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Abidi SMS, Shukla AK, Randhawa S, Bathla M, Acharya A. Diosgenin loaded cellulose nanoonion impedes different stages of protein aggregation induced cell death via alleviating mitochondrial dysfunction and upregulation of autophagy. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 266:131108. [PMID: 38531523 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.131108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2023] [Revised: 03/19/2024] [Accepted: 03/21/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024]
Abstract
Protein aggregation is a multifaceted phenomenon prevalent in the progression of neurodegenerative diseases, yielding aggregates of diverse sizes. Recently, increased attention has been directed towards early protein aggregates due to their pronounced toxicity, largely stemming from inflammation mediated by reactive oxygen species (ROS). This study advocates for a therapeutic approach focusing on inflammation control rather than mere ROS inhibition in the context of neurodegenerative disorders. Here, we introduced Camellia sinensis cellulose nanoonion (CS-CNO) as an innovative, biocompatible nanocarrier for encapsulating the phytosteroid diosgenin (DGN@CS-CNO). The resulting nano-assembly, manifesting as spherical entities with dimensions averaging ~180-220 nm, exhibits a remarkable capacity for the gradual and sustained release of approximately 39-44 % of DGN over a 60-hour time frame. DGN@CS-CNO displays a striking ability to inhibit or disassemble various phases of hen egg white lysozyme (HEWL) protein aggregates, including the early (HEWLEA) and late (HEWLLA) stages. In vitro experiments employing HEK293 cells underscore the potential of DGN@CS-CNO in mitigating cell death provoked by protein aggregation. This effect is achieved by ameliorating ROS-mediated inflammation and countering mitochondrial dysfunction, as evidenced by alterations in TNFα, TLR4, and MT-CO1 protein expression. Western blot analyses reveal that the gradual and sustained release of DGN from DGN@CS-CNO induces autophagy, a pivotal process in dismantling intracellular amyloid deposits. In summary, this study not only illuminates a path forward but also presents a compelling case for the utilization of phytosteroid as a formidable strategy against neuroinflammation incited by protein aggregation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syed M S Abidi
- Biotechnology Division, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur, H.P. 176061, India; Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Ashish K Shukla
- Biotechnology Division, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur, H.P. 176061, India; Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Shiwani Randhawa
- Biotechnology Division, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur, H.P. 176061, India; Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Manik Bathla
- Biotechnology Division, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur, H.P. 176061, India; Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Amitabha Acharya
- Biotechnology Division, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur, H.P. 176061, India; Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India.
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Cadenas-Garrido P, Schonvandt-Alarcos A, Herrera-Quintana L, Vázquez-Lorente H, Santamaría-Quiles A, Ruiz de Francisco J, Moya-Escudero M, Martín-Oliva D, Martín-Guerrero SM, Rodríguez-Santana C, Aragón-Vela J, Plaza-Diaz J. Using Redox Proteomics to Gain New Insights into Neurodegenerative Disease and Protein Modification. Antioxidants (Basel) 2024; 13:127. [PMID: 38275652 PMCID: PMC10812581 DOI: 10.3390/antiox13010127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2023] [Revised: 01/16/2024] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Antioxidant defenses in biological systems ensure redox homeostasis, regulating baseline levels of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (ROS and RNS). Oxidative stress (OS), characterized by a lack of antioxidant defenses or an elevation in ROS and RNS, may cause a modification of biomolecules, ROS being primarily absorbed by proteins. As a result of both genome and environment interactions, proteomics provides complete information about a cell's proteome, which changes continuously. Besides measuring protein expression levels, proteomics can also be used to identify protein modifications, localizations, the effects of added agents, and the interactions between proteins. Several oxidative processes are frequently used to modify proteins post-translationally, including carbonylation, oxidation of amino acid side chains, glycation, or lipid peroxidation, which produces highly reactive alkenals. Reactive alkenals, such as 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal, are added to cysteine (Cys), lysine (Lys), or histidine (His) residues by a Michael addition, and tyrosine (Tyr) residues are nitrated and Cys residues are nitrosylated by a Michael addition. Oxidative and nitrosative stress have been implicated in many neurodegenerative diseases as a result of oxidative damage to the brain, which may be especially vulnerable due to the large consumption of dioxygen. Therefore, the current methods applied for the detection, identification, and quantification in redox proteomics are of great interest. This review describes the main protein modifications classified as chemical reactions. Finally, we discuss the importance of redox proteomics to health and describe the analytical methods used in redox proteomics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Cadenas-Garrido
- Research and Advances in Molecular and Cellular Immunology, Center of Biomedical Research, University of Granada, Avda, del Conocimiento s/n, 18016 Armilla, Spain; (P.C.-G.); (A.S.-A.); (A.S.-Q.); (J.R.d.F.); (M.M.-E.)
| | - Ailén Schonvandt-Alarcos
- Research and Advances in Molecular and Cellular Immunology, Center of Biomedical Research, University of Granada, Avda, del Conocimiento s/n, 18016 Armilla, Spain; (P.C.-G.); (A.S.-A.); (A.S.-Q.); (J.R.d.F.); (M.M.-E.)
| | - Lourdes Herrera-Quintana
- Department of Physiology, Schools of Pharmacy and Medicine, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain; (L.H.-Q.); (H.V.-L.); (C.R.-S.)
- Biomedical Research Center, Health Sciences Technology Park, University of Granada, 18016 Granada, Spain
| | - Héctor Vázquez-Lorente
- Department of Physiology, Schools of Pharmacy and Medicine, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain; (L.H.-Q.); (H.V.-L.); (C.R.-S.)
- Biomedical Research Center, Health Sciences Technology Park, University of Granada, 18016 Granada, Spain
| | - Alicia Santamaría-Quiles
- Research and Advances in Molecular and Cellular Immunology, Center of Biomedical Research, University of Granada, Avda, del Conocimiento s/n, 18016 Armilla, Spain; (P.C.-G.); (A.S.-A.); (A.S.-Q.); (J.R.d.F.); (M.M.-E.)
| | - Jon Ruiz de Francisco
- Research and Advances in Molecular and Cellular Immunology, Center of Biomedical Research, University of Granada, Avda, del Conocimiento s/n, 18016 Armilla, Spain; (P.C.-G.); (A.S.-A.); (A.S.-Q.); (J.R.d.F.); (M.M.-E.)
| | - Marina Moya-Escudero
- Research and Advances in Molecular and Cellular Immunology, Center of Biomedical Research, University of Granada, Avda, del Conocimiento s/n, 18016 Armilla, Spain; (P.C.-G.); (A.S.-A.); (A.S.-Q.); (J.R.d.F.); (M.M.-E.)
| | - David Martín-Oliva
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain;
| | - Sandra M. Martín-Guerrero
- Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, London SE5 9RT, UK
| | - César Rodríguez-Santana
- Department of Physiology, Schools of Pharmacy and Medicine, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain; (L.H.-Q.); (H.V.-L.); (C.R.-S.)
- Biomedical Research Center, Health Sciences Technology Park, University of Granada, 18016 Granada, Spain
| | - Jerónimo Aragón-Vela
- Department of Health Sciences, Area of Physiology, Building B3, Campus s/n “Las Lagunillas”, University of Jaén, 23071 Jaén, Spain
| | - Julio Plaza-Diaz
- Children’s Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L1, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II, School of Pharmacy, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria IBS, Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain
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Karkossa I, Fürst S, Großkopf H, von Bergen M, Schubert K. Oxidation is an underappreciated post-translational modification in the regulation of immune responses associated with changes in phosphorylation. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1244431. [PMID: 37809076 PMCID: PMC10559879 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1244431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2023] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Although macrophages are known to be affected by their redox status, oxidation is not yet a well-recognized post-translational modification (PTM) in regulating macrophages and immune cells in general. While it has been described that the redox status of single cysteines in specific proteins is relevant for macrophage functions, global oxidation information is scarce. Hence, we globally assessed the impact of oxidation on macrophage activation using untargeted proteomics and PTM-omics. We exposed THP-1 macrophages to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) for 4 h and 24 h and applied a sequential iodoTMT labeling approach to get information on overall oxidation as well as reversible oxidation of cysteines. Thus, we identified 10452 oxidation sites, which were integratively analyzed with 5057 proteins and 7148 phosphorylation sites to investigate their co-occurance with other omics layers. Based on this integrative analysis, we found significant upregulation of several immune-related pathways, e.g. toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) signaling, for which 19 proteins, 7 phosphorylation sites, and 39 oxidation sites were significantly affected, highlighting the relevance of oxidations in TLR4-induced macrophage activation. Co-regulation of oxidation and phosphorylation was observed, as evidenced by multiply modified proteins related to inflammatory pathways. Additionally, we observed time-dependent effects, with differences in the dynamics of oxidation sites compared to proteins and phosphorylation sites. Overall, this study highlights the importance of oxidation in regulating inflammatory processes and provides a method that can be readily applied to study the cellular redoxome globally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Karkossa
- Department of Molecular Systems Biology, Helmholtz-Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Sabine Fürst
- Department of Molecular Systems Biology, Helmholtz-Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Henning Großkopf
- Department of Molecular Systems Biology, Helmholtz-Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Martin von Bergen
- Department of Molecular Systems Biology, Helmholtz-Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Leipzig, Germany
- Institute of Biochemistry, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Kristin Schubert
- Department of Molecular Systems Biology, Helmholtz-Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Leipzig, Germany
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Chai YC, Mieyal JJ. Glutathione and Glutaredoxin-Key Players in Cellular Redox Homeostasis and Signaling. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:1553. [PMID: 37627548 PMCID: PMC10451691 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12081553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Revised: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
This Special Issue of Antioxidants on Glutathione (GSH) and Glutaredoxin (Grx) was designed to collect review articles and original research studies focused on advancing the current understanding of the roles of the GSH/Grx system in cellular homeostasis and disease processes. The tripeptide glutathione (GSH) is the most abundant non-enzymatic antioxidant/nucleophilic molecule in cells. In addition to various metabolic reactions involving GSH and its oxidized counterpart GSSG, oxidative post-translational modification (PTM) of proteins has been a focal point of keen interest in the redox field over the last few decades. In particular, the S-glutathionylation of proteins (protein-SSG formation), i.e., mixed disulfides between GSH and protein thiols, has been studied extensively. This reversible PTM can act as a regulatory switch to interconvert inactive and active forms of proteins, thereby mediating cell signaling and redox homeostasis. The unique architecture of the GSH molecule enhances its relative abundance in cells and contributes to the glutathionyl specificity of the primary catalytic activity of the glutaredoxin enzymes, which play central roles in redox homeostasis and signaling, and in iron metabolism in eukaryotes and prokaryotes under physiological and pathophysiological conditions. The class-1 glutaredoxins are characterized as cytosolic GSH-dependent oxidoreductases that catalyze reversible protein S-glutathionylation specifically, thereby contributing to the regulation of redox signal transduction and/or the protection of protein thiols from irreversible oxidation. This Special Issue includes nine other articles: three original studies and six review papers. Together, these ten articles support the central theme that GSH/Grx is a unique system for regulating thiol-redox hemostasis and redox-signal transduction, and the dysregulation of the GSH/Grx system is implicated in the onset and progression of various diseases involving oxidative stress. Within this context, it is important to appreciate the complementary functions of the GSH/Grx and thioredoxin systems not only in thiol-disulfide regulation but also in reversible S-nitrosylation. Several potential clinical applications have emerged from a thorough understanding of the GSH/Grx redox regulatory system at the molecular level, and in various cell types in vitro and in vivo, including, among others, the concept that elevating Grx content/activity could serve as an anti-fibrotic intervention; and discovering small molecules that mimic the inhibitory effects of S-glutathionylation on dimer association could identify novel anti-viral agents that impact the key protease activities of the HIV and SARS-CoV-2 viruses. Thus, this Special Issue on Glutathione and Glutaredoxin has focused attention and advanced understanding of an important aspect of redox biology, as well as spawning questions worthy of future study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuh-Cherng Chai
- Department of Chemistry, John Carroll University, University Heights, OH 44118, USA;
| | - John J. Mieyal
- Department of Pharmacology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
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Khalimonchuk O, Becker DF. Molecular Determinants of Mitochondrial Shape and Function and Their Role in Glaucoma. Antioxid Redox Signal 2023; 38:896-919. [PMID: 36301938 PMCID: PMC10171965 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2022.0124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2022] [Revised: 10/07/2022] [Accepted: 10/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Significance: Cells depend on well-functioning mitochondria for essential processes such as energy production, redox signaling, coordination of metabolic pathways, and cofactor biosynthesis. Mitochondrial dysfunction, metabolic decline, and protein stress have been implicated in the etiology of multiple late-onset diseases, including various ataxias, diabetes, sarcopenia, neuromuscular disorders, and neurodegenerative diseases such as parkinsonism, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and glaucoma. Recent Advances: New evidence supports that increased energy metabolism protects neuron function during aging. Key energy metabolic enzymes, however, are susceptible to oxidative damage making it imperative that the mitochondrial proteome is protected. More than 40 different enzymes have been identified as important factors for guarding mitochondrial health and maintaining a dynamic pool of mitochondria. Critical Issues: Understanding shared mechanisms of age-related disorders of neurodegenerative diseases such as glaucoma, Alzheimer's disease, and Parkinson's disease is important for developing new therapies. Functional mitochondrial shape and dynamics rely on complex interactions between mitochondrial proteases and membrane proteins. Identifying the sequence of molecular events that lead to mitochondrial dysfunction and metabolic stress is a major challenge. Future Directions: A critical need exists for new strategies that reduce mitochondrial protein stress and promote mitochondrial dynamics in age-related neurological disorders. Discovering how mitochondria-associated degradation is related to proteostatic mechanisms in mitochondrial compartments may reveal new opportunities for therapeutic interventions. Also, little is known about how protein and membrane contacts in the inner and outer mitochondrial membrane are regulated, even though they are pivotal for mitochondrial architecture. Future work will need to delineate the molecular details of these processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oleh Khalimonchuk
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Nebraska–Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Nebraska Redox Biology Center, University of Nebraska–Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska, USA
- Fred & Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, Omaha, Nebraska, USA
| | - Donald F. Becker
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Nebraska–Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Nebraska Redox Biology Center, University of Nebraska–Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska, USA
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Nguyen M, Zimmer A. A reflection on the improvement of Chinese Hamster ovary cell-based bioprocesses through advances in proteomic techniques. Biotechnol Adv 2023; 65:108141. [PMID: 37001570 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2023.108141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2022] [Revised: 03/05/2023] [Accepted: 03/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/31/2023]
Abstract
Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells are the preferred mammalian host for the large-scale production of recombinant proteins in the biopharmaceutical industry. Research endeavors have been directed to the optimization of CHO-based bioprocesses to increase protein quantity and quality, often in an empirical manner. To provide a rationale for those achievements, a myriad of CHO proteomic studies has arisen in recent decades. This review gives an overview of significant advances in LC-MS-based proteomics and sheds light on CHO proteomic studies, with a particular focus on CHO cells with superior bioprocessing phenotypes (growth, viability, titer, productivity and cQA), that have exploited novel proteomic or sub-omic techniques. These proteomic findings expand the current knowledge and understanding about the underlying protein clusters, protein regulatory networks and biological pathways governing such phenotypic changes. The proteomic studies, highlighted herein, will help in the targeted modulation of these cell factories to the desired needs.
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Wang PW, Lin TY, Yang PM, Fang JY, Li WT, Pan TL. Therapeutic efficacy of Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi against psoriasis-like lesions via regulating the responses of keratinocyte and macrophage. Biomed Pharmacother 2022; 155:113798. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.113798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Revised: 09/23/2022] [Accepted: 10/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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Ye P, Duan W, Leng YQ, Wang YK, Tan X, Wang WZ. DPP3: From biomarker to therapeutic target of cardiovascular diseases. Front Cardiovasc Med 2022; 9:974035. [PMID: 36312232 PMCID: PMC9605584 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2022.974035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of death globally among non-communicable diseases, which imposes a serious socioeconomic burden on patients and the healthcare system. Therefore, finding new strategies for preventing and treating cardiovascular diseases is of great significance in reducing the number of deaths and disabilities worldwide. Dipeptidyl peptidase 3 (DPP3) is the first zinc-dependent peptidase found among DPPs, mainly distributes within the cytoplasm. With the unique HEXXGH catalytic sequence, it is associated with the degradation of oligopeptides with 4 to 10 amino acids residues. Accumulating evidences have demonstrated that DPP3 plays a significant role in almost all cellular activities and pathophysiological mechanisms. Regarding the role of DPP3 in cardiovascular diseases, it is currently mainly used as a biomarker for poor prognosis in patients with cardiovascular diseases, suggesting that the level of DPP3 concentration in plasma is closely linked to the mortality of diseases such as cardiogenic shock and heart failure. Interestingly, it has been reported recently that DPP3 regulates blood pressure by interacting with the renin-angiotensin system. In addition, DPP3 also participates in the processes of pain signaling, inflammation, and oxidative stress. But the exact mechanism by which DPP3 affects cardiovascular function is not clear. Hence, this review summarizes the recent advances in the structure and catalytic activity of DPP3 and its extensive biological functions, especially its role as a therapeutic target in cardiovascular diseases. It will provide a theoretical basis for exploring the potential value of DPP3 as a therapeutic target for cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Ye
- Department of Marine Biomedicine and Polar Medicine, Naval Medical Center, Naval Medical University (Second Military Medical University), Shanghai, China
| | - Wei Duan
- Department of Marine Biomedicine and Polar Medicine, Naval Medical Center, Naval Medical University (Second Military Medical University), Shanghai, China,Key Laboratory of Medical Electrophysiology of Ministry of Education, Medical Electrophysiology Key Lab of Sichuan Province, Institute of Cardiovascular Research, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Yue-Qi Leng
- Department of Marine Biomedicine and Polar Medicine, Naval Medical Center, Naval Medical University (Second Military Medical University), Shanghai, China
| | - Yang-Kai Wang
- Department of Marine Biomedicine and Polar Medicine, Naval Medical Center, Naval Medical University (Second Military Medical University), Shanghai, China
| | - Xing Tan
- Department of Marine Biomedicine and Polar Medicine, Naval Medical Center, Naval Medical University (Second Military Medical University), Shanghai, China,Xing Tan
| | - Wei-Zhong Wang
- Department of Marine Biomedicine and Polar Medicine, Naval Medical Center, Naval Medical University (Second Military Medical University), Shanghai, China,*Correspondence: Wei-Zhong Wang
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Boublin F, Cabassa-Hourton C, Leymarie J, Leitao L. Potential involvement of proline and flavonols in plant responses to ozone. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2022; 207:112214. [PMID: 34662576 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2021.112214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Revised: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Ozone is considered to be a major phytotoxic pollutant. It is an oxidizing molecule with harmful effects that can affect human health and vegetation. Due to its phytotoxicity, it constitutes a threat to food security in a context of climate change. Proline accumulation is induced in response to numerous stresses and is assumed to be involved in plant antioxidant defense. We therefore addressed the question of the putative involvement of proline in plant ozone responses by analyzing the responses of two Arabidopsis mutants (obtained in the Col-0 genetic background) altered in proline metabolism and different ecotypes with various degrees of ozone sensitivity, to controlled ozone treatments. Among the mutants, the p5cs1 mutant plants accumulated less proline than the double prodh1xprodh2 (p1p2) mutants. Ozone treatments did not induce accumulation of proline in Col-0 nor in the mutant plants. However, the variation of the photosynthetic parameter Fv/Fm in the p1p2 mutant suggests a positive effect of proline. Proline accumulation induced by ozone was only observed in the most ozone-sensitive ecotypes, Cvi-0 and Ler. Contrary to our expectations, proline accumulation could not be correlated with variations in protein oxidation (carbonylation). On the other hand, flavonols content, measured here, using non-destructive methods, reflected exactly the genotypes ranking according to ozone sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanny Boublin
- Univ Paris Est Creteil, CNRS, INRAE, IRD, Sorbonne Université, Université de Paris, Institut d'Ecologie et des Sciences de L'Environnement de Paris, IEES-Paris, F-94010, Creteil, France
| | - Cécile Cabassa-Hourton
- Sorbonne Université, UPEC, CNRS, IRD, INRA, Institut d'Ecologie et des Sciences de L'Environnement de Paris, IEES, Paris, F-75005, Paris, France
| | - Juliette Leymarie
- Univ Paris Est Creteil, CNRS, INRAE, IRD, Sorbonne Université, Université de Paris, Institut d'Ecologie et des Sciences de L'Environnement de Paris, IEES-Paris, F-94010, Creteil, France.
| | - Luis Leitao
- Univ Paris Est Creteil, CNRS, INRAE, IRD, Sorbonne Université, Université de Paris, Institut d'Ecologie et des Sciences de L'Environnement de Paris, IEES-Paris, F-94010, Creteil, France
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10
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Motabar D, Li J, Payne GF, Bentley WE. Mediated electrochemistry for redox-based biological targeting: entangling sensing and actuation for maximizing information transfer. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2021; 71:137-144. [PMID: 34364305 DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2021.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Revised: 07/02/2021] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Biology and electronics are both expert at receiving, analyzing, and responding to information, yet they use entirely different information processing paradigms. Biology processes information using networks that are intrinsically molecular while electronics process information through circuits that control the flow of electrons. There is great interest in coupling the molecular logic of biology with the electronic logic of technology, and we suggest that redox (reduction-oxidation) is a uniquely suited modality for interfacing biology with electronics. Specifically, redox is a native biological modality and is accessible to electronics through electrodes. We summarize recent advances in mediated electrochemistry to direct information transfer into biological systems intentionally altering function, exposing it for more advanced interpretation, which can dramatically expand the biotechnological toolbox.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dana Motabar
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, United States; Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, United States; Robert E. Fischell Institute for Biomedical Devices, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742 United States
| | - Jinyang Li
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, United States; Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, United States; Robert E. Fischell Institute for Biomedical Devices, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742 United States
| | - Gregory F Payne
- Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, United States; Robert E. Fischell Institute for Biomedical Devices, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742 United States.
| | - William E Bentley
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, United States; Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, United States; Robert E. Fischell Institute for Biomedical Devices, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742 United States.
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Elhusseiny SM, El-Mahdy TS, Awad MF, Elleboudy NS, Farag MMS, Yassein MA, Aboshanab KM. Proteome Analysis and In Vitro Antiviral, Anticancer and Antioxidant Capacities of the Aqueous Extracts of Lentinula edodes and Pleurotus ostreatus Edible Mushrooms. Molecules 2021; 26:4623. [PMID: 34361776 PMCID: PMC8348442 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26154623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we examined aqueous extracts of the edible mushrooms Pleurotus ostreatus (oyster mushroom) and Lentinula edodes (shiitake mushroom). Proteome analysis was conducted using LC-Triple TOF-MS and showed the expression of 753 proteins by Pleurotus ostreatus, and 432 proteins by Lentinula edodes. Bioactive peptides: Rab GDP dissociation inhibitor, superoxide dismutase, thioredoxin reductase, serine proteinase and lectin, were identified in both mushrooms. The extracts also included promising bioactive compounds including phenolics, flavonoids, vitamins and amino acids. The extracts showed promising antiviral activities, with a selectivity index (SI) of 4.5 for Pleurotus ostreatus against adenovirus (Ad7), and a slight activity for Lentinula edodes against herpes simplex-II (HSV-2). The extracts were not cytotoxic to normal human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). On the contrary, they showed moderate cytotoxicity against various cancer cell lines. Additionally, antioxidant activity was assessed using DPPH radical scavenging, ABTS radical cation scavenging and ORAC assays. The two extracts showed potential antioxidant activities, with the maximum activity seen for Pleurotus ostreatus (IC50 µg/mL) = 39.46 ± 1.27 for DPPH; 11.22 ± 1.81 for ABTS; and 21.40 ± 2.20 for ORAC assays. This study encourages the use of these mushrooms in medicine in the light of their low cytotoxicity on normal PBMCs vis à vis their antiviral, antitumor and antioxidant capabilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaza M. Elhusseiny
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ahram Canadian University (ACU), 4th Industrial Area, 6th of October City, Cairo 2566, Egypt; (S.M.E.); (T.S.E.-M.)
| | - Taghrid S. El-Mahdy
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ahram Canadian University (ACU), 4th Industrial Area, 6th of October City, Cairo 2566, Egypt; (S.M.E.); (T.S.E.-M.)
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Helwan University, Cairo 11795, Egypt
| | - Mohamed F. Awad
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Taif University, Taif 11099, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Nooran S. Elleboudy
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Organization of African Unity Street, Cairo 11566, Egypt; (N.S.E.); (M.A.Y.)
| | - Mohamed M. S. Farag
- Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Al-Azhar University, Cairo 11884, Egypt;
| | - Mahmoud A. Yassein
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Organization of African Unity Street, Cairo 11566, Egypt; (N.S.E.); (M.A.Y.)
| | - Khaled M. Aboshanab
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Organization of African Unity Street, Cairo 11566, Egypt; (N.S.E.); (M.A.Y.)
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12
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Extracellular Vesicles under Oxidative Stress Conditions: Biological Properties and Physiological Roles. Cells 2021; 10:cells10071763. [PMID: 34359933 PMCID: PMC8306565 DOI: 10.3390/cells10071763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Revised: 07/04/2021] [Accepted: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Under physio-pathological conditions, cells release membrane-surrounded structures named Extracellular Vesicles (EVs), which convey their molecular cargo to neighboring or distant cells influencing their metabolism. Besides their involvement in the intercellular communication, EVs might represent a tool used by cells to eliminate unnecessary/toxic material. Here, we revised the literature exploring the link between EVs and redox biology. The first proof of this link derives from evidence demonstrating that EVs from healthy cells protect target cells from oxidative insults through the transfer of antioxidants. Oxidative stress conditions influence the release and the molecular cargo of EVs that, in turn, modulate the redox status of target cells. Oxidative stress-related EVs exert both beneficial or harmful effects, as they can carry antioxidants or ROS-generating enzymes and oxidized molecules. As mediators of cell-to-cell communication, EVs are also implicated in the pathophysiology of oxidative stress-related diseases. The review found evidence that numerous studies speculated on the role of EVs in redox signaling and oxidative stress-related pathologies, but few of them unraveled molecular mechanisms behind this complex link. Thus, the purpose of this review is to report and discuss this evidence, highlighting that the analysis of the molecular content of oxidative stress-released EVs (reminiscent of the redox status of originating cells), is a starting point for the use of EVs as diagnostic and therapeutic tools in oxidative stress-related diseases.
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13
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Kehm R, Baldensperger T, Raupbach J, Höhn A. Protein oxidation - Formation mechanisms, detection and relevance as biomarkers in human diseases. Redox Biol 2021; 42:101901. [PMID: 33744200 PMCID: PMC8113053 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2021.101901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Revised: 02/06/2021] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Generation of reactive oxygen species and related oxidants is an inevitable consequence of life. Proteins are major targets for oxidation reactions, because of their rapid reaction rates with oxidants and their high abundance in cells, extracellular tissues, and body fluids. Additionally, oxidative stress is able to degrade lipids and carbohydrates to highly reactive intermediates, which eventually attack proteins at various functional sites. Consequently, a wide variety of distinct posttranslational protein modifications is formed by protein oxidation, glycoxidation, and lipoxidation. Reversible modifications are relevant in physiological processes and constitute signaling mechanisms ("redox signaling"), while non-reversible modifications may contribute to pathological situations and several diseases. A rising number of publications provide evidence for their involvement in the onset and progression of diseases as well as aging processes. Certain protein oxidation products are chemically stable and formed in large quantity, which makes them promising candidates to become biomarkers of oxidative damage. Moreover, progress in the development of detection and quantification methods facilitates analysis time and effort and contributes to their future applicability in clinical routine. The present review outlines the most important classes and selected examples of oxidative protein modifications, elucidates the chemistry beyond their formation and discusses available methods for detection and analysis. Furthermore, the relevance and potential of protein modifications as biomarkers in the context of disease and aging is summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Kehm
- Department of Molecular Toxicology, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke (DIfE), 14558, Nuthetal, Germany.
| | - Tim Baldensperger
- Department of Molecular Toxicology, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke (DIfE), 14558, Nuthetal, Germany.
| | - Jana Raupbach
- Department of Molecular Toxicology, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke (DIfE), 14558, Nuthetal, Germany.
| | - Annika Höhn
- Department of Molecular Toxicology, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke (DIfE), 14558, Nuthetal, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), 85764, Muenchen-Neuherberg, Germany.
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14
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Abstract
A link between oxidative stress and hypertension has been firmly established in multiple animal models of hypertension but remains elusive in humans. While initial studies focused on inactivation of nitric oxide by superoxide, our understanding of relevant reactive oxygen species (superoxide, hydrogen peroxide, and peroxynitrite) and how they modify complex signaling pathways to promote hypertension has expanded significantly. In this review, we summarize recent advances in delineating the primary and secondary sources of reactive oxygen species (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidases, uncoupled endothelial nitric oxide synthase, endoplasmic reticulum, and mitochondria), the posttranslational oxidative modifications they induce on protein targets important for redox signaling, their interplay with endogenous antioxidant systems, and the role of inflammasome activation and endoplasmic reticular stress in the development of hypertension. We highlight how oxidative stress in different organ systems contributes to hypertension, describe new animal models that have clarified the importance of specific proteins, and discuss clinical studies that shed light on how these processes and pathways are altered in human hypertension. Finally, we focus on the promise of redox proteomics and systems biology to help us fully understand the relationship between ROS and hypertension and their potential for designing and evaluating novel antihypertensive therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathy K Griendling
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Emory University, Atlanta, USA
| | - Livia L Camargo
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, BHF Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Glasgow
| | - Francisco Rios
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, BHF Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Glasgow
| | - Rhéure Alves-Lopes
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, BHF Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Glasgow
| | - Augusto C Montezano
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, BHF Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Glasgow
| | - Rhian M Touyz
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, BHF Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Glasgow
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15
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Zhang T, Gaffrey MJ, Li X, Qian WJ. Characterization of cellular oxidative stress response by stoichiometric redox proteomics. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2020; 320:C182-C194. [PMID: 33264075 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00040.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The thiol redox proteome refers to all proteins whose cysteine thiols are subjected to various redox-dependent posttranslational modifications (PTMs) including S-glutathionylation (SSG), S-nitrosylation (SNO), S-sulfenylation (SOH), and S-sulfhydration (SSH). These modifications can impact various aspects of protein function such as activity, binding, conformation, localization, and interactions with other molecules. To identify novel redox proteins in signaling and regulation, it is highly desirable to have robust redox proteomics methods that can provide global, site-specific, and stoichiometric quantification of redox PTMs. Mass spectrometry (MS)-based redox proteomics has emerged as the primary platform for broad characterization of thiol PTMs in cells and tissues. Herein, we review recent advances in MS-based redox proteomics approaches for quantitative profiling of redox PTMs at physiological or oxidative stress conditions and highlight some recent applications. Considering the relative maturity of available methods, emphasis will be on two types of modifications: 1) total oxidation (i.e., all reversible thiol modifications), the level of which represents the overall redox state, and 2) S-glutathionylation, a major form of reversible thiol oxidation. We also discuss the significance of stoichiometric measurements of thiol PTMs as well as future perspectives toward a better understanding of cellular redox regulatory networks in cells and tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tong Zhang
- Integrative Omics, Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington
| | - Matthew J Gaffrey
- Integrative Omics, Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington
| | - Xiaolu Li
- Integrative Omics, Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington.,Bioproducts Sciences and Engineering Laboratory, Department of Biological Systems Engineering, Washington State University, Richland, Washington
| | - Wei-Jun Qian
- Integrative Omics, Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington
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16
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Musaogullari A, Chai YC. Redox Regulation by Protein S-Glutathionylation: From Molecular Mechanisms to Implications in Health and Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21218113. [PMID: 33143095 PMCID: PMC7663550 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21218113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2020] [Revised: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
S-glutathionylation, the post-translational modification forming mixed disulfides between protein reactive thiols and glutathione, regulates redox-based signaling events in the cell and serves as a protective mechanism against oxidative damage. S-glutathionylation alters protein function, interactions, and localization across physiological processes, and its aberrant function is implicated in various human diseases. In this review, we discuss the current understanding of the molecular mechanisms of S-glutathionylation and describe the changing levels of expression of S-glutathionylation in the context of aging, cancer, cardiovascular, and liver diseases.
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17
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Venkatachalam N, Bakavayev S, Engel D, Barak Z, Engel S. Primate differential redoxome (PDR) - A paradigm for understanding neurodegenerative diseases. Redox Biol 2020; 36:101683. [PMID: 32829254 PMCID: PMC7451816 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2020.101683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Revised: 07/18/2020] [Accepted: 08/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite different phenotypic manifestations, mounting evidence points to similarities in the molecular basis of major neurodegenerative diseases (ND). CNS has evolved to be robust against hazard of ROS, a common perturbation aerobic organisms are confronted with. The trade-off of robustness is system's fragility against rare and unexpected perturbations. Identifying the points of CNS fragility is key for understanding etiology of ND. We postulated that the 'primate differential redoxome' (PDR), an assembly of proteins that contain cysteine residues present only in the primate orthologues of mammals, is likely to associate with an added level of regulatory functionalities that enhanced CNS robustness against ROS and facilitated evolution. The PDR contains multiple deterministic and susceptibility factors of major ND, which cluster to form coordinated redox networks regulating various cellular processes. The PDR analysis revealed a potential CNS fragility point, which appears to associates with a non-redundant PINK1-PRKN-SQSTM1(p62) axis coordinating protein homeostasis and mitophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nachiyappan Venkatachalam
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Shamchal Bakavayev
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Daniel Engel
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Zeev Barak
- Department of Life Sciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Stanislav Engel
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel.
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Redox-dependent regulation of end-binding protein 1 activity by glutathionylation. SCIENCE CHINA-LIFE SCIENCES 2020; 64:575-583. [PMID: 32737853 DOI: 10.1007/s11427-020-1765-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Cytoskeletal proteins are susceptible to glutathionylation under oxidizing conditions, and oxidative damage has been implicated in several neurodegenerative diseases. End-binding protein 1 (EB1) is a master regulator of microtubule plus-end tracking proteins (+TIPs) and is critically involved in the control of microtubule dynamics and cellular processes. However, the impact of glutathionylation on EB1 functions remains unknown. Here we reveal that glutathionylation is important for controlling EB1 activity and protecting EB1 from irreversible oxidation. In vitro biochemical and cellular assays reveal that EB1 is glutathionylated. Diamide, a mild oxidizing reagent, reduces EB1 comet number and length in cells, indicating the impairment of microtubule dynamics. Three cysteine residues of EB1 are glutathionylated, with mutations of these three cysteines to serines attenuating microtubule dynamics but buffering diamide-induced decrease in microtubule dynamics. In addition, glutaredoxin 1 (Grx1) deglutathionylates EB1, and Grx1 depletion suppresses microtubule dynamics and leads to defects in cell division orientation and cell migration, suggesting a critical role of Grx1-mediated deglutathionylation in maintaining EB1 activity. Collectively, these data reveal that EB1 glutathionylation is an important protective mechanism for the regulation of microtubule dynamics and microtubule-based cellular activities.
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Fluorinated Galactoses Inhibit Galactose-1-Phosphate Uridyltransferase and Metabolically Induce Galactosemia-like Phenotypes in HEK-293 Cells. Cells 2020; 9:cells9030607. [PMID: 32138379 PMCID: PMC7140460 DOI: 10.3390/cells9030607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2020] [Revised: 02/19/2020] [Accepted: 02/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Genetic defects of human galactose-1-phosphate uridyltransferase (hGALT) and the partial loss of enzyme function result in an altered galactose metabolism with serious long-term developmental impairment of organs in classic galactosemia patients. In search for cellular pathomechanisms induced by the stressor galactose, we looked for ways to induce metabolically a galactosemia-like phenotype by hGALT inhibition in HEK293 cells. In kinetic studies, we provide evidence for 2-fluorinated galactose-1-phosphate (F-Gal-1-P) to competitively inhibit recombinant hGALT with a KI of 0.9 mM. Contrasting with hepatic cells, no alterations of N-glycoprofiles in MIG (metabolic induction of galactosemia)-HEK293 cells were revealed for an inducible secretory netrin-1 probe by MALDI-MS. Differential fluorescence-activated cell sorting demonstrated reduced surface expression of N-glycosylated CD109, EGFR, DPP4, and rhMUC1. Membrane raft proteomes exhibited dramatic alterations pointing to an affection of the unfolded protein response, and of targeted protein traffick. Most prominent, a negative regulation of oxidative stress was revealed presumably as a response to a NADPH pool depletion during reduction of Gal/F-Gal. Cellular perturbations induced by fluorinated galactoses in normal epithelial cells resemble proteomic changes revealed for galactosemic fibroblasts. In conclusion, the metabolic induction of galactosemia-like phenotypes in healthy epithelial/neuronal cells could support studies on the molecular pathomechanisms in classic galactosemia, in particular under conditions of low galactose stress and residual GALT activity.
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20
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Radical rearrangement and transfer reactions in proteins. Essays Biochem 2020; 64:87-96. [PMID: 31922197 DOI: 10.1042/ebc20190046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2019] [Revised: 12/16/2019] [Accepted: 12/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Radical rearrangement and transfer reactions play an important role in the chemical modifications of proteins in vivo and in vitro. These reactions depend on protein sequence, as well as structure and dynamics. Frequently, these reactions have well-defined precedents in the organic chemistry literature, but their occurrence in proteins provides a stage for a number of novel and, perhaps, unexpected reaction products. This essay will provide an overview over a few representative examples of radical rearrangement and transfer reactions.
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