1
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Shi C, Kim SH, Warren N, Guo N, Zhang X, Wang Y, Willemsen A, López-Pernía C, Liu Y, Kingon AI, Yan H, Zheng Y, Chen M, Sprague-Klein EA, Sheldon BW. Hierarchically Micro- and Nanostructured Polymer via Crystallinity Alteration for Sustainable Environmental Cooling. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2024. [PMID: 39250777 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.4c02567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/11/2024]
Abstract
Cooling environments are a pervasive need in our society, with conventional air conditioners being the most popular approach. However, air conditioners rely heavily on electricity and Freon, a chemical that depletes ozone and contributes to greenhouse gas effects. To address this issue, passive daytime radiative coolers (PDRCs) have been proposed to achieve cooling by simultaneously reflecting sunlight and allowing internal heat to escape without electricity. Despite their potential, most high-performance PDRCs are composed of thick polymer films, which increases material costs during PDRC preparation and limits thermal transport. In this work, we introduced an economical and scalable solvent evaporation-based method to prepare a relatively thin hierarchically micro- and nanostructured poly(vinylidene fluoride-trifluoroethylene) via crystallinity alteration. Particularly, we find that the key to generating nanosized pores is to remove the water residual within the film without sample annealing, which significantly enhances the scattering efficiency across the solar spectrum. With our design, we demonstrate effective cooling of the outdoor environment, achieving a cooling temperature of Δ2.5 °C, with a film thickness of only 215 μm. Furthermore, our model suggested that applying this material could lead to annual energy savings of up to ∼39% in warmer climates across the country and up to 715 GJ nationwide. Developing effective PDRCs with reduced material thickness, such as the one discussed here, is imperative for implementing sustainable cooling solutions and reducing our carbon footprint.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changmin Shi
- School of Engineering, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912, United States of America
| | - Seung-Hyun Kim
- School of Engineering, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912, United States of America
| | - Natalie Warren
- Department of Chemistry, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912, United States of America
| | - Na Guo
- School of Energy Science and Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
| | - Xuguang Zhang
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States of America
| | - Ying Wang
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States of America
| | - Andes Willemsen
- Department of Chemistry, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912, United States of America
| | - Cristina López-Pernía
- School of Engineering, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912, United States of America
| | - Yang Liu
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States of America
- Department of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, United States of America
| | - Angus I Kingon
- School of Engineering, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912, United States of America
| | - Hongjie Yan
- School of Energy Science and Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
| | - Yi Zheng
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States of America
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States of America
| | - Meijie Chen
- School of Energy Science and Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
| | - Emily A Sprague-Klein
- Department of Chemistry, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912, United States of America
| | - Brian W Sheldon
- School of Engineering, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912, United States of America
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2
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Huang L, Hu Y, Yao X, Chesman ASR, Wang H, Sagoe-Crentsil K, Duan W. Designing Nanoporous Polymer Films for High-Performance Passive Daytime Radiative Cooling. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024. [PMID: 39239925 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.4c09365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/07/2024]
Abstract
Energy-free passive daytime radiative cooling (PDRC) technology makes it an attractive solution to both the building energy crisis and global warming. Spectrally selective porous polymers have great potential for practical PDRC applications owing to their cooling performance and scalability. A fundamental understanding of the relationship between the cooling performance and pore properties is crucial for guiding future structural designs of high-performance PDRC materials. However, one of the key challenges is achieving uniform nanopores and tailorable pore morphologies in the PDRC coating films. Here we demonstrate a strategy to use advanced metal-organic framework (MOF) nanocrystals as a sacrificial template creating a nanoporous poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) coating film with uniform-sized nanopores for highly daytime passive radiative cooling. The experimental evidence indicates that nanopores around 400 nm in size, comparable to the wavelength within the ultraviolet and visible spectra, along with an appropriate porosity of 37%, contribute to excellent solar reflectance (94.9 ± 0.8%) and high long-wave infrared emission (92.8 ± 1.4%) in the resulting porous PVDF films. This leads to subambient cooling of ≈9.5 °C and a promising net cooling power of 137 W/m2 at midday under solar intensities of ∼1275 and ∼1320 W/m2. The performance equals or exceeds that of state-of-the-art polymeric PDRC designs, and this general strategy of tailing nanostructures is expected to open a new avenue toward high-performance radiative cooling materials for PDRC applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liao Huang
- Department of Civil Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Yaoxin Hu
- Department of Civil Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Xupei Yao
- Yellow River Laboratory, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | | | - Huanting Wang
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Kwesi Sagoe-Crentsil
- Department of Civil Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Wenhui Duan
- Department of Civil Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
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3
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Cui P, Yan Y, Wei H, Wu S, Zhong S, Sun W. Study of Manipulative Pore Formation upon Polymeric Coating for the Endowment of the Switchable Property between Passive Daytime Radiative Cooling and Heating. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024; 16:44044-44054. [PMID: 39122692 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.4c09138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/12/2024]
Abstract
Passive daytime radiative cooling (PDRC) emerges as a promising cooling strategy with an attractive feature of no energy and refrigerant consumption. In the current study, for the purpose of achieving cost-efficient fabrication of a PDRC polymeric material, a microporous polymeric coating is prepared by a novel "inverse emulsion"-"breath figure" (Ie-BF) method using water droplets as pore-formation template, and the porous morphologies of both the surface and bulk layer can be dynamically manipulated by tuning the emulsion composition as well as environmental conditions. Therefore, the solar reflectivity of the Ie-BF coating can be efficiently tuned within a rather wide range (21-91%) by facile modulation of porosity and thickness. The Ie-BF coating with a thickness of only 125 μm exhibits a high solar reflectance of 85.4% and a long-wave infrared emissivity of 96.3%, realizing a subambient radiative cooling of 6.7 °C and a cooling power of ∼76 W m-2 in the open air. Moreover, by employing the reversible feature of in situ pore formation and erasure combined with the additional attachment of a carbon black layer, the composite film could be easily switched between cooling and heating modes by solvent post-treatment. This research establishes a cost-efficient strategy with high flexibility in the structural manipulation concerning the construction of porous polymeric PDRC coating.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengcheng Cui
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, School of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
| | - Yi Yan
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, School of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
| | - Hao Wei
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, School of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
| | - Silong Wu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, School of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
| | - Shuai Zhong
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, School of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
| | - Wei Sun
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, School of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
- Key Laboratory of Impact and Safety Engineering, Ministry of Education, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
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4
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Zhao X, Tang GH. 0D/2D Co-Doping Network Enhancing Thermal Conductivity of Radiative Cooling Film for Electronic Device Thermal Management. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024; 16:37853-37864. [PMID: 38980937 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.4c04222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/11/2024]
Abstract
The radiative cooling has great potential for electronic device cooling without requiring any energy consumption. However, a low thermal conductivity of most radiative cooling materials limits their application. Herein, a multishape codoping strategy was proposed to achieve collaborative enhancement of thermal conductivity and radiative properties. The hBN-coated hollow SiO2 particles were prepared based on electrostatic self-assembly technology, which were then mixed with hBN platelets and doped into a poly(vinylidene fluoride-co-hexafluoropropylene) substrate. Discrete dipole approximation theory was employed to reveal the mechanism and optimize the particle size. The results showed that the multishape codoping method can significantly improve the radiative performance, with 94.9% reflectivity and 91.2% emissivity. In addition, this zero-dimensional and two-dimensional composite doping structure facilitated the formation of a thermal conduction network, which enhanced the thermal conductivity of the film up to 1.32 W m-1 K-1. The high thermal conductivity radiative cooling film can decrease the heater temperature from 58.8 to 31.3 °C, with a further reduction of temperature by 7.2 °C compared to the radiative cooling substrates with low thermal conductivity. The net cooling power of the film can reach 102.5 W m-2 under direct sunlight. This work provides a novel strategy for high-efficiency electronic device cooling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Zhao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Thermo-Fluid Science and Engineering, School of Energy and Power Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - G H Tang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Thermo-Fluid Science and Engineering, School of Energy and Power Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
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5
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Ma JW, Zeng FR, Lin XC, Wang YQ, Ma YH, Jia XX, Zhang JC, Liu BW, Wang YZ, Zhao HB. A photoluminescent hydrogen-bonded biomass aerogel for sustainable radiative cooling. Science 2024; 385:68-74. [PMID: 38963855 DOI: 10.1126/science.adn5694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2023] [Accepted: 05/14/2024] [Indexed: 07/06/2024]
Abstract
Passive radiant cooling is a potentially sustainable thermal management strategy amid escalating global climate change. However, petrochemical-derived cooling materials often face efficiency challenges owing to the absorption of sunlight. We present an intrinsic photoluminescent biomass aerogel, which has a visible light reflectance exceeding 100%, that yields a large cooling effect. We discovered that DNA and gelatin aggregation into an ordered layered aerogel achieves a solar-weighted reflectance of 104.0% in visible light regions through fluorescence and phosphorescence. The cooling effect can reduce ambient temperatures by 16.0°C under high solar irradiance. In addition, the aerogel, efficiently produced at scale through water-welding, displays high reparability, recyclability, and biodegradability, completing an environmentally conscious life cycle. This biomass photoluminescence material is another tool for designing next-generation sustainable cooling materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Wen Ma
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Eco-Friendly and Fire-Safety Polymeric Materials (MoE), State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, National Engineering Laboratory for Eco-Friendly Polymer Materials (Sichuan), College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, P.R. China
| | - Fu-Rong Zeng
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Eco-Friendly and Fire-Safety Polymeric Materials (MoE), State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, National Engineering Laboratory for Eco-Friendly Polymer Materials (Sichuan), College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, P.R. China
| | - Xin-Cen Lin
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Eco-Friendly and Fire-Safety Polymeric Materials (MoE), State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, National Engineering Laboratory for Eco-Friendly Polymer Materials (Sichuan), College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, P.R. China
| | - Yan-Qin Wang
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Eco-Friendly and Fire-Safety Polymeric Materials (MoE), State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, National Engineering Laboratory for Eco-Friendly Polymer Materials (Sichuan), College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, P.R. China
| | - Yi-Heng Ma
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Eco-Friendly and Fire-Safety Polymeric Materials (MoE), State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, National Engineering Laboratory for Eco-Friendly Polymer Materials (Sichuan), College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, P.R. China
| | - Xu-Xu Jia
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Eco-Friendly and Fire-Safety Polymeric Materials (MoE), State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, National Engineering Laboratory for Eco-Friendly Polymer Materials (Sichuan), College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, P.R. China
| | - Jin-Cheng Zhang
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Eco-Friendly and Fire-Safety Polymeric Materials (MoE), State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, National Engineering Laboratory for Eco-Friendly Polymer Materials (Sichuan), College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, P.R. China
| | - Bo-Wen Liu
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Eco-Friendly and Fire-Safety Polymeric Materials (MoE), State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, National Engineering Laboratory for Eco-Friendly Polymer Materials (Sichuan), College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, P.R. China
| | - Yu-Zhong Wang
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Eco-Friendly and Fire-Safety Polymeric Materials (MoE), State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, National Engineering Laboratory for Eco-Friendly Polymer Materials (Sichuan), College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, P.R. China
| | - Hai-Bo Zhao
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Eco-Friendly and Fire-Safety Polymeric Materials (MoE), State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, National Engineering Laboratory for Eco-Friendly Polymer Materials (Sichuan), College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, P.R. China
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6
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Wu R, Sui C, Chen TH, Zhou Z, Li Q, Yan G, Han Y, Liang J, Hung PJ, Luo E, Talapin DV, Hsu PC. Spectrally engineered textile for radiative cooling against urban heat islands. Science 2024; 384:1203-1212. [PMID: 38870306 DOI: 10.1126/science.adl0653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 06/15/2024]
Abstract
Radiative cooling textiles hold promise for achieving personal thermal comfort under increasing global temperature. However, urban areas have heat island effects that largely diminish the effectiveness of cooling textiles as wearable fabrics because they absorb emitted radiation from the ground and nearby buildings. We developed a mid-infrared spectrally selective hierarchical fabric (SSHF) with emissivity greatly dominant in the atmospheric transmission window through molecular design, minimizing the net heat gain from the surroundings. The SSHF features a high solar spectrum reflectivity of 0.97 owing to strong Mie scattering from the nano-micro hybrid fibrous structure. The SSHF is 2.3°C cooler than a solar-reflecting broadband emitter when placed vertically in simulated outdoor urban scenarios during the day and also has excellent wearable properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronghui Wu
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Chenxi Sui
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Ting-Hsuan Chen
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
- Thomas Lord Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Zirui Zhou
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Qizhang Li
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Gangbin Yan
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Yu Han
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Jiawei Liang
- Thomas Lord Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Pei-Jan Hung
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Edward Luo
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Dmitri V Talapin
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
- Department of Chemistry and James Franck Institute, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
- Center for Nanoscale Materials, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL 60439, USA
| | - Po-Chun Hsu
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
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7
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Yu J, Kwon D, Jeon H, Yoo Y. Assembly of Hollow Yttrium Oxide Spheres from Nano-Sized Yttrium Oxide for Advanced Passive Radiative Cooling Materials. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:1636. [PMID: 38931985 PMCID: PMC11207504 DOI: 10.3390/polym16121636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2024] [Revised: 06/05/2024] [Accepted: 06/06/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
This study presents significant advancements in passive radiative cooling (PRC), achieved using assembled hollow yttrium oxide spherical particles (AHYOSPs). We developed PRC films with enhanced optical properties by synthesizing micro-sized hollow Y2O3 particles and integrating them into a polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) matrix. The findings revealed that AHYOSPs achieved a remarkable solar reflectance of 73.72% and an emissivity of 91.75%, significantly outperforming nano-sized yttrium oxide (NYO) and baseline PDMS. Field tests demonstrated that the AHYOSPs maintained their lowest temperature during daylight, confirming their superior cooling efficiency. Additionally, theoretical calculations using MATLAB indicated that the cooling capacity of AHYOSPs reached 103.77 W/m2, representing a substantial improvement over NYO and robustly validating the proposed nanoparticle assembly strategy. These results highlight the potential of structurally controlled particles to revolutionize PRC technologies, thereby offering a path toward more energy-efficient and environmentally friendly cooling solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Youngjae Yoo
- Department of Advanced Materials Engineering, Chung-Ang University, Anseong 17546, Republic of Korea; (J.Y.); (D.K.)
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8
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Hong D, Lee YJ, Jeon OS, Lee IS, Lee SH, Won JY, Jeon YP, La Y, Kim S, Park GS, Yoo YJ, Park SY. Humidity-tolerant porous polymer coating for passive daytime radiative cooling. Nat Commun 2024; 15:4457. [PMID: 38796451 PMCID: PMC11127965 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-48621-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2024] [Indexed: 05/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Coating building envelopes with a passive daytime radiative cooling (PDRC) material has attracted enormous attention as an alternative cooling technique with minimal energy consumption and carbon footprint. Despite the exceptional performance and scalability of porous polymer coating (PPC), achieving consistent performance over a wide range of drying environments remains a major challenge for its commercialization as a radiative cooling paint. Herein, we demonstrate the humidity vulnerability of PPC during the drying process and propose a simple strategy to greatly mitigate the issue. Specifically, we find that the solar reflectance of the PPC rapidly decreases with increasing humidity from 30% RH, and the PPC completely losses its PDRC ability at 45% RH and even become a solar-heating material at higher humidity. However, by adding a small amount of polymer reinforcement to the PPC, it maintains its PDRC performance up to 60% RH, resulting in a 950% increase in estimated areal coverage compared to PPC in the United States. This study sheds light on a crucial consistency issue that has thus far been rarely addressed, and offers engineering guidance to handle this fundamental threat to the development of dependable PDRC paint for industrial applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongpyo Hong
- Advanced Institute of Convergence Technology, Seoul National University, Suwon-si, Gyeonggi-do, 16229, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong Joon Lee
- PURITECH co., Ltd., Pyeongtaek-si, Gyeonggi-do, 17745, Republic of Korea
| | - Ok Sung Jeon
- Advanced Institute of Convergence Technology, Seoul National University, Suwon-si, Gyeonggi-do, 16229, Republic of Korea
| | - In-Sung Lee
- Advanced Institute of Convergence Technology, Seoul National University, Suwon-si, Gyeonggi-do, 16229, Republic of Korea
| | - Se Hun Lee
- Advanced Institute of Convergence Technology, Seoul National University, Suwon-si, Gyeonggi-do, 16229, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Yeon Won
- School of Electronic Engineering, Kyounggi University, Suwon-si, Gyeonggi-do, 16227, Republic of Korea
- Department of Global Smart City, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon-si, Gyeonggi-do, 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Pyo Jeon
- Advanced Institute of Convergence Technology, Seoul National University, Suwon-si, Gyeonggi-do, 16229, Republic of Korea
| | - Yunju La
- Advanced Institute of Convergence Technology, Seoul National University, Suwon-si, Gyeonggi-do, 16229, Republic of Korea
| | - Seonmyeong Kim
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Center for THz-Driven Biomedical Systems, Institute of Applied Physics, College of Natural Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
- Mechatronics Research, Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd., Hwaseong-si, Gyeonggi-do, 18448, Republic of Korea
| | - Gun-Sik Park
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Center for THz-Driven Biomedical Systems, Institute of Applied Physics, College of Natural Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Joon Yoo
- Advanced Institute of Convergence Technology, Seoul National University, Suwon-si, Gyeonggi-do, 16229, Republic of Korea.
| | - Sang Yoon Park
- Advanced Institute of Convergence Technology, Seoul National University, Suwon-si, Gyeonggi-do, 16229, Republic of Korea.
- School of Electronic Engineering, Kyounggi University, Suwon-si, Gyeonggi-do, 16227, Republic of Korea.
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9
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Wang Y, Cheng F, Liu J, Cai W, Ji J, Cai C, Fu Y. "Flexible-strong" polylactic acid porous membrane via tailored polymerization degree of lactic acid side-chains grafting for passive daytime radiative cooler. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 267:131653. [PMID: 38631568 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.131653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2024] [Revised: 04/04/2024] [Accepted: 04/14/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024]
Abstract
Aerogel possesses the advantages of high specific surface area, low density, and high porosity, which have shown great application in thermal regulation due to its efficient light scattering capability. However, traditional polymer-based aerogels have poor mechanical properties and lack ductility in outdoor applications, the cooling efficiency of the material is easily affected by damage during transportation, installation, and environmental factors. In this work, combining the porous nature of aerogels and the high ductility of membranes, a polylactic acid-based porous membrane cooler was developed by combining a regular honeycomb surface porous structure design and physical/chemical modification to enhance flexibility, using a simple non-solvent induced phase separation method. This porous membrane exhibits both super-flexibility (116 % elongation at break) and porous characteristics. It achieves a sub-ambient temperature decrease of 4-6 °C under direct sunlight. The optimized porous membrane demonstrates high solar reflectance (94 % of peak reflectivity, 90 % of average reflectivity) and strong infrared emissivity (96 % of peak emissivity, 91 % of average emissivity), it also maintains a solar peak reflectivity of 91 % under 100 % tensile strain and 1000 bending cycles, the cooler still maintains a cooling effect of 2-5 °C below ambient temperature. This work paves the way for developing mechanical flexible and strong radiative coolers for thermal regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yibo Wang
- Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resource, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210037, China
| | - Fulin Cheng
- Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resource, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210037, China
| | - Jing Liu
- Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resource, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210037, China
| | - Wanquan Cai
- Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resource, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210037, China
| | - Jiawen Ji
- Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resource, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210037, China
| | - Chenyang Cai
- Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resource, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210037, China.
| | - Yu Fu
- Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resource, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210037, China.
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10
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Tao S, Cai W, Han J, Shi C, Fang Z, Lu C, Xu C, Li W, Xu Z. Construction of a Robust Radiative Cooling Emitter for Efficient Food Storage and Transportation. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024. [PMID: 38684025 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.4c02298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Abstract
Nowadays, food safety is still facing great challenges. During storage and transportation, perishable goods have to be kept at a low temperature. However, the current logistics still lack enough preservation ability to maintain a low temperature in the whole. Hence, considering the temperature fluctuation in logistics, in this work, the passive radiative cooling (RC) technology was applied to package to enhance the temperature control capability in food storage and transportation. The RC emitter with selective infrared emission property was fabricated by a facile coating method, and Al2O3 was added to improve the wear resistance. The sunlight reflectance and infrared emittance within atmospheric conditions could reach up to 0.92 and 0.84, respectively. After abrasion, the sunlight reflection only decreased by 0.01, and the infrared emission showed a negligible change, revealing excellent wear resistance. During outdoor measurement, the box assembled by RC emitters (RC box) was proved to achieve temperature drops of ∼9 and ∼4 °C compared with the corrugated box and foam box, respectively. Besides, the fruits stored in the RC box exhibited a lower decay rate. Additionally, after printing with patterns to meet the aesthetic requirements, the RC emitter could also maintain the cooling ability. Given the superior optical properties, wear resistance, and cooling capability, the emitter has great potential for obtaining a better temperature control ability in food storage and transportation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Tao
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 210009, P. R. China
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Advanced Inorganic Function Composites, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 210009, P. R. China
| | - Weikang Cai
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 210009, P. R. China
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Advanced Inorganic Function Composites, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 210009, P. R. China
| | - Jingtian Han
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 210009, P. R. China
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Advanced Inorganic Function Composites, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 210009, P. R. China
| | - Chenjie Shi
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 210009, P. R. China
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Advanced Inorganic Function Composites, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 210009, P. R. China
| | - Zhenggang Fang
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 210009, P. R. China
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Advanced Inorganic Function Composites, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 210009, P. R. China
| | - Chunhua Lu
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 210009, P. R. China
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Advanced Inorganic Function Composites, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 210009, P. R. China
- Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 210009, P. R. China
| | - Chao Xu
- China Construction Yipin Investment and Development Co., Wuhan 430000, P. R. China
- China Construction Third Bureau Technology Innovation Industry Development Co., Wuhan 430000, P. R. China
| | - Wenjun Li
- China Construction Third Bureau Technology Innovation Industry Development Co., Wuhan 430000, P. R. China
| | - Zhongzi Xu
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 210009, P. R. China
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Advanced Inorganic Function Composites, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 210009, P. R. China
- Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 210009, P. R. China
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11
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Liu R, Wang S, Zhou Z, Zhang K, Wang G, Chen C, Long Y. Materials in Radiative Cooling Technologies. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024:e2401577. [PMID: 38497602 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202401577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2024] [Revised: 03/12/2024] [Indexed: 03/19/2024]
Abstract
Radiative cooling (RC) is a carbon-neutral cooling technology that utilizes thermal radiation to dissipate heat from the Earth's surface to the cold outer space. Research in the field of RC has garnered increasing interest from both academia and industry due to its potential to drive sustainable economic and environmental benefits to human society by reducing energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions from conventional cooling systems. Materials innovation is the key to fully exploit the potential of RC. This review aims to elucidate the materials development with a focus on the design strategy including their intrinsic properties, structural formations, and performance improvement. The main types of RC materials, i.e., static-homogeneous, static-composite, dynamic, and multifunctional materials, are systematically overviewed. Future trends, possible challenges, and potential solutions are presented with perspectives in the concluding part, aiming to provide a roadmap for the future development of advanced RC materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Liu
- Department of Electronic Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, New Territories, Hong Kong SAR, 999077, China
| | - Shancheng Wang
- Department of Electronic Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, New Territories, Hong Kong SAR, 999077, China
| | - Zhengui Zhou
- Department of Electronic Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, New Territories, Hong Kong SAR, 999077, China
| | - Keyi Zhang
- Department of Electronic Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, New Territories, Hong Kong SAR, 999077, China
| | - Guanya Wang
- Department of Electronic Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, New Territories, Hong Kong SAR, 999077, China
| | - Changyuan Chen
- Department of Electronic Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, New Territories, Hong Kong SAR, 999077, China
| | - Yi Long
- Department of Electronic Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, New Territories, Hong Kong SAR, 999077, China
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12
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Song J, Shen Q, Shao H, Deng X. Anti-Environmental Aging Passive Daytime Radiative Cooling. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024; 11:e2305664. [PMID: 38148594 PMCID: PMC10933639 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202305664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2023] [Revised: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 12/28/2023]
Abstract
Passive daytime radiative cooling technology presents a sustainable solution for combating global warming and accompanying extreme weather, with great potential for diverse applications. The key characteristics of this cooling technology are the ability to reflect most sunlight and radiate heat through the atmospheric transparency window. However, the required high solar reflectance is easily affected by environmental aging, rendering the cooling ineffective. In recent years, significant advancements have been made in understanding the failure mechanisms, design strategies, and manufacturing technologies of daytime radiative cooling. Herein, a critical review on anti-environmental aging passive daytime radiative cooling with the goal of advancing their commercial applications is presented. It is first introduced the optical mechanisms and optimization principles of radiative cooling, which serve as a basis for further endowing environmental durability. Then the environmental aging conditions of passive daytime radiative cooling, mainly focusing on UV exposure, thermal aging, surface contamination and chemical corrosion are discussed. Furthermore, the developments of anti-environmental aging passive daytime radiative cooling materials, including design strategies, fabrication techniques, structures, and performances, are reviewed and classified for the first time. Last but not the least, the remaining open challenges and the insights are presented for the further promotion of the commercialization progress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianing Song
- Institute of Fundamental and Frontier SciencesUniversity of Electronic Science and Technology of ChinaChengdu610054China
| | - Qingchen Shen
- Bio‐inspired Photonics GroupYusuf Hamied Department of ChemistryUniversity of CambridgeLensfield RoadCambridgeCB2 1EWUK
| | - Huijuan Shao
- Institute of Fundamental and Frontier SciencesUniversity of Electronic Science and Technology of ChinaChengdu610054China
| | - Xu Deng
- Institute of Fundamental and Frontier SciencesUniversity of Electronic Science and Technology of ChinaChengdu610054China
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13
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Huang Y, Li Q, Chen Z, Chen M. Sorbent-coupled radiative cooling and solar heating to improve atmospheric water harvesting. J Colloid Interface Sci 2024; 655:527-534. [PMID: 37952456 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2023.11.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Revised: 11/02/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023]
Abstract
Atmospheric water harvesting (AWH) technology is a promising technology for addressing global water shortages and contributing to social development. Current AWH technologies, including fog collection, dew collection, and sorption-based AWH mostly focus on a single water harvesting mechanism, and this can limit their working conditions and overall performance. In this work, a composite hydrogel with a low phase change enthalpy of water (1695 kJ kg-1) was coupled with radiative cooling and solar heating to improve passive AWH performance and working conditions. High thermal emittance ε¯LWIR = 0.98 and solar absorptance α¯solar = 0.93 were achieved for radiative cooling in the nighttime and solar heating in the daytime. During the night, radiative cooling could improve the water capture rate from 0.242 kg m-2h-1 (i.e., only sorbent) to 0.310 kg m-2h-1 (i.e., sorbent-coupled radiative cooling) in the outdoor experiment. In the daytime, solar interfacial evaporation improved the water release rate to 1.154 kg m-2h-1. Effects of meteorological parameters, such as relative humidity, ambient temperature, and solar intensity were also discussed theoretically and experimentally. It is indicated that the designed passive AWH device can work over a wide range of meteorological parameters. The outdoor all-day experiment indicated that the maximum water harvesting can be 2.04 kg m-2 in a cycle work. This demonstrates that sorbent-coupled radiative cooling and solar heating provide a potential approach for future solar-driven AWH systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yimou Huang
- School of Energy Science and Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Qing Li
- School of Energy Science and Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Zhuo Chen
- School of Energy Science and Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, China.
| | - Meijie Chen
- School of Energy Science and Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, China.
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14
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Guo N, Yu L, Shi C, Yan H, Chen M. A Facile and Effective Design for Dynamic Thermal Management Based on Synchronous Solar and Thermal Radiation Regulation. NANO LETTERS 2024; 24:1447-1453. [PMID: 38252892 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.3c04996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
Passive solar heating and radiative cooling have attracted great interest in global energy consumption reduction due to their unique electricity-free advantage. However, static single radiation cooling or solar heating would lead to overcooling or overheating in cold and hot weather, respectively. To achieve a facile, effective approach for dynamic thermal management, a novel structured polyethylene (PE) film was engineered with a switchable cooling and heating mode obtained through a moisture transfer technique. The 100 μm PE film showed excellent solar modulation from 0.92 (dried state) to 0.32 (wetted state) and thermal modulation from 0.86 (dried state) to 0.05 (wetted state). Outdoor experiments demonstrated effective thermal regulation during both daytime and nighttime. Furthermore, our designed PE film can save 1.3-41.0% of annual energy consumption across the whole country of China. This dual solar and thermal regulation mechanism is very promising for guiding scalable approaches to energy-saving temperature regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Guo
- School of Energy Science and Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 430001, People's Republic of China
| | - Li Yu
- School of Energy Science and Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 430001, People's Republic of China
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 999077, People's Republic of China
| | - Changmin Shi
- School of Engineering, Brown University, Providence 02912, Rhode Island United States
| | - Hongjie Yan
- School of Energy Science and Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 430001, People's Republic of China
| | - Meijie Chen
- School of Energy Science and Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 430001, People's Republic of China
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15
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Zhai J, Zhang S, Zheng C, Liu L. Optical properties of particle dispersed coatings with gradient distribution. APPLIED OPTICS 2024; 63:681-691. [PMID: 38294380 DOI: 10.1364/ao.510957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2024]
Abstract
Particle dispersed coatings with gradient distributions, resulting from either gravity or artificial control, are frequently encountered in practical applications. However, most current studies investigating the optical properties of coatings use the uniform model (uniform single layer assumption), overlooking the gradient distribution effects. Given the pervasiveness of gradient distributions and the widespread use of the uniform model, it is imperative to evaluate applicability conditions of the uniform model in practical applications. In this work, we comprehensively investigate the quantitative performance of the uniform model in predicting the infrared optical properties of coatings with gradient distributions of particle volume fraction using the superposition T-matrix method. The results show that the gradient distribution of particle volume fraction has a limited impact on the emissivity properties of T i O 2-PDMS coatings in the midwavelength-infrared (MWIR) and long-wavelength-infrared (LWIR) bands, which validates the uniform model for the gradient coatings with weakly scattering dielectric particles. However, the uniform model can yield significant inaccuracies in estimating the emissivity properties of Al-PDMS coatings with gradient distributions in the MWIR and LWIR bands. To accurately estimate the emissivity of such gradient coatings with the scattering metallic particles, meticulous modeling of the particle volume fraction distribution is essential.
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16
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Li H, Song X, Gong H, Tong L, Zhou X, Wang Z, Fan T. Prediction of Optical Properties in Particulate Media Using Double Optimization of Dependent Scattering and Particle Distribution. NANO LETTERS 2024; 24:287-294. [PMID: 38127791 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.3c03914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
The prediction of optical properties dominated by light scattering in particulate media composed of high-concentration and polydisperse particles is greatly important in various optical applications. However, the accuracy and efficiency of light propagation simulations are still limited by the huge computational burden and complex interactions between dense and polydisperse particles. Here, we proposed a new optimization strategy that can effectively and accurately predict optical properties based on Monte Carlo simulation with particle size and dependent scattering corrections. Both the scattering parameters of particles and the experimental reflectance spectrum are fully examined for verification. Furthermore, using the weighted solar reflectance of particulate media as a representative optical property, both numerical simulations and experiments confirm the superiority and universality of the proposed optimization approach in a variety of materials systems. Moreover, our work can guide the design of particulate media with specific optical features insightfully and will be applicable in many fields involving multiparticle scattering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongchao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Xiaokun Song
- State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Hao Gong
- State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Liping Tong
- State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Xiao Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Zhongyang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Tongxiang Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
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17
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So S, Yun J, Ko B, Lee D, Kim M, Noh J, Park C, Park J, Rho J. Radiative Cooling for Energy Sustainability: From Fundamentals to Fabrication Methods Toward Commercialization. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024; 11:e2305067. [PMID: 37949679 PMCID: PMC10787071 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202305067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Revised: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
Radiative cooling, a technology that lowers the temperature of terrestrial objects by dissipating heat into outer space, presents a promising ecologically-benign solution for sustainable cooling. Recent years witness substantial progress in radiative cooling technologies, bringing them closer to commercialization. This comprehensive review provides a structured overview of radiative cooling technologies, encompassing essential principles, fabrication techniques, and practical applications, with the goal of guiding researchers toward successful commercialization. The review begins by introducing the fundamentals of radiative cooling and the associated design strategies to achieve it. Then, various fabrication methods utilized for the realization of radiative cooling devices are thoroughly discussed. This discussion includes detailed assessments of scalability, fabrication costs, and performance considerations, encompassing both structural designs and fabrication techniques. Building upon these insights, potential fabrication approaches suitable for practical applications and commercialization are proposed. Further, the recent efforts made toward the practical applications of radiative cooling technology, including its visual appearance, switching capability, and compatibility are examined. By encompassing a broad range of topics, from fundamental principles to fabrication and applications, this review aims to bridge the gap between theoretical research and real-world implementation, fostering the advancement and widespread adoption of radiative cooling technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunae So
- Graduate School of Artificial Intelligence, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
- Department of Electro-Mechanical Systems Engineering, Korea University, Sejong, 30019, Republic of Korea
| | - Jooyeong Yun
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Byoungsu Ko
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Dasol Lee
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yonsei University, Wonju, 26493, Republic of Korea
| | - Minkyung Kim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju, 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaebum Noh
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Cherry Park
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Junkyeong Park
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Junsuk Rho
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
- POSCO-POSTECH-RIST Convergence Research Center for Flat Optics and Metaphotonics, Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
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18
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Jung J, Yoon S, Kim B, Kim JB. Development of High-Performance Flexible Radiative Cooling Film Using PDMS/TiO 2 Microparticles. MICROMACHINES 2023; 14:2223. [PMID: 38138392 PMCID: PMC10745724 DOI: 10.3390/mi14122223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2023] [Revised: 12/03/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023]
Abstract
Radiative cooling, which cools an object below its surrounding temperature without any energy consumption, is one of the most promising techniques for zero-energy systems. In principle, the radiative cooling technique reflects incident solar energy and emits its thermal radiation energy into outer space. To achieve maximized cooling performance, it is crucial to attain high spectral reflectance in the solar spectrum (0.3-2.5 μm) and high spectral emittance in the atmospheric window (8-13 μm). Despite the development of various radiative cooling techniques such as photonic crystals and metamaterials, applying the cooling technology in practical applications remains challenging due to its low flexibility and complicated manufacturing processes. Here, we develop a high-performance radiative cooling film using PDMS/TiO2 microparticles. Specifically, the design parameters such as microparticle diameter, microparticle volume fraction, and film thickness are considered through optical analysis. Additionally, we propose a novel fabrication process using low viscosity silicone oil for practical fabrication. The fabricated film accomplishes 67.1 W/m2 of cooling power, and we also analyze the cooling performance difference depending on the fabrication process based on the measurement and optical calculation results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junbo Jung
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Kongju National University, Cheonan 31080, Republic of Korea;
| | - Siwon Yoon
- Energy Efficiency Research Division, Korea Institute of Energy Research, Daejeon 34129, Republic of Korea;
| | - Bumjoo Kim
- Department of Mechanical and Automotive Engineering, Kongju National University, Cheonan 31080, Republic of Korea
- Department of Future Convergence Engineering, Kongju National University, Cheonan 31080, Republic of Korea
| | - Joong Bae Kim
- Department of Mechanical and Automotive Engineering, Kongju National University, Cheonan 31080, Republic of Korea
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19
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Park K, Frey MW. Designing an Effective and Scalable UV-Protective Cooling Textile with Nanoporous Fibers. NANO LETTERS 2023; 23:10398-10405. [PMID: 37931913 PMCID: PMC10683759 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.3c03055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2023] [Revised: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 11/01/2023] [Indexed: 11/08/2023]
Abstract
Although radiative cooling concepts guarantee reduction of air conditioning energy consumption by maximizing the scattering of solar radiation and dissipation of thermal radiation of a human body or building, large-scale implementation is challenging due to the need of radical adaptation in manufacturing processes, materials, and design. Here, we introduce an extremely thin layer of nanoporous microfibers without any additional materials or post-treatments. The optical and thermal effectiveness of porous fibers are presented to report a nondisruptive method of preventing the transmission of energy-intensive radiation such as ultraviolet radiation (UV) through textiles. Results show ∼1.4 °C cooling by adding 1 g/m2 (GSM) of porous fibers on a 160 GSM cotton t-shirt, and 91% of UV was prevented with 7.5 GSM of a porous fiber mat. This minimalistic additive approach would widen the scope of optical and radiative cooling research and accelerate both functional and sustainable materials research to be more accessible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyuin Park
- Department of Human Centered
Design, College of Human Ecology, Cornell
University, Ithaca, New York 14850, United States
| | - Margaret W. Frey
- Department of Human Centered
Design, College of Human Ecology, Cornell
University, Ithaca, New York 14850, United States
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20
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Dong Y, Meng W, Wang F, Han H, Liang H, Li X, Zou Y, Yang C, Xu Z, Yan Y, Cheng Z. "Warm in Winter and Cool in Summer": Scalable Biochameleon Inspired Temperature-Adaptive Coating with Easy Preparation and Construction. NANO LETTERS 2023; 23:9034-9041. [PMID: 37728246 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.3c02733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/21/2023]
Abstract
The highly reflective solar radiation of passive daytime radiative cooling (PDRC) increases heating energy consumption in the cold winter. Inspired by the temperature-adaptive skin color of chameleon, we efficiently combine temperature-adaptive solar absorption and PDRC technology to achieve "warm in winter and cool in summer". The temperature-adaptive radiative cooling coating (TARCC) with color variability is designed and fabricated, achieving 41% visible light regulation capability. Comprehensive seasonal outdoor tests confirm the reliability of the TARCC: in summer, the TARCC exhibits high solar reflectance (∼93%) and atmospheric transmission window emittance (∼94%), resulting in a 6.5 K subambient temperature. In the winter, the TARCC's dark color strongly absorbs solar radiation, resulting in a 4.3 K temperature rise. Compared with PDRC coatings, the TARCC can save up to 20% of annual energy in midlatitude regions and increase suitable human hours by 55%. With its low cost, easy preparation, and simple construction, the TARCC shows promise for achieving sustainable and comfortable indoor environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Dong
- School of Energy Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, 92 West Dazhi Street, Harbin 150001, P. R. China
- School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639798, Singapore
| | - Weifeng Meng
- School of Energy Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, 92 West Dazhi Street, Harbin 150001, P. R. China
| | - Fuqiang Wang
- School of Energy Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, 92 West Dazhi Street, Harbin 150001, P. R. China
| | - Han Han
- School of New Energy, Harbin Institute of Technology at Weihai, 2 West Wenhua Road, Weihai 264209, P. R. China
| | - Huaxu Liang
- School of Energy Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, 92 West Dazhi Street, Harbin 150001, P. R. China
| | - Xiang Li
- China Construction Eco-Environmental Protection Technology Co., Ltd., 118 Bada Street, Wuzhong District, Suzhou 215123, P. R. China
| | - Yanan Zou
- China Construction Eco-Environmental Protection Technology Co., Ltd., 118 Bada Street, Wuzhong District, Suzhou 215123, P. R. China
| | - Chun Yang
- School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639798, Singapore
| | - Zenghui Xu
- China Construction Eco-Environmental Protection Technology Co., Ltd., 118 Bada Street, Wuzhong District, Suzhou 215123, P. R. China
| | - Yuying Yan
- Faculty of Engineering, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
| | - Ziming Cheng
- School of New Energy, Harbin Institute of Technology at Weihai, 2 West Wenhua Road, Weihai 264209, P. R. China
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21
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Xiong L, Wei Y, Chen C, Chen X, Fu Q, Deng H. Thin lamellar films with enhanced mechanical properties for durable radiative cooling. Nat Commun 2023; 14:6129. [PMID: 37783720 PMCID: PMC10545832 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-41797-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Accepted: 09/15/2023] [Indexed: 10/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Passive daytime radiative cooling is a promising path to tackle energy, environment and security issues originated from global warming. However, the contradiction between desired high solar reflectivity and necessary applicable performance is a major limitation at this stage. Herein, we demonstrate a "Solvent exchange-Reprotonation" processing strategy to fabricate a lamellar structure integrating aramid nanofibers with core-shell TiO2-coated Mica microplatelets for enhanced strength and durability without compromising optical performance. Such approach enables a slow but complete two-step protonation transition and the formation of three-dimensional dendritic networks with strong fibrillar joints, where overloaded scatterers are stably grasped and anchored in alignment, thereby resulting in a high strength of ~112 MPa as well as excellent environmental durability including ultraviolet aging, high temperature, scratches, etc. Notably, the strong backward scattering excited by multiple core-shell and shell-air interfaces guarantees a balanced reflectivity (~92%) and thickness (~25 μm), which is further revealed by outdoor tests where attainable subambient temperature drops are ~3.35 °C for daytime and ~6.11 °C for nighttime. Consequently, both the cooling capacity and comprehensive outdoor-services performance, greatly push radiative cooling towards real-world applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lianhu Xiong
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, 610065, Chengdu, China
| | - Yun Wei
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, 610065, Chengdu, China
| | - Chuanliang Chen
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, 610065, Chengdu, China
| | - Xin Chen
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, 610065, Chengdu, China
| | - Qiang Fu
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, 610065, Chengdu, China.
| | - Hua Deng
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, 610065, Chengdu, China.
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22
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Li M, Lin C, Li K, Ma W, Dopphoopha B, Li Y, Huang B. A UV-Reflective Organic-Inorganic Tandem Structure for Efficient and Durable Daytime Radiative Cooling in Harsh Climates. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2023:e2301159. [PMID: 37178354 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202301159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2023] [Revised: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Radiative cooling shows great promise in eco-friendly space cooling due to its zero-energy consumption. For subambient cooling in hot humid subtropical/tropical climates, achieving ultrahigh solar reflectance (≥96%), durable ultraviolet (UV) resistance, and surface superhydrophobicity simultaneously is critical, which, however, is challenging for most state-of-the-art scalable polymer-based coolers. Here an organic-inorganic tandem structure is reported to address this challenge, which comprises a bottom high-refractive-index polyethersulfone (PES) cooling layer with bimodal honeycomb pores, an alumina (Al2 O3 ) nanoparticle UV reflecting layer with superhydrophobicity, and a middle UV absorption layer of titanium dioxide (TiO2 ) nanoparticles, thus providing thorough protection from UV and self-cleaning capability together with outstanding cooling performance. The PES-TiO2 -Al2 O3 cooler demonstrates a record-high solar reflectance of over 0.97 and high mid-infrared emissivity of 0.92, which can maintain their optical properties intact even after equivalent 280-day UV exposure despite the UV-sensitivity of PES. This cooler achieves a subambient cooling temperature up to 3 °C at summer noontime and 5 °C at autumn noontime without solar shading or convection cover in a subtropical coastal city, Hong Kong. This tandem structure can be extended to other polymer-based designs, offering a UV-resist but reliable radiative cooling solution in hot humid climates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Li
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong, Kowloon, 999077, China
| | - Chongjia Lin
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong, Kowloon, 999077, China
| | - Keqiao Li
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong, Kowloon, 999077, China
| | - Wei Ma
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong, Kowloon, 999077, China
| | - Benjamin Dopphoopha
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong, Kowloon, 999077, China
| | - Yang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Fluid Power and Mechatronic Systems, School of Mechanical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Manufacturing Technology of Zhejiang Province, School of Mechanical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Baoling Huang
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong, Kowloon, 999077, China
- HKUST Shenzhen-Hong Kong Collaborative Innovation Research Institute, Futian, Shenzhen, 518055, China
- HKUST Foshan Research Institute for Smart Manufacturing, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong, Kowloon, 999077, China
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23
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Gao W, Chen Y. Emerging Materials and Strategies for Passive Daytime Radiative Cooling. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2023; 19:e2206145. [PMID: 36604963 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202206145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2022] [Revised: 12/04/2022] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
In recent decades, the growing demands for energy saving and accompanying heat mitigation concerns, together with the vital goal for carbon neutrality, have drawn human attention to the zero-energy-consumption cooling technique. Recent breakthroughs in passive daytime radiative cooling (PDRC) might be a potent approach to combat the energy crisis and environmental challenges by directly dissipating ambient heat from the Earth to the cold outer space instead of only moving the heat across the Earth's surface. Despite significant progress in cooling mechanisms, materials design, and application exploration, PDRC faces potential functionalization, durability, and commercialization challenges. Herein, emerging materials and rational strategies for PDRC devices are reviewed. First, the fundamental physics and thermodynamic concepts of PDRC are examined, followed by a discussion on several categories of PDRC devices developed to date according to their implementation mechanism and material properties. Emerging strategies for performance enhancement and specific functions of PDRC are discussed in detail. Potential applications and possible directions for designing next-generation high-efficiency PDRC are also discussed. It is hoped that this review will contribute to exciting advances in PDRC and aid its potential applications in various fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Gao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Micro and Nano Heat Fluid Flow Technology and Energy Application, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou, 215009, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Energy Thermal Conversion and Control of Ministry of Education, School of Energy and Environment, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, P. R. China
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
| | - Yongping Chen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Micro and Nano Heat Fluid Flow Technology and Energy Application, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou, 215009, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Energy Thermal Conversion and Control of Ministry of Education, School of Energy and Environment, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, P. R. China
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24
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Qin J, Lin Z, Liang J, Liao D, Luo J, Huo Y, Gao L. Arrested Phase Separation Enables Optimal Light Management toward High-Performance Passive Radiative Cooling Film. Ind Eng Chem Res 2023. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.2c04247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jinfeng Qin
- School of Chemical Engineering and Light Industry, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Zequn Lin
- School of Chemical Engineering and Light Industry, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Jianlun Liang
- School of Chemical Engineering and Light Industry, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Daihui Liao
- School of Chemical Engineering and Light Industry, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Jiye Luo
- School of Chemical Engineering and Light Industry, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Yanping Huo
- School of Chemical Engineering and Light Industry, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Liang Gao
- School of Chemical Engineering and Light Industry, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
- Jieyang Branch of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Rongjiang Laboratory), Jieyang, 515200, China
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25
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Zou W, Luo H, Yang M, Xu J, Zhao N. Biomimetic Robust All-Polymer Porous Coatings for Passive Daytime Radiative Cooling. Macromol Rapid Commun 2023; 44:e2200695. [PMID: 36305388 DOI: 10.1002/marc.202200695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Revised: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Passive daytime radiation cooling (PDRC) has gained considerable attention as an emerging and promising cooling technology. Polymer-based porous materials are one of the important candidates for PDRC application due to their easy processing, free of inorganic particle doping, and multifunctionality. However, the mechanical properties of these porous materials, which are critical in outdoor services, have been overlooked in previous studies. Herein, a nonsolvent-induced phase separation (NIPS) method combined with ambient pressure drying to prepare polyethylene-polysilicate all-polymer porous coatings is developed. The coatings possess a Cyphochilus beetle-like skeleton structure with optimal skeleton size, laminated anisotropy, and high volume fraction (64 ± 1%). These structure features ensure a maximum skeleton density without optical crowding, thus enhancing light scattering and stress dispersion, and balancing optical and mechanical properties. The coatings exhibit significant mechanical robustness (only ≈70 µm thickness reduction after 1000 Taber abrasion cycles at a 750 g load without influencing optical performance), durability, optical properties (a solar reflectance of ≈95% and an average near-normal thermal emittance of ≈96%), and PDRC performance (realizing sub-ambient cooling of ≈3-6 °C at midday with different weather conditions). The work provides a new solution to improve the practicability of polymer-based porous coatings in PDRC outdoor services and other fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weizhi Zou
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Zhongguancun North First Street 2, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Heng Luo
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Zhongguancun North First Street 2, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Meng Yang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Zhongguancun North First Street 2, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Jian Xu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Zhongguancun North First Street 2, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
| | - Ning Zhao
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Zhongguancun North First Street 2, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
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26
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Li Y, Chen X, Yu L, Pang D, Yan H, Chen M. Janus Interface Engineering Boosting Visibly Transparent Radiative Cooling for Energy Saving. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:4122-4131. [PMID: 36642885 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c20462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Visibly transparent radiative cooling (VTRC) shows great potential in energy-saving buildings or car glasses for lighting and cooling. How to balance the lighting and cooling performance is of significance to VTRC. In addition, the thermal radiative performance on the inner side should also be determined for cooling. Here, we designed a Janus VTRC coating consisting of a thermal emitter, PDMS, and a transparent near-infrared reflector, TiO2/Ag/TiO2. On the outer side, the visible transmittance T̅vis = 0.70, while the solar reflectance R̅solar = 0.40, and the thermal emittance in the atmospheric window ε̅LWIR = 0.94 can be achieved experimentally. On the inner side, the thermal emittance ε̅IR can be 0.90 or 0.01 depending on the substrate (glass or near-infrared reflector), which acts as the radiative conductor or barrier for energy saving in hot or cold internal situations. Compared with glass, the designed PDMS/NIR/glass achieves an average temperature drop of 14.6 °C experimentally. The energy-saving calculation based on seven cities in China shows that the VTRC coating can save 34-44% of the annual cooling energy consumption. This Janus visibly transparent radiative cooling technology with internal and external regulation provides a potential strategy for energy saving under the requirement of simultaneous lighting and cooling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanan Li
- School of Energy Science and Engineering, Central South University, Changsha410083, China
| | - Xingyu Chen
- School of Energy Science and Engineering, Central South University, Changsha410083, China
| | - Li Yu
- School of Energy Science and Engineering, Central South University, Changsha410083, China
| | - Dan Pang
- School of Energy Science and Engineering, Central South University, Changsha410083, China
| | - Hongjie Yan
- School of Energy Science and Engineering, Central South University, Changsha410083, China
| | - Meijie Chen
- School of Energy Science and Engineering, Central South University, Changsha410083, China
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27
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Zhai H, Liu C, Fan D, Li Q. Dual-Encapsulated Nanocomposite for Efficient Thermal Buffering in Heat-Generating Radiative Cooling. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:57215-57224. [PMID: 36484240 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c13991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Radiative cooling has been considered an innovative passive method to resolve the problem of overheating of electronic devices. However, it is inefficient for cooling huge heat generation components. Herein, we report a dual-encapsulated nanocomposite (DEN) by integrating radiative cooling and phase-change materials (PCMs) for thermal buffering in heat-generating radiative cooling. The leak of PCMs is avoided by a simple dual-encapsulated structure with a three-dimensional (3D) interconnected cellular-like network structure and radiative cooling layer on the surface, 75% superior to the state-of-the-art single encapsulation designs. Additionally, our DEN not only shows outstanding optical properties with strong solar reflection (R̅solar = 0.96) and IR-selective emission (ε̅8-13 μm = 0.94 and ηε = 1.15) but also exhibits high phase-change enthalpy (ΔHm = 192.2 J/g, ΔHc = 175.7 J/g), enabling remarkable radiative cooling capability and desirable thermal energy peak shaving and valley filling effect. Outdoor experiments demonstrate that DEN achieves a temperature drop up to 23 °C compared to the control group without DEN coverage when electronics generate heat. This dual-encapsulated nanocomposite provides a novel strategy and solution for outdoor passive thermal management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huatian Zhai
- MIIT Key Laboratory of Thermal Control of Electronic Equipment, School of Energy and Power Engineering, Nanjing University of Science & Technology, Nanjing210094, China
| | - Chao Liu
- MIIT Key Laboratory of Thermal Control of Electronic Equipment, School of Energy and Power Engineering, Nanjing University of Science & Technology, Nanjing210094, China
| | - Desong Fan
- MIIT Key Laboratory of Thermal Control of Electronic Equipment, School of Energy and Power Engineering, Nanjing University of Science & Technology, Nanjing210094, China
| | - Qiang Li
- MIIT Key Laboratory of Thermal Control of Electronic Equipment, School of Energy and Power Engineering, Nanjing University of Science & Technology, Nanjing210094, China
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28
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Du M, Huang M, Yu X, Ren X, Sun Q. Structure Design of Polymer-Based Films for Passive Daytime Radiative Cooling. MICROMACHINES 2022; 13:2137. [PMID: 36557436 PMCID: PMC9782091 DOI: 10.3390/mi13122137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Revised: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Passive daytime radiative cooling (PDRC), a cooling method that needs no additional energy, has become increasingly popular in recent years. The combination of disordered media and polymeric photonics will hopefully lead to the large-scale fabrication of high-performance PDRC devices. This work aims to study two typical PDRC structures, the randomly distributed silica particle (RDSP) structure and the porous structure, and systematically investigates the effects of structural parameters (diameter D, volume fraction fv, and thickness t) on the radiative properties of the common plastic materials. Through the assistance of the metal-reflective layer, the daytime cooling power Pnet of the RDSP structures is slightly higher than that of the porous structures. Without the metal-reflective layer, the porous PC films can still achieve good PDRC performance with Pnet of 86 W/m2. Furthermore, the effective thermal conductivity of different structures was evaluated. The single-layer porous structure with optimally designed architecture can achieve both good optical and insulating performance, and it is the structure with the most potential in PDRC applications. The results can provide guidelines for designing high-performance radiative cooling films.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mu Du
- Institute for Advanced Technology, Shandong University, Jinan 250061, China
- MOE Key Laboratory of Thermo-Fluid Science and Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China
| | - Maoquan Huang
- Institute for Advanced Technology, Shandong University, Jinan 250061, China
- Institute of Thermal Science and Technology, Shandong University, Jinan 250061, China
| | - Xiyu Yu
- Institute for Advanced Technology, Shandong University, Jinan 250061, China
| | - Xingjie Ren
- Institute for Advanced Technology, Shandong University, Jinan 250061, China
| | - Qie Sun
- Institute for Advanced Technology, Shandong University, Jinan 250061, China
- Institute of Thermal Science and Technology, Shandong University, Jinan 250061, China
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29
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Wang Y, Li X, Qi C. Influence of nanoparticle and channel arc structure on comprehensive performance of nanofluids in curved tiered microchannel heat sinks. ASIA-PAC J CHEM ENG 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/apj.2858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuwei Wang
- School of Low‐Carbon Energy and Power Engineering China University of Mining and Technology Xuzhou China
| | - Xiaoyang Li
- School of Low‐Carbon Energy and Power Engineering China University of Mining and Technology Xuzhou China
| | - Cong Qi
- School of Low‐Carbon Energy and Power Engineering China University of Mining and Technology Xuzhou China
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30
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Yao P, Chen Z, Liu T, Liao X, Yang Z, Li J, Jiang Y, Xu N, Li W, Zhu B, Zhu J. Spider-Silk-Inspired Nanocomposite Polymers for Durable Daytime Radiative Cooling. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2022; 34:e2208236. [PMID: 36255146 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202208236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Revised: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Passive daytime radiative cooling (PDRC) materials, that strongly reflect sunlight and emit thermal radiation to outer space, demonstrate great potential in energy-saving for sustainable development. Particularly, polymer-based PDRC materials, with advantages of easy-processing, low cost, and outstanding cooling performance, have attracted intense attention. However, just like other polymer devices (for example polymer solar cells) working under sunlight, the issue of durability related to mechanical and UV properties needs to be addressed for large-scale practical applications. Here, a spider-silk-inspired design of nanocomposite polymers with potassium titanate (K2 Ti6 O13 ) nanofiber dopants is proposed for enhancing the durability without compromising their cooling performance. The formed tough interface of nanofiber/polymer effectively disperses stress, enhancing the mechanical properties of the polymer matrix; while the K2 Ti6 O13 can absorb high-energy UV photons and transform them into less harmful heat, thereby improving the UV stabilities. Taking poly(ethylene oxide) radiative cooler as an example for demonstration, its Young's modulus and UV resistance increase by 7 and 12 times, respectively. Consequently, the solar reflectance of nanocomposite poly(ethylene oxide) is maintained as constant in a continuous aging test for 720 h under outdoor sunlight. The work provides a general strategy to simultaneously enhance both the mechanical stability and the UV durability of polymer-based PDRC materials toward large-scale applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengcheng Yao
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Artificial Functional Materials, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, P. R. China
| | - Zipeng Chen
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Artificial Functional Materials, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, P. R. China
| | - Tianji Liu
- GPL Photonics Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Applied Optics, Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics and Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, 130033, P. R. China
| | - Xiangbiao Liao
- Advanced Research Institute of Multidisciplinary Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, P. R. China
| | - Zhengwei Yang
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Artificial Functional Materials, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, P. R. China
| | - Jinlei Li
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Artificial Functional Materials, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, P. R. China
| | - Yi Jiang
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Artificial Functional Materials, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, P. R. China
| | - Ning Xu
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Artificial Functional Materials, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, P. R. China
| | - Wei Li
- GPL Photonics Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Applied Optics, Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics and Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, 130033, P. R. China
| | - Bin Zhu
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Artificial Functional Materials, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, P. R. China
| | - Jia Zhu
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Artificial Functional Materials, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, P. R. China
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31
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Lee J, Jung Y, Lee M, Hwang JS, Guo J, Shin W, Min J, Pyun KR, Lee H, Lee Y, Shiomi J, Kim YJ, Kim BW, Ko SH. Biomimetic reconstruction of butterfly wing scale nanostructures for radiative cooling and structural coloration. NANOSCALE HORIZONS 2022; 7:1054-1064. [PMID: 35775456 DOI: 10.1039/d2nh00166g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
A great number of butterfly species in the warmer climate have evolved to exhibit fascinating optical properties on their wing scales which can both regulate the wing temperature and exhibit structural coloring in order to increase their chances of survival. In particular, the Archaeoprepona demophon dorsal wing demonstrates notable radiative cooling performance and iridescent colors based on the nanostructure of the wing scale that can be characterized by the nanoporous matrix with the periodic nanograting structure on the top matrix surface. Inspired by the natural species, we demonstrate a multifunctional biomimetic film that reconstructs the nanostructure of the Archaeoprepona demophon wing scales to replicate the radiative cooling and structural coloring functionalities. We resorted to the SiO2 sacrificial template-based solution process to mimic the random porous structure and laser-interference lithography to reproduce the nanograting architecture of the butterfly wing scale. As a result, the biomimetic structure of the nanograted surface on top of the porous film demonstrated desirable heat transfer and optical properties for outstanding radiative cooling performance and iridescent structural coloring. In this regard, the film is capable of inducing the maximum temperature drop of 8.45 °C, and the color gamut of the biomimetic film can cover 91.8% of the standardized color profile (sRGB).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinwoo Lee
- George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Institute for Electronics and Nanotechnology, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
| | - Yeongju Jung
- Applied Nano and Thermal Science Lab, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, South Korea.
| | - MinJae Lee
- Applied Nano and Thermal Science Lab, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, South Korea.
- Advanced Materials Research Team, Hyundai Motor Group, 37, Cheoldobangmulgwan-ro, Uiwang-si, Gyeonggi-do, 16082, South Korea.
| | - June Sik Hwang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yusung-gu, Daejeon 34141, South Korea
| | - Jiang Guo
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - Wooseop Shin
- Applied Nano and Thermal Science Lab, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, South Korea.
| | - JinKi Min
- Applied Nano and Thermal Science Lab, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, South Korea.
| | - Kyung Rok Pyun
- Applied Nano and Thermal Science Lab, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, South Korea.
| | - Huseung Lee
- Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering Education, Chungnam National University, 99 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34134, South Korea
| | - Yaerim Lee
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - Junichiro Shiomi
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - Young-Jin Kim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yusung-gu, Daejeon 34141, South Korea
| | - Byung-Wook Kim
- Advanced Materials Research Team, Hyundai Motor Group, 37, Cheoldobangmulgwan-ro, Uiwang-si, Gyeonggi-do, 16082, South Korea.
| | - Seung Hwan Ko
- Applied Nano and Thermal Science Lab, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, South Korea.
- Institute of Advanced Machinery and Design (SNU-IAMD), Seoul National University, Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, South Korea
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32
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Song J, Zhang W, Sun Z, Pan M, Tian F, Li X, Ye M, Deng X. Durable radiative cooling against environmental aging. Nat Commun 2022; 13:4805. [PMID: 35973997 PMCID: PMC9381728 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-32409-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2022] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
To fight against global warming, subambient daytime radiative cooling technology provides a promising path to meet sustainable development goals. To achieve subambient daytime radiative cooling, the reflection of most sunlight is the essential prerequisite. However, the desired high solar reflectance is easily dampened by environmental aging, mainly natural soiling and ultraviolet irradiation from sunlight causing yellowish color for most polymers, making the cooling ineffective. We demonstrate a simple strategy to use titanium dioxide nanoparticles, with ultraviolet resistance, forming hierarchical porous morphology via evaporation-driven assembly, which guarantees a balanced anti-soiling and high solar reflectance, rendering anti-aging cooling paint based coatings. We challenge the cooling coatings in an accelerated weathering test against simulated 3 years of natural soiling and simulated 1 year of natural sunshine, and find that the solar reflectance only declined by 0.4% and 0.5% compared with the un-aged ones. We further show over 6 months of aging under real-world conditions with barely no degradation to the cooling performance. Our anti-aging cooling paint is scalable and can be spray coated on desired outdoor architecture and container, presenting durable radiative cooling, promising for real-world applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianing Song
- Institute of Fundamental and Frontier Sciences, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610054, China
| | - Wenluan Zhang
- Institute of Fundamental and Frontier Sciences, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610054, China.
- School of Automation Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 611731, China.
| | - Zhengnan Sun
- Institute of Fundamental and Frontier Sciences, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610054, China
| | - Mengyao Pan
- Institute of Fundamental and Frontier Sciences, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610054, China
| | - Feng Tian
- Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Zhangjiang Lab, Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Science, Shanghai, 201204, China
| | - Xiuhong Li
- Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Zhangjiang Lab, Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Science, Shanghai, 201204, China
| | - Ming Ye
- Material Physics and Analytics, BASF Advanced Chemicals Co., Ltd. 333 Jiang Xin Sha Road, Pudong, Shanghai, 200137, China
| | - Xu Deng
- Shenzhen Institute for Advanced Study, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Shenzhen, 518110, China.
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Liang S, Wang M, Gao W, Diao H, Luo J. Recyclable, UV-Blocking, and Radiative Cooling Multifunctional Composite Membranes. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:25244-25252. [PMID: 35910141 PMCID: PMC9330185 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c02162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
It is well known that UV radiation can cause human health problems and that energy consumption can lead to human survival problems. Here, we prepared a composite membrane that can block UV radiation as well as reduce energy consumption. Carbon dots (CDs) and acrylates were prepared from xylose and epoxidized soybean oil as biomass feedstocks, respectively, and the composite membrane was prepared by a self-assembly strategy. The first layer of the membrane is composed of CDs and epoxy resin. Its main function is not only to weaken UV rays and the aggregation-induced quenching effect of CDs but also to reduce the absorption of UV rays by the second layer of the membrane. The second layer consists of barium sulfate (BaSO4) and acrylate. Compared to TiO2 (3.2 eV), BaSO4 (∼6 eV) has a higher electronic band gap, which reduces the absorption of UV light by the membrane. The composite membrane exhibits excellent UV-blocking and radiative cooling performance, shielding 99% of UV rays. In addition, the membrane can reduce 4.4 °C in radiative cooling tests, achieving a good cooling effect. Finally, the recyclability of the BaSO4/acrylate membrane is discussed, and 95% recovery rate provides sustainable utilization of the membrane. The composite membrane is expected to be popularized and used in low latitudes and areas with high temperature and high UV radiation near the equator.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaofeng Liang
- School
of Resources, Environment and Materials, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi 530004, China
| | - Muqun Wang
- School
of Resources, Environment and Materials, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi 530004, China
| | - Wei Gao
- School
of Resources, Environment and Materials, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi 530004, China
- Guangxi
Engineering and Technology Research Center for High Quality Structural
Panels from Biomass Wastes, Nanning, Guangxi 530004, China
| | - Hailin Diao
- Forestry
College, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi 530004, China
| | - Jianju Luo
- School
of Resources, Environment and Materials, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi 530004, China
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34
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Qi G, Tan X, Tu Y, Yang X, Qiao Y, Wang Y, Geng J, Yao S, Chen X. Ordered-Porous-Array Polymethyl Methacrylate Films for Radiative Cooling. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:31277-31284. [PMID: 35771521 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c06809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Passive radiative cooling is a spontaneous pattern of reflecting sunlight and radiating heat into the cold outer space through transparent atmosphere windows. In this work, an ordered-porous-array polymethyl methacrylate (OPA-PMMA) film with the properties of excellent radiative cooling is designed and studied. An ultra-high emissivity of 98.4% in the mid-infrared region (3-25 μm) and a good solar reflectance of 85% in the ultraviolet and near-infrared solar spectra (0.2-2.5 μm) were achieved. The surface temperature of the OPA-PMMA film is 16 °C lower than that of the smooth-surface PMMA films and is 8.6 °C lower than that of the commercial white paint in the outdoor test. The structure of the OPA plays an important role in improving solar reflectivity and emissivity. The films are fabricated using a one-step low-cost process that can be applied for large-scale production. It is vital for promoting radiative cooling as a viable energy technology for buildings, fabric, or equipment that need a cooling environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guiguang Qi
- Collaborative Innovation Center for New Energy Microgrid, Key Laboratory of Inorganic Nonmetallic Crystalline and Energy Conversion Materials, College of Electrical Engineering & New Energy, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, Hubei 443002, P. R. China
| | - Xinyu Tan
- Collaborative Innovation Center for New Energy Microgrid, Key Laboratory of Inorganic Nonmetallic Crystalline and Energy Conversion Materials, College of Electrical Engineering & New Energy, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, Hubei 443002, P. R. China
| | - Yiteng Tu
- Collaborative Innovation Center for New Energy Microgrid, Key Laboratory of Inorganic Nonmetallic Crystalline and Energy Conversion Materials, College of Electrical Engineering & New Energy, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, Hubei 443002, P. R. China
| | - Xiongbo Yang
- College of Science, China Three Gorges University, Yichang 443002, China
| | - Yulong Qiao
- Collaborative Innovation Center for New Energy Microgrid, Key Laboratory of Inorganic Nonmetallic Crystalline and Energy Conversion Materials, College of Electrical Engineering & New Energy, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, Hubei 443002, P. R. China
| | - Yunqi Wang
- Collaborative Innovation Center for New Energy Microgrid, Key Laboratory of Inorganic Nonmetallic Crystalline and Energy Conversion Materials, College of Electrical Engineering & New Energy, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, Hubei 443002, P. R. China
| | - Jialin Geng
- Collaborative Innovation Center for New Energy Microgrid, Key Laboratory of Inorganic Nonmetallic Crystalline and Energy Conversion Materials, College of Electrical Engineering & New Energy, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, Hubei 443002, P. R. China
| | - Shumin Yao
- Collaborative Innovation Center for New Energy Microgrid, Key Laboratory of Inorganic Nonmetallic Crystalline and Energy Conversion Materials, College of Electrical Engineering & New Energy, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, Hubei 443002, P. R. China
| | - Xiaobo Chen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, Missouri 64110, United States
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35
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Chen M, Pang D, Yan H. Highly solar reflectance and infrared transparent porous coating for non-contact heat dissipations. iScience 2022; 25:104726. [PMID: 35865137 PMCID: PMC9293775 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.104726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Revised: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Passive daytime radiative cooling (PDRC) can dissipate heat to outer space with high solar reflectance (R¯solar) and thermal emittance (ε¯LWIR) in the atmospheric transmission window. However, for the non-contact heat dissipation, besides the high R¯solar, a high infrared transmittance (τ¯LWIR) is needed to directly emit thermal radiation through the IR-transparent coating to outer space. In this work, An IR-transparent porous PE (P-PE) coating with R¯solar= 0.96 and τ¯LWIR= 0.88 was prepared for non-contact heat dissipations. Under the direct sunlight of 860 W m−2, the IR-transparent coating obtained a 4°C lower heater temperature than the normal PDRC coating under the same condition. In addition, the spectral reflectance of the P-PE coating after immersing in air or water changed little, which showed excellent durability for long-term outdoor applications. These results indicate the P-PE coating can be a potential IR-transparent coating for non-contact heat dissipations under direct sunlight. Infrared transparent coating was used for non-contact heat dissipations High solar reflectance R¯solar and IR-transmittance τ¯LWIR can be 0.96 and 0.88 IR transparent coating obtained a 4°C lower heater temperature than normal coating
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36
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Cai X, Wang Y, Luo Y, Xu J, Zhao L, Lin Y, Ning Y, Wang J, Gao L, Li D. Rationally Tuning Phase Separation in Polymeric Membranes toward Optimized All-day Passive Radiative Coolers. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:27222-27232. [PMID: 35657958 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c05943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The all-day passive radiative cooler has emerged as one of the state-of-the-art energy-saving cooling tool kits but routinely suffers from limited processability, high cost, and complicated fabrication processes, which impede large-scale applications. To address these challenges, this work exploits a polymer-based passive radiative cooler with optimized turbidity, reconfigurability, and recyclability. These cooling membranes are fabricated via selective condensation of octyl side chain-modified polyvinyl alcohol through a non-solvent-induced phase separation method. The rational tuning over spatial organization and distribution of the air-polymer interface renders optimized bright whiteness with solar reflectance at 96%. Meanwhile, the abundant -C-O-C- bonds endow such membranes with infrared thermal emittance over 90%. The optimized membrane realizes a subambient cooling of ∼5.7 °C with an average cooling power of ∼81 W m-2 under a solar intensity of ∼528 W m-2. Furthermore, the supramolecule nature of the developed passive radiative cooling membrane bears enhanced shape malleability and recyclability, substantially enhancing its conformability to the complex geometry and extending its life for an eco-friendly society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Cai
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, P. R. China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Functional Supramolecular Coordination Materials and Applications, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, P. R. China
| | - Yutao Wang
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, P. R. China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Functional Supramolecular Coordination Materials and Applications, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, P. R. China
| | - Yumin Luo
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, P. R. China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Functional Supramolecular Coordination Materials and Applications, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, P. R. China
| | - Jingyu Xu
- School of Chemical Engineering and Light Industry, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
| | - Liang Zhao
- School of Chemical Engineering and Light Industry, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
| | - Yiyi Lin
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, P. R. China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Functional Supramolecular Coordination Materials and Applications, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, P. R. China
| | - Yin Ning
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, P. R. China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Functional Supramolecular Coordination Materials and Applications, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, P. R. China
| | - Jizhuang Wang
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, P. R. China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Functional Supramolecular Coordination Materials and Applications, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, P. R. China
| | - Liang Gao
- School of Chemical Engineering and Light Industry, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
| | - Dan Li
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, P. R. China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Functional Supramolecular Coordination Materials and Applications, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, P. R. China
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37
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Yang Z, Jia Y, Zhang J. Hierarchical-Morphology Metal/Polymer Heterostructure for Scalable Multimodal Thermal Management. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:24755-24765. [PMID: 35580302 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c03513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The cooling and heating energy consumption of buildings poses a serious threat to the energy supply and increases greenhouse gas emissions, thus adversely impacting global warming and the long-term climate change trends. Here, inspired by the structure of the louver, this work demonstrates a multimodal device that integrates radiative cooling, natural lighting, and solar heating to deal with the grand challenge of building energy consumption. The blades integrate a selective radiative cooling material with a solar heating material. The selective radiative cooling material (solar reflectance ∼97%, selective emittance ∼0.82 in the 8-13 μm waveband) combines a solar reflective melt-blown polypropylene film and a solar transparent mid-infrared emitter polyethylene/silicon dioxide film. In addition, the heating material (solar absorptance ∼91%, thermal emittance ∼0.04) is zinc (Zn) film deposited with copper (Cu) nanoparticles, based on the Cu-Zn galvanic-displacement reaction. Hence, by rotating the blades, the conversion of radiative cooling, solar heating, and natural lighting functions can be realized. In the daytime, the multimodal device displays a subambient temperature of 4 °C, a superambient temperature of 2 °C, and a superambient temperature of 5 °C for the cooling mode, transmitting mode, and solar heating mode, respectively. On the basis of the energy-savings simulation, integrating these modes and dynamic converting these modes in the corresponding climate could save ∼746 GJ in the contiguous United States for one year (38% of the baseline energy consumption), which is equivalent to ∼147 tons of carbon dioxide emission reduction. Because of its excellent multimodal thermal management performance, this multimodal device will push forward the transformative change of building thermal management toward decarbonization and sustainability and being more green.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhangbin Yang
- College of Materials Science & Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Advanced Inorganic Function Composites, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Yu Jia
- College of Materials Science & Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Advanced Inorganic Function Composites, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Jun Zhang
- College of Materials Science & Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Advanced Inorganic Function Composites, Nanjing 211816, China
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38
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Cai C, Wei Z, Ding C, Sun B, Chen W, Gerhard C, Nimerovsky E, Fu Y, Zhang K. Dynamically Tunable All-Weather Daytime Cellulose Aerogel Radiative Supercooler for Energy-Saving Building. NANO LETTERS 2022; 22:4106-4114. [PMID: 35510868 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.2c00844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
A passive cooling strategy without any electricity input has shown a significant impact on overall energy consumption globally. However, designing tunable daytime radiative cooler to meet requirement of different weather conditions is still a big challenge, especially in hot, humid regions. Here, a novel type of tunable, thermally insulating and compressible cellulose nanocrystal (CNC) aerogel coolers is prepared via chemical cross-linking and unidirectional freeze casting process. Such aerogel coolers can achieve a subambient temperature drop of 9.2 °C under direct sunlight and promisingly reached the reduction of ∼7.4 °C even in hot, moist, and fickle extreme surroundings. The tunable cooling performance can be realized via controlling the compression ratio of shape-malleable aerogel coolers. Furthermore, energy consumption modeling of using such aerogel coolers in buildings in China shows 35.4% reduction of cooling energy. This work can pave the way toward designing high-performance, thermal-regulating materials for energy consumption savings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenyang Cai
- Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resource, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210037, China
- Sustainable Materials and Chemistry, Department of Wood Technology and Wood-based Composites, Georg-August-University of Göttingen, Büsgenweg 4, Göttingen 37077, Germany
| | - Zechang Wei
- Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resource, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210037, China
| | - Chunxiang Ding
- Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resource, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210037, China
| | - Bianjing Sun
- Sustainable Materials and Chemistry, Department of Wood Technology and Wood-based Composites, Georg-August-University of Göttingen, Büsgenweg 4, Göttingen 37077, Germany
| | - Wenbo Chen
- Sustainable Materials and Chemistry, Department of Wood Technology and Wood-based Composites, Georg-August-University of Göttingen, Büsgenweg 4, Göttingen 37077, Germany
| | - Christoph Gerhard
- Faculty of Engineering and Health, University of Applied Sciences and Arts, Göttingen 37085, Germany
| | - Evgeny Nimerovsky
- NMR-based Structural Biology Max-Planck-Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Am Fassberg 4, Göttingen 37077, Germany
| | - Yu Fu
- Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resource, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210037, China
| | - Kai Zhang
- Sustainable Materials and Chemistry, Department of Wood Technology and Wood-based Composites, Georg-August-University of Göttingen, Büsgenweg 4, Göttingen 37077, Germany
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39
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Zhu J, An Z, Zhang A, Du Y, Zhou X, Geng Y, Chen G. Anisotropic porous designed polymer coatings for high-performance passive all-day radiative cooling. iScience 2022; 25:104126. [PMID: 35402873 PMCID: PMC8983389 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.104126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Revised: 02/10/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Porous polymer radiative cooling coatings (PPCs) have attracted attention due to their ability of drawing and radiating heat from a hot object into the outer space, without any energy consumption. However, high performance of PPCs has yet to be achieved and the large-scale production of radiative cooling technology is still facing high cost and complex manufacturing constraints. Here, we propose a simple, inexpensive, scalable approach to fabricate anisotropic (P(VdF-HFP))ap PPCs (TPCs) by dissolution and diffusion between solvent and non-solvent-induced phase separation. By adjusting the porosity, pore size, and geometry, a sub-ambient temperature drop of ∼6.3°C in daytime and 10.1°C in night-time was achieved under a solar reflectance of 0.92 and an atmospheric window emittance of 0.96. A thermoelectric generator with an output voltage of almost zero reached 7 V/m2 after coating with TPCs. This could provide a convenient, economical, and environment-friendly way for PPCs materials toward efficient cooling and power generations. Anisotropic porous designed polymer coatings for passive all-day radiative cooling Dissolution and diffusion of the solvent and non-solvent cause phase separation Adjustment of pore shape and size of polymer coating by phase separation process High cooling and power generation efficiency achieved with anisotropic coatings
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiliang Zhu
- Department of Applied Physics, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300401, P. R. China
- Corresponding author
| | - Zhiqiang An
- Department of Applied Physics, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300401, P. R. China
| | - Anxun Zhang
- Department of Applied Physics, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300401, P. R. China
| | - Yike Du
- Department of Applied Physics, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300401, P. R. China
| | - Xuan Zhou
- Department of Applied Physics, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300401, P. R. China
| | - Yizhao Geng
- Department of Applied Physics, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300401, P. R. China
| | - Guifeng Chen
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300132, P. R. China
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40
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Yu F, Chen J, Huang L, Zhao Z, Wang J, Jin R, Chen J, Wang J, Miroshnichenko AE, Li T, Li G, Chen X, Lu W. Photonic slide rule with metasurfaces. LIGHT, SCIENCE & APPLICATIONS 2022; 11:77. [PMID: 35351851 PMCID: PMC8964711 DOI: 10.1038/s41377-022-00765-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Revised: 03/06/2022] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
As an elementary particle, a photon that carries information in frequency, polarization, phase, and amplitude, plays a crucial role in modern science and technology. However, how to retrieve the full information of unknown photons in an ultracompact manner over broad bandwidth remains a challenging task with growing importance. Here, we demonstrate a versatile photonic slide rule based on an all-silicon metasurface that enables us to reconstruct incident photons' frequency and polarization state. The underlying mechanism relies on the coherent interactions of frequency-driven phase diagrams which rotate at various angular velocities within broad bandwidth. The rotation direction and speed are determined by the topological charge and phase dispersion. Specifically, our metasurface leverages both achromatically focusing and azimuthally evolving phases with topological charges +1 and -1 to ensure the confocal annular intensity distributions. The combination of geometric phase and interference holography allows the joint manipulations of two distinct group delay coverages to realize angle-resolved in-pair spots in a transverse manner- a behavior that would disperse along longitudinal direction in conventional implementations. The spin-orbital coupling between the incident photons and vortex phases provides routing for the simultaneous identification of the photons' frequency and circular polarization state through recognizing the spots' locations. Our work provides an analog of the conventional slide rule to flexibly characterize the photons in an ultracompact and multifunctional way and may find applications in integrated optical circuits or pocketable devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feilong Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Infrared Physics, Shanghai Institute of Technical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 500 Yu Tian Road, 200083, Shanghai, China
- Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.1 SubLane Xiangshan, 310024, Hangzhou, China
- Shanghai Research Center for Quantum Sciences, 99 Xiupu Road, 201315, Shanghai, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Science, No.19 Yuquan Road, 100049, Beijing, China
| | - Jin Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Infrared Physics, Shanghai Institute of Technical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 500 Yu Tian Road, 200083, Shanghai, China
- Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.1 SubLane Xiangshan, 310024, Hangzhou, China
- Shanghai Research Center for Quantum Sciences, 99 Xiupu Road, 201315, Shanghai, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Science, No.19 Yuquan Road, 100049, Beijing, China
| | - Lujun Huang
- School of Engineering and Information Technology, University of New South Wales, Canberra, 2602, Australia
| | - Zengyue Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Infrared Physics, Shanghai Institute of Technical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 500 Yu Tian Road, 200083, Shanghai, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Science, No.19 Yuquan Road, 100049, Beijing, China
| | - Jiuxu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Infrared Physics, Shanghai Institute of Technical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 500 Yu Tian Road, 200083, Shanghai, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Science, No.19 Yuquan Road, 100049, Beijing, China
| | - Rong Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Infrared Physics, Shanghai Institute of Technical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 500 Yu Tian Road, 200083, Shanghai, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Science, No.19 Yuquan Road, 100049, Beijing, China
| | - Jian Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Infrared Physics, Shanghai Institute of Technical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 500 Yu Tian Road, 200083, Shanghai, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Science, No.19 Yuquan Road, 100049, Beijing, China
| | - Jian Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Infrared Physics, Shanghai Institute of Technical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 500 Yu Tian Road, 200083, Shanghai, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Science, No.19 Yuquan Road, 100049, Beijing, China
| | - Andrey E Miroshnichenko
- School of Engineering and Information Technology, University of New South Wales, Canberra, 2602, Australia
| | - Tianxin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Infrared Physics, Shanghai Institute of Technical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 500 Yu Tian Road, 200083, Shanghai, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Science, No.19 Yuquan Road, 100049, Beijing, China
| | - Guanhai Li
- State Key Laboratory of Infrared Physics, Shanghai Institute of Technical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 500 Yu Tian Road, 200083, Shanghai, China.
- Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.1 SubLane Xiangshan, 310024, Hangzhou, China.
- Shanghai Research Center for Quantum Sciences, 99 Xiupu Road, 201315, Shanghai, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Science, No.19 Yuquan Road, 100049, Beijing, China.
| | - Xiaoshuang Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Infrared Physics, Shanghai Institute of Technical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 500 Yu Tian Road, 200083, Shanghai, China
- Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.1 SubLane Xiangshan, 310024, Hangzhou, China
- Shanghai Research Center for Quantum Sciences, 99 Xiupu Road, 201315, Shanghai, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Science, No.19 Yuquan Road, 100049, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Infrared Physics, Shanghai Institute of Technical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 500 Yu Tian Road, 200083, Shanghai, China
- Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.1 SubLane Xiangshan, 310024, Hangzhou, China
- Shanghai Research Center for Quantum Sciences, 99 Xiupu Road, 201315, Shanghai, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Science, No.19 Yuquan Road, 100049, Beijing, China
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41
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Ma H, Wang L, Dou S, Zhao H, Huang M, Xu Z, Zhang X, Xu X, Zhang A, Yue H, Ali G, Zhang C, Zhou W, Li Y, Zhan Y, Huang C. Flexible Daytime Radiative Cooling Enhanced by Enabling Three-Phase Composites with Scattering Interfaces between Silica Microspheres and Hierarchical Porous Coatings. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:19282-19290. [PMID: 33866783 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c02145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Daytime radiative cooling has attracted considerable attention recently due to its tremendous potential for passively exploiting the coldness of the universe as clean and renewable energy. Many advanced materials with novel photonic micro/nanostructures have already been developed to enable highly efficient daytime radiative coolers, among which the flexible hierarchical porous coatings (HPCs) are a more distinguished category. However, it is still hard to precisely control the size distribution of the randomized pores within the HPCs, usually resulting in a deficient solar reflection at the near-infrared optical regime under diverse fabrication conditions of the coatings. We report here a three-phase (i.e., air pore-phase, microsphere-phase, and polymer-phase) self-assembled hybrid porous composite coating, which dramatically increases the average solar reflectance and yields remarkable temperature drops of ∼10 and ∼ 30 °C compared to the ambient circumstance and black paint, respectively, according to the rooftop measurements. Mie theory and Monte Carlo simulations reveal the origin of the low reflectivity of as-prepared two-phase porous HPCs, and the optical cooling improvement of the three-phase porous composite coatings is attributed to the newly generated interfaces possessing the high scattering efficiency between the hierarchical pores and silica microspheres hybridized with appropriate mass fractions. As a result, the hybrid porous composite approach enhances the whole performance of the coatings, which provides a promising alternative to the flexible daytime radiative cooler.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongchen Ma
- School of Optoelectronic Science and Engineering & Key Lab of Advanced Optical Manufacturing Technologies of Jiangsu Province, Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, China
| | - Liang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of High Performance Ceramics and Superfine Microstructure, Shanghai Institute of Ceramics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200050, China
| | - Shuliang Dou
- National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Advanced Composites, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Haipeng Zhao
- School of Optoelectronic Science and Engineering & Key Lab of Advanced Optical Manufacturing Technologies of Jiangsu Province, Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, China
| | - Min Huang
- School of Optoelectronic Science and Engineering & Key Lab of Advanced Optical Manufacturing Technologies of Jiangsu Province, Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, China
| | - Zewen Xu
- Soochow Institute for Energy and Materials Innovations, College of Energy, Key Laboratory of Advanced Carbon Materials and Wearable Energy Technologies of Jiangsu Province, Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, China
| | - Xinyuan Zhang
- School of Optoelectronic Science and Engineering & Key Lab of Advanced Optical Manufacturing Technologies of Jiangsu Province, Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, China
| | - Xiudong Xu
- School of Optoelectronic Science and Engineering & Key Lab of Advanced Optical Manufacturing Technologies of Jiangsu Province, Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, China
| | - Aiqin Zhang
- Soochow Institute for Energy and Materials Innovations, College of Energy, Key Laboratory of Advanced Carbon Materials and Wearable Energy Technologies of Jiangsu Province, Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, China
| | - Huiyu Yue
- Soochow Institute for Energy and Materials Innovations, College of Energy, Key Laboratory of Advanced Carbon Materials and Wearable Energy Technologies of Jiangsu Province, Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, China
| | - Ghulam Ali
- Soochow Institute for Energy and Materials Innovations, College of Energy, Key Laboratory of Advanced Carbon Materials and Wearable Energy Technologies of Jiangsu Province, Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, China
| | - Caihua Zhang
- Soochow Institute for Energy and Materials Innovations, College of Energy, Key Laboratory of Advanced Carbon Materials and Wearable Energy Technologies of Jiangsu Province, Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, China
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xi'an University of Science and Technology, Xi'an 710054, China
| | - Wenying Zhou
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xi'an University of Science and Technology, Xi'an 710054, China
| | - Yao Li
- National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Advanced Composites, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Yaohui Zhan
- School of Optoelectronic Science and Engineering & Key Lab of Advanced Optical Manufacturing Technologies of Jiangsu Province, Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, China
- Light Industry Institute of Electrochemical Power Sources, Zhangjiagang 215600, China
| | - Cheng Huang
- Soochow Institute for Energy and Materials Innovations, College of Energy, Key Laboratory of Advanced Carbon Materials and Wearable Energy Technologies of Jiangsu Province, Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, China
- Light Industry Institute of Electrochemical Power Sources, Zhangjiagang 215600, China
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