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Flori L, Benedetti G, Martelli A, Calderone V. Microbiota alterations associated with vascular diseases: postbiotics as a next-generation magic bullet for gut-vascular axis. Pharmacol Res 2024; 207:107334. [PMID: 39103131 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2024.107334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2024] [Revised: 07/11/2024] [Accepted: 07/29/2024] [Indexed: 08/07/2024]
Abstract
The intestinal microbiota represents a key element in maintaining the homeostasis and health conditions of the host. Vascular pathologies and other risk factors such as aging have been recently associated with dysbiosis. The qualitative and quantitative alteration of the intestinal microbiota hinders correct metabolic homeostasis, causing structural and functional changes of the intestinal wall itself. Impairment of the intestinal microbiota, combined with the reduction of the barrier function, worsen the pathological scenarios of peripheral tissues over time, including the vascular one. Several experimental evidence, collected in this review, describes in detail the changes of the intestinal microbiota in dysbiosis associated with vascular alterations, such as atherosclerosis, hypertension, and endothelial dysfunction, the resulting metabolic disorders and how these can impact on vascular health. In this context, the gut-vascular axis is considered, for the first time, as a merged unit involved in the development and progression of vascular pathologies and as a promising target. Current approaches for the management of dysbiosis such as probiotics, prebiotics and dietary modifications act mainly on the intestinal district. Postbiotics, described as preparation of inanimate microorganisms and/or their components that confers health benefits on the host, represent an innovative strategy for a dual management of intestinal dysbiosis and vascular pathologies. In this context, this review has the further purpose of defining the positive effects of the supplementation of bacterial strains metabolites (short‑chain fatty acids, exopolysaccharides, lipoteichoic acids, gallic acid, and protocatechuic acid) restoring intestinal homeostasis and acting directly on the vascular district through the gut-vascular axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Flori
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, via Bonanno, Pisa 6-56120, Italy.
| | - Giada Benedetti
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, via Bonanno, Pisa 6-56120, Italy.
| | - Alma Martelli
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, via Bonanno, Pisa 6-56120, Italy; Interdepartmental Research Center Nutrafood "Nutraceuticals and Food for Health", University of Pisa, Pisa 56120, Italy; Interdepartmental Research Centre of Ageing Biology and Pathology, University of Pisa, Pisa 56120, Italy.
| | - Vincenzo Calderone
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, via Bonanno, Pisa 6-56120, Italy; Interdepartmental Research Center Nutrafood "Nutraceuticals and Food for Health", University of Pisa, Pisa 56120, Italy; Interdepartmental Research Centre of Ageing Biology and Pathology, University of Pisa, Pisa 56120, Italy.
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2
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Pernecker M, Ciarimboli G. Regulation of renal organic cation transporters. FEBS Lett 2024. [PMID: 38831380 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.14943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2024] [Revised: 04/30/2024] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 06/05/2024]
Abstract
Transporters for organic cations (OCs) facilitate exchange of positively charged molecules through the plasma membrane. Substrates for these transporters encompass neurotransmitters, metabolic byproducts, drugs, and xenobiotics. Consequently, these transporters actively contribute to the regulation of neurotransmission, cellular penetration and elimination process for metabolic products, drugs, and xenobiotics. Therefore, these transporters have significant physiological, pharmacological, and toxicological implications. In cells of renal proximal tubules, the vectorial secretion pathways for OCs involve expression of organic cation transporters (OCTs) and multidrug and toxin extrusion proteins (MATEs) on basolateral and apical membrane domains, respectively. This review provides an overview of documented regulatory mechanisms governing OCTs and MATEs. Additionally, regulation of these transporters under various pathological conditions is summarized. The expression and functionality of OCTs and MATEs are subject to diverse pre- and post-translational modifications, providing insights into their regulation in various pathological conditions. Typically, in diseases, downregulation of transporter expression is observed, probably as a protective mechanism to prevent additional damage to kidney tissue. This regulation may be attributed to the intricate network of modifications these transporters undergo, shedding light on their dynamic responses in pathological contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moritz Pernecker
- Experimental Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine D, University Hospital Münster, Germany
| | - Giuliano Ciarimboli
- Experimental Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine D, University Hospital Münster, Germany
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3
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Ermakov VS, Granados JC, Nigam SK. Remote effects of kidney drug transporter OAT1 on gut microbiome composition and urate homeostasis. JCI Insight 2023; 8:e172341. [PMID: 37937647 PMCID: PMC10721261 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.172341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 11/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The organic anion transporter OAT1 (SLC22A6, originally identified as NKT) is a multispecific transporter responsible for the elimination by the kidney of small organic anions that derive from the gut microbiome. Many are uremic toxins associated with chronic kidney disease (CKD). OAT1 is among a group of "drug" transporters that act as hubs in a large homeostatic network regulating interorgan and interorganismal communication via small molecules. The Remote Sensing and Signaling Theory predicts that genetic deletion of such a key hub in the network results in compensatory interorganismal communication (e.g., host-gut microbe dynamics). Recent metabolomics data from Oat1-KO mice indicate that some of the most highly affected metabolites derive from bacterial tyrosine, tryptophan, purine, and fatty acid metabolism. Functional metagenomic analysis of fecal 16S amplicon and whole-genome sequencing revealed that loss of OAT1 was impressively associated with microbial pathways regulating production of urate, gut-derived p-cresol, tryptophan derivatives, and fatty acids. Certain changes, such as alterations in gut microbiome urate metabolism, appear compensatory. Thus, Oat1 in the kidney appears to mediate remote interorganismal communication by regulating the gut microbiome composition and metabolic capability. Since OAT1 function in the proximal tubule is substantially affected in CKD, our results may shed light on the associated alterations in gut-microbiome dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Sanjay K. Nigam
- Department of Pediatrics, and
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, University of California, San Diego (UCSD), La Jolla, California, USA
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4
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Gessner A, Müller F, Wenisch P, Heinrich MR, König J, Stopfer P, Fromm MF. A Metabolomic Analysis of Sensitivity and Specificity of 23 Previously Proposed Biomarkers for Renal Transporter-Mediated Drug-Drug Interactions. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2023; 114:1058-1072. [PMID: 37540045 DOI: 10.1002/cpt.3017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 08/05/2023]
Abstract
Endogenous biomarkers are discussed as tools for detection of drug-drug interactions (DDIs) mediated by renal transport proteins, such as organic cation transporter 2 (OCT2), multidrug and toxin extrusion proteins (MATE1 and MATE2-K) and organic anion transporters (OAT1 and OAT3). Whereas sensitivity of some endogenous biomarkers against at least one clinical transporter inhibitor has frequently been shown, intra-study comparisons of the extent of effects of inhibitors on different biomarkers are frequently lacking. Moreover, in vivo specificity of such discussed biomarkers has frequently not been studied. We therefore investigated changes of 10 previously described putative biomarkers for inhibition of OCT2/MATEs, as well as 15 previously described putative biomarkers for OATs in human plasma and urine samples of healthy volunteers in response to treatment with 4 inhibitors of transport proteins [verapamil (P-glycoprotein), rifampin (organic anion transporting polypeptides), cimetidine (OCT2/MATEs), and probenecid (OATs)]. Two of the putative biomarkers had been suggested for both OCT2/MATEs and OATs. All substances were unequivocally identified in an untargeted metabolomics assay. The OCT2/MATE biomarkers choline and trimethylamine N-oxide were both sensitive and specific (median log2-fold changes -1.18 in estimated renal elimination and -0.85 in urinary excretion, respectively). For renal OATs, indoleacetyl glutamine and indoleacetic acid (median log2-fold changes -3.77 and -2.85 in estimated renal elimination, respectively) were the candidates for sensitive and specific biomarkers with the most extensive change, followed by taurine, indolelactic acid, and hypoxanthine. This comprehensive study adds further knowledge on sensitivity and specificity of 23 previously described biomarkers of renal OCT2/MATE- and OAT-mediated DDIs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arne Gessner
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Fabian Müller
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Biberach an der Riss, Germany
| | - Pia Wenisch
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Markus R Heinrich
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Jörg König
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Peter Stopfer
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Biberach an der Riss, Germany
| | - Martin F Fromm
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
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5
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Korytowska-Przybylska N, Michorowska S, Wyczałkowska-Tomasik A, Pączek L, Giebułtowicz J. Development of a novel method for the simultaneous detection of trimethylamine N-oxide and creatinine in the saliva of patients with chronic kidney disease - Its utility in saliva as an alternative to blood. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2023; 234:115519. [PMID: 37320974 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2023.115519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Revised: 06/03/2023] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is associated with increased levels of creatinine and other uremic toxins (UTs), which impaired kidneys cannot filtrate. Typically, CKD is diagnosed by calculating the estimated glomerular filtration rate using serum creatinine or cystatin C levels. In pursuit of more sensitive and reliable biomarkers of kidney dysfunction, scientific attention has turned towards other UTs, such as trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO), successfully quantified in standard matrices, blood and urine. However, less invasive monitoring of kidney function can be performed using an alternative diagnostic biofluid, saliva, which has been shown to contain clinically relevant concentrations of renal function markers. Accurate quantitative estimation of serum biomarkers using saliva measurements can only be achieved provided that there is a tight saliva-serum correlation for the analyte of interest. Therefore, we aimed to verify the correlation between saliva and serum levels of TMAO in CKD patients using newly developed and validated quantitative liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (LC-MS) method for simultaneous detection of TMAO, and creatinine - the conventional marker of renal impairment. Secondly, we applied this method to quantify TMAO and creatinine levels in the resting saliva of CKD patients collected with a standardised method involving swab-based collectors. A good linear correlation was obtained between the concentration of creatinine in serum and resting saliva of CKD patients (r = 0.72, p = 0.029) and even better in the case of TMAO (r = 0.81, p = 0.008). The analysed validation criteria were fulfilled. No significant influence of the type of swab in the Salivette® device on creatinine and TMAO concentrations in saliva was detected. Our study indicates that saliva can be successfully used in the non-invasive monitoring of renal failure in CKD by measuring salivary TMAO concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Korytowska-Przybylska
- Department of Drug Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Warsaw, 1 Banacha Street, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Sylwia Michorowska
- Department of Drug Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Warsaw, 1 Banacha Street, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Aleksandra Wyczałkowska-Tomasik
- Department of Immunology, Transplantology and Internal Diseases, Medical University of Warsaw, 59 Nowogrodzka Street, 02-006 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Leszek Pączek
- Department of Immunology, Transplantology and Internal Diseases, Medical University of Warsaw, 59 Nowogrodzka Street, 02-006 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Joanna Giebułtowicz
- Department of Drug Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Warsaw, 1 Banacha Street, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland.
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6
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Abstract
Homeostasis is a prerequisite for health. When homeostasis becomes disrupted, dysfunction occurs. This is especially the case for the gut microbiota, which under normal conditions lives in symbiosis with the host. As there are as many microbial cells in and on our body as human cells, it is unlikely they would not contribute to health or disease. The gut bacterial metabolism generates numerous beneficial metabolites but also uremic toxins and their precursors, which are transported into the circulation. Barrier function in the intestine, the heart, and the kidneys regulates metabolite transport and concentration and plays a role in inter-organ and inter-organism communication via small molecules. This communication is analyzed from the perspective of the remote sensing and signaling theory, which emphasizes the role of a large network of multispecific, oligospecific, and monospecific transporters and enzymes in regulating small-molecule homeostasis. The theory provides a systems biology framework for understanding organ cross talk and microbe-host communication involving metabolites, signaling molecules, nutrients, antioxidants, and uremic toxins. This remote small-molecule communication is critical for maintenance of homeostasis along the gut-heart-kidney axis and for responding to homeostatic perturbations. Chronic kidney disease is characterized by gut dysbiosis and accumulation of toxic metabolites. This slowly impacts the body, affecting the cardiovascular system and contributing to the progression of kidney dysfunction, which in its turn influences the gut microbiota. Preserving gut homeostasis and barrier functions or restoring gut dysbiosis and dysfunction could be a minimally invasive way to improve patient outcomes and quality of life in many diseases, including cardiovascular and kidney disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Griet Glorieux
- Nephrology Unit, Department of Internal Medicine and Pediatrics, Ghent University Hospital, Gent, Belgium (G.G., R.V., F.V.)
| | - Sanjay K Nigam
- Department of Pediatrics (S.K.N.), University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine (S.K.N.), University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Raymond Vanholder
- Nephrology Unit, Department of Internal Medicine and Pediatrics, Ghent University Hospital, Gent, Belgium (G.G., R.V., F.V.)
| | - Francis Verbeke
- Nephrology Unit, Department of Internal Medicine and Pediatrics, Ghent University Hospital, Gent, Belgium (G.G., R.V., F.V.)
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7
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Modulation of Endothelial Function by TMAO, a Gut Microbiota-Derived Metabolite. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24065806. [PMID: 36982880 PMCID: PMC10054148 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24065806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Revised: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 03/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Endothelial function is essential in the maintenance of systemic homeostasis, whose modulation strictly depends on the proper activity of tissue-specific angiocrine factors on the physiopathological mechanisms acting at both single and multi-organ levels. Several angiocrine factors take part in the vascular function itself by modulating vascular tone, inflammatory response, and thrombotic state. Recent evidence has outlined a strong relationship between endothelial factors and gut microbiota-derived molecules. In particular, the direct involvement of trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO) in the development of endothelial dysfunction and its derived pathological outcomes, such as atherosclerosis, has come to light. Indeed, the role of TMAO in the modulation of factors strictly related to the development of endothelial dysfunction, such as nitric oxide, adhesion molecules (ICAM-1, VCAM-1, and selectins), and IL-6, has been widely accepted. The aim of this review is to present the latest studies that describe a direct role of TMAO in the modulation of angiocrine factors primarily involved in the development of vascular pathologies.
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Tacconi E, Palma G, De Biase D, Luciano A, Barbieri M, de Nigris F, Bruzzese F. Microbiota Effect on Trimethylamine N-Oxide Production: From Cancer to Fitness-A Practical Preventing Recommendation and Therapies. Nutrients 2023; 15:nu15030563. [PMID: 36771270 PMCID: PMC9920414 DOI: 10.3390/nu15030563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2022] [Revised: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO) is a microbial metabolite derived from nutrients, such as choline, L-carnitine, ergothioneine and betaine. Recently, it has come under the spotlight for its close interactions with gut microbiota and implications for gastrointestinal cancers, cardiovascular disease, and systemic inflammation. The culprits in the origin of these pathologies may be food sources, in particular, high fat meat, offal, egg yolk, whole dairy products, and fatty fish, but intercalated between these food sources and the production of pro-inflammatory TMAO, the composition of gut microbiota plays an important role in modulating this process. The aim of this review is to explain how the gut microbiota interacts with the conversion of specific compounds into TMA and its oxidation to TMAO. We will first cover the correlation between TMAO and various pathologies such as dysbiosis, then focus on cardiovascular disease, with a particular emphasis on pro-atherogenic factors, and then on systemic inflammation and gastrointestinal cancers. Finally, we will discuss primary prevention and therapies that are or may become possible. Possible treatments include modulation of the gut microbiota species with diets, physical activity and supplements, and administration of drugs, such as metformin and aspirin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edoardo Tacconi
- Department of Human Science and Quality of Life Promotion, San Raffaele Roma Open University, 00166 Rome, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Palma
- S.S.D. Sperimentazione Animale, Istituto Nazionale Tumori-IRCCS-Fondazione G. Pascale, 80131 Naples, Italy
- Correspondence:
| | - Davide De Biase
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II 132, 84084 Fisciano, Italy
| | - Antonio Luciano
- S.S.D. Sperimentazione Animale, Istituto Nazionale Tumori-IRCCS-Fondazione G. Pascale, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Massimiliano Barbieri
- S.S.D. Sperimentazione Animale, Istituto Nazionale Tumori-IRCCS-Fondazione G. Pascale, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Filomena de Nigris
- Department of Precision Medicine, School of Medicine, Università degli Studi della Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, Via De Crecchio 7, 80138 Naples, Italy
| | - Francesca Bruzzese
- S.S.D. Sperimentazione Animale, Istituto Nazionale Tumori-IRCCS-Fondazione G. Pascale, 80131 Naples, Italy
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9
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Gut Microbiota-Derived TMAO: A Causal Factor Promoting Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease? Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24031940. [PMID: 36768264 PMCID: PMC9916030 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24031940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Revised: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Trimethylamine-N-oxide (TMAO) is the main diet-induced metabolite produced by the gut microbiota, and it is mainly eliminated through renal excretion. TMAO has been correlated with an increased risk of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) and related complications, such as cardiovascular mortality or major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE). Meta-analyses have postulated that high circulating TMAO levels are associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular events and all-cause mortality, but the link between TMAO and CVD remains not fully consistent. The results of prospective studies vary depending on the target population and the outcome studied, and the adjustment for renal function tends to decrease or reverse the significant association between TMAO and the outcome studied, strongly suggesting that the association is substantially mediated by renal function. Importantly, one Mendelian randomization study did not find a significant association between genetically predicted higher TMAO levels and cardiometabolic disease, but another found a positive causal relationship between TMAO levels and systolic blood pressure, which-at least in part-could explain the link with renal function. The mechanisms by which TMAO can increase this risk are not clearly elucidated, but current evidence indicates that TMAO induces cholesterol metabolism alterations, inflammation, endothelial dysfunction, and platelet activation. Overall, there is no fully conclusive evidence that TMAO is a causal factor of ASCVD, and, especially, whether TMAO induces or just is a marker of hypertension and renal dysfunction requires further study.
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10
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Jalandra R, Makharia GK, Sharma M, Kumar A. Inflammatory and deleterious role of gut microbiota-derived trimethylamine on colon cells. Front Immunol 2023; 13:1101429. [PMID: 36726978 PMCID: PMC9885123 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1101429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Trimethylamine (TMA) is produced by the intestinal microbiota as a by-product of metabolism of dietary precursors. TMA has been implicated in various chronic health conditions. However, the effect of TMA in the colon and the underlying mechanism was not clear. In this study, TMA exhibited toxic effects in vitro as well as in vivo. TMA-induced oxidative stress causes DNA damage, and compromised cell membrane integrity leading to the release of LDH outside the cells which ultimately leads to cell death. Besides, TMA also exhibited pronounced increase in cell cycle arrest at G2/M phase in both HCT116 and HT29 cell lines. TMA was found to be genotoxic and cytotoxic as the TMA concentration increased from 0.15 mM. A decreased ATP intracellular content was observed after 24 h, 48 h, and 72 h treatment in a time and dose-dependent manner. For in vivo research, TMA (100 mM, i.p. and intra-rectal) once a week for 12 weeks caused significant changes in cellular morphology of colon and rectum epithelium as assessed by H & E staining. TMA also significantly increased the infiltration of inflammatory cells in the colon and rectal epithelium indicating the severity of inflammation. In addition, TMA caused extensive mucosal damage and distortion in the epithelium, decrease in length of small intestine compared to control mice. In conclusion, these results highlight the detrimental effects of TMA in the colon and rectal epithelium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rekha Jalandra
- Gene Regulation Laboratory, National Institute of Immunology, New Delhi, India
- Department of Zoology, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak, India
| | - Govind K. Makharia
- Department of Gastroenterology and Human Nutrition, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Minakshi Sharma
- Department of Zoology, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak, India
| | - Anil Kumar
- Gene Regulation Laboratory, National Institute of Immunology, New Delhi, India
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11
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Kyaw TS, Sukmak M, Nahok K, Sharma A, Silsirivanit A, Lert-Itthiporn W, Sansurin N, Senthong V, Anutrakulchai S, Sangkhamanon S, Pinlaor S, Selmi C, Hammock BD, Cha'on U. Monosodium glutamate consumption reduces the renal excretion of trimethylamine N-oxide and the abundance of Akkermansia muciniphila in the gut. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2022; 630:158-166. [PMID: 36155062 PMCID: PMC9851609 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2022.09.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2022] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
We previously demonstrated that monosodium glutamate (MSG) consumption increases trimethylamine (TMA) level in the renal tissue as well as dimethylamine and methylamine levels in urine of rats, suggesting the effects of MSG on humans. To better define the findings, we investigated whether MSG consumption alters serum trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO) level, and as a consequence, induces kidney injury in the rat model. Adult male Wistar rats (n = 40) were randomized to be fed with a standard diet (control group) or a standard diet with 0.5, 1.5 or 3.0 g% MSG corresponding to 7, 21, or 42 g/day in 60 kg man, respectively in drinking water (MSG-treated groups), or a standard diet with 3.0 g% MSG in drinking water which was withdrawn after 4 weeks (MSG-withdrawal group). Blood and urine samples were collected to analyze the TMAO levels using 1H NMR and markers of kidney injury. Fecal samples were also collected for gut microbiota analysis. We found serum TMAO levels increased and urinary TMAO excretion decreased during MSG consumption, in parallel with the increase of the neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) excretion which subsided with the withdrawal of MSG. The fecal 16 S rRNA analysis during MSG consumption showed gut microbiota changes with a consistent suppression of Akkermansia muciniphila, a mucin producing bacteria, but not of TMA-producing bacteria. In conclusions, our findings suggested that prolonged high dose MSG consumption may cause TMAO accumulation in the blood via reduction of renal excretion associated with acute kidney injury. The mechanisms by which MSG reduced TMAO excretion require further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thin Su Kyaw
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand; Chronic Kidney Disease Prevention in the Northeast of Thailand (CKDNET), Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand.
| | - Manatsaphon Sukmak
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand; Chronic Kidney Disease Prevention in the Northeast of Thailand (CKDNET), Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand.
| | - Kanokwan Nahok
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand; Chronic Kidney Disease Prevention in the Northeast of Thailand (CKDNET), Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand.
| | - Amod Sharma
- Chronic Kidney Disease Prevention in the Northeast of Thailand (CKDNET), Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand
| | - Atit Silsirivanit
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand.
| | - Worachart Lert-Itthiporn
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand.
| | - Nichapa Sansurin
- Northeast Laboratory Animal Center, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand.
| | - Vichai Senthong
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand.
| | - Sirirat Anutrakulchai
- Chronic Kidney Disease Prevention in the Northeast of Thailand (CKDNET), Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand; Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand.
| | - Sakkarn Sangkhamanon
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand.
| | - Somchai Pinlaor
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand.
| | - Carlo Selmi
- Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center IRCCS, Rozzano, 20089, Milan, Italy; Department of Clinical Biosciences, Humanitas University, Pieve Emanuele, 20090, Milan, Italy.
| | - Bruce D Hammock
- Department of Entomology & Nematology and the UC Davis Comprehensive Cancer Research Center, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Ubon Cha'on
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand; Chronic Kidney Disease Prevention in the Northeast of Thailand (CKDNET), Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand.
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12
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Chen Y, Lu S, Zhang Y, Chen B, Zhou H, Jiang H. Examination of the emerging role of transporters in the assessment of nephrotoxicity. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2022; 18:787-804. [PMID: 36420583 DOI: 10.1080/17425255.2022.2151892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The kidney is vulnerable to various injuries based on its function in the elimination of many xenobiotics, endogenous substances and metabolites. Since transporters are critical for the renal elimination of those substances, it is urgent to understand the emerging role of transporters in nephrotoxicity. AREAS COVERED This review summarizes the contribution of major renal transporters to nephrotoxicity induced by some drugs or toxins; addresses the role of transporter-mediated endogenous metabolic disturbances in nephrotoxicity; and discusses the advantages and disadvantages of in vitro models based on transporter expression and function. EXPERT OPINION Due to the crucial role of transporters in the renal disposition of xenobiotics and endogenous substances, it is necessary to further elucidate their renal transport mechanisms and pay more attention to the underlying relationship between the transport of endogenous substances and nephrotoxicity. Considering the species differences in the expression and function of transporters, and the low expression of transporters in general cell models, in vitro humanized models, such as humanized 3D organoids, shows significant promise in nephrotoxicity prediction and mechanism study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujia Chen
- Institute of Drug Metabolism and Pharmaceutical Analysis, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Shuanghui Lu
- Institute of Drug Metabolism and Pharmaceutical Analysis, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Yingqiong Zhang
- Institute of Drug Metabolism and Pharmaceutical Analysis, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, P.R. China.,Affiliated Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Binxin Chen
- Institute of Drug Metabolism and Pharmaceutical Analysis, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Hui Zhou
- Institute of Drug Metabolism and Pharmaceutical Analysis, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, P.R. China.,Jinhua Institute of Zhejiang University, Jinhua, P.R. China
| | - Huidi Jiang
- Institute of Drug Metabolism and Pharmaceutical Analysis, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, P.R. China.,Jinhua Institute of Zhejiang University, Jinhua, P.R. China
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13
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Coding Variants of the FMO3 Gene Are Associated with the Risk of Chronic Kidney Disease: A Case-Control Study. Rep Biochem Mol Biol 2022; 11:430-439. [PMID: 36718298 PMCID: PMC9883036 DOI: 10.52547/rbmb.11.3.430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2022] [Accepted: 05/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Background Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a global health concern involving roughly one-tenth of developed countries' populations. The flavin-containing dimethylaniline monooxygenase 3 (FMO3) gene encodes an enzyme that catalyzes trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO), a toxin in CKD sufferers. This preliminary study aims to evaluate the association between coding region variations of FMO3, rs2266782G/A (E158K), rs2266780A/G (E308G), and rs1736557G/A (V257M), and the susceptibility to CKD. Methods A total of 356 participants were enrolled, including 157 patients diagnosed with CKD and 199 age-matched healthy individuals. Genotyping of FMO3 gene variations was performed via PCR-RFLP and ARMS-PCR methods. Results Our findings revealed a significant association between rs2266780A/G and rs1736557G/A and CKD under different genetic models. Compared to the GGG haplotype of rs2266782/rs1736557/rs2266780, the GAG, GAA, AAG, and AAA haplotype combinations conferred an increased risk of CKD in our population. Interaction analysis revealed that some genotype combinations, including GA/AA/AA, AA/AA/AA, GA/AA/GA, and GG/AG/AA, dramatically increased CKD risk in the Iranian population. No correlation was found between FMO3 polymorphisms and CKD stages. Discussion These observations highlight the potential impact of coding variants of the FMO3 gene on the onset of CKD. Further investigations into expanded populations and diverse races are needed to confirm our findings.
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14
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任 园, 王 佐, 薛 骏. [Gut-derived uremic toxin trimethylamine-N-oxide in cardiovascular disease under end-stage renal disease: an injury mechanism and therapeutic target]. SHENG WU YI XUE GONG CHENG XUE ZA ZHI = JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING = SHENGWU YIXUE GONGCHENGXUE ZAZHI 2022; 39:848-852. [PMID: 36008350 PMCID: PMC10957347 DOI: 10.7507/1001-5515.202110017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2021] [Revised: 06/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The main cause of death in patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD) is cardiovascular disease, and trimethylamine-N-oxide (TMAO) has been found to be one of the specific risk factors in the pathogenic process in recent years. TMAO is derived from intestinal bacterial metabolism of dietary choline, carnitine and other substances and subsequently catalyzed by flavin monooxygenase enzymes in the liver. The changes of intestinal bacteria in ESRD patients have contributed to the accumulation of gut-derived uremic toxins such as TMAO, indoxyl sulfate and indole-3-acetic acid. While elevated TMAO concentration accelerates atherosclerosis through mechanisms such as inflammation, increased scavenger receptor expression, and inhibition of reverse cholesterol transport. In this review, this research introduces the biological function, metabolic processes of TMAO and mechanisms by which TMAO promotes the progression of cardiovascular disease in ESRD patients and summarizes current interventions that may be used to reverse gut microbiota disturbances, such as activated carbon, fecal microbial transplantation, dietary improvement, probiotic and probiotic introduction. It also focuses on exploring intervention targets to reduce the gut-derived uremic toxin TMAO in order to explore the possibility of more cardiovascular disease treatments for ESRD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- 园 任
- 复旦大学附属华山医院 肾病科(上海 200040)Department of Nephrology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, P. R. China
| | - 佐元 王
- 复旦大学附属华山医院 肾病科(上海 200040)Department of Nephrology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, P. R. China
| | - 骏 薛
- 复旦大学附属华山医院 肾病科(上海 200040)Department of Nephrology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, P. R. China
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15
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Zixin Y, Lulu C, Xiangchang Z, Qing F, Binjie Z, Chunyang L, Tai R, Dongsheng O. TMAO as a potential biomarker and therapeutic target for chronic kidney disease: A review. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:929262. [PMID: 36034781 PMCID: PMC9411716 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.929262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The gut microbiota and its metabolites have become a hotspot of recent research. Trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO) metabolized by the gut microbiota is closely related to many diseases such as cardiovascular disease, chronic kidney disease, type 2 diabetes, etc. Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is an important contributor to morbidity and mortality from non-communicable diseases. Recently, increasing focus has been put on the role of TMAO in the development and progress of chronic kidney disease. The level of TMAO in patients with chronic kidney disease is significantly increased, and a high level of TMAO deteriorates chronic kidney disease. This article describes the relationship between TMAO and chronic kidney disease and the research progress of drugs targeted TMAO, providing a reference for the development of anti-chronic kidney disease drugs targeted TMAO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Zixin
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Pharmacogenetics, Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Engineering Research Center of Applied Technology of Pharmacogenomics, Ministry of Education, Changsha, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Changsha, China
| | - Chen Lulu
- Hunan Key Laboratory for Bioanalysis of Complex Matrix Samples, Changsha, China
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Affiliated Hospital of Xiangnan University, Chenzhou, China
| | - Zeng Xiangchang
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Pharmacogenetics, Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Engineering Research Center of Applied Technology of Pharmacogenomics, Ministry of Education, Changsha, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Changsha, China
| | - Fang Qing
- Hunan Key Laboratory for Bioanalysis of Complex Matrix Samples, Changsha, China
| | - Zheng Binjie
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Pharmacogenetics, Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Engineering Research Center of Applied Technology of Pharmacogenomics, Ministry of Education, Changsha, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Changsha, China
| | - Luo Chunyang
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Affiliated Hospital of Xiangnan University, Chenzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Luo Chunyang, ; Rao Tai, ; Ouyang Dongsheng,
| | - Rao Tai
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Pharmacogenetics, Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Engineering Research Center of Applied Technology of Pharmacogenomics, Ministry of Education, Changsha, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Changsha, China
- *Correspondence: Luo Chunyang, ; Rao Tai, ; Ouyang Dongsheng,
| | - Ouyang Dongsheng
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Pharmacogenetics, Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Engineering Research Center of Applied Technology of Pharmacogenomics, Ministry of Education, Changsha, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Changsha, China
- Hunan Key Laboratory for Bioanalysis of Complex Matrix Samples, Changsha, China
- *Correspondence: Luo Chunyang, ; Rao Tai, ; Ouyang Dongsheng,
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16
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TMAO to the rescue of pathogenic protein variants. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2022; 1866:130214. [PMID: 35902028 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2022.130214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Revised: 07/11/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO) is a chemical chaperone found in various organisms including humans. Various studies unveiled that it is an excellent protein-stabilizing agent, and induces folding of unstructured proteins. It is also well established that it can counteract the deleterious effects of urea, salt, and hydrostatic pressure on macromolecular integrity. There is also existence of large body of data regarding its ability to restore functional deficiency of various mutant proteins or pathogenic variants by correcting misfolding defects and inhibiting the formation of high-order toxic protein oligomers. Since an important class of human disease called "protein conformational disorders" is due to protein misfolding and/or formation of high-order oligomers, TMAO stands as a promising molecule for the therapeutic intervention of such diseases. The present review has been designed to gather a comprehensive knowledge of the TMAO's effect on the functional restoration of various mutants, identify its shortcomings and explore its potentiality as a lead molecule. Future prospects have also been suitably incorporated.
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17
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Kuo CH, Liu CH, Wang JH, Hsu BG. Serum Trimethylamine N-Oxide Levels Correlate with Metabolic Syndrome in Coronary Artery Disease Patients. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19148710. [PMID: 35886563 PMCID: PMC9318326 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19148710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Revised: 07/13/2022] [Accepted: 07/15/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO) is a gut microbial metabolite that affects atherogenesis and glucose dysregulation. The purpose of this study was to look at the link between blood TMAO levels and metabolic syndrome (MetS) in individuals with coronary artery disease (CAD). Blood samples were obtained in fasting status, and serum TMAO level was quantified by high-performance liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry. MetS and its components were defined according to the International Diabetes Federation diagnostic criteria. Of 92 enrolled patients, 51 (55.4%) had MetS. Patients with MetS had a greater proportion of hypertension and diabetes mellitus, higher body weight, waist circumference, body mass index, systolic blood pressure, fasting glucose, triglycerides, blood urea nitrogen, creatinine, C-reactive protein (CRP), insulin level, homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance, and TMAO level. Multivariable logistic regression models revealed that TMAO level (odds ratio: 1.036, 95% confidence interval: 1.005–1.067, p = 0.023) could be an effective predictor of MetS among the CAD population. In these patients, the log-TMAO level was positively associated with log-CRP (β = 0.274, p = 0.001) and negatively associated with eGFR (β = −0.235, p = 0.022). In conclusion, our study revealed a positive association between serum TMAO level and MetS among patients with CAD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiu-Huang Kuo
- Division of Nephrology, Hualien Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Hualien 97004, Taiwan;
- School of Post-Baccalaureate Chinese Medicine, Tzu Chi University, Hualien 97004, Taiwan
| | - Chin-Hung Liu
- Ph.D. Program in Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Tzu Chi University, Hualien 97004, Taiwan;
- Department of Pharmacology, Tzu Chi University, Hualien 97004, Taiwan
| | - Ji-Hung Wang
- Division of Cardiology, Hualien Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Hualien 97004, Taiwan
- School of Medicine, Tzu Chi University, Hualien 97004, Taiwan
- Correspondence: (J.-H.W.); (B.-G.H.)
| | - Bang-Gee Hsu
- Division of Nephrology, Hualien Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Hualien 97004, Taiwan;
- School of Medicine, Tzu Chi University, Hualien 97004, Taiwan
- Correspondence: (J.-H.W.); (B.-G.H.)
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18
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Wu ZE, Kruger MC, Cooper GJS, Sequeira IR, McGill AT, Poppitt SD, Fraser K. Dissecting the relationship between plasma and tissue metabolome in a cohort of women with obesity: Analysis of subcutaneous and visceral adipose, muscle, and liver. FASEB J 2022; 36:e22371. [PMID: 35704337 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202101812r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Revised: 04/30/2022] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Untargeted metabolomics of blood samples has become widely applied to study metabolic alterations underpinning disease and to identify biomarkers. However, understanding the relevance of a blood metabolite marker can be challenging if it is unknown whether it reflects the concentration in relevant tissues. To explore this field, metabolomic and lipidomic profiles of plasma, four sites of adipose tissues (ATs) from peripheral or central depot, two sites of muscle tissue, and liver tissue from a group of nondiabetic women with obesity who were scheduled to undergo bariatric surgery (n = 21) or other upper GI surgery (n = 5), were measured by liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry. Relationships between plasma and tissue profiles were examined using Pearson correlation analysis subject to Benjamini-Hochberg correction. Plasma metabolites and lipids showed the highest number of significantly positive correlations with their corresponding concentrations in liver tissue, including lipid species of ceramide, mono- and di-hexosylceramide, sphingomyelin, phosphatidylcholine (PC), phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), lysophosphatidylethanolamine, dimethyl phosphatidylethanolamine, ether-linked PC, ether-linked PE, free fatty acid, cholesteryl ester, diacylglycerol and triacylglycerol, and polar metabolites linked to several metabolic functions and gut microbial metabolism. Plasma also showed significantly positive correlations with muscle for several phospholipid species and polar metabolites linked to metabolic functions and gut microbial metabolism, and with AT for several triacylglycerol species. In conclusion, plasma metabolomic and lipidomic profiles were reflective more of the liver profile than any of the muscle or AT sites examined in the present study. Our findings highlighted the importance of taking into consideration the metabolomic relationship of various tissues with plasma when postulating plasma metabolites marker to underlying mechanisms occurring in a specific tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhanxuan E Wu
- Food Chemistry and Structure, AgResearch Limited, Palmerston North, New Zealand.,School of Health Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand.,High-Value Nutrition National Science Challenge, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Marlena C Kruger
- School of Health Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand.,Riddet Institute, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Garth J S Cooper
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.,Department of Medicine, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.,Centre for Advanced Discovery and Experimental Therapeutics, School of Medical Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Ivana R Sequeira
- High-Value Nutrition National Science Challenge, Auckland, New Zealand.,School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.,Human Nutrition Unit, School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Anne-Thea McGill
- Human Nutrition Unit, School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Sally D Poppitt
- High-Value Nutrition National Science Challenge, Auckland, New Zealand.,Riddet Institute, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand.,Department of Medicine, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.,Human Nutrition Unit, School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Karl Fraser
- Food Chemistry and Structure, AgResearch Limited, Palmerston North, New Zealand.,High-Value Nutrition National Science Challenge, Auckland, New Zealand.,Riddet Institute, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
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19
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Effects of acute administration of trimethylamine N-oxide on endothelial function: a translational study. Sci Rep 2022; 12:8664. [PMID: 35606406 PMCID: PMC9127094 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-12720-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Elevated circulating levels of nutrient-derived trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO) have been associated with the onset and progression of cardiovascular disease by promoting athero-thrombosis. However, in conditions like bariatric surgery (Roux-en-Y gastric bypass, RYGB), stable increases of plasma TMAO are associated with improved endothelial function and reduced cardiovascular morbidity and mortality, thus questioning whether a mechanistic relationship between TMAO and endothelial dysfunction exists. Herein, we translationally assessed the effects of acute TMAO exposure on endothelial dysfunction, thrombosis and stroke. After RYGB, fasting circulating levels of TMAO increased in patients and obese rats, in parallel with an improved gluco-lipid profile and higher circulating bile acids. The latter enhanced FXR-dependent signalling in rat livers, which may lead to higher TMAO synthesis post RYGB. In lean rats, acute TMAO injection (7 mg kg-1) 1.5-h before sacrifice and ex-vivo 30-min incubation of thoracic aortas with 10-6 M TMAO did not impair vasodilation in response to acetylcholine (Ach), glucagon-like peptide 1, or insulin. Similarly, in lean WT mice (n = 5-6), TMAO injection prior to subjecting mice to ischemic stroke or arterial thrombosis did not increase its severity compared to vehicle treated mice. Endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) activity and intracellular stress-activated pathways remained unaltered in aorta of TMAO-injected rats, as assessed by Western Blot. Pre-incubation of human aortic endothelial cells with TMAO (10-6 M) did not alter NO release in response to Ach. Our results indicate that increased plasmatic TMAO in the near-physiological range seems to be a neutral bystander to vascular function as translationally seen in patients after bariatric surgery or in healthy lean rodent models and in endothelial cells exposed acutely to TMAO.
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20
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Trimethylamine N-Oxide (TMAO) Impairs Purinergic Induced Intracellular Calcium Increase and Nitric Oxide Release in Endothelial Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23073982. [PMID: 35409341 PMCID: PMC8999849 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23073982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Revised: 03/29/2022] [Accepted: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO) is a diet derived compound directly introduced through foodstuff, or endogenously synthesized from its precursors, primarily choline, L-carnitine, and ergothioneine. New evidence outlines high TMAO plasma concentrations in patients with overt cardiovascular disease, but its direct role in pathological development is still controversial. The purpose of the study was to evaluate the role of TMAO in affecting key intracellular factors involved in endothelial dysfunction development, such as reactive oxygen species, mitochondrial health, calcium balance, and nitric oxide release using bovine aortic endothelial cells (BAE-1). Cell viability and oxidative stress indicators were monitored after acute and prolonged TMAO treatment. The role of TMAO in interfering with the physiological purinergic vasodilatory mechanism after ATP stimulation was defined through measurements of the rise of intracellular calcium, nitric oxide release, and eNOS phosphorylation at Ser1179 (eNOSSer1179). TMAO was not cytotoxic for BAE-1 and it did not induce the rise of reactive oxygen species and impairment of mitochondrial membrane potential, either in the basal condition or in the presence of a stressor. In contrast, TMAO modified the purinergic response affecting intracellular ATP-induced calcium increase, nitric oxide release, and eNOSSer1179. Results obtained suggest a possible implication of TMAO in impairing the endothelial-dependent vasodilatory mechanism.
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21
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The Interplay between Uremic Toxins and Albumin, Membrane Transporters and Drug Interaction. Toxins (Basel) 2022; 14:toxins14030177. [PMID: 35324674 PMCID: PMC8949274 DOI: 10.3390/toxins14030177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Revised: 02/21/2022] [Accepted: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Uremic toxins are a heterogeneous group of molecules that accumulate in the body due to the progression of chronic kidney disease (CKD). These toxins are associated with kidney dysfunction and the development of comorbidities in patients with CKD, being only partially eliminated by dialysis therapies. Importantly, drugs used in clinical treatments may affect the levels of uremic toxins, their tissue disposition, and even their elimination through the interaction of both with proteins such as albumin and cell membrane transporters. In this context, protein-bound uremic toxins (PBUTs) are highlighted for their high affinity for albumin, the most abundant serum protein with multiple binding sites and an ability to interact with drugs. Membrane transporters mediate the cellular influx and efflux of various uremic toxins, which may also compete with drugs as substrates, and both may alter transporter activity or expression. Therefore, this review explores the interaction mechanisms between uremic toxins and albumin, as well as membrane transporters, considering their potential relationship with drugs used in clinical practice.
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22
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Han C, Zheng J, Wang F, Lu Q, Chen Q, Hu A, Visentin M, Kullak-Ublick GA, Gai Z, Chu L. The Role of NF-kB in the Downregulation of Organic Cation Transporter 2 Expression and Renal Cation Secretion in Kidney Disease. Front Med (Lausanne) 2022; 8:800421. [PMID: 35059420 PMCID: PMC8763702 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2021.800421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Organic cation transporter 2 (OCT2), encoded by the SLC22A2 gene, is the main cation transporter on the basolateral membrane of proximal tubular cells. OCT2 facilitates the entry step of the vectorial transport of most cations from the peritubular space into the urine. OCT2 downregulation in kidney disease models is apparent, yet not clear from a mechanistic vantage point. The aim of this study was to explore the role of inflammation, a common thread in kidney disease, and NF-kB in OCT2 modulation and tubular secretion. Among the OCTs, OCT2 was found consistently downregulated in the kidney of rats with chronic kidney disease (CKD) or acute kidney injury (AKI) and in patients diagnosed with CKD, and it was associated with the upregulation of TNFα renal expression. Exposure to TNFα reduced the expression and function of OCT2 in primary renal proximal tubule epithelial cells (RPTEC). Silencing or pharmacological inhibition of NF-kB rescued the expression of OCT2 in the presence of TNFα, indicating that OCT2 repression was NF-kB-dependent. In silico prediction coupled to gene reporter assay demonstrated the presence of at least one functional NF-kB cis-element upstream the transcription starting site of the SLC22A2 gene. Acute inflammation triggered by lipopolysaccharide injection induced TNFα expression and the downregulation of OCT2 in rat kidney. The inflammation did reduce the active secretion of the cation Rhodamine 123, with no impairment of the glomerular filtration. In conclusion, the NF-kB pathway plays a major role in the transcriptional regulation of OCT2 and, in turn, in the overall renal secretory capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Han
- Department of Nephrology, Tengzhou Central People's Hospital, Zaozhuang, China
| | - Juan Zheng
- Department of Joint Laboratory for Translational Medicine Research, Liaocheng University/Liaocheng People's Hospital, Liaocheng, China
| | - Fengyi Wang
- Department of Urology, Tengzhou Central People's Hospital, Zaozhuang, China
| | - Qingyang Lu
- Department of Pathology, Liaocheng People's Hospital, Liaocheng, China
| | - Qingfa Chen
- Institute for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Liaocheng University/Liaocheng People's Hospital, Liaocheng, China
| | - Ankang Hu
- Laboratory Animal Center, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Michele Visentin
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Gerd A Kullak-Ublick
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Zhibo Gai
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Innovation Research Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Lei Chu
- Department of Urology, The Affiliated Tengzhou Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Zaozhuang, China.,Department of Urology, Affiliated Tengzhou Hospital of Jining Medical University, Zaozhuang, China
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Shimizu M, Hayasaka R, Kamiya Y, Yamazaki H. Trivariate Linear Regression and Machine Learning Prediction of Possible Roles of Efflux Transporters in Estimated Intestinal Permeability Values of 301 Disparate Chemicals. Biol Pharm Bull 2022; 45:1142-1157. [DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b22-00221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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24
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Kumari K, Warepam M, Bansal AK, Dar TA, Uversky VN, Singh LR. The gut metabolite, trimethylamine N-oxide inhibits protein folding by affecting cis-trans isomerization and induces cell cycle arrest. Cell Mol Life Sci 2021; 79:12. [PMID: 34953141 PMCID: PMC11072907 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-021-04087-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Revised: 12/09/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Trimethylamine N-Oxide (TMAO) is an important metabolite, which is derived from choline, betaine, and carnitine in various organisms. In humans, it is synthesized through gut microbiota and is abundantly found in serum and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). Although TMAO is a stress protectant especially in urea-rich organisms, it is an atherogenic agent in humans and is associated with various diseases. Studies have also unveiled its exceptional role in protein folding and restoration of mutant protein functions. However, most of these data were obtained from studies carried on fast-folding proteins. In the present study, we have investigated the effect of TMAO on the folding behavior of a well-characterized protein with slow folding kinetics, carbonic anhydrase (CA). We discovered that TMAO inhibits the folding of this protein via its effect on proline cis-trans isomerization. Furthermore, TMAO is capable of inducing cell cycle arrest. This study highlights the potential role of TMAO in developing proteopathies and associated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kritika Kumari
- Dr. B. R. Ambedkar Center for Biomedical Research, University of Delhi, Delhi, 110007, India
| | - Marina Warepam
- Department of Biotechnology, Manipur University, Manipur, 795003, India
| | - Aniket Kumar Bansal
- Dr. B. R. Ambedkar Center for Biomedical Research, University of Delhi, Delhi, 110007, India
| | - Tanveer Ali Dar
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, University of Kashmir, Srinagar, 190006, Jammu and Kashmir, India
| | - Vladimir N Uversky
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Byrd Alzheimer's Research Institute, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, 33620, USA
- Institute for Biomedical Instrumentation of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Federal Research Center "Pushchino Scientific Center for Biological Research of the Russian Academy of Sciences", Pushchino, 142290, Moscow, Russia
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25
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Jain A, Huang R, Lee J, Jawa N, Lim YJ, Guron M, Abish S, Boutros PC, Brudno M, Carleton B, Cuvelier GDE, Gunaratnam L, Ho C, Adeli K, Kuruvilla S, Lajoie G, Liu G, Nathan PC, Rod Rassekh S, Rieder M, Waikar SS, Welch SA, Weir MA, Winquist E, Wishart DS, Zorzi AP, Blydt-Hansen T, Zappitelli M, Urquhart B. A Canadian Study of Cisplatin Metabolomics and Nephrotoxicity (ACCENT): A Clinical Research Protocol. Can J Kidney Health Dis 2021; 8:20543581211057708. [PMID: 34820133 PMCID: PMC8606978 DOI: 10.1177/20543581211057708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Cisplatin, a chemotherapy used to treat solid tumors, causes acute kidney injury (AKI), a known risk factor for chronic kidney disease and mortality. AKI diagnosis relies on biomarkers which are only measurable after kidney damage has occurred and functional impairment is apparent; this prevents timely AKI diagnosis and treatment. Metabolomics seeks to identify metabolite patterns involved in cell tissue metabolism related to disease or patient factors. The A Canadian study of Cisplatin mEtabolomics and NephroToxicity (ACCENT) team was established to harness the power of metabolomics to identify novel biomarkers that predict risk and discriminate for presence of cisplatin nephrotoxicity, so that early intervention strategies to mitigate onset and severity of AKI can be implemented. Objective: Describe the design and methods of the ACCENT study which aims to identify and validate metabolomic profiles in urine and serum associated with risk for cisplatin-mediated nephrotoxicity in children and adults. Design: Observational prospective cohort study. Setting: Six Canadian oncology centers (3 pediatric, 1 adult and 2 both). Patients: Three hundred adults and 300 children planned to receive cisplatin therapy. Measurements: During two cisplatin infusion cycles, serum and urine will be measured for creatinine and electrolytes to ascertain AKI. Many patient and disease variables will be collected prospectively at baseline and throughout therapy. Metabolomic analyses of serum and urine will be done using mass spectrometry. An untargeted metabolomics approach will be used to analyze serum and urine samples before and after cisplatin infusions to identify candidate biomarkers of cisplatin AKI. Candidate metabolites will be validated using an independent cohort. Methods: Patients will be recruited before their first cycle of cisplatin. Blood and urine will be collected at specified time points before and after cisplatin during the first infusion and an infusion later during cancer treatment. The primary outcome is AKI, defined using a traditional serum creatinine-based definition and an electrolyte abnormality-based definition. Chart review 3 months after cisplatin therapy end will be conducted to document kidney health and survival. Limitations: It may not be possible to adjust for all measured and unmeasured confounders when evaluating prediction of AKI using metabolite profiles. Collection of data across multiple sites will be a challenge. Conclusions: ACCENT is the largest study of children and adults treated with cisplatin and aims to reimagine the current model for AKI diagnoses using metabolomics. The identification of biomarkers predicting and detecting AKI in children and adults treated with cisplatin can greatly inform future clinical investigations and practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anshika Jain
- Child Health Evaluative Sciences, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Ryan Huang
- Child Health Evaluative Sciences, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Jasmine Lee
- Child Health Evaluative Sciences, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Natasha Jawa
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Pediatrics, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Yong Jin Lim
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, Western University, London, ON, Canada
| | - Mike Guron
- Department of Pediatrics, BC Children's Hospital, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Sharon Abish
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Montreal Children's Hospital, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Paul C Boutros
- Computational Biology Program, Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, Toronto, Canada.,Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Michael Brudno
- Department of Computer Science, University of Toronto, ON, Canada.,Canada Centre for Computational Medicine, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Bruce Carleton
- Department of Pediatrics, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada.,Pharmaceutical Outcomes Programme, BC Children's Hospital, Vancouver, Canada.,BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, Canada
| | | | - Lakshman Gunaratnam
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, ON, Canada
| | - Cheryl Ho
- Medical Oncology, BC Cancer, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Khosrow Adeli
- Molecular Medicine, Research Institute, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada.,University of Toronto, ON, Canada, Canada
| | - Sara Kuruvilla
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Oncology, Western University, London, ON, Canada
| | - Giles Lajoie
- Department of Biochemistry, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, Western University, London, ON, Canada
| | - Geoffrey Liu
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Paul C Nathan
- Division of Haematology/Oncology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Shahrad Rod Rassekh
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Hematology/Oncology/Bone Marrow Transplantation, BC Children's Hospital, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Michael Rieder
- Department of Pediatrics, Western University, London, ON, Canada
| | - Sushrut S Waikar
- Section of Nephrology, Boston University School of Medicine, MA, USA.,Boston Medical Center, MA, USA
| | - Stephen A Welch
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Oncology, Western University, London, ON, Canada
| | - Matthew A Weir
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, ON, Canada
| | - Eric Winquist
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Oncology, Western University, London, ON, Canada
| | - David S Wishart
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Alexandra P Zorzi
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital, Western University, London, ON, Canada
| | - Tom Blydt-Hansen
- Department of Pediatrics, BC Children's Hospital, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Michael Zappitelli
- Child Health Evaluative Sciences, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Division of Nephrology, Department of Pediatrics, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Bradley Urquhart
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, Western University, London, ON, Canada
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Wang J, Shi X, Xiong M, Tan WS, Cai H. Trehalose glycopolymers for cryopreservation of tissue-engineered constructs. Cryobiology 2021; 104:47-55. [PMID: 34800528 DOI: 10.1016/j.cryobiol.2021.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Revised: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
The development of an effective cryopreservation method to achieve off-the-shelf and bioactive tissue-engineered constructs (TECs) is important to meet the requirements for clinical applications. The trehalose, a non-permeable cryoprotectant (CPA), has difficulty in penetrating the plasma membranes of mammalian cells and has only been used in combination with other cell penetrating CPA (such as DMSO) to cryopreserve mammalian cells. However, the inherent cytotoxicity of DMSO results in increasing risks with respect to cryopreserved cells. Therefore, in this study, permeable trehalose glycopolymers were synthesised for cryopreservation of TECs. The trehalose glycopolymers exhibited good ice inhibiting activities and biocompatibilities. Furthermore, the viability and function of TECs after cryopreservation with 5.0 wt% S2 were similar to those of the non-cryopreserved TECs. We developed an effective preservation strategy for the off-the-shelf availability of TECs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, PR China
| | - Xiaodi Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, PR China
| | - Minghao Xiong
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, PR China
| | - Wen-Song Tan
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, PR China
| | - Haibo Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, PR China.
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27
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Krueger ES, Lloyd TS, Tessem JS. The Accumulation and Molecular Effects of Trimethylamine N-Oxide on Metabolic Tissues: It's Not All Bad. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13082873. [PMID: 34445033 PMCID: PMC8400152 DOI: 10.3390/nu13082873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2021] [Revised: 08/15/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Since elevated serum levels of trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO) were first associated with increased risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD), TMAO research among chronic diseases has grown exponentially. We now know that serum TMAO accumulation begins with dietary choline metabolism across the microbiome-liver-kidney axis, which is typically dysregulated during pathogenesis. While CVD research links TMAO to atherosclerotic mechanisms in vascular tissue, its molecular effects on metabolic tissues are unclear. Here we report the current standing of TMAO research in metabolic disease contexts across relevant tissues including the liver, kidney, brain, adipose, and muscle. Since poor blood glucose management is a hallmark of metabolic diseases, we also explore the variable TMAO effects on insulin resistance and insulin production. Among metabolic tissues, hepatic TMAO research is the most common, whereas its effects on other tissues including the insulin producing pancreatic β-cells are largely unexplored. Studies on diseases including obesity, diabetes, liver diseases, chronic kidney disease, and cognitive diseases reveal that TMAO effects are unique under pathologic conditions compared to healthy controls. We conclude that molecular TMAO effects are highly context-dependent and call for further research to clarify the deleterious and beneficial molecular effects observed in metabolic disease research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily S. Krueger
- Department of Nutrition, Dietetics and Food Science, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, USA; (E.S.K.); (T.S.L.)
| | - Trevor S. Lloyd
- Department of Nutrition, Dietetics and Food Science, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, USA; (E.S.K.); (T.S.L.)
- Medical Education Program, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Jeffery S. Tessem
- Department of Nutrition, Dietetics and Food Science, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, USA; (E.S.K.); (T.S.L.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-801-422-9082
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28
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Gessner A, di Giuseppe R, Koch M, Fromm MF, Lieb W, Maas R. Trimethylamine-N-oxide (TMAO) determined by LC-MS/MS: distribution and correlates in the population-based PopGen cohort. Clin Chem Lab Med 2021; 58:733-740. [PMID: 32084001 DOI: 10.1515/cclm-2019-1146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2019] [Accepted: 01/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Background Accumulating evidence indicates that trimethylamine-N-oxide (TMAO) may play a causal role in cardiovascular disease (CVD), chronic kidney disease (CKD) and type 2 diabetes (T2D). TMAO plasma concentrations show considerable intra- and inter-individual variation, underscoring the need for a reference interval in the general population to identify elevated TMAO concentrations. Methods TMAO concentrations were determined using an LC-MS/MS assay in a community-based sample of the PopGen control cohort consisting of 694 participants (54% men; aged 25-82 years) free of clinical CVD, CKD and T2D. We defined reference intervals for TMAO concentrations in human plasma using the 2.5th and 97.5th percentiles. Using multivariable regression analysis we analyzed the association of estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), sex, and dietary intake and TMAO plasma concentrations. Results TMAO plasma concentrations were positively skewed and differed by sex. The median TMAO plasma concentration in men was 3.91 (Q1-Q3: 2.87-6.10) μmol/L and the reference interval 1.28-19.67 μmol/L (2.5th-97.5th percentile). In women median TMAO plasma concentration was 3.56 (Q1-Q3: 2.41-5.15) μmol/L and the reference interval 1.08-17.12 μmol/L. In multivariable regression analysis plasma TMAO was associated with sex, renal function and diet. The association of TMAO and diet was significant for intake of fish and shellfish in men only. Conclusions In a community-based sample free of apparent CVD and renal disease, we report the distribution of TMAO plasma concentrations with sex, renal function and diet as factors associated with plasma TMAO, and suggest reference intervals. These data may facilitate standardized comparisons of TMAO across populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arne Gessner
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Romina di Giuseppe
- Institute of Epidemiology, University Hospital of Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Manja Koch
- Institute of Epidemiology, University Hospital of Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Martin F Fromm
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Lieb
- Institute of Epidemiology, University Hospital of Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Renke Maas
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
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29
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Catalá R, López-Cobollo R, Berbís MÁ, Jiménez-Barbero J, Salinas J. Trimethylamine N-oxide is a new plant molecule that promotes abiotic stress tolerance. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021; 7:7/21/eabd9296. [PMID: 34138745 PMCID: PMC8133759 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abd9296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO) is a well-known naturally occurring osmolyte in animals that counteracts the effect of different denaturants related to environmental stress and has recently been associated with severe human chronic diseases. In plants, however, the presence of TMAO has not yet been reported. In this study, we demonstrate that plants contain endogenous levels of TMAO, that it is synthesized by flavin-containing monooxygenases, and that its levels increase in response to abiotic stress conditions. In addition, our results reveal that TMAO operates as a protective osmolyte in plants, promoting appropriate protein folding and as an activator of abiotic stress-induced gene expression. Consistent with these functions, we show that TMAO enhances plant adaptation to low temperatures, drought, and high salt. We have thus uncovered a previously unidentified plant molecule that positively regulates abiotic stress tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Catalá
- Departamento de Biotecnología Microbiana y de Plantas, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas-CSIC, Madrid 28040, Spain.
| | - Rosa López-Cobollo
- Departamento de Biotecnología Microbiana y de Plantas, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas-CSIC, Madrid 28040, Spain
| | - M Álvaro Berbís
- Departamento de Biología Estructural y Química, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas-CSIC, Madrid 28040, Spain
| | - Jesús Jiménez-Barbero
- Departamento de Biología Estructural y Química, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas-CSIC, Madrid 28040, Spain
| | - Julio Salinas
- Departamento de Biotecnología Microbiana y de Plantas, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas-CSIC, Madrid 28040, Spain.
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30
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Favero C, Carriazo S, Cuarental L, Fernandez-Prado R, Gomá-Garcés E, Perez-Gomez MV, Ortiz A, Fernandez-Fernandez B, Sanchez-Niño MD. Phosphate, Microbiota and CKD. Nutrients 2021; 13:1273. [PMID: 33924419 PMCID: PMC8070653 DOI: 10.3390/nu13041273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2021] [Revised: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Phosphate is a key uremic toxin associated with adverse outcomes. As chronic kidney disease (CKD) progresses, the kidney capacity to excrete excess dietary phosphate decreases, triggering compensatory endocrine responses that drive CKD-mineral and bone disorder (CKD-MBD). Eventually, hyperphosphatemia develops, and low phosphate diet and phosphate binders are prescribed. Recent data have identified a potential role of the gut microbiota in mineral bone disorders. Thus, parathyroid hormone (PTH) only caused bone loss in mice whose microbiota was enriched in the Th17 cell-inducing taxa segmented filamentous bacteria. Furthermore, the microbiota was required for PTH to stimulate bone formation and increase bone mass, and this was dependent on bacterial production of the short-chain fatty acid butyrate. We review current knowledge on the relationship between phosphate, microbiota and CKD-MBD. Topics include microbial bioactive compounds of special interest in CKD, the impact of dietary phosphate and phosphate binders on the gut microbiota, the modulation of CKD-MBD by the microbiota and the potential therapeutic use of microbiota to treat CKD-MBD through the clinical translation of concepts from other fields of science such as the optimization of phosphorus utilization and the use of phosphate-accumulating organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Favero
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, IIS-Fundacion Jimenez Diaz, Universidad Autonoma de Madrid, Av Reyes Católicos 2, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (C.F.); (S.C.); (L.C.); (R.F.-P.); (E.G.-G.); (M.V.P.-G.)
| | - Sol Carriazo
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, IIS-Fundacion Jimenez Diaz, Universidad Autonoma de Madrid, Av Reyes Católicos 2, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (C.F.); (S.C.); (L.C.); (R.F.-P.); (E.G.-G.); (M.V.P.-G.)
- Red de Investigacion Renal (REDINREN), Av Reyes Católicos 2, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Leticia Cuarental
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, IIS-Fundacion Jimenez Diaz, Universidad Autonoma de Madrid, Av Reyes Católicos 2, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (C.F.); (S.C.); (L.C.); (R.F.-P.); (E.G.-G.); (M.V.P.-G.)
- Red de Investigacion Renal (REDINREN), Av Reyes Católicos 2, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Raul Fernandez-Prado
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, IIS-Fundacion Jimenez Diaz, Universidad Autonoma de Madrid, Av Reyes Católicos 2, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (C.F.); (S.C.); (L.C.); (R.F.-P.); (E.G.-G.); (M.V.P.-G.)
- Red de Investigacion Renal (REDINREN), Av Reyes Católicos 2, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Elena Gomá-Garcés
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, IIS-Fundacion Jimenez Diaz, Universidad Autonoma de Madrid, Av Reyes Católicos 2, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (C.F.); (S.C.); (L.C.); (R.F.-P.); (E.G.-G.); (M.V.P.-G.)
| | - Maria Vanessa Perez-Gomez
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, IIS-Fundacion Jimenez Diaz, Universidad Autonoma de Madrid, Av Reyes Católicos 2, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (C.F.); (S.C.); (L.C.); (R.F.-P.); (E.G.-G.); (M.V.P.-G.)
- Red de Investigacion Renal (REDINREN), Av Reyes Católicos 2, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Alberto Ortiz
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, IIS-Fundacion Jimenez Diaz, Universidad Autonoma de Madrid, Av Reyes Católicos 2, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (C.F.); (S.C.); (L.C.); (R.F.-P.); (E.G.-G.); (M.V.P.-G.)
- Red de Investigacion Renal (REDINREN), Av Reyes Católicos 2, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Beatriz Fernandez-Fernandez
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, IIS-Fundacion Jimenez Diaz, Universidad Autonoma de Madrid, Av Reyes Católicos 2, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (C.F.); (S.C.); (L.C.); (R.F.-P.); (E.G.-G.); (M.V.P.-G.)
- Red de Investigacion Renal (REDINREN), Av Reyes Católicos 2, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Maria Dolores Sanchez-Niño
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, IIS-Fundacion Jimenez Diaz, Universidad Autonoma de Madrid, Av Reyes Católicos 2, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (C.F.); (S.C.); (L.C.); (R.F.-P.); (E.G.-G.); (M.V.P.-G.)
- Red de Investigacion Renal (REDINREN), Av Reyes Católicos 2, 28040 Madrid, Spain
- School of Medicine, Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Universidad Autonoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
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Neul C, Hofmann U, Schaeffeler E, Winter S, Klein K, Giacomini KM, Eichelbaum M, Schwab M, Nies AT. Characterization of cytochrome P450 (CYP) 2D6 drugs as substrates of human organic cation transporters and multidrug and toxin extrusion proteins. Br J Pharmacol 2021; 178:1459-1474. [PMID: 33434947 DOI: 10.1111/bph.15370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Revised: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE The metabolic activity of cytochrome P450 (CYP) 2D6 is highly variable and CYP2D6 genotypes insufficiently explain the extensive and intermediate metabolic phenotypes, limiting the prediction of drug response plus adverse drug reactions. Since CYP2D6 prototypic substrates are positively charged, the aim of this study was to evaluate the organic cation transporters (OCTs) and multidrug and toxin extrusion proteins (MATEs) as potential contributors to the variability of CYP2D6 hydroxylation of debrisoquine, dextromethorphan, diphenhydramine, perhexiline and sparteine. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH OCT1/SLC22A1-, OCT2/SLC22A2-, OCT3/SLC22A3-, MATE1/SLC47A1-, and MATE2K/SLC47A2-overexpressing cell lines were used to investigate the transport of the selected drugs. Individuals from a study cohort, well defined with respect to CYP2D6 genotype and sparteine pharmacokinetics, were genotyped for the common OCT1 variants rs12208357 (OCT1-R61C), rs34130495 (OCT1-G401S), rs202220802 (OCT1-Met420del), rs34059508 (OCT1-G465R), OCT2 variant rs316019 (OCT2-A270S) and MATE1 variant rs2289669. Sparteine pharmacokinetics was stratified according to CYP2D6 and OCT1, OCT2 or MATE1 genotype. KEY RESULTS OCTs and MATE1 transport sparteine and debrisoquine with high affinity in vitro, but OCT- and MATE1-dependent transport of dextromethorphan, diphenhydramine and perhexiline was not detected. Sparteine and debrisoquine transport depends on OCT1 genotype; however, sparteine pharmacokinetics is independent from OCT1 genotype. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS Some drugs that are substrates of CYP2D6 are also substrates of OCTs and MATE1, suggesting overlapping specificities. Variability in sparteine hydroxylation in extensive and intermediate metabolizers cannot be explained by OCT1 genetic variants indicating presence of other factors. Dose-dependent toxicities of dextromethorphan, diphenhydramine and perhexiline appear to be independent from OCTs and MATEs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Neul
- Dr. Margarete Fischer-Bosch Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Stuttgart, Germany.,University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Ute Hofmann
- Dr. Margarete Fischer-Bosch Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Stuttgart, Germany.,University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Elke Schaeffeler
- Dr. Margarete Fischer-Bosch Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Stuttgart, Germany.,University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany.,Cluster of Excellence iFIT (EXC2180) "Image-Guided and Functionally Instructed Tumor Therapies", University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Stefan Winter
- Dr. Margarete Fischer-Bosch Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Stuttgart, Germany.,University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Kathrin Klein
- Dr. Margarete Fischer-Bosch Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Stuttgart, Germany.,University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Kathleen M Giacomini
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA.,Institute of Human Genetics, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Michel Eichelbaum
- Dr. Margarete Fischer-Bosch Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Stuttgart, Germany.,University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Matthias Schwab
- Dr. Margarete Fischer-Bosch Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Stuttgart, Germany.,University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany.,Cluster of Excellence iFIT (EXC2180) "Image-Guided and Functionally Instructed Tumor Therapies", University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany.,Departments of Clinical Pharmacology, Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Anne T Nies
- Dr. Margarete Fischer-Bosch Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Stuttgart, Germany.,University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany.,Cluster of Excellence iFIT (EXC2180) "Image-Guided and Functionally Instructed Tumor Therapies", University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
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Li DY, Wang Z, Jia X, Yan D, Shih DM, Hazen SL, Lusis AJ, Tang WHW. Loop Diuretics Inhibit Renal Excretion of Trimethylamine N-Oxide. JACC Basic Transl Sci 2021; 6:103-115. [PMID: 33665512 PMCID: PMC7907536 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacbts.2020.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Revised: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Uremic retention solutes predominantly eliminate through the kidneys largely via specific efflux channels in the proximal renal tubules. For the first time, we demonstrated in vivo that renal tubular excretion of TMAO can be inhibited by concomitant loop diuretic administration via competition at the level of renal transporters. We further observed accumulation of TMAO in the renal parenchyma, which implied differential distributions of TMAO across various tissues and/or systems as a consequence of efflux channel control. Poorer outcomes in patients who receive long-term loop diuretic agents may therefore be associated with metabolic perturbations, such as retention of metabolites like TMAO, beyond impaired glomerular filtration.
This study demonstrates, for the first time, that renal tubular excretion of trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO) is inhibited by concomitant loop diuretic administration. The observed marked accumulation in the renal parenchyma, and to lesser extent, plasma, implies differential distributions of TMAO across various tissues and/or systems as a consequence of efflux channel control. A better understanding of TMAO renal clearance and its potential interactions with current and future therapies in patients with heart failure are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Y Li
- Center for Microbiome and Human Health, Department of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Sciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA.,Department of Medicine, Stanford University Medical Center, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Zeneng Wang
- Center for Microbiome and Human Health, Department of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Sciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Xun Jia
- Center for Microbiome and Human Health, Department of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Sciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Di Yan
- Department of Dermatology, New York University Langone Health, New York, New York, USA
| | - Diana M Shih
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Stanley L Hazen
- Center for Microbiome and Human Health, Department of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Sciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA.,Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Heart, Vascular and Thoracic Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Aldons J Lusis
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - W H Wilson Tang
- Center for Microbiome and Human Health, Department of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Sciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA.,Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Heart, Vascular and Thoracic Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA.,Center for Clinical Genomics, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
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Organic Cation Transporters in Human Physiology, Pharmacology, and Toxicology. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21217890. [PMID: 33114309 PMCID: PMC7660683 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21217890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Revised: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Individual cells and epithelia control the chemical exchange with the surrounding environment by the fine-tuned expression, localization, and function of an array of transmembrane proteins that dictate the selective permeability of the lipid bilayer to small molecules, as actual gatekeepers to the interface with the extracellular space. Among the variety of channels, transporters, and pumps that localize to cell membrane, organic cation transporters (OCTs) are considered to be extremely relevant in the transport across the plasma membrane of the majority of the endogenous substances and drugs that are positively charged near or at physiological pH. In humans, the following six organic cation transporters have been characterized in regards to their respective substrates, all belonging to the solute carrier 22 (SLC22) family: the organic cation transporters 1, 2, and 3 (OCT1–3); the organic cation/carnitine transporter novel 1 and 2 (OCTN1 and N2); and the organic cation transporter 6 (OCT6). OCTs are highly expressed on the plasma membrane of polarized epithelia, thus, playing a key role in intestinal absorption and renal reabsorption of nutrients (e.g., choline and carnitine), in the elimination of waste products (e.g., trimethylamine and trimethylamine N-oxide), and in the kinetic profile and therapeutic index of several drugs (e.g., metformin and platinum derivatives). As part of the Special Issue Physiology, Biochemistry, and Pharmacology of Transporters for Organic Cations, this article critically presents the physio-pathological, pharmacological, and toxicological roles of OCTs in the tissues in which they are primarily expressed.
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Abstract
The organic cation transporters (OCTs) OCT1, OCT2, OCT3, novel OCT (OCTN)1, OCTN2, multidrug and toxin exclusion (MATE)1, and MATE kidney-specific 2 are polyspecific transporters exhibiting broadly overlapping substrate selectivities. They transport organic cations, zwitterions, and some uncharged compounds and operate as facilitated diffusion systems and/or antiporters. OCTs are critically involved in intestinal absorption, hepatic uptake, and renal excretion of hydrophilic drugs. They modulate the distribution of endogenous compounds such as thiamine, L-carnitine, and neurotransmitters. Sites of expression and functions of OCTs have important impact on energy metabolism, pharmacokinetics, and toxicity of drugs, and on drug-drug interactions. In this work, an overview about the human OCTs is presented. Functional properties of human OCTs, including identified substrates and inhibitors of the individual transporters, are described. Sites of expression are compiled, and data on regulation of OCTs are presented. In addition, genetic variations of OCTs are listed, and data on their impact on transport, drug treatment, and diseases are reported. Moreover, recent data are summarized that indicate complex drug-drug interaction at OCTs, such as allosteric high-affinity inhibition of transport and substrate dependence of inhibitor efficacies. A hypothesis about the molecular mechanism of polyspecific substrate recognition by OCTs is presented that is based on functional studies and mutagenesis experiments in OCT1 and OCT2. This hypothesis provides a framework to imagine how observed complex drug-drug interactions at OCTs arise. Finally, preclinical in vitro tests that are performed by pharmaceutical companies to identify interaction of novel drugs with OCTs are discussed. Optimized experimental procedures are proposed that allow a gapless detection of inhibitory and transported drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hermann Koepsell
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology and Department of Molecular Plant Physiology and Biophysics, Julius-von-Sachs-Institute, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
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Abstract
We critically review potential involvement of trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO) as a link between diet, the gut microbiota and CVD. Generated primarily from dietary choline and carnitine by gut bacteria and hepatic flavin-containing mono-oxygenase (FMO) activity, TMAO could promote cardiometabolic disease when chronically elevated. However, control of circulating TMAO is poorly understood, and diet, age, body mass, sex hormones, renal clearance, FMO3 expression and genetic background may explain as little as 25 % of TMAO variance. The basis of elevations with obesity, diabetes, atherosclerosis or CHD is similarly ill-defined, although gut microbiota profiles/remodelling appear critical. Elevated TMAO could promote CVD via inflammation, oxidative stress, scavenger receptor up-regulation, reverse cholesterol transport (RCT) inhibition, and cardiovascular dysfunction. However, concentrations influencing inflammation, scavenger receptors and RCT (≥100 µm) are only achieved in advanced heart failure or chronic kidney disease (CKD), and greatly exceed pathogenicity of <1-5 µm levels implied in some TMAO-CVD associations. There is also evidence that CVD risk is insensitive to TMAO variance beyond these levels in omnivores and vegetarians, and that major TMAO sources are cardioprotective. Assessing available evidence suggests that modest elevations in TMAO (≤10 µm) are a non-pathogenic consequence of diverse risk factors (ageing, obesity, dyslipidaemia, insulin resistance/diabetes, renal dysfunction), indirectly reflecting CVD risk without participating mechanistically. Nonetheless, TMAO may surpass a pathogenic threshold as a consequence of CVD/CKD, secondarily promoting disease progression. TMAO might thus reflect early CVD risk while providing a prognostic biomarker or secondary target in established disease, although mechanistic contributions to CVD await confirmation.
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36
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Wiese GN, Biruete A, Moorthi RN, Moe SM, Lindemann SR, Hill Gallant KM. Plant-Based Diets, the Gut Microbiota, and Trimethylamine N-Oxide Production in Chronic Kidney Disease: Therapeutic Potential and Methodological Considerations. J Ren Nutr 2020; 31:121-131. [PMID: 32616440 DOI: 10.1053/j.jrn.2020.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Revised: 04/01/2020] [Accepted: 04/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
High circulating trimethylamine-N-oxide (TMAO) is associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease and mortality in people with chronic kidney disease (CKD). In individuals with CKD, reduced kidney function leads to decreased excretion of TMAO, which results in accumulation in the circulation. Higher circulating TMAO has been linked to higher intake of animal-based foods in omnivorous diets. Thus, plant-based diets have been suggested as an intervention to slow the progression of CKD and reduce cardiovascular risk, perhaps explained in part by reduced TMAO production. This article reviews the current evidence on plant-based diets as a dietary intervention to decrease gut-derived TMAO production in patients with CKD, while highlighting methodological issues that present challenges to advancing research and subsequent translation of this approach. Overall, we find that plant-based diets are promising for reducing gut-derived TMAO production in patients with CKD but that further interventional studies are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gretchen N Wiese
- Department of Nutrition Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana
| | - Annabel Biruete
- Division of Nephrology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana; Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology, and Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Ranjani N Moorthi
- Division of Nephrology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Sharon M Moe
- Division of Nephrology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana; Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology, and Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana; Roudebush Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Stephen R Lindemann
- Department of Nutrition Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana; Department of Food Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana
| | - Kathleen M Hill Gallant
- Department of Nutrition Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana; Division of Nephrology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana.
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Nigam SK, Bush KT. Uraemic syndrome of chronic kidney disease: altered remote sensing and signalling. Nat Rev Nephrol 2019; 15:301-316. [PMID: 30728454 DOI: 10.1038/s41581-019-0111-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Uraemic syndrome (also known as uremic syndrome) in patients with advanced chronic kidney disease involves the accumulation in plasma of small-molecule uraemic solutes and uraemic toxins (also known as uremic toxins), dysfunction of multiple organs and dysbiosis of the gut microbiota. As such, uraemic syndrome can be viewed as a disease of perturbed inter-organ and inter-organism (host-microbiota) communication. Multiple biological pathways are affected, including those controlled by solute carrier (SLC) and ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters and drug-metabolizing enzymes, many of which are also involved in drug absorption, distribution, metabolism and elimination (ADME). The remote sensing and signalling hypothesis identifies SLC and ABC transporter-mediated communication between organs and/or between the host and gut microbiota as key to the homeostasis of metabolites, antioxidants, signalling molecules, microbiota-derived products and dietary components in body tissues and fluid compartments. Thus, this hypothesis provides a useful perspective on the pathobiology of uraemic syndrome. Pathways considered central to drug ADME might be particularly important for the body's attempts to restore homeostasis, including the correction of disturbances due to kidney injury and the accumulation of uraemic solutes and toxins. This Review discusses how the remote sensing and signalling hypothesis helps to provide a systems-level understanding of aspects of uraemia that could lead to novel approaches to its treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjay K Nigam
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA. .,Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
| | - Kevin T Bush
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
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Prokopienko AJ, West RE, Schrum DP, Stubbs JR, Leblond FA, Pichette V, Nolin TD. Metabolic Activation of Flavin Monooxygenase-mediated Trimethylamine-N-Oxide Formation in Experimental Kidney Disease. Sci Rep 2019; 9:15901. [PMID: 31685846 PMCID: PMC6828678 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-52032-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2019] [Accepted: 10/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) remains the leading cause of death in chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients despite treatment of traditional risk factors, suggesting that non-traditional CVD risk factors are involved. Trimethylamine-N-oxide (TMAO) correlates with atherosclerosis burden in CKD patients and may be a non-traditional CVD risk factor. Serum TMAO concentrations are significantly increased in CKD patients, which may be due in part to increased hepatic flavin monooxygenase (FMO)-mediated TMAO formation. The objective of this work was to elucidate the mechanism of increased FMO activity in CKD. In this study, FMO enzyme activity experiments were conducted in vitro with liver microsomes isolated from experimental CKD and control rats. Trimethylamine was used as a probe substrate to assess FMO activity. The FMO activator octylamine and human uremic serum were evaluated. FMO gene and protein expression were also determined. FMO-mediated TMAO formation was increased in CKD versus control. Although gene and protein expression of FMO were not changed, metabolic activation elicited by octylamine and human uremic serum increased FMO-mediated TMAO formation. The findings suggest that metabolic activation of FMO-mediated TMAO formation is a novel mechanism that contributes to increased TMAO formation in CKD and represents a therapeutic target to reduce TMAO exposure and CVD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander J Prokopienko
- Center for Clinical Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences or Department of Pharmacy and Therapeutics, School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Raymond E West
- Center for Clinical Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences or Department of Pharmacy and Therapeutics, School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Daniel P Schrum
- Center for Clinical Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences or Department of Pharmacy and Therapeutics, School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Jason R Stubbs
- The Kidney Institute, and Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology & Hypertension, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, United States
| | | | - Vincent Pichette
- Service de Néphrologie et Centre de Recherche, Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont, Département de Pharmacologie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Thomas D Nolin
- Center for Clinical Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences or Department of Pharmacy and Therapeutics, School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States.
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39
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Pelletier CC, Croyal M, Ene L, Aguesse A, Billon-Crossouard S, Krempf M, Lemoine S, Guebre-Egziabher F, Juillard L, Soulage CO. Elevation of Trimethylamine-N-Oxide in Chronic Kidney Disease: Contribution of Decreased Glomerular Filtration Rate. Toxins (Basel) 2019; 11:toxins11110635. [PMID: 31683880 PMCID: PMC6891811 DOI: 10.3390/toxins11110635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2019] [Revised: 10/21/2019] [Accepted: 10/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Gut microbiota-dependent Trimethylamine-N-oxide (TMAO) has been reported to be strongly linked to renal function and to increased cardiovascular events in the general population and in Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) patients. Considering the lack of data assessing renal handling of TMAO, we conducted this study to explore renal excretion and mechanisms of accumulation of TMAO during CKD. We prospectively measured glomerular filtration rate (mGFR) with gold standard methods and plasma concentrations of trimethylamine (TMA), TMAO, choline, betaine, and carnitine by LC-MS/MS in 124 controls, CKD, and hemodialysis (HD) patients. Renal clearance of each metabolite was assessed in a sub-group of 32 patients. Plasma TMAO was inversely correlated with mGFR (r2 = 0.388, p < 0.001), confirming elevation of TMAO plasma levels in CKD. TMAO clearances were not significantly different from mGFR, with a mean ± SD TMAO fractional excretion of 105% ± 32%. This suggests a complete renal excretion of TMAO by glomerular filtration with a negligible participation of tubular secretion or reabsorption, during all stages of CKD. Moreover, TMAO was effectively removed within 4 h of hemodiafiltration, showing a higher fractional reduction value than that of urea (84.9% ± 6.5% vs. 79.2% ± 5.7%, p = 0.04). This study reports a strong correlation between plasma TMAO levels and mGFR, in CKD, that can be mainly related to a decrease in TMAO glomerular filtration. Clearance data did not support a significant role for tubular secretion in TMAO renal elimination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline C Pelletier
- Hospices Civils de Lyon, Service de Néphrologie, Dialyse et Hypertension Artérielle, Hôpital E Herriot, F-69003 Lyon, France.
- Université de Lyon, INSERM U1060, CarMeN, INSA de Lyon, Univ Lyon-1, F-69621 Villeurbanne, France.
| | - Mikael Croyal
- NUN, INRA, CHU Nantes, UMR 1280, PhAN, IMAD, CRNH-O, F-44000 Nantes, France.
- CRNH-O Mass Spectrometry Core Facility, F-44000 Nantes, France.
| | - Lavinia Ene
- Hospices Civils de Lyon, Service de Néphrologie, Dialyse et Hypertension Artérielle, Hôpital E Herriot, F-69003 Lyon, France.
| | - Audrey Aguesse
- NUN, INRA, CHU Nantes, UMR 1280, PhAN, IMAD, CRNH-O, F-44000 Nantes, France.
| | | | - Michel Krempf
- NUN, INRA, CHU Nantes, UMR 1280, PhAN, IMAD, CRNH-O, F-44000 Nantes, France.
- CRNH-O Mass Spectrometry Core Facility, F-44000 Nantes, France.
- ELSAN, clinique Bretéché, F-44000 Nantes, France.
| | - Sandrine Lemoine
- Hospices Civils de Lyon, Service de Néphrologie, Dialyse et Hypertension Artérielle, Hôpital E Herriot, F-69003 Lyon, France.
- Université de Lyon, INSERM U1060, CarMeN, INSA de Lyon, Univ Lyon-1, F-69621 Villeurbanne, France.
| | - Fitsum Guebre-Egziabher
- Hospices Civils de Lyon, Service de Néphrologie, Dialyse et Hypertension Artérielle, Hôpital E Herriot, F-69003 Lyon, France.
- Université de Lyon, INSERM U1060, CarMeN, INSA de Lyon, Univ Lyon-1, F-69621 Villeurbanne, France.
| | - Laurent Juillard
- Hospices Civils de Lyon, Service de Néphrologie, Dialyse et Hypertension Artérielle, Hôpital E Herriot, F-69003 Lyon, France.
- Université de Lyon, INSERM U1060, CarMeN, INSA de Lyon, Univ Lyon-1, F-69621 Villeurbanne, France.
| | - Christophe O Soulage
- Université de Lyon, INSERM U1060, CarMeN, INSA de Lyon, Univ Lyon-1, F-69621 Villeurbanne, France.
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Miyake T, Mizuno T, Takehara I, Mochizuki T, Kimura M, Matsuki S, Irie S, Watanabe N, Kato Y, Ieiri I, Maeda K, Ando O, Kusuhara H. Elucidation of N 1-methyladenosine as a Potential Surrogate Biomarker for Drug Interaction Studies Involving Renal Organic Cation Transporters. Drug Metab Dispos 2019; 47:1270-1280. [PMID: 31511257 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.119.087262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2019] [Accepted: 09/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Endogenous substrates are emerging biomarkers for drug transporters, which serve as surrogate probes in drug-drug interaction (DDI) studies. In this study, the results of metabolome analysis using wild-type and Oct1/2 double knockout mice suggested that N 1-methyladenosine (m1A) was a novel organic cation transporter (OCT) 2 substrate. An in vitro transport study revealed that m1A is a substrate of mouse Oct1, Oct2, Mate1, human OCT1, OCT2, and multidrug and toxin exclusion protein (MATE) 2-K, but not human MATE1. Urinary excretion accounted for 77% of the systemic elimination of m1A in mice. The renal clearance (46.9 ± 4.9 ml/min per kilogram) of exogenously given m1A was decreased to near the glomerular filtration rates by Oct1/2 double knockout or Mate1 inhibition by pyrimethamine (16.6 ± 2.6 and 24.3 ± 0.6 ml/min per kilogram, respectively), accompanied by significantly higher plasma concentrations. In vivo inhibition of OCT2/MATE2-K by a single dose of 7-[(3R)-3-(1-aminocyclopropyl)pyrrolidin-1-yl]-1-[(1R,2S)-2-fluorocyclopropyl]-8-methoxy-4-oxoquinoline-3-carboxylic acid in cynomolgus monkeys resulted in the elevation of the area under the curve of m1A (1.72-fold) as well as metformin (2.18-fold). The plasma m1A concentration profile showed low diurnal and interindividual variation in healthy volunteers. The renal clearance of m1A in younger (21-45 year old) and older (65-79 year old) volunteers (244 ± 58 and 169 ± 22 ml/min per kilogram, respectively) was about 2-fold higher than the creatinine clearance. The renal clearances of m1A and creatinine were 31% and 17% smaller in older than in younger volunteers. Thus, m1A could be a surrogate probe for the evaluation of DDIs involving OCT2/MATE2-K. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Endogenous substrates can serve as surrogate probes for clinical drug-drug interaction studies involving drug transporters or enzymes. In this study, m1A was found to be a novel substrate of renal cationic drug transporters OCT2 and MATE2-K. N 1-methyladenosine was revealed to have some advantages compared to other OCT2/MATE substrates (creatinine and N 1-methylnicotinamide). The genetic or chemical impairment of OCT2 or MATE2-K caused a significant increase in the plasma m1A concentration in mice and cynomolgus monkeys due to the high contribution of tubular secretion to the net elimination of m1A. The plasma m1A concentration profile showed low diurnal and interindividual variation in healthy volunteers. Thus, m1A could be a better biomarker of variations in OCT2/MATE2-K activity caused by inhibitory drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Miyake
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacokinetics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, the University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan (Tak.M., Tad.M., Tat.M., K.M., H.K.); Biomarker Department (I.T.) and Drug Metabolism & Pharmacokinetics Research Laboratories (N.W., O.A.), Daiichi-Sankyo Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan; Fukuoka Mirai Hospital Clinical Research Center, Fukuoka, Japan (M.K., S.M., S.I.); Faculty of Pharmacy, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan (Y.K.); and Department of Clinical Pharmacokinetics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan (I.I.)
| | - Tadahaya Mizuno
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacokinetics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, the University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan (Tak.M., Tad.M., Tat.M., K.M., H.K.); Biomarker Department (I.T.) and Drug Metabolism & Pharmacokinetics Research Laboratories (N.W., O.A.), Daiichi-Sankyo Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan; Fukuoka Mirai Hospital Clinical Research Center, Fukuoka, Japan (M.K., S.M., S.I.); Faculty of Pharmacy, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan (Y.K.); and Department of Clinical Pharmacokinetics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan (I.I.)
| | - Issey Takehara
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacokinetics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, the University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan (Tak.M., Tad.M., Tat.M., K.M., H.K.); Biomarker Department (I.T.) and Drug Metabolism & Pharmacokinetics Research Laboratories (N.W., O.A.), Daiichi-Sankyo Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan; Fukuoka Mirai Hospital Clinical Research Center, Fukuoka, Japan (M.K., S.M., S.I.); Faculty of Pharmacy, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan (Y.K.); and Department of Clinical Pharmacokinetics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan (I.I.)
| | - Tatsuki Mochizuki
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacokinetics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, the University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan (Tak.M., Tad.M., Tat.M., K.M., H.K.); Biomarker Department (I.T.) and Drug Metabolism & Pharmacokinetics Research Laboratories (N.W., O.A.), Daiichi-Sankyo Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan; Fukuoka Mirai Hospital Clinical Research Center, Fukuoka, Japan (M.K., S.M., S.I.); Faculty of Pharmacy, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan (Y.K.); and Department of Clinical Pharmacokinetics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan (I.I.)
| | - Miyuki Kimura
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacokinetics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, the University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan (Tak.M., Tad.M., Tat.M., K.M., H.K.); Biomarker Department (I.T.) and Drug Metabolism & Pharmacokinetics Research Laboratories (N.W., O.A.), Daiichi-Sankyo Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan; Fukuoka Mirai Hospital Clinical Research Center, Fukuoka, Japan (M.K., S.M., S.I.); Faculty of Pharmacy, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan (Y.K.); and Department of Clinical Pharmacokinetics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan (I.I.)
| | - Shunji Matsuki
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacokinetics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, the University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan (Tak.M., Tad.M., Tat.M., K.M., H.K.); Biomarker Department (I.T.) and Drug Metabolism & Pharmacokinetics Research Laboratories (N.W., O.A.), Daiichi-Sankyo Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan; Fukuoka Mirai Hospital Clinical Research Center, Fukuoka, Japan (M.K., S.M., S.I.); Faculty of Pharmacy, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan (Y.K.); and Department of Clinical Pharmacokinetics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan (I.I.)
| | - Shin Irie
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacokinetics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, the University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan (Tak.M., Tad.M., Tat.M., K.M., H.K.); Biomarker Department (I.T.) and Drug Metabolism & Pharmacokinetics Research Laboratories (N.W., O.A.), Daiichi-Sankyo Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan; Fukuoka Mirai Hospital Clinical Research Center, Fukuoka, Japan (M.K., S.M., S.I.); Faculty of Pharmacy, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan (Y.K.); and Department of Clinical Pharmacokinetics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan (I.I.)
| | - Nobuaki Watanabe
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacokinetics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, the University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan (Tak.M., Tad.M., Tat.M., K.M., H.K.); Biomarker Department (I.T.) and Drug Metabolism & Pharmacokinetics Research Laboratories (N.W., O.A.), Daiichi-Sankyo Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan; Fukuoka Mirai Hospital Clinical Research Center, Fukuoka, Japan (M.K., S.M., S.I.); Faculty of Pharmacy, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan (Y.K.); and Department of Clinical Pharmacokinetics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan (I.I.)
| | - Yukio Kato
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacokinetics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, the University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan (Tak.M., Tad.M., Tat.M., K.M., H.K.); Biomarker Department (I.T.) and Drug Metabolism & Pharmacokinetics Research Laboratories (N.W., O.A.), Daiichi-Sankyo Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan; Fukuoka Mirai Hospital Clinical Research Center, Fukuoka, Japan (M.K., S.M., S.I.); Faculty of Pharmacy, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan (Y.K.); and Department of Clinical Pharmacokinetics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan (I.I.)
| | - Ichiro Ieiri
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacokinetics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, the University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan (Tak.M., Tad.M., Tat.M., K.M., H.K.); Biomarker Department (I.T.) and Drug Metabolism & Pharmacokinetics Research Laboratories (N.W., O.A.), Daiichi-Sankyo Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan; Fukuoka Mirai Hospital Clinical Research Center, Fukuoka, Japan (M.K., S.M., S.I.); Faculty of Pharmacy, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan (Y.K.); and Department of Clinical Pharmacokinetics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan (I.I.)
| | - Kazuya Maeda
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacokinetics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, the University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan (Tak.M., Tad.M., Tat.M., K.M., H.K.); Biomarker Department (I.T.) and Drug Metabolism & Pharmacokinetics Research Laboratories (N.W., O.A.), Daiichi-Sankyo Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan; Fukuoka Mirai Hospital Clinical Research Center, Fukuoka, Japan (M.K., S.M., S.I.); Faculty of Pharmacy, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan (Y.K.); and Department of Clinical Pharmacokinetics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan (I.I.)
| | - Osamu Ando
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacokinetics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, the University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan (Tak.M., Tad.M., Tat.M., K.M., H.K.); Biomarker Department (I.T.) and Drug Metabolism & Pharmacokinetics Research Laboratories (N.W., O.A.), Daiichi-Sankyo Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan; Fukuoka Mirai Hospital Clinical Research Center, Fukuoka, Japan (M.K., S.M., S.I.); Faculty of Pharmacy, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan (Y.K.); and Department of Clinical Pharmacokinetics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan (I.I.)
| | - Hiroyuki Kusuhara
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacokinetics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, the University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan (Tak.M., Tad.M., Tat.M., K.M., H.K.); Biomarker Department (I.T.) and Drug Metabolism & Pharmacokinetics Research Laboratories (N.W., O.A.), Daiichi-Sankyo Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan; Fukuoka Mirai Hospital Clinical Research Center, Fukuoka, Japan (M.K., S.M., S.I.); Faculty of Pharmacy, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan (Y.K.); and Department of Clinical Pharmacokinetics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan (I.I.)
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41
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Huang TQ, Shahid MQ, Baloch FS, Lin SQ, Yang XH. Effects of trimethylamine oxide (TMAO) and loading duration on the shoot tip cryopreservation of loquat ( Eriobotrya japonica). Turk J Biol 2019; 42:224-230. [PMID: 30814884 DOI: 10.3906/biy-1712-51] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Two cryoprotectant solutions, including trimethylamine oxide (TMAO) and dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), and several loading durations were used to evaluate the cryopreservation of the shoot tip of Eriobotrya plants. The best results for regrowth (59.91%) were obtained from 10% TMAO compared to 10% DMSO as cryoprotectant, although nonsignificant differences were found for survival between the two cryoprotectants. We detected pronounced effects of loading duration on survival and regrowth rates of shoot tips. The maximum regrowth (56.36%) was observed at 9 h of loading duration. The cryoprotectants and loading durations greatly affected the regrowth of Eriobotrya shoot tips, and TMAO could be introduced as a nontoxic and efficient cryoprotectant. These results could lay a foundation for the cryopreservation of Eriobotrya.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian-Qi Huang
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Germplasm Enhancement of Horticultural Crops in South China, Ministry of Agriculture , Guangzhou , P.R. China.,State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, South China Agricultural University , Guangzhou , P.R. China
| | - Muhammad Qasim Shahid
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, South China Agricultural University , Guangzhou , P.R. China
| | - Faheem Shehzad Baloch
- Department of Field Crops, Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Sciences, Abant İzzet Baysal University , Bolu , Turkey
| | - Shun-Quan Lin
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Germplasm Enhancement of Horticultural Crops in South China, Ministry of Agriculture , Guangzhou , P.R. China.,State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, South China Agricultural University , Guangzhou , P.R. China
| | - Xiang-Hui Yang
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Germplasm Enhancement of Horticultural Crops in South China, Ministry of Agriculture , Guangzhou , P.R. China.,State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, South China Agricultural University , Guangzhou , P.R. China
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42
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Contributory Role of Gut Microbiota and Their Metabolites Toward Cardiovascular Complications in Chronic Kidney Disease. Semin Nephrol 2019; 38:193-205. [PMID: 29602401 DOI: 10.1016/j.semnephrol.2018.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The gut microbiome recently has emerged as a novel risk factor that impacts health and disease. Our gut microbiota can function as an endocrine organ through its unique ability to metabolize various dietary precursors, and can fuel the systemic inflammation observed in chronic disease. This is especially important in the setting of chronic kidney disease, in which microbial metabolism can contribute directly to accumulation of circulating toxins that then can alter and shift the balance of microbiota composition and downstream functions. To study this process, advances in -omics technologies are providing opportunities to understand not only the taxonomy, but also the functional diversity of our microbiome. We also reliably can quantify en masse a wide range of uremic byproducts of microbial metabolism. Herein, we examine the bidirectional relationship between the gut microbiome and the failing kidneys. We describe potential approaches targeting gut microbiota for cardiovascular risk reduction in chronic kidney disease using an illustrative example of a novel gut-generated metabolite, trimethylamine N-oxide.
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43
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Pochini L, Galluccio M, Scalise M, Console L, Indiveri C. OCTN: A Small Transporter Subfamily with Great Relevance to Human Pathophysiology, Drug Discovery, and Diagnostics. SLAS DISCOVERY 2018; 24:89-110. [PMID: 30523710 DOI: 10.1177/2472555218812821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
OCTN is a small subfamily of membrane transport proteins that belongs to the larger SLC22 family. Two of the three members of the subfamily, namely, OCTN2 and OCTN1, are present in humans. OCTN2 plays a crucial role in the absorption of carnitine from diet and in its distribution to tissues, as demonstrated by the occurrence of severe pathologies caused by malfunctioning or altered expression of this transporter. These findings suggest avoiding a strict vegetarian diet during pregnancy and in childhood. Other roles of OCTN2 are related to the traffic of carnitine derivatives in many tissues. The role of OCTN1 is still unclear, despite the identification of some substrates such as ergothioneine, acetylcholine, and choline. Plausibly, the transporter acts on the control of inflammation and oxidative stress, even though knockout mice do not display phenotypes. A clear role of both transporters has been revealed in drug interaction and delivery. The polyspecificity of the OCTNs is at the base of the interactions with drugs. Interestingly, OCTN2 has been recently exploited in the prodrug approach and in diagnostics. A promising application derives from the localization of OCTN2 in exosomes that represent a noninvasive diagnostic tool.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorena Pochini
- 1 Department DiBEST (Biologia, Ecologia, Scienze della Terra), Unit of Biochemistry and Molecular Biotechnology, University of Calabria, Arcavacata di Rende, Italy
| | - Michele Galluccio
- 1 Department DiBEST (Biologia, Ecologia, Scienze della Terra), Unit of Biochemistry and Molecular Biotechnology, University of Calabria, Arcavacata di Rende, Italy
| | - Mariafrancesca Scalise
- 1 Department DiBEST (Biologia, Ecologia, Scienze della Terra), Unit of Biochemistry and Molecular Biotechnology, University of Calabria, Arcavacata di Rende, Italy
| | - Lara Console
- 1 Department DiBEST (Biologia, Ecologia, Scienze della Terra), Unit of Biochemistry and Molecular Biotechnology, University of Calabria, Arcavacata di Rende, Italy
| | - Cesare Indiveri
- 1 Department DiBEST (Biologia, Ecologia, Scienze della Terra), Unit of Biochemistry and Molecular Biotechnology, University of Calabria, Arcavacata di Rende, Italy.,2 CNR Institute of Biomembranes, Bioenergetics and Molecular Biotechnology, Bari, Italy
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44
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Canyelles M, Tondo M, Cedó L, Farràs M, Escolà-Gil JC, Blanco-Vaca F. Trimethylamine N-Oxide: A Link among Diet, Gut Microbiota, Gene Regulation of Liver and Intestine Cholesterol Homeostasis and HDL Function. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19103228. [PMID: 30347638 PMCID: PMC6214130 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19103228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2018] [Revised: 10/16/2018] [Accepted: 10/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent evidence, including massive gene-expression analysis and a wide-variety of other multi-omics approaches, demonstrates an interplay between gut microbiota and the regulation of plasma lipids. Gut microbial metabolism of choline and l-carnitine results in the formation of trimethylamine (TMA) and concomitant conversion into trimethylamine-N-oxide (TMAO) by liver flavin monooxygenase 3 (FMO3). The plasma level of TMAO is determined by the genetic variation, diet and composition of gut microbiota. Multiple studies have demonstrated an association between TMAO plasma levels and the risk of atherothrombotic cardiovascular disease (CVD). We aimed to review the molecular pathways by which TMAO production and FMO3 exert their proatherogenic effects. TMAO may promote foam cell formation by upregulating macrophage scavenger receptors, deregulating enterohepatic cholesterol and bile acid metabolism and impairing macrophage reverse cholesterol transport (RCT). Furthermore, FMO3 may promote dyslipidemia by regulating multiple genes involved in hepatic lipogenesis and gluconeogenesis. FMO3 also impairs multiple aspects of cholesterol homeostasis, including transintestinal cholesterol export and macrophage-specific RCT. At least part of these FMO3-mediated effects on lipid metabolism and atherogenesis seem to be independent of the TMA/TMAO formation. Overall, these findings have the potential to open a new era for the therapeutic manipulation of the gut microbiota to improve CVD risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Canyelles
- Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Servei de Bioquímica-Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques (IIB) Sant Pau, 08041 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Mireia Tondo
- Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Servei de Bioquímica-Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques (IIB) Sant Pau, 08041 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Lídia Cedó
- Institut de Recerca de l'Hospital Santa Creu i Sant Pau-Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques (IIB) Sant Pau, 08025 Barcelona, Spain.
- CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), 08907 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Marta Farràs
- Institut de Recerca de l'Hospital Santa Creu i Sant Pau-Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques (IIB) Sant Pau, 08025 Barcelona, Spain.
- CIBER de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), ISCIII, 08003 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Joan Carles Escolà-Gil
- Institut de Recerca de l'Hospital Santa Creu i Sant Pau-Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques (IIB) Sant Pau, 08025 Barcelona, Spain.
- CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), 08907 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Francisco Blanco-Vaca
- Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Servei de Bioquímica-Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques (IIB) Sant Pau, 08041 Barcelona, Spain.
- CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), 08907 Barcelona, Spain.
- Departament de Bioquímica, Biologia Molecular i Biomedicina, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Barcelona, Spain.
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46
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Latkovskis G, Makarova E, Mazule M, Bondare L, Hartmane D, Cirule H, Grinberga S, Erglis A, Liepinsh E, Dambrova M. Loop diuretics decrease the renal elimination rate and increase the plasma levels of trimethylamine-N-oxide. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2018; 84:2634-2644. [PMID: 30069897 DOI: 10.1111/bcp.13728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2018] [Revised: 06/25/2018] [Accepted: 07/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS Trimethylamine-N-oxide (TMAO) is a novel cardiovascular risk marker. We explored the association of commonly used cardiovascular medications with TMAO levels in patients and validated the identified associations in mice. METHODS Detailed history of drug treatment was recorded in 300 patients with cardiovascular disease without diabetes in an observational, cross-sectional study. Animal study was performed in CD1 mice. RESULTS Median plasma TMAO (interquartile range) level was 2.144 (1.570-3.104) μmol l-1 . Among nine cardiovascular drug groups, the use of loop diuretics (0.510 ± 0.296 in users vs. 0.336 ± 0.272 in nonusers, P = 0.008) and mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists (0.482 ± 0.293 in users vs. 0.334 ± 0.272 in nonusers, P = 0.007) was associated with increased log-TMAO. Acute concomitant administration of furosemide or torasemide with TMAO in mice significantly influenced TMAO pharmacokinetic profile and almost doubled the plasma TMAO area under the curve. Furosemide decreased the TMAO excretion rate by 1.9-fold during the first 30 min after administration and increased TMAO concentrations in kidney, heart and liver, suggesting the interaction of furosemide and TMAO with efflux transporters. The concentrations of TMAO in blood plasma after the administration of the organic anion transporter inhibitor probenecid were not different from those of the control group, suggesting an effect not mediated by organic anion transporters. CONCLUSIONS Loop diuretics increased plasma TMAO concentration by decreasing its urinary excretion rate. Loop diuretic use should be considered a potential confounder in TMAO studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Latkovskis
- Institute of Cardiology and Regenerative Medicine, University of Latvia, Riga, Latvia.,Pauls Stradins Clinical University Hospital, Riga, Latvia.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Latvia, Riga, Latvia
| | - E Makarova
- Latvian Institute of Organic Synthesis, Riga, Latvia
| | - M Mazule
- Pauls Stradins Clinical University Hospital, Riga, Latvia
| | - L Bondare
- Pauls Stradins Clinical University Hospital, Riga, Latvia
| | - D Hartmane
- Latvian Institute of Organic Synthesis, Riga, Latvia
| | - H Cirule
- Latvian Institute of Organic Synthesis, Riga, Latvia
| | - S Grinberga
- Latvian Institute of Organic Synthesis, Riga, Latvia
| | - A Erglis
- Institute of Cardiology and Regenerative Medicine, University of Latvia, Riga, Latvia.,Pauls Stradins Clinical University Hospital, Riga, Latvia.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Latvia, Riga, Latvia
| | - E Liepinsh
- Latvian Institute of Organic Synthesis, Riga, Latvia
| | - M Dambrova
- Latvian Institute of Organic Synthesis, Riga, Latvia.,Faculty of Pharmacy, Riga Stradins University, Riga, Latvia
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47
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Danne O. Trimethylamine N-oxide and ACE inhibitors: fighting a new enemy with an established weapon? Biomarkers 2018; 23:509-511. [DOI: 10.1080/1354750x.2018.1458154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Danne
- Cardiac-Biomarkers.com, Dallgow-Döberitz, Germany
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48
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Castillo-Rodriguez E, Fernandez-Prado R, Esteras R, Perez-Gomez MV, Gracia-Iguacel C, Fernandez-Fernandez B, Kanbay M, Tejedor A, Lazaro A, Ruiz-Ortega M, Gonzalez-Parra E, Sanz AB, Ortiz A, Sanchez-Niño MD. Impact of Altered Intestinal Microbiota on Chronic Kidney Disease Progression. Toxins (Basel) 2018; 10:toxins10070300. [PMID: 30029499 PMCID: PMC6070989 DOI: 10.3390/toxins10070300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2018] [Revised: 07/13/2018] [Accepted: 07/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In chronic kidney disease (CKD), accumulation of uremic toxins is associated with an increased risk of CKD progression. Some uremic toxins result from nutrient processing by gut microbiota, yielding precursors of uremic toxins or uremic toxins themselves, such as trimethylamine N-Oxide (TMAO), p-cresyl sulphate, indoxyl sulphate and indole-3 acetic acid. Increased intake of some nutrients may modify the gut microbiota, increasing the number of bacteria that process them to yield uremic toxins. Circulating levels of nutrient-derived uremic toxins are associated to increased risk of CKD progression. This offers the opportunity for therapeutic intervention by either modifying the diet, modifying the microbiota, decreasing uremic toxin production by microbiota, increasing toxin excretion or targeting specific uremic toxins. We now review the link between nutrients, microbiota and uremic toxin with CKD progression. Specific focus will be placed on the generation specific uremic toxins with nephrotoxic potential, the decreased availability of bacteria-derived metabolites with nephroprotective potential, such as vitamin K and butyrate and the cellular and molecular mechanisms linking these toxins and protective factors to kidney diseases. This information provides a conceptual framework that allows the development of novel therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Raul Fernandez-Prado
- Nephrology Department, IIS-Fundación Jiménez Díaz-Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Raquel Esteras
- Nephrology Department, IIS-Fundación Jiménez Díaz-Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Maria Vanessa Perez-Gomez
- Nephrology Department, IIS-Fundación Jiménez Díaz-Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Carolina Gracia-Iguacel
- Nephrology Department, IIS-Fundación Jiménez Díaz-Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
| | | | - Mehmet Kanbay
- Department of Internal Medicine, Koc University School of Medicine, Istanbul 34450, Turkey.
| | - Alberto Tejedor
- Nefrología, IIS-Gregorio Marañón, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28007 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Alberto Lazaro
- Nefrología, IIS-Gregorio Marañón, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28007 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Marta Ruiz-Ortega
- Nephrology Department, IIS-Fundación Jiménez Díaz-Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Emilio Gonzalez-Parra
- Nephrology Department, IIS-Fundación Jiménez Díaz-Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Ana B Sanz
- Nephrology Department, IIS-Fundación Jiménez Díaz-Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Alberto Ortiz
- Nephrology Department, IIS-Fundación Jiménez Díaz-Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
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49
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Yee SW, Brackman DJ, Ennis EA, Sugiyama Y, Kamdem LK, Blanchard R, Galetin A, Zhang L, Giacomini KM. Influence of Transporter Polymorphisms on Drug Disposition and Response: A Perspective From the International Transporter Consortium. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2018; 104:803-817. [PMID: 29679469 DOI: 10.1002/cpt.1098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2018] [Revised: 04/10/2018] [Accepted: 04/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Advances in genomic technologies have led to a wealth of information identifying genetic polymorphisms in membrane transporters, specifically how these polymorphisms affect drug disposition and response. This review describes the current perspective of the International Transporter Consortium (ITC) on clinically important polymorphisms in membrane transporters. ITC suggests that, in addition to previously recommended polymorphisms in ABCG2 (BCRP) and SLCO1B1 (OATP1B1), polymorphisms in the emerging transporter, SLC22A1 (OCT1), be considered during drug development. Collectively, polymorphisms in these transporters are important determinants of interindividual differences in the levels, toxicities, and response to many drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sook Wah Yee
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, Schools of Pharmacy and Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Deanna J Brackman
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, Schools of Pharmacy and Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Elizabeth A Ennis
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, Schools of Pharmacy and Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Yuichi Sugiyama
- Sugiyama Laboratory, RIKEN Innovation Center, Research Cluster for Innovation, RIKEN, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Landry K Kamdem
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Harding University College of Pharmacy, Searcy, Arkansas, USA
| | | | - Aleksandra Galetin
- Centre for Applied Pharmacokinetic Research, School of Health Sciences, University of Manchester, UK
| | - Lei Zhang
- Office of Research and Standards, Office of Generic Drugs, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Kathleen M Giacomini
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, Schools of Pharmacy and Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA.,Institute of Human Genetics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
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50
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Gessner A, König J, Fromm MF. Contribution of multidrug and toxin extrusion protein 1 (MATE1) to renal secretion of trimethylamine-N-oxide (TMAO). Sci Rep 2018; 8:6659. [PMID: 29704007 PMCID: PMC5923289 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-25139-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2018] [Accepted: 04/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Trimethylamine-N-oxide (TMAO) gained considerable attention because of its role as a cardiovascular risk biomarker. Organic cation transporter 2 (OCT2) mediates TMAO uptake into renal proximal tubular cells. Here we investigated the potential role of multidrug and toxin extrusion protein 1 (MATE1) for translocation of TMAO across the luminal membrane of proximal tubular cells. HEK293 cells stably expressing OCT2 (HEK-OCT2) or MATE1 (HEK-MATE1) were used for uptake studies. Transcellular transport of TMAO was investigated using monolayers of MDCK control cells (MDCK-Co) as well as single- (MDCK-OCT2, MDCK-MATE1) and double-transfected cells (MDCK-OCT2-MATE1). In line with previous studies, HEK-OCT2 cells revealed a 2.4-fold uptake of TMAO compared to control cells (p < 0.001), whereas no significant uptake was observed in HEK-MATE1. In monolayers of MDCK cells, polarised TMAO transcellular transport was not significantly different between MDCK-Co and MDCK-OCT2 cells, but significantly increased in MDCK-MATE1 (p < 0.05) and MDCK-OCT2-MATE1 cells (p < 0.001). The OCT/MATE inhibitor trimethoprim abolished TMAO translocation in MDCK-OCT2-MATE1 cells (p < 0.05). The present data suggest that MATE1 contributes to renal elimination of TMAO. For selected MATE substrates, such as TMAO, uptake studies using non-polarised MATE-expressing cells can reveal false negative results compared to studies using polarised monolayers.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Gessner
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - J König
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - M F Fromm
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany.
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