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Krisnadi F, Kim S, Im S, Chacko D, Vong MH, Rykaczewski K, Park S, Dickey MD. Printable Liquid Metal Foams That Grow When Watered. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2308862. [PMID: 38252810 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202308862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Revised: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
Pastes and "foams" containing liquid metal (LM) as the continuous phase (liquid metal foams, LMFs) exhibit metallic properties while displaying paste or putty-like rheological behavior. These properties enable LMFs to be patterned into soft and stretchable electrical and thermal conductors through processes conducted at room temperature, such as printing. The simplest LMFs, featured in this work, are made by stirring LM in air, thereby entraining oxide-lined air "pockets" into the LM. Here, it is reported that mixing small amounts of water (as low as 1 wt%) into such LMFs gives rise to significant foaming by harnessing known reactions that evolve hydrogen and produce oxides. The resulting structures can be ≈4-5× their original volume and possess a fascinating combination of attributes: porosity, electrical conductivity, and responsiveness to environmental conditions. This expansion can be utilized for a type of 4D printing in which patterned conductors "grow," fill cavities, and change shape and density with respect to time. Excessive exposure to water in the long term ultimately consumes the metal in the LMF. However, when exposure to water is controlled, the metallic properties of porous LMFs can be preserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Febby Krisnadi
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA
| | - Seoyeon Kim
- Department of Nano Convergence Engineering, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju, 54896, South Korea
| | - Sooik Im
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA
| | - Dennis Chacko
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA
| | - Man Hou Vong
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA
| | - Konrad Rykaczewski
- School for Engineering of Matter, Transport and Energy, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, 85287, USA
| | - Sungjune Park
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, South Korea
| | - Michael D Dickey
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA
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2
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Zhao KY, Sun C, Huang ML, Luo CL, Wang M. Constructing multi-layer heterogeneous interfaces in liquid metal graphite hybrid powder: Towards microwave absorption enhancement. J Colloid Interface Sci 2024; 677:79-89. [PMID: 39083894 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2024.07.189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2024] [Revised: 07/17/2024] [Accepted: 07/23/2024] [Indexed: 08/02/2024]
Abstract
Carbon based materials are widely used in the preparation of microwave absorption materials due to their low density, high attenuation loss and large specific surface area. However, their high conductivity usually leads to high reflection loss. In this study, multi-layer heterogeneous interfaces were constructed in liquid metal graphite hybrid powder to reduce reflection loss and enhance microwave absorption performance. Gallium oxide (Ga2O3) layer was formed in Ga coated graphite powder to improve impedance matching and attenuation constant via an annealing treatment. Specifically, the hybrid particles with 50 wt% Ga and being annealed at 120 °C for 2 h have a minimum reflection loss (RLmin) value of -42.68 dB and a maximum effective absorption bandwidth (EAB) of 4.11 GHz at a thickness of 3.3 mm. The hybrid particles not only have multi-layer structures with different electrical conductivity, but also form heterojunctions between different interfaces, which can further enhance dipole and interfacial polarization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun-Yan Zhao
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Soft-Matter Material Manufacturing, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Chang Sun
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Soft-Matter Material Manufacturing, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Ming-Lu Huang
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Soft-Matter Material Manufacturing, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Cheng-Long Luo
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Soft-Matter Material Manufacturing, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Ming Wang
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Soft-Matter Material Manufacturing, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China; Jieyang Branch of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Rongjiang Laboratory), Jieyang 515200, China.
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3
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Kim JH, Kim S, Dickey MD, So JH, Koo HJ. Interface of gallium-based liquid metals: oxide skin, wetting, and applications. NANOSCALE HORIZONS 2024; 9:1099-1119. [PMID: 38716614 DOI: 10.1039/d4nh00067f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/25/2024]
Abstract
Gallium-based liquid metals (GaLMs) are promising for a variety of applications-especially as a component material for soft devices-due to their fluidic nature, low toxicity and reactivity, and high electrical and thermal conductivity comparable to solid counterparts. Understanding the interfacial properties and behaviors of GaLMs in different environments is crucial for most applications. When exposed to air or water, GaLMs form a gallium oxide layer with nanoscale thickness. This "oxide nano-skin" passivates the metal surface and allows for the formation of stable microstructures and films despite the high-surface tension of liquid metal. The oxide skin easily adheres to most smooth surfaces. While it enables effective printing and patterning of the GaLMs, it can also make the metals challenging to handle because it adheres to most surfaces. The oxide also affects the interfacial electrical resistance of the metals. Its formation, thickness, and composition can be chemically or electrochemically controlled, altering the physical, chemical, and electrical properties of the metal interface. Without the oxide, GaLMs wet metallic surfaces but do not wet non-metallic substrates such as polymers. The topography of the underlying surface further influences the wetting characteristics of the metals. This review outlines the interfacial attributes of GaLMs in air, water, and other environments and discusses relevant applications based on interfacial engineering. The effect of surface topography on the wetting behaviors of the GaLMs is also discussed. Finally, we suggest important research topics for a better understanding of the GaLMs interface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Hye Kim
- Department of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Seoul National University of Science & Technology, 232 Gongneung-ro, Nowon-gu, Seoul, 01811, Republic of Korea
| | - Sooyoung Kim
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA.
| | - Michael D Dickey
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA.
| | - Ju-Hee So
- Material & Component Convergence R&D Department, Korea Institute of Industrial Technology, Ansan-si, 15588, Republic of Korea.
| | - Hyung-Jun Koo
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, Seoul National University of Science & Technology, 232 Gongneung-ro, Nowon-gu, Seoul, 01811, Republic of Korea.
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4
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Lee JH, Hyun JE, Kim J, Yang J, Zhang H, Ahn H, Lee S, Kim JH, Lim T. A highly conductive, robust, self-healable, and thermally responsive liquid metal-based hydrogel for reversible electrical switches. J Mater Chem B 2024; 12:5238-5247. [PMID: 38699788 DOI: 10.1039/d4tb00209a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2024]
Abstract
This study introduces a thermally responsive smart hydrogel with enhanced electrical properties achieved through volume switching. This advancement was realized by incorporating multiscale liquid metal particles (LMPs) into the PNIPAM hydrogel during polymerization, using their inherent elasticity and conductivity when deswelled. Unlike traditional conductive additives, LMPs endow the PNIPAM hydrogel with a remarkably consistent volume switching ratio, significantly enhancing electrical switching. This is attributed to the minimal nucleation effect of LMPs during polymerization and their liquid-like behavior, like vacancies in the polymeric hydrogel under compression. The PNIPAM/LMP hydrogel exhibits the highest electrical switching, with an unprecedented switch of 6.1 orders of magnitude. Even after repeated swelling/deswelling cycles that merge some LMPs and increase the conductivity when swelled, the hydrogel consistently maintains an electrical switch exceeding 4.5 orders of magnitude, which is still the highest record to date. Comprehensive measurements reveal that the hydrogel possesses robust mechanical properties, a tissue-like compression modulus, biocompatibility, and self-healing capabilities. These features make the PNIPAM/LMP hydrogel an ideal candidate for long-term implantable bioelectronics, offering a solution to the mechanical mismatch with dynamic human tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joo Hyung Lee
- The Research Institute of Industrial Science, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, South Korea
| | - Ji Eun Hyun
- Department of Organic and Nano Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, South Korea
| | - Jongbeom Kim
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, South Korea
| | - Jungin Yang
- Division of Chemical Engineering and Bioengineering, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwon-do 24341, South Korea.
| | - Huanan Zhang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, USA
| | - Hyunchul Ahn
- Department of Fiber System Engineering, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, Gyeongsangbuk-do 38541, South Korea.
| | - Sohee Lee
- Department of Clothing and Textiles, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Gyeongsangnam-do 52828, South Korea.
| | - Jung Han Kim
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Dong-A University, Busan 49315, South Korea.
| | - Taehwan Lim
- Division of Chemical Engineering and Bioengineering, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwon-do 24341, South Korea.
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5
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Wang M, Lin Y. Gallium-based liquid metals as reaction media for nanomaterials synthesis. NANOSCALE 2024; 16:6915-6933. [PMID: 38501969 DOI: 10.1039/d3nr06566a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/20/2024]
Abstract
Gallium-based liquid metals (LMs) and their alloys have gained prominence in the realm of flexible and stretchable electronics. Recent advances have expanded the interest to explore the electron-rich core and interface of LMs to synthesize various nanomaterials, where Ga-based LMs serve as versatile reaction media. In this paper, we delve into the latest developments within this burgeoning field. Our discussion begins by elucidating the unique attributes of LMs that render them suitable as reaction media, including their high metal solubility, low standard reduction potential, self-limiting oxidation and ultra-smooth and "layer" surface. We then provide a comprehensive categorized summary of utilizing these features to fabricate a variety of nanomaterials, including pure metallic materials (metal alloys, metal crystals, porous metals, high-entropy alloys and metallic single atoms), metal-inorganic compounds (2D metal oxides, 2D metallic inorganic compounds and 2D graphitic materials), as well as metal-organic composites (metal-organic frameworks). This paper concludes by discussing the current challenges in this field and exploring potential future directions. The versatility and unique properties of Ga-based LMs are poised to play a pivotal role in the future of nanomaterial science, paving the way for more efficient, sustainable, and innovative technological solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Wang
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore, Engineering Drive 4, 117585, Singapore.
| | - Yiliang Lin
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore, Engineering Drive 4, 117585, Singapore.
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6
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Liao J, Majidi C, Sitti M. Liquid Metal Actuators: A Comparative Analysis of Surface Tension Controlled Actuation. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2300560. [PMID: 37358049 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202300560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Revised: 06/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/27/2023]
Abstract
Liquid metals, with their unique combination of electrical and mechanical properties, offer great opportunities for actuation based on surface tension modulation. Thanks to the scaling laws of surface tension, which can be electrochemically controlled at low voltages, liquid metal actuators stand out from other soft actuators for their remarkable characteristics such as high contractile strain rates and higher work densities at smaller length scales. This review summarizes the principles of liquid metal actuators and discusses their performance as well as theoretical pathways toward higher performances. The objective is to provide a comparative analysis of the ongoing development of liquid metal actuators. The design principles of the liquid metal actuators are analyzed, including low-level elemental principles (kinematics and electrochemistry), mid-level structural principles (reversibility, integrity, and scalability), and high-level functionalities. A wide range of practical use cases of liquid metal actuators from robotic locomotion and object manipulation to logic and computation is reviewed. From an energy perspective, strategies are compared for coupling the liquid metal actuators with an energy source toward fully untethered robots. The review concludes by offering a roadmap of future research directions of liquid metal actuators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiahe Liao
- Physical Intelligence Department, Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems, Heisenbergstr. 3, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Carmel Majidi
- Robotics Institute, Mechanical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, 5000 Forbes Ave, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Metin Sitti
- Physical Intelligence Department, Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems, Heisenbergstr. 3, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
- Institute for Biomedical Engineering, ETH Zürich, Zürich, 8092, Switzerland
- School of Medicine, College of Engineering, Koç University, Istanbul, 34450, Turkey
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7
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Chen J, Tian G, Liang C, Yang D, Zhao Q, Liu Y, Qi D. Liquid metal-hydrogel composites for flexible electronics. Chem Commun (Camb) 2023; 59:14353-14369. [PMID: 37916888 DOI: 10.1039/d3cc04198k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2023]
Abstract
As an emerging functional material, liquid metal-hydrogel composites exhibit excellent biosafety, high electrical conductivity, tunable mechanical properties and good adhesion, thus providing a unique platform for a wide range of flexible electronics applications such as wearable devices, medical devices, actuators, and energy conversion devices. Through different composite methods, liquid metals can be integrated into hydrogel matrices to form multifunctional composite material systems, which further expands the application range of hydrogels. In this paper, we provide a brief overview of the two materials: hydrogels and liquid metals, and discuss the synthesis method of liquid metal-hydrogel composites, focusing on the improvement of the performance of hydrogel materials by liquid metals. In addition, we summarize the research progress of liquid metal-hydrogel composites in the field of flexible electronics, pointing out the current challenges and future prospects of this material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianhui Chen
- MIIT Key Laboratory of Critical Materials Technology for New Energy Conversion and Storage, National and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Synthesis, Transformation and Separation of Extreme Environmental Nutrients, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, P. R. China.
- Key Laboratory of Science and Engineering for the Multi-modal Prevention and Control of Major Chronic Diseases, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Zhengzhou Research Institute, Harbin Institute of Technology, Zhengzhou 450046, P. R. China
| | - Gongwei Tian
- MIIT Key Laboratory of Critical Materials Technology for New Energy Conversion and Storage, National and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Synthesis, Transformation and Separation of Extreme Environmental Nutrients, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, P. R. China.
- Key Laboratory of Science and Engineering for the Multi-modal Prevention and Control of Major Chronic Diseases, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Zhengzhou Research Institute, Harbin Institute of Technology, Zhengzhou 450046, P. R. China
| | - Cuiyuan Liang
- MIIT Key Laboratory of Critical Materials Technology for New Energy Conversion and Storage, National and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Synthesis, Transformation and Separation of Extreme Environmental Nutrients, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, P. R. China.
- Key Laboratory of Science and Engineering for the Multi-modal Prevention and Control of Major Chronic Diseases, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Zhengzhou Research Institute, Harbin Institute of Technology, Zhengzhou 450046, P. R. China
| | - Dan Yang
- MIIT Key Laboratory of Critical Materials Technology for New Energy Conversion and Storage, National and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Synthesis, Transformation and Separation of Extreme Environmental Nutrients, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, P. R. China.
- Key Laboratory of Science and Engineering for the Multi-modal Prevention and Control of Major Chronic Diseases, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Zhengzhou Research Institute, Harbin Institute of Technology, Zhengzhou 450046, P. R. China
| | - Qinyi Zhao
- MIIT Key Laboratory of Critical Materials Technology for New Energy Conversion and Storage, National and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Synthesis, Transformation and Separation of Extreme Environmental Nutrients, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, P. R. China.
- Key Laboratory of Science and Engineering for the Multi-modal Prevention and Control of Major Chronic Diseases, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Zhengzhou Research Institute, Harbin Institute of Technology, Zhengzhou 450046, P. R. China
| | - Yan Liu
- MIIT Key Laboratory of Critical Materials Technology for New Energy Conversion and Storage, National and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Synthesis, Transformation and Separation of Extreme Environmental Nutrients, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, P. R. China.
- Key Laboratory of Science and Engineering for the Multi-modal Prevention and Control of Major Chronic Diseases, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Zhengzhou Research Institute, Harbin Institute of Technology, Zhengzhou 450046, P. R. China
| | - Dianpeng Qi
- MIIT Key Laboratory of Critical Materials Technology for New Energy Conversion and Storage, National and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Synthesis, Transformation and Separation of Extreme Environmental Nutrients, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, P. R. China.
- Key Laboratory of Science and Engineering for the Multi-modal Prevention and Control of Major Chronic Diseases, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Zhengzhou Research Institute, Harbin Institute of Technology, Zhengzhou 450046, P. R. China
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8
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Chen Y, Ma B, Chen G, Zhang J, Feng D, Tian W, Zhang T, Zhao C, Rong F, Liu H. Breakup-Free and Colorful Liquid Metal Thin Films via Electrochemical Oxidation. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023. [PMID: 37874892 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c11966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2023]
Abstract
Thin-film metal conductors featuring high conductivity and stretchability are basic building blocks for high-performance conformable electronics. Gallium-based liquid metals are attractive candidates for thin-film conductors due to their intrinsic stretchability and ease of processing. Moreover, the phase change nature of liquid metal provides an opportunity to create conformal electronics in a substrate-free manner. However, thin liquid metal films tend to break during the solid-to-liquid transition due to the high surface tension of liquid metal. Here, we created breakup-free liquid metal thin films by the electrochemical oxidation of solid gallium films. We show that electrochemical oxidation can enhance the mechanical strength of the gallium oxide layer and its interfacial adhesion to the gallium core. When heated to the liquid state, the oxidized gallium films can maintain their structural integrity on various solid substrates, hydrogels, and even the water surface. The solid-liquid phase change-induced stiffness decrease allowed the gallium films to be conformably attached to various nonplanar surfaces upon heating or water transfer printing. Moreover, we also found that enhanced electrochemical oxidation can result in the formation of structure color due to nanoporous structures on the film surface. We also demonstrate the applications of oxidized liquid metal films in functional electronics, electrophysiological monitoring, and tattoo art.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Digital Medical Engineering, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
| | - Biao Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Digital Medical Engineering, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
| | - Gangsheng Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Digital Medical Engineering, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
| | - Jin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Digital Medical Engineering, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
| | - Dezhi Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Digital Medical Engineering, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
| | - Wei Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Digital Medical Engineering, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
| | - Taiming Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Digital Medical Engineering, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
| | - Chao Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Digital Medical Engineering, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
| | - Fei Rong
- State Key Laboratory of Digital Medical Engineering, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
| | - Hong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Digital Medical Engineering, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
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9
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Sharova EA, Falchevskaya AS, Leonchuk SS, Redkov AV, Nikolaev V, Vinogradov VV. Liquid metal-mediated fabrication of metalloid nanoarchitectures. Chem Commun (Camb) 2023; 59:10928-10931. [PMID: 37605935 DOI: 10.1039/d3cc02882h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/23/2023]
Abstract
By overcoming all conventional limitations associated with the synthesis of metalloid micro- and nanoparticles in aqueous media, we present a new one-step approach to the synthesis of highly crystalline metalloid hollow architectures. The liquid metal-mediated synthesis of Ge- and Sb-based hollow structures with satisfactory reaction kinetics at room temperature and normal pressure is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ekaterina A Sharova
- ITMO University, "Solution Chemistry of Advanced Materials and Technologies" (SCAMT), International Institute, Saint Petersburg 191002, Russian Federation.
| | - Aleksandra S Falchevskaya
- ITMO University, "Solution Chemistry of Advanced Materials and Technologies" (SCAMT), International Institute, Saint Petersburg 191002, Russian Federation.
| | - Sergei S Leonchuk
- ITMO University, "Solution Chemistry of Advanced Materials and Technologies" (SCAMT), International Institute, Saint Petersburg 191002, Russian Federation.
| | - Alexey V Redkov
- Institute for Problems in Mechanical Engineering RAS, Saint-Petersburg, 199178, Russian Federation
| | - Vitaly Nikolaev
- ITMO University, "Solution Chemistry of Advanced Materials and Technologies" (SCAMT), International Institute, Saint Petersburg 191002, Russian Federation.
| | - Vladimir V Vinogradov
- ITMO University, "Solution Chemistry of Advanced Materials and Technologies" (SCAMT), International Institute, Saint Petersburg 191002, Russian Federation.
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10
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Niu W, Tian Q, Liu Z, Liu X. Solvent-Free and Skin-Like Supramolecular Ion-Conductive Elastomers with Versatile Processability for Multifunctional Ionic Tattoos and On-Skin Bioelectronics. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023; 35:e2304157. [PMID: 37345560 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202304157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Revised: 06/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/23/2023]
Abstract
The development of stable and biocompatible soft ionic conductors, alternatives to hydrogels and ionogels, will open up new avenues for the construction of stretchable electronics. Here, a brand-new design, encapsulating a naturally occurring ionizable compound by a biocompatible polymer via high-density hydrogen bonds, resulting in a solvent-free supramolecular ion-conductive elastomer (SF-supra-ICE) that eliminates the dehydration problem of hydrogels and possesses excellent biocompatibility, is reported. The SF-supra-ICE with high ionic conductivity (>3.3 × 10-2 S m-1 ) exhibits skin-like softness and strain-stiffening behaviors, excellent elasticity, breathability, and self-adhesiveness. Importantly, the SF-supra-ICE can be obtained by a simple water evaporation step to solidify the aqueous precursor into a solvent-free nature. Therefore, the aqueous precursor can act as inks to be painted and printed into customized ionic tattoos (I-tattoos) for the construction of multifunctional on-skin bioelectronics. The painted I-tattoos exhibit ultraconformal and seamless contact with human skin, enabling long-term and high-fidelity recording of various electrophysiological signals with extraordinary immunity to motion artifacts. Human-machine interactions are achieved by exploiting the painted I-tattoos to transmit the electrophysiological signals of human beings. Stretchable I-tattoo electrode arrays, manufactured by the printing method, are demonstrated for multichannel digital diagnosis of the health condition of human back muscles and spine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenwen Niu
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, China
| | - Qiong Tian
- CAS Key Laboratory of Human-Machine Intelligence-Synergy Systems, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Zhiyuan Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Human-Machine Intelligence-Synergy Systems, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Xiaokong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, China
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11
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Truong VK, Hayles A, Bright R, Luu TQ, Dickey MD, Kalantar-Zadeh K, Vasilev K. Gallium Liquid Metal: Nanotoolbox for Antimicrobial Applications. ACS NANO 2023; 17:14406-14423. [PMID: 37506260 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c06486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/30/2023]
Abstract
The proliferation of drug resistance in microbial pathogens poses a significant threat to human health. Hence, treatment measures are essential to surmount this growing problem. In this context, liquid metal nanoparticles are promising. Gallium, a post-transition metal notable for being a liquid at physiological temperature, has drawn attention for its distinctive properties, high antimicrobial efficacy, and low toxicity. Moreover, gallium nanoparticles demonstrate anti-inflammatory properties in immune cells. Gallium can alloy with other metals and be prepared in various composites to modify and tailor its characteristics and functionality. More importantly, the bactericidal mechanism of gallium liquid metal could sidestep the threat of emerging drug resistance mechanisms. Building on this rationale, gallium-based liquid metal nanoparticles can enable impactful and innovative strategic pathways in the battle against antimicrobial resistance. This review outlines the characteristics of gallium-based liquid metals at the nanoscale and their corresponding antimicrobial mechanisms to provide a comprehensive yet succinct overview of their current antimicrobial applications. In addition, challenges and opportunities that require further research efforts have been identified and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vi Khanh Truong
- Biomedical Nanoengineering Laboratory, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Bedford Park, South Australia 5042, Australia
| | - Andrew Hayles
- Biomedical Nanoengineering Laboratory, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Bedford Park, South Australia 5042, Australia
| | - Richard Bright
- Biomedical Nanoengineering Laboratory, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Bedford Park, South Australia 5042, Australia
| | - Trong Quan Luu
- Biomedical Nanoengineering Laboratory, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Bedford Park, South Australia 5042, Australia
| | - Michael D Dickey
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
| | - Kourosh Kalantar-Zadeh
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - Krasimir Vasilev
- Biomedical Nanoengineering Laboratory, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Bedford Park, South Australia 5042, Australia
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12
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Sebastian O, Al-Shaibani A, Taccardi N, Sultan U, Inayat A, Vogel N, Haumann M, Wasserscheid P. Ga-Pt supported catalytically active liquid metal solutions (SCALMS) prepared by ultrasonication - influence of synthesis conditions on n-heptane dehydrogenation performance. Catal Sci Technol 2023; 13:4435-4450. [PMID: 38014413 PMCID: PMC10388703 DOI: 10.1039/d3cy00356f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/19/2023]
Abstract
Supported catalytically active liquid metal solution (SCALMS) materials represent a recently developed class of heterogeneous catalysts, where the catalytic reaction takes place at the highly dynamic interface of supported liquid alloys. Ga nuggets were dispersed into nano-droplets in propan-2-ol using ultrasonication followed by the addition of Pt in a galvanic displacement reaction - either directly into the Ga/propan-2-ol dispersion (in situ) or consecutively onto the supported Ga droplets (ex situ). The in situ galvanic displacement reaction between Ga and Pt was studied in three different reaction media, namely propan-2-ol, water, and 20 vol% water containing propan-2-ol. TEM investigations reveal that the Ga-Pt reaction in propan-2-ol resulted in the formation of Pt aggregates on top of Ga nano-droplets. In the water/propan-2-ol mixture, the desired incorporation of Pt into the Ga matrix was achieved. The ex situ prepared Ga-Pt SCALMS were tested in n-heptane dehydrogenation. Ga-Pt SCALMS synthesized in pure alcoholic solution showed equal dehydrogenation and cracking activity. Ga-Pt SCALMS prepared in pure water, in contrast, showed mainly cracking activity due to oxidation of Ga droplets. The Ga-Pt SCALMS material prepared in water/propan-2-ol resulted in high activity, n-heptene selectivity of 63%, and only low cracking tendency. This can be attributed to the supported liquid Ga-Pt alloy where Pt atoms are present in the liquid Ga matrix at the highly dynamic catalytic interface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oshin Sebastian
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Lehrstuhl für Chemische Reaktionstechnik (CRT) Egerlandstraße 3 91058 Erlangen Germany
| | - Asem Al-Shaibani
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Lehrstuhl für Chemische Reaktionstechnik (CRT) Egerlandstraße 3 91058 Erlangen Germany
| | - Nicola Taccardi
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Lehrstuhl für Chemische Reaktionstechnik (CRT) Egerlandstraße 3 91058 Erlangen Germany
| | - Umair Sultan
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Lehrstuhl für Chemische Reaktionstechnik (CRT) Egerlandstraße 3 91058 Erlangen Germany
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Lehrstuhl für Feststoff- und Grenzflächenverfahrenstechnik (LFG) Cauerstraße 4 91058 Erlangen Germany
| | - Alexandra Inayat
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Lehrstuhl für Chemische Reaktionstechnik (CRT) Egerlandstraße 3 91058 Erlangen Germany
| | - Nicolas Vogel
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Lehrstuhl für Feststoff- und Grenzflächenverfahrenstechnik (LFG) Cauerstraße 4 91058 Erlangen Germany
| | - Marco Haumann
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Lehrstuhl für Chemische Reaktionstechnik (CRT) Egerlandstraße 3 91058 Erlangen Germany
- Research Centre for Synthesis and Catalysis, Department of Chemistry, University of Johannesburg P.O. Box 524 Auckland Park 2006 South Africa
| | - Peter Wasserscheid
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Lehrstuhl für Chemische Reaktionstechnik (CRT) Egerlandstraße 3 91058 Erlangen Germany
- Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Helmholtz-Institute Erlangen-Nürnberg for Renewable Energy (IEK 11) Egerlandstraße 3 91058 Erlangen Germany
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13
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Dai L, Wu X, Hu Z, Hou H, Gao S, Lin Y, Yuan Z. An Oscillation System Based on a Liquid Metal Droplet and Pillars under a Direct Current Electric Field. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2023. [PMID: 37377336 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.3c00622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/29/2023]
Abstract
Gallium-based liquid metal is a new class of material that has attracted extensive attention due to its excellent deformation characteristics and great potential in applications. Based on the deformation characteristics of liquid metal droplets, researchers have developed many oscillation systems composed of gallium indium tin alloy (GaInSn) droplet and graphite, or aluminum-doped gallium indium alloy (Al-GaIn24.5) droplet and iron, and so on. Rather than the oxidation and deoxidation mechanisms used in previous systems, an oscillation system that can achieve gallium indium alloy (EGaIn) droplet oscillation with the frequency of 0-29 Hz is designed depending on the interactions between the electric field, pillars, sodium hydroxide, and the droplet. The forces on the droplet are analyzed specifically, which have a great influence on droplet deformation. Additionally, the effects of factors such as voltage, the concentration of sodium hydroxide (NaOH) solution, and droplet size on the droplet oscillation are elucidated based on the force analysis, enabling the flexible control of the oscillation frequency and amplitude of the droplet. This work provides a new perspective on the design of oscillation systems and further enhances our understanding of the deformation of gallium-based liquid metal droplets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liyu Dai
- Key Laboratory for Thermal Science and Power Engineering of Ministry of Education, Department of Energy and Power Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Xiaomin Wu
- Key Laboratory for Thermal Science and Power Engineering of Ministry of Education, Department of Energy and Power Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Zhifeng Hu
- Key Laboratory for Thermal Science and Power Engineering of Ministry of Education, Department of Energy and Power Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Huimin Hou
- Key Laboratory for Thermal Science and Power Engineering of Ministry of Education, Department of Energy and Power Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Sihang Gao
- Key Laboratory for Thermal Science and Power Engineering of Ministry of Education, Department of Energy and Power Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yukai Lin
- Key Laboratory for Thermal Science and Power Engineering of Ministry of Education, Department of Energy and Power Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Zhiping Yuan
- Department of Engineering Mechanics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
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14
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Dai Y, Li M, Ji B, Wang X, Yang S, Yu P, Wang S, Hao C, Wang Z. Liquid metal droplets bouncing higher on thicker water layer. Nat Commun 2023; 14:3532. [PMID: 37316489 PMCID: PMC10267135 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-39348-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Liquid metal (LM) has gained increasing attention for a wide range of applications, such as flexible electronics, soft robots, and chip cooling devices, owing to its low melting temperature, good flexibility, and high electrical and thermal conductivity. In ambient conditions, LM is susceptible to the coverage of a thin oxide layer, resulting in unwanted adhesion with underlying substrates that undercuts its originally high mobility. Here, we discover an unusual phenomenon characterized by the complete rebound of LM droplets from the water layer with negligible adhesion. More counterintuitively, the restitution coefficient, defined as the ratio between the droplet velocities after and before impact, increases with water layer thickness. We reveal that the complete rebound of LM droplets originates from the trapping of a thinly low-viscosity water lubrication film that prevents droplet-solid contact with low viscous dissipation, and the restitution coefficient is modulated by the negative capillary pressure in the lubrication film as a result of the spontaneous spreading of water on the LM droplet. Our findings advance the fundamental understanding of complex fluids' droplet dynamics and provide insights for fluid control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhang Dai
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, 999077, China
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Minfei Li
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, 999077, China
| | - Bingqiang Ji
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, 999077, China
| | - Xiong Wang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, 999077, China
| | - Siyan Yang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, 999077, China
| | - Peng Yu
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Steven Wang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, 999077, China.
| | - Chonglei Hao
- School of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China.
| | - Zuankai Wang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, 999077, China.
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, 999077, China.
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15
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Faiz S, Kim HW, Oh J, Veerapandian S, Jeong U. High-Precision Stretchable Ionic Temperature Sensor Passivated with a Liquid Metal/Block Copolymer Multilayer Film. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023. [PMID: 37267117 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c03811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Moisture barriers are essential for ionic sensors because moisture has a direct impact on the stability and reliability of electrochemical properties. So far, stretchable moisture barriers that can maximize the advantage of using deformable ion gel as the active material have been rarely investigated and remain as a technological challenge. This study proposes a four-layer (4L) stretchable moisture barrier alternatively composed of a poly(styrene-isobutylene-styrene) copolymer (SiBS) film (2 μm in thickness) and a eutectic gallium-indium liquid metal (LM) film (1 μm in thickness). This multilayer barrier has a low water permeability of 9.09 × 10-20 m2/Pa s at 50% uniaxial strain (ε) and retains the barrier properties at repeated stretchable cycles at ε = 50%. This study demonstrates a skin-attached precise ion gel-based temperature sensor that is independent of moisture change (even dipping in water) and body motions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salma Faiz
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, 77 Cheongam-Ro, Nam-Gu, Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Woo Kim
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, 77 Cheongam-Ro, Nam-Gu, Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Joosung Oh
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, 77 Cheongam-Ro, Nam-Gu, Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Selvaraj Veerapandian
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, 77 Cheongam-Ro, Nam-Gu, Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Unyong Jeong
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, 77 Cheongam-Ro, Nam-Gu, Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
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16
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Ryu G, Park I, Kim H. Liquid Metal Micro- and Nanodroplets: Characteristics, Fabrication Techniques, and Applications. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:15819-15830. [PMID: 37179631 PMCID: PMC10173329 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c01382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Gallium-based liquid metal micro- and nanodroplets are being extensively explored in innumerable emerging technologies. Although many of these systems involve the interfaces of liquid metal with a continuous phase liquid (e.g., microfluidic channels and emulsions), the static or dynamic phenomena at the interface have been scarcely discussed. In this study, we begin by introducing the interfacial phenomena and characteristics observed at the interface between a liquid metal and continuous-phase liquids. Based on these results, we can employ various methods to fabricate liquid metal droplets with tunable surface properties. Finally, we discuss how these techniques can be directly applied to a wide range of state-of-the-art technologies including microfluidics, soft electronics, catalysts, and biomedicines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaabhin Ryu
- Department
of Mechanical Engineering, Korea Advanced
Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, South Korea
| | - Inkyu Park
- Department
of Mechanical Engineering, Korea Advanced
Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, South Korea
- Email
for I.P.:
| | - Hyoungsoo Kim
- Department
of Mechanical Engineering, Korea Advanced
Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, South Korea
- Email for H.K.:
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17
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Hossain KZ, Monwar M, Khan MR. Reactive etching of gallium oxide on eutectic gallium indium (eGaIn) with chlorosilane vapor to induce differential wetting. SOFT MATTER 2023; 19:3199-3206. [PMID: 37073821 DOI: 10.1039/d3sm00258f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Differentially wettable surfaces are well sought after in energy, water, health care, separation science, self-cleaning, biology, and other lab-on-chip applications-however, most demonstrations of realizing differential wettability demand complex processes. Herein, we chemically etch gallium oxide (Ga2O3) from in-plane patterns (2D) of eutectic gallium indium (eGaIn) to demonstrate a differentially wettable interface using chlorosilane vapor. We produce 2D patterns of eGaIn on bare glass slides in native air using cotton swabs as paint brushes. Exposing the entire system to chlorosilane vapor induces chemical etching of the oxide layer, which recovers the high-surface energy of eGaIn, to produce nano-to-mm droplets on the pre-patterned area. We rinse the entire system with deionized (DI) water to achieve differentially wettable surfaces. Measurements of contact angles using a goniometer confirmed hydrophobic and hydrophilic interfaces. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images confirmed the distribution and energy dispersive spectra (EDS) exhibited the elemental compositions of the micro-to-nano droplets after silanization (silane treatment). Also, we demonstrated two proofs of concept, i.e., open-ended microfluidics and differential wettability on curved interfaces, to demonstrate the advanced applications of the current work. This straightforward approach using two soft materials (silane and eGaIn) to achieve differential wettability on laboratory-grade glass slides and other surfaces has future implications for nature-inspired self-cleaning surfaces in nanotechnologies, bioinspired and biomimetic open-channel microfluidics, coatings, and fluid-structure interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazi Zihan Hossain
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Nevada, Reno, Reno, Nevada 89557, USA.
| | - Momena Monwar
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Nevada, Reno, Reno, Nevada 89557, USA.
| | - M Rashed Khan
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Nevada, Reno, Reno, Nevada 89557, USA.
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18
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Hwang GS, Bae JY, Kim JW, Park SY, Kim J, Kang SK, Kim JY. Highly Elastic and Conductive Metallic Interconnect with Crystalline-Amorphous Nanolaminate. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:15863-15871. [PMID: 36920289 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c22833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Nanolaminate with alternating layers of nanocrystalline Cu and amorphous CuZrTi is suggested as highly stretchable and conductive interconnect material in stretchable devices. 50 nm nanocrystalline Cu and 20 nm amorphous CuZrTi are the optimum thicknesses of the constituent layers, which result in an elastic deformation limit of 3.33% similar to that of the monolithic amorphous CuZrTi film and an electrical conductivity of 11.83 S/μm corresponding to 70% of that of the monolithic nanocrystalline Cu film. The enhanced elastic deformability and conductivity of the nanolaminates enable the maintenance of the interconnect performance for cyclic stretching with a tensile strain of 114% in the form of a free-standing serpentine structure and a tensile strain of 30% in the form of an ordinary circular coil on an elastomer substrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gyeong-Seok Hwang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Young Bae
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Joon-Woo Kim
- Department of Electronic Convergence Engineering, Kwangwoon University, Seoul 01897, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun-Young Park
- Materials Safety Technology Development Division, Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute (KAERI), Daejeon 34057, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeonghyun Kim
- Department of Electronic Convergence Engineering, Kwangwoon University, Seoul 01897, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Kyun Kang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Ju-Young Kim
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
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19
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Ghasemian MB, Wang Y, Allioux FM, Zavabeti A, Kalantar-Zadeh K. Coating of gallium-based liquid metal particles with molybdenum oxide and oxysulfide for electronic band structure modulation. NANOSCALE 2023; 15:5891-5898. [PMID: 36876581 DOI: 10.1039/d2nr06733a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Liquid metal (LM) droplets are now used in many applications including catalysis, sensing, and flexible electronics. Consequently, the introduction of methods for on-demand alternating electronic properties of LMs is necessary. The active surface of LMs provides a unique environment for spontaneous chemical reactions that enable the formation of thin layers of functional materials for such modulations. Here, we showed the deposition of n-type MoOx and MoOxSy semiconductors on the surface of EGaIn LM droplets under mechanical agitation to successfully modulate their electronic structures. The "liquid solution"-"liquid metal" interaction resulted in the formation of oxide and oxysulfide layers on the surface of LM droplets. The comprehensive study of electronic and optical properties revealed a decrease in the band gap of the droplets after surface decoration with MoOx and MoOxSy, leading to deeper n-type doping of the materials. This method provides a facile procedure for engineering the electronic band structure of LM-based composites when they are necessary for various applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad B Ghasemian
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Yifang Wang
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Francois-Marie Allioux
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Ali Zavabeti
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- School of Science, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Kourosh Kalantar-Zadeh
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney, NSW, Australia
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20
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Synthesis and Application of Liquid Metal Based-2D Nanomaterials: A Perspective View for Sustainable Energy. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 28:molecules28020524. [PMID: 36677585 PMCID: PMC9864318 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28020524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2022] [Revised: 12/24/2022] [Accepted: 12/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
With the continuous exploration of low-dimensional nanomaterials, two dimensional metal oxides (2DMOs) has been received great interest. However, their further development is limited by the high cost in the preparation process and the unstable states caused by the polarization of surface chemical bonds. Recently, obtaining mental oxides via liquid metals have been considered a surprising method for obtaining 2DMOs. Therefore, how to scientifically choose different preparation methods to obtain 2DMOs applying in different application scenarios is an ongoing process worth discussing. This review will provide some new opportunities for the rational design of 2DMOs based on liquid metals. Firstly, the surface oxidation process and in situ electrical replacement reaction process of liquid metals are introduced in detail, which provides theoretical basis for realizing functional 2DMOs. Secondly, by simple sticking method, gas injection method and ultrasonic method, 2DMOs can be obtained from liquid metal, the characteristics of each method are introduced in detail. Then, this review provides some prospective new ideas for 2DMOs in other energy-related applications such as photodegradation, CO2 reduction and battery applications. Finally, the present challenges and future development prospects of 2DMOs applied in liquid metals are presented.
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21
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Gan T, Handschuh-Wang S, Shang W, Zhou X. GaOOH Crystallite Growth on Liquid Metal Microdroplets in Water: Influence of the Local Environment. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2022; 38:14475-14484. [PMID: 36383709 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.2c02539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Gallium-based liquid metals form alloys with a melting point close to or below room temperature. On the surface of these liquid metals, a thin oxide skin is formed once in contact with oxygen, and this oxide skin can be leveraged to stabilize liquid metal micro- and nanodroplets in a liquid. During sonication and storage of these droplets in aqueous solution, gallium oxide hydroxide (GaOOH) forms on these droplets, and given enough time or treatment with heat, a full shape transition and dealloying are observed. In this article, we show that GaOOH can be grown at room temperature and that the growth is dependent on both the local environment and temperature. GaOOH growth on liquid metal microdroplets located at the air/water interface is considerably faster than in the bulk phase. Interestingly, hydrolysis to GaOOH is hampered and stops at 15 °C in bulk water after 6 h. In contrast, hydrolysis commences even at 15 °C for liquid metal microdroplets located at the air/water interface, and full surface coverage is obtained after around 24 h (compared to 12 h at 25 °C at the air/water interface). The X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) measurement suggests that gallium oxide is dissolved and Ga(OH)3 is formed as a precursor that reacts in a downstream reaction toward GaOOH. This improved understanding of the GaOOH formation can be leveraged to control the liquid metal micro- and nanodroplet shape and composition (i.e., for biomedical applications).
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiansheng Gan
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen518060, People's Republic of China
| | - Stephan Handschuh-Wang
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen518060, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenhui Shang
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen518060, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuechang Zhou
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen518060, People's Republic of China
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22
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Chen B, Wu M, Fang S, Cao Y, Pei L, Zhong H, Sun C, Lin X, Li X, Shen J, Ye M. Liquid Metal-Tailored PEDOT:PSS for Noncontact Flexible Electronics with High Spatial Resolution. ACS NANO 2022; 16:19305-19318. [PMID: 36331379 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.2c08760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Electric field-based noncontact flexible electronics (EF-NFEs) allow people to communicate with intelligent devices through noncontact human-machine interactions, but current EF-NFEs with limited detections (usually <20 cm) distance often lack a high spatial resolution. Here, we report a versatile material for preparing EF-NFE devices with a high spatial resolution to realize everyday human activity detection. Eutectic gallium-indium alloy (EGaIn) was introduced into poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) chains to fabricate this material, named Ga-PP. The introduction of EGaIn successfully regulates the intra- and interchain interactions of PEDOT chains and thus increases the π-electron accumulation on Ga-PP chains, which facilitates improvement of the electron storage of Ga-PP and its noncontact sensing ability. The water solubility of the obtained Ga-PP can reach approximately 15 mg/mL, comparable to that of commercial PEDOT:PSS, thus making Ga-PP suitable for various design strategies to prepare EF-NFE devices. We demonstrate that a conductive textile with a noncontact sensing ability can be achieved by immersing a commercial silk fabric into a Ga-PP solution for 5 min. With a detection distance exceeding 1 m, the prepared Ga-PP-based conductive textile (Ga-PP-CT) possesses outstanding noncontact sensing sensitivity, showing advantages in tracing the locations of signal sources and distinguishing motion states. Surprisingly, even when placed in water, Ga-PP-CT can be used to monitor the movement signals of athletes in different sporting events and output specific noncontact response signals for different sports. Intriguingly, the Ga-PP solution itself can be used to construct noncontact sensing conductive circuits, displaying the potential to be incorporated into smart electronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Chen
- Institute of Special Materials and Technology, Fudan University, Shanghai200433, P. R. China
- Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, Shanghai200433, P. R. China
| | - Minying Wu
- Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, Shanghai200433, P. R. China
| | - Shenwen Fang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest Petroleum University, Chengdu610500, P. R. China
| | - Yudong Cao
- Institute of Special Materials and Technology, Fudan University, Shanghai200433, P. R. China
- Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, Shanghai200433, P. R. China
| | - Liyuan Pei
- Institute of Special Materials and Technology, Fudan University, Shanghai200433, P. R. China
| | - Haibin Zhong
- Institute of Special Materials and Technology, Fudan University, Shanghai200433, P. R. China
| | - Chang Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department of Macromolecular Science, Fudan University, Shanghai200433, P. R. China
| | - Xianglong Lin
- Institute of Special Materials and Technology, Fudan University, Shanghai200433, P. R. China
| | - Xuanyang Li
- Institute of Special Materials and Technology, Fudan University, Shanghai200433, P. R. China
- Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, Shanghai200433, P. R. China
| | - Jianfeng Shen
- Institute of Special Materials and Technology, Fudan University, Shanghai200433, P. R. China
| | - Mingxin Ye
- Institute of Special Materials and Technology, Fudan University, Shanghai200433, P. R. China
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23
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Lee W, Kim H, Kang I, Park H, Jung J, Lee H, Park H, Park JS, Yuk JM, Ryu S, Jeong JW, Kang J. Universal assembly of liquid metal particles in polymers enables elastic printed circuit board. Science 2022; 378:637-641. [DOI: 10.1126/science.abo6631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
An elastic printed circuit board (E-PCB) is a conductive framework used for the facile assembly of system-level stretchable electronics. E-PCBs require elastic conductors that have high conductivity, high stretchability, tough adhesion to various components, and imperceptible resistance changes even under large strain. We present a liquid metal particle network (LMP
Net
) assembled by applying an acoustic field to a solid-state insulating liquid metal particle composite as the elastic conductor. The LMP
Net
conductor satisfies all the aforementioned requirements and enables the fabrication of a multilayered high-density E-PCB, in which numerous electronic components are intimately integrated to create highly stretchable skin electronics. Furthermore, we could generate the LMP
Net
in various polymer matrices, including hydrogels, self-healing elastomers, and photoresists, thus showing their potential for use in soft electronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wonbeom Lee
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyunjun Kim
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Inho Kang
- School of Electrical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Hongjun Park
- Center for Nanomaterials and Chemical Reactions, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Jiyoung Jung
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Haeseung Lee
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyunchang Park
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Su Park
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Min Yuk
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Seunghwa Ryu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Woong Jeong
- School of Electrical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Jiheong Kang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
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24
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Ochirkhuyag N, Nishitai Y, Mizuguchi S, Isano Y, Ni S, Murakami K, Shimamura M, Iida H, Ueno K, Ota H. Stretchable Gas Barrier Films Using Liquid Metal toward a Highly Deformable Battery. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:48123-48132. [PMID: 36168303 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c13023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Highly deformable batteries that are flexible and stretchable are important for the next-generation wearable devices. Several studies have focused on the stable operation and life span of batteries. On the other hand, there has been less focus on the packaging of highly deformable batteries. In wearable devices, solid-state or pouch lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) packaged in aluminum (Al)-laminated films, which protect against moisture and gas permeation, are used. Stretchable elastomer materials are used as the packaging films of highly deformable batteries; however, they are extremely permeable to gas and moisture. Therefore, a packaging film that provides high deformability along with gas and moisture barrier functionalities is required for the stable operation of highly deformable batteries used in ambient conditions. In this study, a stretchable packaging film with high gas barrier functionality is developed successfully by coating a thin layer of liquid metal onto a gold (Au)-deposited thermoplastic polyurethane film using the layer-by-layer method. The film exhibits excellent oxygen gas impermeability under mechanical strain and extremely low moisture permeability. It shows high impermeability along with high mechanical robustness. Using the proposed stretchable gas barrier film, a highly deformable LIB is assembled, which offers reliable operation in air. The operation of the highly deformable battery is analyzed by powering LEDs under mechanical deformations in ambient conditions. The proposed stretchable packaging film can potentially be used for the development of packaging films in advanced wearable electronic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nyamjargal Ochirkhuyag
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Yokohama National University, 79-5 Tokiwadai, Hodogaya-ku, Yokohama 240-8501, Japan
| | - Yuuki Nishitai
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Yokohama National University, 79-5 Tokiwadai, Hodogaya-ku, Yokohama 240-8501, Japan
| | - Satoru Mizuguchi
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Yokohama National University, 79-5 Tokiwadai, Hodogaya-ku, Yokohama 240-8501, Japan
| | - Yuji Isano
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Yokohama National University, 79-5 Tokiwadai, Hodogaya-ku, Yokohama 240-8501, Japan
| | - Sijie Ni
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Yokohama National University, 79-5 Tokiwadai, Hodogaya-ku, Yokohama 240-8501, Japan
| | - Koki Murakami
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Yokohama National University, 79-5 Tokiwadai, Hodogaya-ku, Yokohama 240-8501, Japan
| | - Masaki Shimamura
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Yokohama National University, 79-5 Tokiwadai, Hodogaya-ku, Yokohama 240-8501, Japan
| | - Hiroki Iida
- Department of Chemistry and Life Science, Yokohama National University, 79-5 Tokiwadai, Hodogaya-ku, Yokohama 240-8501, Japan
| | - Kazuhide Ueno
- Department of Chemistry and Life Science, Yokohama National University, 79-5 Tokiwadai, Hodogaya-ku, Yokohama 240-8501, Japan
| | - Hiroki Ota
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Yokohama National University, 79-5 Tokiwadai, Hodogaya-ku, Yokohama 240-8501, Japan
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25
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Ryu G, Park K, Kim H. Interfacial properties of liquid metal immersed in various liquids. J Colloid Interface Sci 2022; 621:285-294. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2022.04.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2022] [Revised: 03/29/2022] [Accepted: 04/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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26
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Kim S, Kim S, Hong K, Dickey MD, Park S. Liquid-Metal-Coated Magnetic Particles toward Writable, Nonwettable, Stretchable Circuit Boards, and Directly Assembled Liquid Metal-Elastomer Conductors. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:37110-37119. [PMID: 35930688 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c07618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Liquid metal is a promising conductor material for producing soft and stretchable circuit "boards" that can enable next-generation electronics by electrically connecting and mechanically supporting electronic components. While liquid metal in general can be used to fabricate soft and stretchable circuits, magnetic liquid metal is appealing because it can be used for self-healing electronics and actuators by external magnetic fields. Liquid metal can be rendered into particles that can then be used for sensors and catalysts through sonication. We used this feature to produce "novel" conductive and magnetic particles. Mixing ferromagnetic iron particles into the liquid metal (gallium) produces conductive ferrofluids that can be rendered into gallium-coated iron particles by sonication. The gallium shell of the particles is extremely soft, while the rigid iron core can induce high friction in response to mechanical pressure; thus, hand-sintering of the particles can be used to directly write the conductive traces when the particles are cast as a film on elastic substrates. The surface topography of the particles can be manipulated by forming GaOOH crystals through sonication in DI water, thus resulting in nonwettable circuit boards. These gallium-coated iron particles dispersed in uncured elastomer can be assembled to form conductive microwires with the application of magnetic fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seoyeon Kim
- Department of Polymer-Nano Science and Technology, Department of Nano Convergence Engineering, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju 54896, Korea
| | - Sihyun Kim
- Department of Polymer-Nano Science and Technology, Department of Nano Convergence Engineering, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju 54896, Korea
| | - Kyeongmin Hong
- Department of Polymer-Nano Science and Technology, Department of Nano Convergence Engineering, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju 54896, Korea
| | - Michael D Dickey
- Department of Chemical Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, 911 Partners Way, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
| | - Sungjune Park
- Department of Polymer-Nano Science and Technology, Department of Nano Convergence Engineering, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju 54896, Korea
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27
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Amini S, Chen X, Chua JQI, Tee JS, Nijhuis CA, Miserez A. Interplay between Interfacial Energy, Contact Mechanics, and Capillary Forces in EGaIn Droplets. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:28074-28084. [PMID: 35649179 PMCID: PMC9227710 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c04043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Eutectic gallium-indium (EGaIn) is increasingly employed as an interfacial conductor material in molecular electronics and wearable healthcare devices owing to its ability to be shaped at room temperature, conductivity, and mechanical stability. Despite this emerging usage, the mechanical and physical mechanisms governing EGaIn interactions with surrounding objects─mainly regulated by surface tension and interfacial adhesion─remain poorly understood. Here, using depth-sensing nanoindentation (DSN) on pristine EGaIn/GaOx surfaces, we uncover how changes in EGaIn/substrate interfacial energies regulate the adhesive and contact mechanic behaviors, notably the evolution of EGaIn capillary bridges with distinct capillary geometries and pressures. Varying the interfacial energy by subjecting EGaIn to different chemical environments and by functionalizing the tip with chemically distinct self-assembled monolayers (SAMs), we show that the adhesion forces between EGaIn and the solid substrate can be increased by up to 2 orders of magnitude, resulting in about a 60-fold increase in the elongation of capillary bridges. Our data reveal that by deploying molecular junctions with SAMs of different terminal groups, the trends of charge transport rates, the resistance of monolayers, and the contact interactions between EGaIn and monolayers from electrical characterizations are governed by the interfacial energies as well. This study provides a key understanding into the role of interfacial energy on geometrical characteristics of EGaIn capillary bridges, offering insights toward the fabrication of EGaIn junctions in a controlled fashion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahrouz Amini
- Department
of Biomaterials, Max Planck Institute of
Colloids and Interfaces, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
- Biological
and Biomimetic Materials Laboratory, Center for Sustainable Materials
(SusMat), School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University (NTU), 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639798, Singapore
| | - Xiaoping Chen
- Department
of Chemistry and Environment Science, Fujian Province Key Laboratory
of Modern Analytical Science and Separation Technology, Minnan Normal University, Zhangzhou 363000, China
- Department
of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore 117543, Singapore
| | - Jia Qing Isaiah Chua
- Biological
and Biomimetic Materials Laboratory, Center for Sustainable Materials
(SusMat), School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University (NTU), 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639798, Singapore
| | - Jinq Shi Tee
- Department
of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore 117543, Singapore
| | - Christian A. Nijhuis
- Department
of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore 117543, Singapore
- Centre
for Advanced 2D Materials and Graphene Research Centre, National University of Singapore, 6 Science Drive 2, Singapore 117546, Singapore
- Hybrid Materials
for Opto-Electronics Group, Department of Molecules and Materials,
MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology and Molecules Centre, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Twente, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Ali Miserez
- Biological
and Biomimetic Materials Laboratory, Center for Sustainable Materials
(SusMat), School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University (NTU), 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639798, Singapore
- School
of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological
University (NTU), 60
Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637551, Singapore
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28
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Kawasaki H, Otsuki T, Sugino F, Yamamoto K, Tokunaga T, Tokura R, Yonezawa T. A liquid metal catalyst for the conversion of ethanol into graphitic carbon layers under an ultrasonic cavitation field. Chem Commun (Camb) 2022; 58:7741-7744. [PMID: 35723415 DOI: 10.1039/d2cc02510h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Eutectic gallium indium (EGaIn) has drawn considerable research interest in potential liquid catalysis. Herein, we report that EGaIn liquid metal acts as a catalyst for the growth of a graphitic carbon layer from ethanol under ultrasonication. High-speed imaging demonstrated the formation of ultrasonic cavitation bubbles at the liquid metal/ethanol interface, which facilitated the pyrolysis of ethanol into graphitic carbon on the liquid metal surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideya Kawasaki
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Faculty of Chemistry, Materials and Bioengineering, Kansai University, Suita-Shi, Osaka 564-8680, Japan.
| | - Tomoko Otsuki
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Faculty of Chemistry, Materials and Bioengineering, Kansai University, Suita-Shi, Osaka 564-8680, Japan.
| | - Fumiya Sugino
- Department of Pure and Applied Physics, The Faculty of Engineering Science, Kansai University, Suita-Shi, Osaka 564-8680, Japan
| | - Ken Yamamoto
- Department of Pure and Applied Physics, The Faculty of Engineering Science, Kansai University, Suita-Shi, Osaka 564-8680, Japan
| | - Tomoharu Tokunaga
- Department Materials Science and Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Nagoya University, Furo-Cho, Nagoya 464-8603, Japan
| | - Rintaro Tokura
- Division of Materials Science and Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-8628, Japan.
| | - Tetsu Yonezawa
- Division of Materials Science and Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-8628, Japan.
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29
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Lim T, Ring TA, Zhang H. Chemical Analysis of the Gallium Surface in a Physiologic Buffer. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2022; 38:6817-6825. [PMID: 35620858 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.1c03281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Gallium and its alloys have been regarded as one of the promising materials for flexible bioelectronics due to their liquid-like mechanical properties, excellent electrical property, and low toxicity. Although many studies have fabricated bioelectronics from gallium-based liquid metals, gallium surface chemistry in physiologic conditions is rarely investigated. Here, we investigated the chemical change of the gallium surface in a physiologic buffer at 37 °C over 45 days. The gallium ion concentration and pH measurement indicated that the oxidation and corrosion progressed more rapidly in the physiological buffer than in air. Also, the release of gallium ions and protons followed a square root of time growth. Various spectroscopic techniques were used to measure the chemical composition change on the gallium surface. The FT-IR study indicated that the GaOOH-rich gallium surface produced Ga3+ and OH- ions. The XPS study indicated the oxide layer formation within 5 days, and then the contamination layer was deposited over time, which includes different ions and organic materials derived from the physiologic buffer. This study provides a detailed chemical analysis of the gallium surface in a physiological buffer. These fundamental studies would be a cornerstone for understanding the complex interaction between the gallium surface and the biological environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taehwan Lim
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
- Advanced Textile R&D Department, Korea Institute of Industrial Technology (KITECH), Ansan, Gyeonggi-do 15588, South Korea
| | - Terry A Ring
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
| | - Huanan Zhang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
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30
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Haake A, Tutika R, Schloer GM, Bartlett MD, Markvicka EJ. On-Demand Programming of Liquid Metal-Composite Microstructures through Direct Ink Write 3D Printing. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2022; 34:e2200182. [PMID: 35353948 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202200182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2022] [Revised: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Soft, elastically deformable composites with liquid metal (LM) droplets can enable new generations of soft electronics, robotics, and reconfigurable structures. However, techniques to control local composite microstructure, which ultimately governs material properties and performance, is lacking. Here a direct ink writing technique is developed to program the LM microstructure (i.e., shape, orientation, and connectivity) on demand throughout elastomer composites. In contrast to inks with rigid particles that have fixed shape and size, it is shown that emulsion inks with LM fillers enable in situ control of microstructure. This enables filaments, films, and 3D structures with unique LM microstructures that are generated on demand and locked in during printing. This includes smooth and discrete transitions from spherical to needle-like droplets, curvilinear microstructures, geometrically complex embedded inclusion patterns, and connected LM networks. The printed materials are soft (modulus < 200 kPa), highly deformable (>600 % strain), and can be made locally insulating or electrically conductive using a single ink by controlling the process conditions. These capabilities are demonstrated by embedding elongated LM droplets in a soft heat sink, which rapidly dissipates heat from high-power LEDs. These programmable microstructures can enable new composite paradigms for emerging technologies that demand mechanical compliance with multifunctional response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron Haake
- Department of Mechanical & Materials Engineering, Smart Materials & Robotics Lab, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68588, USA
| | - Ravi Tutika
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Soft Materials and Structures Lab, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, 24060, USA
- Macromolecules Innovation Institute, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, 24060, USA
| | - Gwyneth M Schloer
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Soft Materials and Structures Lab, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, 24060, USA
| | - Michael D Bartlett
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Soft Materials and Structures Lab, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, 24060, USA
- Macromolecules Innovation Institute, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, 24060, USA
| | - Eric J Markvicka
- Department of Mechanical & Materials Engineering, Smart Materials & Robotics Lab, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68588, USA
- Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68588, USA
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31
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Wu P, Fu J, Xu Y, He Y. Liquid Metal Microgels for Three-Dimensional Printing of Smart Electronic Clothes. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:13458-13467. [PMID: 35258916 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c22975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Gallium-based liquid metals (LMs), with the combination of liquid fluidity and metallic conductivity, are considered ideal conductive components for flexible electronics. However, huge surface tension and poor wettability seriously hinder the patterning of LMs and their wider applications. Herein, a recyclable liquid-metal-microgel (LMM) ink composed of LM droplets encapsulated into alginate microgel shells is proposed. During the mechanical stirring process, the released Ga3+ can cross-link with sodium alginate to form microgels covering the surface of LM droplets, which exhibits shear-thinning performance due to the formation and rupture of hydrogen bonds under different stress conditions, making the LMM ink possess excellent printability and superior adhesion to various substrates. Although patterns printed with the LMM ink are not initially conductive, they can be activated to recover conductivity by microstrain (<5%), pressing, and freezing. Additionally, the activated LMM circuit exhibits superior Joule heating behaviors and electrical performance in further investigation, including excellent conductivity, significant resistance response to strain with small hysteresis, great durability to nonplanar forces, and so forth. Furthermore, smart electronic clothes were fabricated and investigated by directly printing functional circuits on commercial clothes with the LMM ink, which integrate multiple functions, including tactile sensing, motion monitoring, human-computer interaction, and thermal management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengcheng Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Fluid Power and Mechatronic Systems, School of Mechanical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
- Key Laboratory of 3D Printing Process and Equipment of Zhejiang Province, School of Mechanical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Jianzhong Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Fluid Power and Mechatronic Systems, School of Mechanical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
- Key Laboratory of 3D Printing Process and Equipment of Zhejiang Province, School of Mechanical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Yuetong Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Fluid Power and Mechatronic Systems, School of Mechanical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
- Key Laboratory of 3D Printing Process and Equipment of Zhejiang Province, School of Mechanical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Yong He
- State Key Laboratory of Fluid Power and Mechatronic Systems, School of Mechanical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
- Cancer Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058 China
- Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and Mold, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
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32
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Kim S, Lee J. Indentation and Temperature Response of Liquid Metal/Hydrogel Composites. J IND ENG CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jiec.2022.02.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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33
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Aukarasereenont P, Goff A, Nguyen CK, McConville CF, Elbourne A, Zavabeti A, Daeneke T. Liquid metals: an ideal platform for the synthesis of two-dimensional materials. Chem Soc Rev 2022; 51:1253-1276. [PMID: 35107468 DOI: 10.1039/d1cs01166a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The surfaces of liquid metals can serve as a platform to synthesise two-dimensional materials. By exploiting the self-limiting Cabrera-Mott oxidation reaction that takes place at the surface of liquid metals exposed to ambient air, an ultrathin oxide layer can be synthesised and isolated. Several synthesis approaches based on this phenomenon have been developed in recent years, resulting in a diverse family of functional 2D materials that covers a significant fraction of the periodic table. These straightforward and inherently scalable techniques may enable the fabrication of novel devices and thus harbour significant application potential. This review provides a brief introduction to liquid metals and their alloys, followed by detailed guidance on each developed synthesis technique, post-growth processing methods, integration processes, as well as potential applications of the developed materials.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Abigail Goff
- School of Engineering, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC, 3001, Australia.
| | - Chung Kim Nguyen
- School of Engineering, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC, 3001, Australia.
| | - Chris F McConville
- Institute for Frontier Materials, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, 3216, Australia
| | - Aaron Elbourne
- School of Science, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC, 3001, Australia
| | - Ali Zavabeti
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Torben Daeneke
- School of Engineering, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC, 3001, Australia.
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34
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Allioux FM, Ghasemian MB, Xie W, O'Mullane AP, Daeneke T, Dickey MD, Kalantar-Zadeh K. Applications of liquid metals in nanotechnology. NANOSCALE HORIZONS 2022; 7:141-167. [PMID: 34982812 DOI: 10.1039/d1nh00594d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Post-transition liquid metals (LMs) offer new opportunities for accessing exciting dynamics for nanomaterials. As entities with free electrons and ions as well as fluidity, LM-based nanomaterials are fundamentally different from their solid counterparts. The low melting points of most post-transition metals (less than 330 °C) allow for the formation of nanodroplets from bulk metal melts under mild mechanical and chemical conditions. At the nanoscale, these liquid state nanodroplets simultaneously offer high electrical and thermal conductivities, tunable reactivities and useful physicochemical properties. They also offer specific alloying and dealloying conditions for the formation of multi-elemental liquid based nanoalloys or the synthesis of engineered solid nanomaterials. To date, while only a few nanosized LM materials have been investigated, extraordinary properties have been observed for such systems. Multi-elemental nanoalloys have shown controllable homogeneous or heterogeneous core and surface compositions with interfacial ordering at the nanoscale. The interactions and synergies of nanosized LMs with polymeric, inorganic and bio-materials have also resulted in new compounds. This review highlights recent progress and future directions for the synthesis and applications of post-transition LMs and their alloys. The review presents the unique properties of these LM nanodroplets for developing functional materials for electronics, sensors, catalysts, energy systems, and nanomedicine and biomedical applications, as well as other functional systems engineered at the nanoscale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francois-Marie Allioux
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia.
| | - Mohammad B Ghasemian
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia.
| | - Wanjie Xie
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia.
| | - Anthony P O'Mullane
- School of Chemistry and Physics, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, QLD 4001, Australia
| | - Torben Daeneke
- School of Engineering, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria, 3001, Australia
| | - Michael D Dickey
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, 911 Partners Way, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA
| | - Kourosh Kalantar-Zadeh
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia.
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35
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Wang X, Liu L, Zhao L, Huang Y, Dong X, Yang X. Sessile droplet evaporation on the surface of liquid metal. NEW J CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2nj02505a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Sessile droplet evaporation on liquid gallium surface is reported. Liquid gallium has super smooth flexible surface, but it is easy to form oxide film in ambient air. Two methods were...
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36
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Handschuh‐Wang S, Rauf M, Gan T, Shang W, Zhou X. On the Interaction of Surfactants with Gallium‐Based Liquid Metals. ChemistrySelect 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202103343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stephan Handschuh‐Wang
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering Shenzhen University Shenzhen 518060 P. R. China
- The International School of Advanced Materials School of Materials Science and Engineering South China University of Technology Guangzhou 510640 China
| | - Muhammad Rauf
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering Shenzhen University Shenzhen 518060 P. R. China
| | - Tiansheng Gan
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering Shenzhen University Shenzhen 518060 P. R. China
| | - Wenhui Shang
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering Shenzhen University Shenzhen 518060 P. R. China
| | - Xuechang Zhou
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering Shenzhen University Shenzhen 518060 P. R. China
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37
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Handschuh-Wang S, Gan T, Wang T, Stadler FJ, Zhou X. Surface Tension of the Oxide Skin of Gallium-Based Liquid Metals. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2021; 37:9017-9025. [PMID: 34281345 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.1c00966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Gallium-based alloys have garnered considerable attention in the scientific community, particularly as they are in an atypical liquid state at and near room temperature. Though physical parameters, such as thermal conductivity, electrical conductivity, viscosity, yield stress, and surface tension, of these alloys are broadly known, the surface tension (surface free energy) of the oxide skin remains intangible due to the high yield stress of the oxide skin. In this article, we propose to employ gradually attenuated vibrations to obtain equilibrium shapes, which are analyzed along the lines of the puddle height method. The surface tension of the oxide skin was determined on quartz glass and liquid metal-phobic diamond coating to be around 350-365 mN/m, thus independent of the substrate surface or employed liquid metal (i.e., eutectic Ga-In (EGaIn) and galinstan). The similarity of the surface tension for different alloys was ascribed to the composition of the oxide skin, which predominantly comprises gallium oxides due to thermodynamic constraints. We envision that this method can also be applied to other liquid metal alloys and liquid metal marble systems facilitating modeling, simulation, and optimization processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephan Handschuh-Wang
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, People's Republic of China
| | - Tiansheng Gan
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, People's Republic of China
| | - Tao Wang
- Functional Thin Films Research Center, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, People's Republic of China
| | - Florian J Stadler
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518055, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuechang Zhou
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, People's Republic of China
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Monnens W, Lin PC, Deferm C, Binnemans K, Fransaer J. Electrochemical behavior and electrodeposition of gallium in 1,2-dimethoxyethane-based electrolytes. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2021; 23:15492-15502. [PMID: 34142695 PMCID: PMC8317176 DOI: 10.1039/d1cp01074c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The electrochemical behavior and electrodeposition of gallium was studied in a non-aqueous electrolyte comprising of gallium(iii) chloride and 1,2-dimethoxyethane (DME). Electrochemical quartz crystal microbalance (EQCM) and rotating ring disk electrode (RRDE) measurements indicate that reduction of gallium(iii) is a two-step process: first from gallium(iii) to gallium(i), and then from gallium(i) to gallium(0). The morphology and elemental composition of the electrodeposited layer were examined using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX). Metallic gallium was deposited as spheres with diameters of several hundred nanometers that were stacked on top of each other. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) revealed that each gallium sphere was covered by a thin gallium oxide shell. Electrochemical experiments indicated that these oxide layers are electrically conductive, as gallium can be electrodeposited and partially stripped on or from the layer of spheres below. This was further evidenced by simultaneous electrodeposition of gallium and indium, using indium as a tracer. Electrodeposition of gallium from an O2-containing electrolyte resulted in spheres with smaller diameters. This was due to the formation thicker oxide shells, through which diffusion of gallium atoms that were electrodeposited on the surface, was slower. The concentration of gallium adatoms on top of the gallium spheres to form a new sphere therefore reaches the critical concentration for nucleating a new gallium sphere sooner, leading to smaller spheres.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wouter Monnens
- KU Leuven, Department of Materials Engineering, Kasteelpark Arenberg 44, P. O. box 2450, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Pin-Cheng Lin
- KU Leuven, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Celestijnenlaan 200D, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Clio Deferm
- KU Leuven, Department of Chemistry, Celestijnenlaan 200F, P. O. box 2404, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Koen Binnemans
- KU Leuven, Department of Chemistry, Celestijnenlaan 200F, P. O. box 2404, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jan Fransaer
- KU Leuven, Department of Materials Engineering, Kasteelpark Arenberg 44, P. O. box 2450, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium.
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Sun X, Yuan B, Wang H, Fan L, Duan M, Wang X, Guo R, Liu J. Nano‐Biomedicine based on Liquid Metal Particles and Allied Materials. ADVANCED NANOBIOMED RESEARCH 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/anbr.202000086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Xuyang Sun
- Beijing Key Lab of Cryo-Biomedical Engineering and Key Lab of Cryogenics Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 P.R. China
- School of Medical Science and Engineering Beihang University Beijing 100191 P.R. China
- Interdisciplinary Institute for Cancer Diagnosis and Treatment Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering Beihang University Beijing 100191 P.R. China
| | - Bo Yuan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering School of Medicine Tsinghua University Beijing 100084 P.R. China
| | - Hongzhang Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering School of Medicine Tsinghua University Beijing 100084 P.R. China
| | - Linlin Fan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering School of Medicine Tsinghua University Beijing 100084 P.R. China
| | - Minghui Duan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering School of Medicine Tsinghua University Beijing 100084 P.R. China
| | - Xuelin Wang
- School of Medical Science and Engineering Beihang University Beijing 100191 P.R. China
- Interdisciplinary Institute for Cancer Diagnosis and Treatment Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering Beihang University Beijing 100191 P.R. China
| | - Rui Guo
- Department of Biomedical Engineering School of Medicine Tsinghua University Beijing 100084 P.R. China
| | - Jing Liu
- Beijing Key Lab of Cryo-Biomedical Engineering and Key Lab of Cryogenics Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 P.R. China
- Department of Biomedical Engineering School of Medicine Tsinghua University Beijing 100084 P.R. China
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Creighton MA, Yuen MC, Morris NJ, Tabor CE. Graphene-based encapsulation of liquid metal particles. NANOSCALE 2020; 12:23995-24005. [PMID: 33104147 DOI: 10.1039/d0nr05263a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Liquid metals are a promising functional material due to their unique combination of metallic properties and fluidity at room temperature. They are of interest in wide-ranging fields including stretchable and flexible electronics, reconfigurable devices, microfluidics, biomedicine, material synthesis, and catalysis. Transformation of bulk liquid metal into particles has enabled further advances by allowing access to a broader palette of fabrication techniques for device manufacture or by increasing area available for surface-based applications. For gallium-based liquid metal alloys, particle stabilization is typically achieved by the oxide that forms spontaneously on the surface, even when only trace amounts of oxygen are present. The utility of the particles formed is governed by the chemical, electrical, and mechanical properties of this oxide. To overcome some of the intrinsic limitations of the native oxide, it is demonstrated here for the first time that 2D graphene-based materials can encapsulate liquid metal particles during fabrication and imbue them with previously unattainable properties. This outer encapsulation layer is used to physically stabilize particles in a broad range of pH environments, modify the particles' mechanical behavior, and control the electrical behavior of resulting films. This demonstration of graphene-based encapsulation of liquid metal particles represents a first foray into the creation of a suite of hybridized 2D material coated liquid metal particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan A Creighton
- Air Force Research Laboratory, Materials and Manufacturing Directorate, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Dayton, OH, USA.
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Li H, Qiao R, Davis TP, Tang SY. Biomedical Applications of Liquid Metal Nanoparticles: A Critical Review. BIOSENSORS 2020; 10:E196. [PMID: 33266097 PMCID: PMC7760560 DOI: 10.3390/bios10120196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Revised: 11/22/2020] [Accepted: 11/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
This review is focused on the basic properties, production, functionalization, cytotoxicity, and biomedical applications of liquid metal nanoparticles (LMNPs), with a focus on particles of the size ranging from tens to hundreds of nanometers. Applications, including cancer therapy, medical imaging, and pathogen treatment are discussed. LMNPs share similar properties to other metals, such as photothermal conversion ability and a propensity to form surface oxides. Compared to many other metals, especially mercury, the cytotoxicity of gallium is low and is considered by many reports to be safe when applied in vivo. Recent advances in exploring different grafting molecules are reported herein, as surface functionalization is essential to enhance photothermal therapeutic effects of LMNPs or to facilitate drug delivery. This review also outlines properties of LMNPs that can be exploited in making medical imaging contrast agents, ion channel regulators, and anti-pathogenic agents. Finally, a foresight is offered, exemplifying underexplored knowledge and highlighting the research challenges faced by LMNP science and technology in expanding into applications potentially yielding clinical advances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiyue Li
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093, USA;
| | - Ruirui Qiao
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology and Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia;
| | - Thomas P. Davis
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology and Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia;
| | - Shi-Yang Tang
- Department of Electronic, Electrical and Systems Engineering, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
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