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Barr KE, Ohnsorg ML, Liberman L, Corcoran LG, Sarode A, Nagapudi K, Feder CR, Bates FS, Reineke TM. Drug-Polymer Nanodroplet Formation and Morphology Drive Solubility Enhancement of GDC-0810. Bioconjug Chem 2024; 35:499-516. [PMID: 38546823 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.4c00018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/18/2024]
Abstract
Nanodroplet formation is important to achieve supersaturation of active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) in an amorphous solid dispersion. The aim of the current study was to explore how polymer composition, architecture, molar mass, and surfactant concentration affect polymer-drug nanodroplet morphology with the breast cancer API, GDC-0810. The impact of nanodroplet size and morphology on dissolution efficacy and drug loading capacity was explored using polarized light microscopy, dynamic light scattering, and cryogenic transmission electron microscopy. Poly(N-isopropylacrylamide-stat-N,N-dimethylacrylamide) (PND) was synthesized as two linear derivatives and two bottlebrush derivatives with carboxylated or PEGylated end-groups. Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose acetate succinate grade MF (HPMCAS-MF) and poly(vinylpyrrolidone-co-vinyl acetate) (PVPVA) were included as commercial polymer controls. We report the first copolymerization synthesis of a PVPVA bottlebrush copolymer, which was the highest performing excipient in this study, maintaining 688 μg/mL GDC-0810 concentration at 60 wt % drug loading. This is likely due to strong polymer-drug noncovalent interactions and the compaction of GDC-0810 along the PVPVA bottlebrush backbone. Overall, it was observed that the most effective formulations had a hydrodynamic radius less than 25 nm with tightly compacted nanodroplet morphologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaylee E Barr
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Monica L Ohnsorg
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Lucy Liberman
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Louis G Corcoran
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Apoorva Sarode
- Synthetic Molecule Pharmaceutical Sciences, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Karthik Nagapudi
- Synthetic Molecule Pharmaceutical Sciences, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Christina R Feder
- Synthetic Molecule Pharmaceutical Sciences, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Frank S Bates
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Theresa M Reineke
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
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2
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Supersaturation and phase behavior during dissolution of amorphous solid dispersions. Int J Pharm 2023; 631:122524. [PMID: 36549404 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2022.122524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Revised: 12/04/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Amorphous solid dispersion (ASD) is a promising strategy to enhance solubility and bioavailability of poorly water-soluble drugs. Due to higher free energy of ASD, supersaturated drug solution could be generated during dissolution. When amorphous solubility of a drug is exceeded, drug-rich nanodroplets could form and act as a reservoir to maintain the maximum free drug concentration in solution, facilitating the absorption of the drug in vivo. Dissolution behavior of ASD has received increasing interests. This review will focus on the recent advances in ASD dissolution, including the generation and maintenance of supersaturated drug solution in absence or presence of liquid-liquid phase separation. Mechanism of drug release from ASD including polymer-controlled dissolution and drug-controlled dissolution will be introduced. Formation of amorphous drug-rich nanodroplets during dissolution and the underlying mechanism will be discussed. Phase separation morphology of hydrated ASD plays a critical role in dissolution behavior of ASD, which will be highlighted. Supersaturated drug solution shows poor physical stability and tends to crystallize. The effect of polymer and surfactant on supersaturated drug solution will be demonstrated and some unexpected results will be shown. Physicochemical properties of drug and polymer could impact ASD dissolution and some of them even show opposite effect on dissolution and physical stability of ASD in solid state, respectively. This review will contribute to a better understanding of ASD dissolution and facilitate a rational design of ASD formulation.
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3
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Oral Delivery of Niclosamide as an Amorphous Solid Dispersion That Generates Amorphous Nanoparticles during Dissolution. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14122568. [PMID: 36559062 PMCID: PMC9785291 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14122568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2022] [Revised: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Niclosamide is an FDA-approved anthelmintic that is being studied in clinical trials as a chemotherapeutic and broad-spectrum antiviral. Additionally, several other applications are currently in the preclinical stage. Unfortunately, niclosamide is a poorly water soluble molecule, with reduced oral bioavailability, which hinders its use for new indications. Moreover, niclosamide is a poor glass former; in other words, the molecule has a high tendency to recrystallize, and it is virtually impossible to generate a stable amorphous solid employing the neat molecule. Previously, our group reported the development of an amorphous solid dispersion (ASD) of niclosamide (niclosamide ASD) that generates nanoparticles during its dissolution, not only increasing niclosamide's apparent solubility from 6.6 ± 0.4 to 481.7 ± 22.2 µg/mL in fasted state simulated intestinal fluid (FaSSIF) but also its oral bioavailability 2.6-fold in Sprague-Dawley rats after being administered as a suspension. Nevertheless, niclosamide ASD undergoes recrystallization in acidic media, and an enteric oral dosage form is needed for its translation into the clinic. In this work, we further characterized the nanoparticles that generated during the dissolution of the niclosamide ASD. Cryogenic transmission electron microscopy (Cryo-TEM) and wide-angle X-ray scattering (WAXS) revealed that the nanoparticles were amorphous and had a particle size of ~150 nm. The oral dosage forms of niclosamide ASD were formulated using commercial enteric capsules (Capsuline® and EudracapTM) and as enteric-coated tablets. The enteric dosage forms were tested using pH-shift dissolution and acid-uptake tests, using the USP type II dissolution apparatus and the disintegration apparatus, respectively. The capsules exhibited a higher percentage of weight gain, and visual rupture of the Capsuline capsules was observed. Eudracap capsules protected the formulation from the acidic media, but polymer gelling and the formation of a nondispersible plug were noted during dissolution testing. In contrast, enteric-coated tablets protected the formulation from acid ingress and maintained the performance of niclosamide ASD granules during dissolution in FaSSIF media. These enteric-coated tablets were administered to beagle dogs at a niclosamide dose of 75 mg/kg, resulting in plasma concentrations of niclosamide higher than those reported in the literature using solubilized niclosamide at a higher dose (i.e., 100 mg/kg). In summary, an enteric oral dosage form of niclosamide ASD was formulated without hindering the generation of nanoparticles while maintaining the increase in the niclosamide's apparent solubility. The enteric-coated tablets successfully increased the niclosamide plasma levels in dogs when compared to a niclosamide solution prepared using organic solvents.
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4
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Babu NR, Nagpal D, Ankola D, Awasthi R. Evolution of Solid Dispersion Technology: Solubility Enhancement Using Hydroxypropyl Methylcellulose Acetate Succinate: Myth or Reality? Assay Drug Dev Technol 2022; 20:149-163. [DOI: 10.1089/adt.2022.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- N. Raveendra Babu
- Watson Pharma Private Limited (A Teva Company), Thane, India
- Development of Pharmaceutics, Amity Institute of Pharmacy, Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Noida, India
| | - Dheeraj Nagpal
- Development of Pharmaceutics, Amity Institute of Pharmacy, Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Noida, India
| | - Dhawal Ankola
- Watson Pharma Private Limited (A Teva Company), Thane, India
| | - Rajendra Awasthi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Health Sciences & Technology, University of Petroleum and Energy Studies (UPES), Dehradun, India
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5
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Zhao Z, Higashi K, Ueda K, Moribe K. Revealing the mechanism of morphological variation of amorphous drug nanoparticles formed by aqueous dispersion of ternary solid dispersion. Int J Pharm 2021; 607:120984. [PMID: 34389423 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2021.120984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Revised: 07/25/2021] [Accepted: 08/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Probucol (PBC)/hypromellose (HPMC)/sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) ternary solid dispersions (SDs) of various weight ratios were prepared and evaluated to unveil the effect of HPMC and SDS on the formation of amorphous PBC nanoparticles. The morphological variation of the PBC nanoparticles prepared using SDs of different compositions was determined using dynamic light scattering and cryogenic transmission electron microscopy (cryo-TEM). Statistical analysis of particle size versus roundness of PBC nanoparticles was carried out based on cryo-TEM images. A clear correlation was observed between the morphologies of the PBC nanoparticles and the amounts of HPMC and SDS, either admixed in SDs or pre-dissolved in an aqueous solution. The admixed HPMC in SDs was demonstrated to play the major role in determining the primary particle sizes of discrete amorphous PBC nanoparticles. Based on 13C solid-state NMR spectroscopy, this phenomenon should be due to the enlarged size of the PBC-rich domains in SDs, which depended on the decreasing amounts of admixed HPMC. Although the pre-dissolved part of HPMC had less impact on the primary particle sizes, it was found to inhibit the particle agglomeration and recrystallization of amorphous PBC nanoparticles. On the other hand, sufficient SDS admixed in SDs could suppress the size enhancement of the PBC-rich domains during water immersion and nanoparticle evolution (agglomeration and crystallization) after aqueous dispersion. The pre-dissolved SDS could restrain the agglomeration of amorphous PBC nanoparticles, ultimately forming hundreds of irregular nanometer-order structures. Since the increase in size during water immersion, their sizes were still slightly larger than those obtained with a high portion of admixed SDS. The findings of this study clarified the usefulness and necessity of adding polymers and surfactants to SDs to fabricate drug nanoparticle formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhijing Zhao
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8675, Japan
| | - Kenjirou Higashi
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8675, Japan
| | - Keisuke Ueda
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8675, Japan
| | - Kunikazu Moribe
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8675, Japan.
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6
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Qian K, Stella L, Jones DS, Andrews GP, Du H, Tian Y. Drug-Rich Phases Induced by Amorphous Solid Dispersion: Arbitrary or Intentional Goal in Oral Drug Delivery? Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:889. [PMID: 34203969 PMCID: PMC8232734 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13060889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Revised: 06/08/2021] [Accepted: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Among many methods to mitigate the solubility limitations of drug compounds, amorphous solid dispersion (ASD) is considered to be one of the most promising strategies to enhance the dissolution and bioavailability of poorly water-soluble drugs. The enhancement of ASD in the oral absorption of drugs has been mainly attributed to the high apparent drug solubility during the dissolution. In the last decade, with the implementations of new knowledge and advanced analytical techniques, a drug-rich transient metastable phase was frequently highlighted within the supersaturation stage of the ASD dissolution. The extended drug absorption and bioavailability enhancement may be attributed to the metastability of such drug-rich phases. In this paper, we have reviewed (i) the possible theory behind the formation and stabilization of such metastable drug-rich phases, with a focus on non-classical nucleation; (ii) the additional benefits of the ASD-induced drug-rich phases for bioavailability enhancements. It is envisaged that a greater understanding of the non-classical nucleation theory and its application on the ASD design might accelerate the drug product development process in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaijie Qian
- Pharmaceutical Engineering Group, School of Pharmacy, Queen’s University Belfast, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast BT9 7BL, UK; (K.Q.); (D.S.J.); (G.P.A.)
| | - Lorenzo Stella
- Atomistic Simulation Centre, School of Mathematics and Physics, Queen’s University Belfast, 7–9 College Park E, Belfast BT7 1PS, UK;
- David Keir Building, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Queen’s University Belfast, Stranmillis Road, Belfast BT9 5AG, UK
| | - David S. Jones
- Pharmaceutical Engineering Group, School of Pharmacy, Queen’s University Belfast, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast BT9 7BL, UK; (K.Q.); (D.S.J.); (G.P.A.)
| | - Gavin P. Andrews
- Pharmaceutical Engineering Group, School of Pharmacy, Queen’s University Belfast, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast BT9 7BL, UK; (K.Q.); (D.S.J.); (G.P.A.)
- School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, No.77 Puhe Road, Shenyang North New Area, Shenyang 110122, China
| | - Huachuan Du
- Laboratory of Applied Mechanobiology, Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 4, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
- Simpson Querrey Institute, Northwestern University, 303 East Superior Street, 11th floor, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Yiwei Tian
- Pharmaceutical Engineering Group, School of Pharmacy, Queen’s University Belfast, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast BT9 7BL, UK; (K.Q.); (D.S.J.); (G.P.A.)
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7
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Upadhya R, Punia A, Kanagala MJ, Liu L, Lamm M, Rhodes TA, Gormley AJ. Automated PET-RAFT Polymerization Towards Pharmaceutical Amorphous Solid Dispersion Development. ACS APPLIED POLYMER MATERIALS 2021; 3:1525-1536. [PMID: 34368765 PMCID: PMC8336633 DOI: 10.1021/acsapm.0c01376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
In pharmaceutical oral drug delivery development, about 90% of drugs in the pipeline have poor aqueous solubility leading to severe challenges with oral bioavailability and translation to effective and safe drug products. Amorphous solid dispersions (ASDs) have been utilized to enhance the oral bioavailability of poorly soluble active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs). However, a limited selection of regulatory-approved polymer excipients exists for the development and further understanding of tailor-made ASDs. Thus, a significant need exists to better understand how polymers can be designed to interact with specific API moieties. Here, we demonstrate how an automated combinatorial library approach can be applied to the synthesis and screening of polymer excipients for the model drug probucol. We synthesized a library of 25 random heteropolymers containing one hydrophilic monomer (2-hydroxypropyl acrylate (HPA)) and four hydrophobic monomers at varied incorporation. The performance of ASDs made by a rapid film casting method was evaluated by dissolution using ultra-performance liquid chromatography (UPLC) sampling at various time points. This combinatorial library and rapid screening strategy enabled us to identify a relationship between polymer hydrophobicity, monomer hydrophobic side group geometry, and API dissolution performance. Remarkably, the most effective synthesized polymers displayed slower drug release kinetics compared to industry standard polymer excipients, showing the ability to modulate the drug release profile. Future coupling of high throughput polymer synthesis, high throughput screening (HTS), and quantitative modeling would enable specification of designer polymer excipients for specific API functionalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahul Upadhya
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Ashish Punia
- Preformulation Sciences, MRL, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ 07065, USA
| | - Mythili J. Kanagala
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Lina Liu
- Preformulation Sciences, MRL, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ 07065, USA
| | - Matthew Lamm
- Preformulation Sciences, MRL, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ 07065, USA
| | - Timothy A. Rhodes
- Preformulation Sciences, MRL, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ 07065, USA
| | - Adam J. Gormley
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
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8
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Ashwathy P, Anto AT, Sudheesh MS. A mechanistic review on the dissolution phase behavior and supersaturation stabilization of amorphous solid dispersions. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 2021; 47:1-11. [PMID: 33494623 DOI: 10.1080/03639045.2021.1879843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Amorphous solid dispersion (ASD) technology is an attractive formulation approach for poorly soluble drugs because of the supersaturated state acquired during its dissolution. The high thermodynamic activity of the supersaturated state of the drug is also a driver for the enhanced absorptive flux across a membrane. However, this advantage can easily be lost due to the inherent instability of supersaturation, causing drug precipitation. Stabilizing the supersaturated state during the dissolution of ASD for the relevant absorption time frame is a challenging area in formulation research. Stabilizing the supersaturated state by using polymeric excipients and understanding the phase behavior of drugs during dissolution are required for the optimal performance of ASD formulations. A number of confounding kinetic, formulation and physiological factors can influence the evolution of supersaturation and phase changes during dissolution of ASDs. The review highlights the complex nature of dissolution of ASDs and the need of biorelevant dissolution for proper risk assessment and optimizing formulation development.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Ashwathy
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Amrita School of Pharmacy, Kochi, India
| | - Akshaya T Anto
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Amrita School of Pharmacy, Kochi, India
| | - M S Sudheesh
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Amrita School of Pharmacy, Kochi, India
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9
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Mishra AK, Lim J, Lee J, Park S, Seo Y, Hwang H, Kim JK. Control drug release behavior by highly stable and pH sensitive poly(N-vinylpyrrolidone)-block-poly(4-vinylpyridine) copolymer micelles. POLYMER 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2020.123329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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10
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Thakral S, Kim K. Small-angle scattering for characterization of pharmaceutical materials. Trends Analyt Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2020.116144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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11
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Amponsah-Efah KK, Demeler B, Suryanarayanan R. Characterizing Drug-Polymer Interactions in Aqueous Solution with Analytical Ultracentrifugation. Mol Pharm 2020; 18:246-256. [PMID: 33264020 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.0c00849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
We present a new approach for characterizing drug-polymer interactions in aqueous media, using sedimentation velocity analytical ultracentrifugation (AUC). We investigated the potential interaction of ketoconazole (KTZ), a poorly water-soluble drug, with polyacrylic acid (PAA) and a polyvinyl caprolactam-polyvinyl acetate-polyethylene glycol graft copolymer (Soluplus) in aqueous buffers. The effect of the polymer on the sedimentation coefficient of the drug was the observable metric. The drug alone, when subjected to AUC, exhibited a very narrow sedimentation peak at 0.2 Svedberg (S), in agreement with the expectation for a monomeric drug with a molar mass < 1000 Dalton. Conversely, the neat polymers showed broad profiles with higher sedimentation coefficients, reflecting their larger more heterogeneous size distributions. The sedimentation profiles of the drug-polymer mixtures were expectedly different from the profile of the neat drug. With KTZ-Soluplus, a complete shift to faster sedimentation times (indicative of an interaction) was observed, while with KTZ-PAA, a split peak indicated the existence of the drug in both free and interacting states. The sedimentation profile of carbamazepine, a second model drug, in the presence of hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose acetate succinate (HPMCAS, another polymer) revealed multiple "populations" of drug-polymer species, very similar to the sedimentation profile of neat HPMCAS. The interactions probed by AUC were compared with the results from isothermal titration calorimetry. In vitro dissolution tests performed on amorphous solid dispersions prepared with the same drug-polymer pairs suggested that the interactions may play a role in prolonging drug supersaturation. The results show the possibility of characterizing drug-polymer interactions in aqueous solution with high hydrodynamic resolution, addressing a major challenge frequently encountered in the mechanistic investigations of the dissolution behavior of amorphous solid dispersions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kweku K Amponsah-Efah
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Minnesota, 308 Harvard St SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Borries Demeler
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Lethbridge, 4401 University Drive, Lethbridge, Alberta T1K 3M4, Canada
| | - Raj Suryanarayanan
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Minnesota, 308 Harvard St SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
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12
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Van Zee NJ, Hillmyer MA, Lodge TP. Role of Polymer Excipients in the Kinetic Stabilization of Drug-Rich Nanoparticles. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2020; 3:7243-7254. [PMID: 35019383 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.0c01173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Amorphous solid dispersions (ASDs) of crystallizable drugs and polymer excipients are attractive for enhancing the solubility and bioavailability of hydrophobic drug molecules. In this study, the solution behavior of poly(N-isopropylacrylamide-co-N,N-dimethylacrylamide) (PND) and poly(vinylpyrrolidone-co-vinylacetate) (PVPVA), as polymer excipients, and nilutamide (NLT), phenytoin (PHY), and itraconazole (ITN) as model drugs, were monitored by an in vitro dissolution assay, small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS), dynamic light scattering (DLS), cryogenic transmission electron microscopy (cryo-TEM), and polarized optical microscopy (POM). High degrees of drug supersaturation were coincident with the formation of amorphous nanoparticles in each system. The difference in particle size and kinetic stability between PND and PVPVA systems suggest a difference in how the polymers interact with the drug-rich phase. A series of scenarios are proposed based on whether the polymer interacts more strongly with the drug-rich nanoparticles or with water. Understanding the contribution of drug-rich nanoparticles to achievable supersaturation and the effect of polymer excipients on these particles will inform the design of future solid dispersion systems through a better understanding of the polymer/drug solution relationship.
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13
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Zhang X, Rao Q, Qiu Z, Lin Y, Zhang L, Hu Q, Chen T, Ma Z, Gao H, Luo D, Zhao J, Ouyang D, Zhang ZJ, Li Q. Using Acetone/Water Binary Solvent to Enhance the Stability and Bioavailability of Spray Dried Enzalutamide/HPMC-AS Solid Dispersions. J Pharm Sci 2020; 110:1160-1171. [PMID: 33049259 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2020.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Revised: 10/07/2020] [Accepted: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
We demonstrated a facile approach, by adjusting the solvent ratio of water/acetone binary mixture, to alter the intermolecular interactions between Enzalutamide (ENZ) and hydroxypropyl methylcellulose acetate succinate (HPMC-AS) for spray drying process, which can be readily implemented to produce spray-dried dispersions (SDD) with enhanced stability and bioavailability. The prepared SDD of ENZ/HPMC-AS were examined systematically in terms of particle size, morphology, dissolution, solubility, stability, and bioavailability. Our results show that the introduction of water (up to 30% volume fraction) can effectively reduce the hydrodynamic diameter of HPMC-AS from approximately 220 nm to 160 nm (a reduction of c.a. 20%), which increases the miscibility of the drug and polymer, delaying or inhibiting the crystallization of ENZ during the spray drying process, resulting in a homogeneous amorphous phase. The benefits of using acetone/water binary mixture were subsequently evidenced by an increased specific surface area, improved dissolution profile and relative bioavailability, enhanced stability, and elevated drug release rate. This fundamental finding underpins the great potential of using binary mixture for spray drying process to process active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) that are otherwise challenging to handle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoting Zhang
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510405, P.R. China; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, P.R. China
| | - Qiuhong Rao
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510405, P.R. China
| | - Zhenwen Qiu
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510405, P.R. China
| | - Yisheng Lin
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510405, P.R. China
| | - Lei Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, P.R. China
| | - Qingzhong Hu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, P.R. China
| | - Tingting Chen
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, P.R. China
| | - Zhimin Ma
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, P.R. China
| | - Hanlu Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences (ICMS), University of Macau, Macau, P.R. China
| | - Dandong Luo
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510405, P.R. China
| | - Jiaqi Zhao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, P.R. China
| | - Defang Ouyang
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences (ICMS), University of Macau, Macau, P.R. China.
| | - Zhenyu Jason Zhang
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK.
| | - Qingguo Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510006, P.R. China.
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14
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Purchel AA, Boyle WS, Reineke TM. Aggregated Solution Morphology of Poly(acrylic acid)-Poly(styrene) Block Copolymers Improves Drug Supersaturation Maintenance and Caco-2 Cell Membrane Permeation. Mol Pharm 2019; 16:4423-4435. [PMID: 31633362 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.9b00002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Amorphous solid dispersions of polymers and drugs have been shown to improve supersaturation maintenance of poorly water-soluble drugs. Herein, amorphous spray-dried dispersions (SDDs) of poly(acrylic acid)-polystyrene (PS-b-PAA) diblock copolymers with differing degrees of polymerization were prepared in aggregated and nonaggregated states with the Biopharmaceutical Classification System Class II drug, probucol (PBC). Specifically, PS90-b-PAA15, PS90-b-PAA80, PS38-b-PAA220, and PS38-b-PAA320 amphiphilic block polymers that covered a compositional range in the area of oral drug delivery were prepared to examine the role of molecular weight and controlled aggregation in promoting drug supersaturation and maintenance. In addition, hydrophilic homopolymers PAA20, PAA96, PAA226, and PAA392 were prepared as controls to evaluate the role of the block copolymer-based SDDs in PBC solubilization. Characterization such as powder X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, and dissolution tests under nonsink conditions were then performed to evaluate the SDDs. When comparing the block copolymer systems, polymers that were preaggregated into micellular structures prior to spray drying with the drug promoted higher drug solubility and maintenance than when the drug was formulated with molecularly dissolved PS-PAA block polymer. Interestingly, the aggregated PS90-b-PAA80 SDD with 25 wt % PBC achieved 100% burst release and maintained full supersaturation of PBC at pH 6.5 (physiological pH in the small intestine). Dissolution studies conducted at the pH of the stomach (pH = 1.2) show that a minimal amount of drug (∼10 μg/mL) was released, which could be used for protecting drugs from acidic environments (stomach) before reaching the small intestine. To evaluate drug bioavailability, in vitro Caco-2 cell assays were performed, which reveal that PAA-based excipients do not hinder drug permeation across the epithelial membrane and that PS90-b-PAA80 SDD with 25 wt % PBC achieved the highest membrane permeability coefficient. This work demonstrates that block copolymer-based SDDs capable of preaggregating into nanostructures may be a tunable drug-delivery platform that can improve solubility and supersaturation maintenance of Class II pharmaceutics while also not prohibiting bioavailability through model intestinal membranes. Indeed, this concept may be extended to accommodate a myriad of pharmaceutical and excipient structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anatolii A Purchel
- Department of Chemistry , University of Minnesota , 207 Pleasant St. SE , Minneapolis , Minnesota 55455-0431 , United States
| | - William S Boyle
- Department of Chemistry , University of Minnesota , 207 Pleasant St. SE , Minneapolis , Minnesota 55455-0431 , United States
| | - Theresa M Reineke
- Department of Chemistry , University of Minnesota , 207 Pleasant St. SE , Minneapolis , Minnesota 55455-0431 , United States
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15
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Ricarte RG, Van Zee NJ, Li Z, Johnson LM, Lodge TP, Hillmyer MA. Recent Advances in Understanding the Micro- and Nanoscale Phenomena of Amorphous Solid Dispersions. Mol Pharm 2019; 16:4089-4103. [PMID: 31487183 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.9b00601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Many pharmaceutical drugs in the marketplace and discovery pipeline suffer from poor aqueous solubility, thereby limiting their effectiveness for oral delivery. The use of an amorphous solid dispersion (ASD), a mixture of an active pharmaceutical ingredient and a polymer excipient, greatly enhances the aqueous dissolution performance of a drug without the need for chemical modification. Although this method is versatile and scalable, deficient understanding of the interactions between drugs and polymers inhibits ASD rational design. This current Review details recent progress in understanding the mechanisms that control ASD performance. In the solid-state, the use of high-resolution theoretical, computational, and experimental tools resolved the influence of drug/polymer phase behavior and dynamics on stability during storage. During dissolution in aqueous media, novel characterization methods revealed that ASDs can form complex nanostructures, which maintain and improve supersaturation of the drug. The studies discussed here illustrate that nanoscale phenomena, which have been directly observed and quantified, strongly affect the stability and bioavailability of ASD systems, and provide a promising direction for optimizing drug/polymer formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ralm G Ricarte
- Molecular, Macromolecular Chemistry, and Materials Laboratory, CNRS, ESPCI-Paris , PSL Research University , 10 Rue Vauquelin , 75005 Paris , France
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16
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Jankovic S, O'Dwyer PJ, Box KJ, Imanidis G, Reppas C, Kuentz M. Biphasic drug release testing coupled with diffusing wave spectroscopy for mechanistic understanding of solid dispersion performance. Eur J Pharm Sci 2019; 137:105001. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2019.105001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2019] [Revised: 07/09/2019] [Accepted: 07/10/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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17
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Rawlinson-Malone CF, Ferreira AP, Nicholls D, Nicholson S. Elucidating spray-dried dispersion dissolution mechanisms with focused beam reflectance measurement: contribution of polymer chemistry and particle properties to performance. Pharm Dev Technol 2019; 24:1055-1062. [DOI: 10.1080/10837450.2018.1559189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Sarah Nicholson
- Bristol-Myers Squibb, Drug Product Science and Technology, Moreton, UK
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18
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Zhao Z, Katai H, Higashi K, Ueda K, Kawakami K, Moribe K. Cryo-TEM and AFM Observation of the Time-Dependent Evolution of Amorphous Probucol Nanoparticles Formed by the Aqueous Dispersion of Ternary Solid Dispersions. Mol Pharm 2019; 16:2184-2198. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.9b00158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhijing Zhao
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8675, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Katai
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8675, Japan
| | - Kenjirou Higashi
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8675, Japan
| | - Keisuke Ueda
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8675, Japan
| | - Kohsaku Kawakami
- International Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics, National Institute for Materials Science, 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0044, Japan
| | - Kunikazu Moribe
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8675, Japan
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19
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Li Z, Van Zee NJ, Bates FS, Lodge TP. Polymer Nanogels as Reservoirs To Inhibit Hydrophobic Drug Crystallization. ACS NANO 2019; 13:1232-1243. [PMID: 30648859 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.8b06393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The effects of cross-link density and composition on the loading and in vitro dissolution of the drug phenytoin as amorphous solid dispersions in emulsion polymerized poly( N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAm) and poly( N-isopropylacrylamide- co- N, N-dimethylacrylamide) nanogels were investigated near the lower critical solution temperature (LCST). Nanogel size and particle density in phosphate buffered saline were quantified by dynamic light scattering (DLS) and viscometry experiments, while drug-nanogel interactions were revealed by cross peaks in aqueous-state nuclear Overhauser effect spectroscopy measurements. Spray-dried dispersions (SDDs) of drug-loaded PNIPAm nanogel particles ( R ≈ 43 nm) were directly visualized by cryogenic transmission electron microscopy and further quantified by small-angle X-ray scattering during in vitro dissolution. SDD dissolution profiles were highly dependent on the nanogel cross-link density and directly correlated with the state of dispersion of the drug-loaded nanogel particles. A balance between net particle hydrophobicity and hydrophilicity along with the distance in temperature from the LCST are shown to dictate the in vitro dissolution of the amorphous solid dispersions. Solubility enhancement mechanisms disclosed in this study provide essential guidance for the design of effective nanogels for oral drug delivery applications.
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20
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Chavan RB, Rathi S, Jyothi VGSS, Shastri NR. Cellulose based polymers in development of amorphous solid dispersions. Asian J Pharm Sci 2018; 14:248-264. [PMID: 32104456 PMCID: PMC7032228 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajps.2018.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2018] [Revised: 08/27/2018] [Accepted: 09/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Cellulose derivatives have gained immense popularity as stabilizers for amorphous solid dispersion owing to their diverse physicochemical properties. More than 20 amorphous solid dispersion-based products that have been approved for marketing consist of cellulose derivatives as stabilizers, thus highlighting their importance in generation of amorphous solid dispersions. These polymers offer numerous advantages like drug solubilization, crystallization inhibition and improvement in release patterns of drugs. Exploring their potential and exploiting their chemistry and pH responsive behaviour have led to the synthesis of new derivatives that has broadened the scope of the use of cellulose derivatives in amorphous formulation development. The present review aims to provide an overview of different mechanisms by which these cellulose derivatives inhibit the crystallization of drugs in the solid state and from supersaturated solution. A summary of different categories of cellulose derivatives along with the newly explored polymers has been provided. A special segment on strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats (SWOT) analysis and critical quality attributes (CQAs) which affect the performance of the cellulose based amorphous solid dispersion will aid the researchers in identifying the major challenges in the development of cellulose based solid dispersion and serve as a guide for further formulation development.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Nalini R Shastri
- Corresponding author. Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education & Research (NIPER), Balanagar, Hyderabad 500037, India. Tel.: +91 040 23423749.
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21
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Dharmaratne NU, Jouaneh TMM, Kiesewetter MK, Mathers RT. Quantitative Measurements of Polymer Hydrophobicity Based on Functional Group Identity and Oligomer Length. Macromolecules 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.8b01747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Terra Marie M. Jouaneh
- Department of Chemistry, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, Rhode Island 02881, United States
| | - Matthew K. Kiesewetter
- Department of Chemistry, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, Rhode Island 02881, United States
| | - Robert T. Mathers
- Department of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University, New Kensington, Pennsylvania 15068, United States
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22
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Selin M, Nummelin S, Deleu J, Ropponen J, Viitala T, Lahtinen M, Koivisto J, Hirvonen J, Peltonen L, Kostiainen MA, Bimbo LM. High-Generation Amphiphilic Janus-Dendrimers as Stabilizing Agents for Drug Suspensions. Biomacromolecules 2018; 19:3983-3993. [PMID: 30207704 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.8b00931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Pharmaceutical nanosuspensions are formed when drug crystals are suspended in aqueous media in the presence of stabilizers. This technology offers a convenient way to enhance the dissolution of poorly water-soluble drug compounds. The stabilizers exert their action through electrostatic or steric interactions, however, the molecular requirements of stabilizing agents have not been studied extensively. Here, four structurally related amphiphilic Janus-dendrimers were synthesized and screened to determine the roles of different macromolecular domains on the stabilization of drug crystals. Physical interaction and nanomilling experiments have substantiated that Janus-dendrimers with fourth generation hydrophilic dendrons were superior to third generation analogues and Poloxamer 188 in stabilizing indomethacin suspensions. Contact angle and surface plasmon resonance measurements support the hypothesis that Janus-dendrimers bind to indomethacin surfaces via hydrophobic interactions and that the number of hydrophobic alkyl tails determines the adsorption kinetics of the Janus-dendrimers. The results showed that amphiphilic Janus-dendrimers adsorb onto drug particles and thus can be used to provide steric stabilization against aggregation and recrystallization. The modular synthetic route for new amphiphilic Janus-dendrimers offers, thus, for the first time a versatile platform for stable general-use stabilizing agents of drug suspensions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Selin
- Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy , University of Helsinki , FI-00014 , Finland
| | - Sami Nummelin
- Biohybrid Materials, Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems , Aalto University , FI-00076 , Finland
| | - Jill Deleu
- Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy , University of Helsinki , FI-00014 , Finland.,Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Ghent University , 9000 Ghent , Belgium
| | - Jarmo Ropponen
- VTT-Technical Research Centre of Finland Ltd , P.O. Box 1000, FI-02044 VTT Finland
| | - Tapani Viitala
- Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Faculty of Pharmacy , University of Helsinki , FI-00014 , Finland
| | - Manu Lahtinen
- Department of Chemistry , University of Jyväskylä , FI-40014 , Finland
| | - Jari Koivisto
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Science , Aalto University , FI-00076 , Finland
| | - Jouni Hirvonen
- Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy , University of Helsinki , FI-00014 , Finland
| | - Leena Peltonen
- Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy , University of Helsinki , FI-00014 , Finland
| | - Mauri A Kostiainen
- Biohybrid Materials, Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems , Aalto University , FI-00076 , Finland.,HYBER Center of Excellence, Department of Applied Physics , Aalto University , FI-00076 , Finland
| | - Luis M Bimbo
- Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy , University of Helsinki , FI-00014 , Finland.,Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde , Glasgow , G4 ORE , United Kingdom
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23
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Aleandri S, Jankovic S, Kuentz M. Towards a better understanding of solid dispersions in aqueous environment by a fluorescence quenching approach. Int J Pharm 2018; 550:130-139. [PMID: 30130607 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2018.08.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2018] [Revised: 08/13/2018] [Accepted: 08/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Solid dispersions (SDs) represent an important formulation technique to achieve supersaturation in gastro-intestinal fluids and to enhance absorption of poorly water-soluble drugs. Extensive research was leading to a rather good understanding of SDs in the dry state, whereas the complex interactions in aqueous medium are still challenging to analyze. This paper introduces a fluorescence quenching approach together with size-exclusion chromatography to study drug and polymer interactions that emerge from SDs release testing in aqueous colloidal phase. Celecoxib was used as a model drug as it is poorly water-soluble and also exhibits native fluorescence so that quenching experiments were enabled. Different pharmaceutical polymers were evaluated by the (modified) Stern-Volmer model, which was complemented by further bulk analytics. Drug accessibility by the quencher and its affinity to celecoxib were studied in physical mixtures as well as with in SDs. The obtained differences enabled important molecular insights into the different formulations. Knowledge of relevant drug-polymer interactions and the amount of drug embedded into polymer aggregates in the aqueous phase is of high relevance for understanding of SD performance. The novel fluorescence quenching approach is highly promising for future research and it can provide guidance in early formulation development of native fluorescent compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Aleandri
- University of Applied Sciences and Arts Northwestern Switzerland, Institute of Pharma Technology, Hofackerstr. 30, Muttenz, Switzerland
| | - Sandra Jankovic
- University of Applied Sciences and Arts Northwestern Switzerland, Institute of Pharma Technology, Hofackerstr. 30, Muttenz, Switzerland; University of Basel, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Martin Kuentz
- University of Applied Sciences and Arts Northwestern Switzerland, Institute of Pharma Technology, Hofackerstr. 30, Muttenz, Switzerland.
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24
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Ting JM, Porter WW, Mecca JM, Bates FS, Reineke TM. Advances in Polymer Design for Enhancing Oral Drug Solubility and Delivery. Bioconjug Chem 2018; 29:939-952. [PMID: 29319295 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.7b00646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Synthetic polymers have enabled amorphous solid dispersions (ASDs) to emerge as an oral delivery strategy for overcoming poor drug solubility in aqueous environments. Modern ASD products noninvasively treat a range of chronic diseases (for example, hepatitis C, cystic fibrosis, and HIV). In such formulations, polymeric carriers generate and maintain drug supersaturation upon dissolution, increasing the apparent drug solubility to enhance gastrointestinal barrier absorption and oral bioavailability. In this Review, we outline several approaches in designing polymeric excipients to drive interactions with active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) in spray-dried ASDs, highlighting polymer-drug formulation guidelines from industrial and academic perspectives. Special attention is given to new commercial and specialized polymer design strategies that can solubilize highly hydrophobic APIs and suppress the propensity for rapid drug recrystallization. These molecularly customized excipients and hierarchical excipient assemblies are promising toward informing early-stage drug-discovery development and reformulating existing API candidates into potentially lifesaving oral medicines for our growing global population.
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25
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Li Z, Lenk TI, Yao LJ, Bates FS, Lodge TP. Maintaining Hydrophobic Drug Supersaturation in a Micelle Corona Reservoir. Macromolecules 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.7b02297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ziang Li
- Department
of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science and ‡Department of
Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Theodore I. Lenk
- Department
of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science and ‡Department of
Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Letitia J. Yao
- Department
of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science and ‡Department of
Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Frank S. Bates
- Department
of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science and ‡Department of
Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Timothy P. Lodge
- Department
of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science and ‡Department of
Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
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26
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Huang W, Mandal T, Larson RG. Multiscale Computational Modeling of the Nanostructure of Solid Dispersions of Hydroxypropyl Methylcellulose Acetate Succinate (HPMCAS) and Phenytoin. Mol Pharm 2017; 14:3422-3435. [PMID: 28829134 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.7b00441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We recently developed coarse-grained (CG) force fields for hydroxypropyl methylcellulose acetate succinate (HPMCAS) polymers and the model drug molecule phenytoin, and a continuum transport model to study the polymer-drug nanostructures presented during a dissolution test after solvation of solid dispersion particles. We model the polymer-drug interactions that contribute to suppression of drug aggregation, release, and crystal growth during the dissolution process, and we take these as indicators of polymer effectiveness. We find that the size and the intermolecular interaction strength of the functional group and the drug loading concentration are the major factors that impact the effectiveness of the polymeric excipient. The hydroxypropyl acetyl group is the most effective functional group, followed by the acetyl group, while the deprotonated succinyl group is the least effective functional group, except that the deprotonated succinyl group at the 6-position is very effective in slowing down the phenytoin crystal growth. Our simulation results thus suggest HPMCAS with higher acetyl and lower succinyl content is more effective in promoting phenytoin solubility in dissolution media, and polymers become less effective when drug loading becomes high (i.e., 50% of the mass of the polymer/drug solid dispersion), agreeing with previous experimental studies. In addition, our transport model indicates that the drug release time from a solid dispersion particle of 2 μm diameter is less than 10 min, correlating well with the experimental time scale for a typical dissolution profile to reach maximum peak concentration. Our modeling effort, therefore, provides new avenues to understand the dissolution behavior of complex HPMCAS-phenytoin solid dispersions and offers a new design tool to optimize the formulation. Moreover, the systematic and robust approach used in our computational models can be extended to other polymeric excipients and drug candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjun Huang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Michigan , Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-2136, United States
| | - Taraknath Mandal
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Michigan , Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-2136, United States
| | - Ronald G Larson
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Michigan , Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-2136, United States
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