingivalis can enter and replicate within host cells, we hypothesized that (p)ppGpp is a key signaling molecule for stress adaptation and persistence. Here, we show that accumulation of ppGpp in P. gingivalis is governed by two homologous enzymes, designated Rel, and RshB, and that ppGpp signaling affects growth rate, survival, biofilm formation, production of outer membrane vesicles, and expression of genes encoding type IX secretion structural and cargo proteins. Overall, our findings provide a potential mechanism by which biofilm formation and virulence of P. gingivalis are integrated via ppGpp signaling, a regulatory mechanism central to bacterial survival in dynamic environments.
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Larsen DN, Mikkelsen CE, Kierkegaard M, Bereta GP, Nowakowska Z, Kaczmarek JZ, Potempa J, Højrup P. Citrullinome of Porphyromonas gingivalis Outer Membrane Vesicles: Confident Identification of Citrullinated Peptides. Mol Cell Proteomics 2020; 19:167-180. [PMID: 31754044 PMCID: PMC6944236 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.ra119.001700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2019] [Revised: 11/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Porphyromonas gingivalis is a key pathogen in chronic periodontitis and has recently been mechanistically linked to the development of rheumatoid arthritis via the activity of peptidyl arginine deiminase generating citrullinated epitopes in the periodontium. In this project the outer membrane vesicles (OMV) from P. gingivalis W83 wild-type (WT), a W83 knock-out mutant of peptidyl arginine deiminase (ΔPPAD), and a mutant strain expressing PPAD with the active site cysteine mutated to alanine (C351A), have been analyzed using a two-dimensional HFBA-based separation system combined with LC-MS. For optimal and positive identification and validation of citrullinated peptides and proteins, high resolution mass spectrometers and strict MS search criteria were utilized. This may have compromised the total number of identified citrullinations but increased the confidence of the validation. A new two-dimensional separation system proved to increase the strength of validation, and along with the use of an in-house build program, Citrullia, we establish a fast and easy semi-automatic (manual) validation of citrullinated peptides. For the WT OMV we identified 78 citrullinated proteins having a total of 161 citrullination sites. Notably, in keeping with the mechanism of OMV formation, the majority (51 out of 78) of citrullinated proteins were predicted to be exported via the inner membrane and to reside in the periplasm or being translocated to the bacterial surface. Citrullinated surface proteins may contribute to the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis. For the C351A-OMV a single citrullination site was found and no citrullinations were identified for the ΔPPAD-OMV, thus validating the unbiased character of our method of citrullinated peptide identification.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Grzegorz P Bereta
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Zuzanna Nowakowska
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland; Malopolska Center of Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Jakub Z Kaczmarek
- Research and Development Department, Ovodan Biotech A/S, 5000 Odense, Denmark
| | - Jan Potempa
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland; Department of Oral Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of Louisville School of Dentistry, 501 S. Preston St., Louisville, Kentucky
| | - Peter Højrup
- University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, Odense M, Denmark.
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Heath JE, Scholz GM, Veith PD, Reynolds EC. IL-36γ regulates mediators of tissue homeostasis in epithelial cells. Cytokine 2019; 119:24-31. [PMID: 30856602 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2019.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2018] [Revised: 01/31/2019] [Accepted: 02/12/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
IL-36 cytokines are critical regulators of mucosal inflammation and homeostasis. IL-36γ regulates the expression of inflammatory cytokines and antimicrobial proteins by gingival epithelial cells (e.g. TIGK cells). Here, we show that IL-36γ also regulates the expression of matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP9) and neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL), important mediators of antimicrobial immunity and tissue homeostasis in mucosal epithelia. MMP9 and NGAL were not similarly induced by IL-17 or IL-22, thus indicating the importance of IL-36γ in the regulation of MMP9 and NGAL. Mechanistically, MMP9 and NGAL expression was demonstrated to be induced in an IRAK1- and NF-κB-dependent manner. Furthermore, signaling by p38 MAP kinase may enable their expression to be independently regulated by IL-36γ. The stronger IL-36γ-inducible expression of MMP9 and NGAL in terminally differentiating TIGK cells suggests that control of their expression is associated with the maturation of the gingival epithelium. Although MMP9 and NGAL expression in epithelial cells can also be induced by bacteria, their expression in TIGK cells was not induced by the periodontal pathogen Porphyromonas gingivalis, most likely due to antagonism by the gingipain proteinase virulence factors. This study advances our understanding of how IL-36γ may promote oral mucosal immunity and tissue homeostasis, and how this may be dysregulated by bacterial pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline E Heath
- Oral Health Cooperative Research Centre, Melbourne Dental School, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Glen M Scholz
- Oral Health Cooperative Research Centre, Melbourne Dental School, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
| | - Paul D Veith
- Oral Health Cooperative Research Centre, Melbourne Dental School, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Eric C Reynolds
- Oral Health Cooperative Research Centre, Melbourne Dental School, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
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31
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Veith PD, Glew MD, Gorasia DG, Chen D, O’Brien-Simpson NM, Reynolds EC. Localization of Outer Membrane Proteins in Treponema denticola by Quantitative Proteome Analyses of Outer Membrane Vesicles and Cellular Fractions. J Proteome Res 2019; 18:1567-1581. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.8b00860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Paul D. Veith
- Oral Health Cooperative Research Centre, Melbourne Dental School, Bio21 Institute, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Michelle D. Glew
- Oral Health Cooperative Research Centre, Melbourne Dental School, Bio21 Institute, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Dhana G. Gorasia
- Oral Health Cooperative Research Centre, Melbourne Dental School, Bio21 Institute, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Dina Chen
- Oral Health Cooperative Research Centre, Melbourne Dental School, Bio21 Institute, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Neil M. O’Brien-Simpson
- Oral Health Cooperative Research Centre, Melbourne Dental School, Bio21 Institute, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Eric C. Reynolds
- Oral Health Cooperative Research Centre, Melbourne Dental School, Bio21 Institute, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
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