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Tripathi A, Ugwu CF, Asadchy VS, Faniayeu I, Kravchenko I, Fan S, Kivshar Y, Valentine J, Kruk SS. Nanoscale optical nonreciprocity with nonlinear metasurfaces. Nat Commun 2024; 15:5077. [PMID: 38871743 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-49436-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2024] [Indexed: 06/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Optical nonreciprocity is manifested as a difference in the transmission of light for the opposite directions of excitation. Nonreciprocal optics is traditionally realized with relatively bulky components such as optical isolators based on the Faraday rotation, hindering the miniaturization and integration of optical systems. Here we demonstrate free-space nonreciprocal transmission through a metasurface comprised of a two-dimensional array of nanoresonators made of silicon hybridized with vanadium dioxide (VO2). This effect arises from the magneto-electric coupling between Mie modes supported by the resonator. Nonreciprocal response of the nanoresonators occurs without the need for external bias; instead, reciprocity is broken by the incident light triggering the VO2 phase transition for only one direction of incidence. Nonreciprocal transmission is broadband covering over 100 nm in the telecommunication range in the vicinity of λ = 1.5 µm. Each nanoresonator unit cell occupies only ~0.1 λ3 in volume, with the metasurface thickness measuring about half-a-micron. Our self-biased nanoresonators exhibit nonreciprocity down to very low levels of intensity on the order of 150 W/cm2 or a µW per nanoresonator. We estimate picosecond-scale transmission fall times and sub-microsecond scale transmission rise. Our demonstration brings low-power, broadband and bias-free optical nonreciprocity to the nanoscale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aditya Tripathi
- Nonlinear Physics Centre, Research School of Physics, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | | | - Viktar S Asadchy
- Ginzton Laboratory, Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Electronics and Nanoengineering, Aalto University, Espoo, Finland
| | - Ihar Faniayeu
- Department of Physics, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Ivan Kravchenko
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, USA
| | - Shanhui Fan
- Ginzton Laboratory, Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Yuri Kivshar
- Nonlinear Physics Centre, Research School of Physics, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Jason Valentine
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Sergey S Kruk
- Nonlinear Physics Centre, Research School of Physics, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia.
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2
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Zheng T, Gu Y, Kwon H, Roberts G, Faraon A. Dynamic light manipulation via silicon-organic slot metasurfaces. Nat Commun 2024; 15:1557. [PMID: 38378672 PMCID: PMC10879521 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-45544-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 02/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Active metasurfaces provide the opportunity for fast spatio-temporal control of light. Among various tuning methods, organic electro-optic materials provide some unique advantages due to their fast speed and large nonlinearity, along with the possibility of using fabrication techniques based on infiltration. In this letter, we report a silicon-organic platform where organic electro-optic material is infiltrated into the narrow gaps of slot-mode metasurfaces with high quality factors. The mode confinement into the slot enables the placement of metallic electrodes in close proximity, thus enabling tunability at lower voltages. We demonstrate the maximum tuning sensitivity of 0.16nm/V, the maximum extinction ratio of 38% within ± 17V voltage at telecommunication wavelength. The device has 3dB bandwidth of 3MHz. These results provide a path towards tunable silicon-organic hybrid metasurfaces at CMOS-level voltages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianzhe Zheng
- T. J. Watson Laboratory of Applied Physics and Kavli Nanoscience Institute, California Institute of Technology, 1200 E. California Blvd., Pasadena, CA, 91125, USA
| | - Yiran Gu
- Department of Applied Physics and Material Science, California Institute of Technology, 1200 E. California Blvd., Pasadena, CA, 91125, USA
| | - Hyounghan Kwon
- T. J. Watson Laboratory of Applied Physics and Kavli Nanoscience Institute, California Institute of Technology, 1200 E. California Blvd., Pasadena, CA, 91125, USA
- Department of Electrical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, 1200 E. California Blvd., Pasadena, CA, 91125, USA
- Center for Quantum Information at Korea Institute of Science and Technology, 5, Hwarang-ro 14-gil, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Gregory Roberts
- T. J. Watson Laboratory of Applied Physics and Kavli Nanoscience Institute, California Institute of Technology, 1200 E. California Blvd., Pasadena, CA, 91125, USA
- Tech4Health Institute, New York University Langone Health, New York, NY, 10016, USA
| | - Andrei Faraon
- T. J. Watson Laboratory of Applied Physics and Kavli Nanoscience Institute, California Institute of Technology, 1200 E. California Blvd., Pasadena, CA, 91125, USA.
- Department of Electrical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, 1200 E. California Blvd., Pasadena, CA, 91125, USA.
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3
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Chen J, Zou W, Hong L, Chen J, Tang R, Shen Y, Guo T, Lei J, Deng X. Nonreciprocal reflection based on asymmetric graphene metasurfaces. OPTICS EXPRESS 2023; 31:39811-39820. [PMID: 38041295 DOI: 10.1364/oe.501758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 12/03/2023]
Abstract
We propose a scheme to achieve controllable nonreciprocal behavior in asymmetric graphene metasurfaces composed of a continuous graphene sheet and a poly crystalline silicon slab with periodic grooves of varying depths on each side. The proposed structure exhibits completely asymmetric reflection in opposite directions in the near-infrared range, which is attributed to the pronounced structural asymmetry and its accompanying nonlinear effects. The obtained nonreciprocal reflection ratio, reaching an impressive value of 21.27 dB, combined with a minimal insertion loss of just -0.76 dB, highlights the remarkable level of nonreciprocal efficiency achieved by this design compared to others in its category. More importantly, the proposed design can achieve dynamic tunability by controlling the incident field intensity and the graphene Fermi level. Our design highlights a potential means for creating miniaturized and integratable nonreciprocal optical components in reflection mode, which can promote the development of the integrated isolators, optical logic circuits, and bias-free nonreciprocal photonics.
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Wang CZ, Kononchuk R, Kuhl U, Kottos T. Loss-Induced Violation of the Fundamental Transmittance-Asymmetry Bound in Nonlinear Complex Wave Systems. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2023; 131:123801. [PMID: 37802952 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.131.123801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/08/2023]
Abstract
Nonlinearity-induced asymmetric transport (AT) can be utilized for on-chip implementation of nonreciprocal devices that do not require odd-vector biasing. This scheme, however, is subject to a fundamental bound dictating that the maximum transmittance asymmetry is inversely proportional to the asymmetry intensity range (AIR) over which AT occurs. Contrary to the conventional wisdom, we show that the implementation of losses can lead to an increase of the AIR without deteriorating the AT. We develop a general theory that provides a new upper bound for AT in nonlinear complex systems and highlights the importance of their structural complexity and of losses. Our predictions are confirmed numerically and experimentally using a microwave complex network of coaxial cables.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Zhen Wang
- Wave Transport in Complex Systems Lab, Department of Physics, Wesleyan University, Middletown, Connecticut 06459, USA
| | - Rodion Kononchuk
- Wave Transport in Complex Systems Lab, Department of Physics, Wesleyan University, Middletown, Connecticut 06459, USA
| | - Ulrich Kuhl
- Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, Institut de Physique de Nice (INPHYNI), 06200, Nice, France
| | - Tsampikos Kottos
- Wave Transport in Complex Systems Lab, Department of Physics, Wesleyan University, Middletown, Connecticut 06459, USA
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5
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Wang B, Li Y, Shen X, Krolikowski W. Asymmetric wavefront shaping with nonreciprocal 3D nonlinear detour phase hologram. OPTICS EXPRESS 2023; 31:25143-25152. [PMID: 37475326 DOI: 10.1364/oe.490167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/07/2023] [Indexed: 07/22/2023]
Abstract
Asymmetric control of light with nonlinear material is of great significance in the design of novel micro-photonic components, such as asymmetric imaging devices and nonreciprocal directional optical filters. However, the use of nonlinear photonic crystals for asymmetric optical transmission, to the best of our knowledge, is still an untouched area of research. Herein we propose the 3D nonlinear detour phase holography for realizing asymmetric SH wavefront shaping by taking advantage of the dependence of the SH phase on the propagation direction of the excitation beam. With the proposed method, the designed nonreciprocal 3D nonlinear detour phase hologram yields SH phases with opposite signs for the forward and backward transmission situations. Moreover, the quasi-phase-matching scheme and orbital angular momentum conservation in the asymmetric SH wavefront shaping process are also discussed. This study conceptually extends the 2D nonlinear detour phase holography into 3D space to build the nonreciprocal 3D nonlinear detour phase hologram for achieving SH twin-image elimination and asymmetric SH wavefront shaping, offering new possibilities for the design of nonreciprocal optical devices.
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6
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Liu CC, Hsiao HH, Chang YC. Nonlinear two-photon pumped vortex lasing based on quasi-bound states in the continuum from perovskite metasurface. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eadf6649. [PMID: 37256940 PMCID: PMC10413678 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adf6649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The experimental observation of nonlinear two-photon pumped vortex lasing from perovskite metasurfaces is demonstrated. The vortex lasing beam is based on symmetry-protected quasi-bound states in the continuum (QBICs). The topological charge is estimated to be +1 according to the simulation result. The quality factor and lasing threshold are around 1100 and 4.28 mJ/cm2, respectively. Theoretical analysis reveals that the QBIC mode originates from the magnetic dipole mode. The lasing wavelength can be experimentally designed within a broad spectral range by changing the diameter and periodicity of the metasurface. The finite array size effect of QBIC can affect the quality factor of the lasing and be used to modulate the lasing. Results shown in this study can lead to more complex vortex beam lasing from a single chip and previously unidentified ways to obtain ultrafast modulation of the QBIC lasing via the finite array size effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi-Ching Liu
- Department of Physics, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Research Center for Applied Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
- Nano Science and Technology, Taiwan International Graduate Program, Academia Sinica and National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hui-Hsin Hsiao
- Department of Engineering Science and Ocean Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yun-Chorng Chang
- Department of Physics, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Research Center for Applied Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
- Nano Science and Technology, Taiwan International Graduate Program, Academia Sinica and National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
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7
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Boroviks S, Kiselev A, Achouri K, Martin OJF. Demonstration of a Plasmonic Nonlinear Pseudodiode. NANO LETTERS 2023; 23:3362-3368. [PMID: 37043888 PMCID: PMC10141562 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.3c00367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Revised: 04/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate a nonlinear plasmonic metasurface that exhibits strongly asymmetric second-harmonic generation: nonlinear scattering is efficient upon excitation in one direction, and it is substantially suppressed when the excitation direction is reversed, thus enabling a diode-like functionality. A significant (approximately 10 dB) extinction ratio of SHG upon opposite excitations is measured experimentally, and those findings are substantiated with full-wave simulations. This effect is achieved by employing a combination of two commonly used metals─aluminum and silver─producing a material composition asymmetry that results in a bianisotropic response of the system, as confirmed by performing homogenization analysis and extracting an effective susceptibility tensor. Finally, we discuss the implications of our results from the more fundamental perspectives of reciprocity and time-reversal asymmetry.
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8
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Lin L, Hu J, Dagli S, Dionne JA, Lawrence M. Universal Narrowband Wavefront Shaping with High Quality Factor Meta-Reflect-Arrays. NANO LETTERS 2023; 23:1355-1362. [PMID: 36745385 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.2c04621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Optical metasurfaces offer unprecedented flexibility in light wave manipulation but suffer weak resonant enhancement. Tackling this problem, we experimentally unveil a new phase gradient metasurface platform made entirely from individually addressable high quality factor (high-Q) silicon meta-atoms. Composed of pairs of nearly identical nanoblocks, these meta-atoms support dipolar-guided-mode resonances that, due to the controlled suppression of radiation loss, serve as highly sensitive phase pixels when placed above a mirror. A key novelty of this platform lies in the vanishingly small structural perturbations needed to produce universal phase fronts. Having fabricated elements with Q-factor ∼380 and spaced by λ/1.2, we achieve strong beam steering, up to 59% efficient, to angles 32.3°, 25.3°, and 20.9°, with variations in nanoantenna volume fractions across the metasurfaces of ≤2.6%, instead of >50% required by traditional versions. Aside from extreme sensitivity, the metasurfaces exhibit near-field intensity enhancement over 1000×. Taken together, these properties represent an exciting prospect for dynamic and nonlinear wave shaping.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Lin
- Department of Electrical and Systems Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, United States
| | - Jack Hu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Sahil Dagli
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Jennifer A Dionne
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Mark Lawrence
- Department of Electrical and Systems Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, United States
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9
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Liu W, Ma Y, Liu X, Zhou J, Xu C, Dong B, Lee C. Larger-Than-Unity External Optical Field Confinement Enabled by Metamaterial-Assisted Comb Waveguide for Ultrasensitive Long-Wave Infrared Gas Spectroscopy. NANO LETTERS 2022; 22:6112-6120. [PMID: 35759415 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.2c01198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Nanophotonic waveguides that implement long optical pathlengths on chips are promising to enable chip-scale gas sensors. Nevertheless, current absorption-based waveguide sensors suffer from weak interactions with analytes, limiting their adoptions in most demanding applications such as exhaled breath analysis and trace-gas monitoring. Here, we propose an all-dielectric metamaterial-assisted comb (ADMAC) waveguide to greatly boost the sensing capability. By leveraging large longitudinal electric field discontinuity at periodic high-index-contrast interfaces in the subwavelength grating metamaterial and its unique features in refractive index engineering, the ADMAC waveguide features strong field delocalization into the air, pushing the external optical field confinement factor up to 113% with low propagation loss. Our sensor operates in the important but underdeveloped long-wave infrared spectral region, where absorption fingerprints of plentiful chemical bonds are located. Acetone absorption spectroscopy is demonstrated using our sensor around 7.33 μm, showing a detection limit of 2.5 ppm with a waveguide length of only 10 mm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weixin Liu
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117583, Singapore
- Center for Intelligent Sensors and MEMS (CISM), National University of Singapore, Singapore 117608, Singapore
| | - Yiming Ma
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117583, Singapore
- Center for Intelligent Sensors and MEMS (CISM), National University of Singapore, Singapore 117608, Singapore
| | - Xinmiao Liu
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117583, Singapore
- Center for Intelligent Sensors and MEMS (CISM), National University of Singapore, Singapore 117608, Singapore
| | - Jingkai Zhou
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117583, Singapore
- Center for Intelligent Sensors and MEMS (CISM), National University of Singapore, Singapore 117608, Singapore
| | - Cheng Xu
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117583, Singapore
- Center for Intelligent Sensors and MEMS (CISM), National University of Singapore, Singapore 117608, Singapore
| | - Bowei Dong
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117583, Singapore
- Center for Intelligent Sensors and MEMS (CISM), National University of Singapore, Singapore 117608, Singapore
| | - Chengkuo Lee
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117583, Singapore
- Center for Intelligent Sensors and MEMS (CISM), National University of Singapore, Singapore 117608, Singapore
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10
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Yang Z, Cheng Y, Wang N, Chen Y, Wang S. Nonreciprocal light propagation induced by a subwavelength spinning cylinder. OPTICS EXPRESS 2022; 30:27993-28002. [PMID: 36236956 DOI: 10.1364/oe.462107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Nonreciprocal optical devices have broad applications in light manipulations for communications and sensing. Non-magnetic mechanisms of optical nonreciprocity are highly desired for high-frequency on-chip applications. Here, we investigate the nonreciprocal properties of light propagation in a dielectric waveguide induced by a subwavelength spinning cylinder. We find that the chiral modes of the cylinder can give rise to unidirectional coupling with the waveguide via the transverse spin-orbit interaction, leading to different transmissions for guided wave propagating in opposite directions and thus optical isolation. We reveal the dependence of the nonreciprocal properties on various system parameters including mode order, spinning speed, coupling distance, and various losses. The results show that higher-order chiral modes and larger spinning speed generally give rise to stronger nonreciprocity, and there exists an optimal cylinder-waveguide coupling distance where the optical isolation reaches the maximum. The properties are sensitive to the material loss of the cylinder but show robustness against surface-roughness-induced loss in the waveguide. Our work contributes to the understanding of nonreciprocity in subwavelength moving structures and can find applications in integrated photonic circuits, topological photonics, and novel metasurfaces.
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11
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Matsumori K, Fujimura R, Retsch M. Reflection Mechanism of Dielectric Corner Reflectors: The Role of the Diffraction of Evanescent Waves and the Goos-Hänchen Shift. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:23353-23361. [PMID: 35847333 PMCID: PMC9280947 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c01537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Nano- and microstructures have been developed for asymmetric light transmission (ALT) filters operating in a wide wavelength range. One of the most straightforward structures with ALT properties is a dielectric corner reflector (DCR) comprising a one-dimensional grating of a triangular shape on one surface. The DCR possesses strong reflection only for one-way light illumination due to multiple total internal reflections (TIRs) inside the triangular grating. For triangular structures being much larger than the wavelength of light, the reflection properties are expected to be fully described by geometrical optics. However, geometrical optics do not account for the Goos-Hänchen (GH) shift, which is caused by the evanescent wave of the TIR. In this work, the reflection mechanism of DCRs is elucidated using the finite element method and a quantitative model built by considering the GH shift. The reduction in reflection of the DCR is dominated by diffraction of the evanescent wave at the corner of the triangular structure. Our model is based on simple mathematics and can optimize the DCR geometry for applications addressing a wide wavelength range such as radiative cooling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kishin Matsumori
- Department
of Chemistry, Physical Chemistry I, University
of Bayreuth, Bayreuth 95447, Germany
| | - Ryushi Fujimura
- Graduate
School of Regional Development and Creativity, Utsunomiya University, Utsunomiya 321-8585, Japan
| | - Markus Retsch
- Department
of Chemistry, Physical Chemistry I, University
of Bayreuth, Bayreuth 95447, Germany
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Abir T, Tal M, Ellenbogen T. Second-Harmonic Enhancement from a Nonlinear Plasmonic Metasurface Coupled to an Optical Waveguide. NANO LETTERS 2022; 22:2712-2717. [PMID: 35369689 PMCID: PMC9011386 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.1c04584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2021] [Revised: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Metasurfaces are commonly constructed from two-dimensional arrangements of nanoresonators. Coherent coupling of the nanoresonators through extended photonic modes of the metasurface results in a modified collective optical response, and enhances light-matter interactions. Here we experimentally demonstrate that strong collective resonances can arise also from coupling the metasurface to an optical waveguide. We explore the effect this waveguide-assisted collective interaction has on second-harmonic generation from the hybrid system. Our measurements indicate an enhancement factor of 8 for the transmitted second harmonic in comparison to incoherent collective scattering. In addition, complementary simulations predict about a 100-fold enhancement for the second harmonic that remains confined inside the waveguide. The ability to control the hybrid modes by the waveguide's design provides broader control over the formation of the collective interaction and new tools to tailor the nonlinear interactions. Our findings pave a promising direction to realize nonlinear photonic circuits with metasurfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsafrir Abir
- Department
of Condensed Matter Physics, School of Physics and Astronomy, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6779801, Israel
- Department
of Physical Electronics, School of Electrical Engineering, Tel-Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6779801, Israel
- Center
for Light-Matter Interaction, Tel-Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6779801, Israel
| | - Mai Tal
- Department
of Condensed Matter Physics, School of Physics and Astronomy, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6779801, Israel
- Department
of Physical Electronics, School of Electrical Engineering, Tel-Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6779801, Israel
- Center
for Light-Matter Interaction, Tel-Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6779801, Israel
| | - Tal Ellenbogen
- Department
of Physical Electronics, School of Electrical Engineering, Tel-Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6779801, Israel
- Center
for Light-Matter Interaction, Tel-Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6779801, Israel
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13
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Yang J, Gurung S, Bej S, Ni P, Howard Lee HW. Active optical metasurfaces: comprehensive review on physics, mechanisms, and prospective applications. REPORTS ON PROGRESS IN PHYSICS. PHYSICAL SOCIETY (GREAT BRITAIN) 2022; 85:036101. [PMID: 35244609 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6633/ac2aaf] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Optical metasurfaces with subwavelength thickness hold considerable promise for future advances in fundamental optics and novel optical applications due to their unprecedented ability to control the phase, amplitude, and polarization of transmitted, reflected, and diffracted light. Introducing active functionalities to optical metasurfaces is an essential step to the development of next-generation flat optical components and devices. During the last few years, many attempts have been made to develop tunable optical metasurfaces with dynamic control of optical properties (e.g., amplitude, phase, polarization, spatial/spectral/temporal responses) and early-stage device functions (e.g., beam steering, tunable focusing, tunable color filters/absorber, dynamic hologram, etc) based on a variety of novel active materials and tunable mechanisms. These recently-developed active metasurfaces show significant promise for practical applications, but significant challenges still remain. In this review, a comprehensive overview of recently-reported tunable metasurfaces is provided which focuses on the ten major tunable metasurface mechanisms. For each type of mechanism, the performance metrics on the reported tunable metasurface are outlined, and the capabilities/limitations of each mechanism and its potential for various photonic applications are compared and summarized. This review concludes with discussion of several prospective applications, emerging technologies, and research directions based on the use of tunable optical metasurfaces. We anticipate significant new advances when the tunable mechanisms are further developed in the coming years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingyi Yang
- Department of Physics & Astronomy, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, United States of America
- Department of Physics, Baylor University, Waco, TX 76798, United States of America
| | - Sudip Gurung
- Department of Physics & Astronomy, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, United States of America
- Department of Physics, Baylor University, Waco, TX 76798, United States of America
| | - Subhajit Bej
- Department of Physics, Baylor University, Waco, TX 76798, United States of America
| | - Peinan Ni
- Department of Physics, Baylor University, Waco, TX 76798, United States of America
| | - Ho Wai Howard Lee
- Department of Physics & Astronomy, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, United States of America
- Department of Physics, Baylor University, Waco, TX 76798, United States of America
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14
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Klopfer E, Dagli S, Barton D, Lawrence M, Dionne JA. High-Quality-Factor Silicon-on-Lithium Niobate Metasurfaces for Electro-optically Reconfigurable Wavefront Shaping. NANO LETTERS 2022; 22:1703-1709. [PMID: 35112873 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.1c04723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Dynamically reconfigurable metasurfaces promise compact and lightweight spatial light modulation for many applications, including LiDAR, AR/VR, and LiFi systems. Here, we design and computationally investigate high-quality-factor silicon-on-lithium niobate metasurfaces with electrically driven, independent control of its constituent nanobars for full phase tunability with high tuning efficiency. Free-space light couples to guided modes within each nanobar via periodic perturbations, generating quality factors exceeding 30,000 while maintaining a bar spacing of <λ/1.5. We achieve nearly 2π phase variation with an applied bias not exceeding ±25 V, maintaining a reflection efficiency above 91%. Using full-field simulations, we demonstrate a high-angle (51°) switchable beamsplitter with a diffracted efficiency of 93% and an angle-tunable beamsteerer, spanning 18-31°, with up to 86% efficiency, all using the same metasurface device. Our platform provides a foundation for highly efficient wavefront-shaping devices with a wide dynamic tuning range capable of generating nearly any transfer function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elissa Klopfer
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Sahil Dagli
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - David Barton
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Mark Lawrence
- Department of Electrical and Systems Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, United States
| | - Jennifer A Dionne
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
- Department of Radiology, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
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15
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Meng Y, Chen Y, Lu L, Ding Y, Cusano A, Fan JA, Hu Q, Wang K, Xie Z, Liu Z, Yang Y, Liu Q, Gong M, Xiao Q, Sun S, Zhang M, Yuan X, Ni X. Optical meta-waveguides for integrated photonics and beyond. LIGHT, SCIENCE & APPLICATIONS 2021; 10:235. [PMID: 34811345 PMCID: PMC8608813 DOI: 10.1038/s41377-021-00655-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2021] [Revised: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
The growing maturity of nanofabrication has ushered massive sophisticated optical structures available on a photonic chip. The integration of subwavelength-structured metasurfaces and metamaterials on the canonical building block of optical waveguides is gradually reshaping the landscape of photonic integrated circuits, giving rise to numerous meta-waveguides with unprecedented strength in controlling guided electromagnetic waves. Here, we review recent advances in meta-structured waveguides that synergize various functional subwavelength photonic architectures with diverse waveguide platforms, such as dielectric or plasmonic waveguides and optical fibers. Foundational results and representative applications are comprehensively summarized. Brief physical models with explicit design tutorials, either physical intuition-based design methods or computer algorithms-based inverse designs, are cataloged as well. We highlight how meta-optics can infuse new degrees of freedom to waveguide-based devices and systems, by enhancing light-matter interaction strength to drastically boost device performance, or offering a versatile designer media for manipulating light in nanoscale to enable novel functionalities. We further discuss current challenges and outline emerging opportunities of this vibrant field for various applications in photonic integrated circuits, biomedical sensing, artificial intelligence and beyond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Meng
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement Technology and Instruments, Department of Precision Instrument, Tsinghua University, 100084, Beijing, China
| | - Yizhen Chen
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Ultra-Precision Optical Manufacturing and School of Information, Science and Technology, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Longhui Lu
- School of Optical and Electronic Information, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Yimin Ding
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Andrea Cusano
- Optoelectronic Division, Department of Engineering, University of Sannio, I-82100, Benevento, Italy
| | - Jonathan A Fan
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Qiaomu Hu
- School of Optical and Electronic Information, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Kaiyuan Wang
- School of Optical and Electronic Information, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Zhenwei Xie
- Nanophotonics Research Centre, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Micro-Scale Optical Information Technology, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China
| | - Zhoutian Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement Technology and Instruments, Department of Precision Instrument, Tsinghua University, 100084, Beijing, China
| | - Yuanmu Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement Technology and Instruments, Department of Precision Instrument, Tsinghua University, 100084, Beijing, China
| | - Qiang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement Technology and Instruments, Department of Precision Instrument, Tsinghua University, 100084, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Photonic Control Technology, Ministry of Education, Tsinghua University, 100084, Beijing, China
| | - Mali Gong
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement Technology and Instruments, Department of Precision Instrument, Tsinghua University, 100084, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Photonic Control Technology, Ministry of Education, Tsinghua University, 100084, Beijing, China
| | - Qirong Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement Technology and Instruments, Department of Precision Instrument, Tsinghua University, 100084, Beijing, China.
- Key Laboratory of Photonic Control Technology, Ministry of Education, Tsinghua University, 100084, Beijing, China.
| | - Shulin Sun
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Ultra-Precision Optical Manufacturing and School of Information, Science and Technology, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China.
- Yiwu Research Institute of Fudan University, Chengbei Road, Yiwu City, 322000, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Minming Zhang
- School of Optical and Electronic Information, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China.
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, Hubei, China.
| | - Xiaocong Yuan
- Nanophotonics Research Centre, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Micro-Scale Optical Information Technology, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China
| | - Xingjie Ni
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
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16
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Krichevsky DM, Xia S, Mandrik MP, Ignatyeva DO, Bi L, Belotelov VI. Silicon-Based All-Dielectric Metasurface on an Iron Garnet Film for Efficient Magneto-Optical Light Modulation in Near IR Range. NANOMATERIALS 2021; 11:nano11112926. [PMID: 34835690 PMCID: PMC8621523 DOI: 10.3390/nano11112926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Revised: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
All-dielectric nanostructures provide a unique low-loss platform for efficiently increasing light-matter interaction via excitation of the localized or propagating optical modes. Here, we report on the transverse magneto-optical Kerr effect enhancement in an all-dielectric metasurface based on a two-dimensional array of Si nanodisks on a cerium substituted dysprosium iron garnet thin film. We observed up to 15% light intensity modulation under TM modes excitation. The observed magneto-optical effect is nearly independent of the rotation of the light incidence plane with respect to the metasurface. Being compatible with conventional semiconductor technology, our structure holds promise for device applications, such as light modulators, magnetic and chemical sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denis M. Krichevsky
- Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology (MIPT), 141700 Dolgoprudny, Russia
- Russian Quantum Center, 121353 Moscow, Russia; (D.O.I.); (V.I.B.)
- Physics and Technology Institute, Vernadsky Crimean Federal University, 295007 Simferopol, Russia
- Correspondence:
| | - Shuang Xia
- National Engineering Research Center of Electromagnetic Radiation Control Materials, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, China; (S.X.); (L.B.)
- State Key Laboratory of Electronic Thin-Films and Integrated Devices, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, China
| | - Mikhail P. Mandrik
- Faculty of Fundamental Physical and Chemical Engineering, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Daria O. Ignatyeva
- Russian Quantum Center, 121353 Moscow, Russia; (D.O.I.); (V.I.B.)
- Physics and Technology Institute, Vernadsky Crimean Federal University, 295007 Simferopol, Russia
- Photonic and Quantum Technologies School, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Lei Bi
- National Engineering Research Center of Electromagnetic Radiation Control Materials, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, China; (S.X.); (L.B.)
- State Key Laboratory of Electronic Thin-Films and Integrated Devices, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, China
| | - Vladimir I. Belotelov
- Russian Quantum Center, 121353 Moscow, Russia; (D.O.I.); (V.I.B.)
- Physics and Technology Institute, Vernadsky Crimean Federal University, 295007 Simferopol, Russia
- Photonic and Quantum Technologies School, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia
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17
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Meng Q, Chen X, Xu W, Zhu Z, Yuan X, Zhang J. High Q Resonant Sb 2S 3-Lithium Niobate Metasurface for Active Nanophotonics. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 11:2373. [PMID: 34578689 PMCID: PMC8468812 DOI: 10.3390/nano11092373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2021] [Revised: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Phase change materials (PCMs) are attracting more and more attentions as enabling materials for tunable nanophotonics. They can be processed into functional photonic devices through customized laser writing, providing great flexibility for fabrication and reconfiguration. Lithium Niobate (LN) has excellent nonlinear and electro-optical properties, but is difficult to process, which limits its application in nanophotonic devices. In this paper, we combine the emerging low-loss phase change material Sb2S3 with LN and propose a new type of high Q resonant metasurface. Simulation results show that the Sb2S3-LN metasurface has extremely narrow linewidth of 0.096 nm and high quality (Q) factor of 15,964. With LN as the waveguide layer, strong nonlinear properties are observed in the hybrid metasurface, which can be employed for optical switches and isolators. By adding a pair of Au electrodes on both sides of the LN, we can realize dynamic electro-optical control of the resonant metasurface. The ultra-low loss of Sb2S3, and its combination with LN, makes it possible to realize a new family of high Q resonant metasurfaces for actively tunable nanophotonic devices with widespread applications including optical switching, light modulation, dynamic beam steering, optical phased array and so on.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Meng
- College of Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410073, China; (Q.M.); (X.C.); (W.X.); (Z.Z.); (X.Y.)
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Novel Nano-Optoelectronic Information Materials and Devices, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410073, China
| | - Xingqiao Chen
- College of Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410073, China; (Q.M.); (X.C.); (W.X.); (Z.Z.); (X.Y.)
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Novel Nano-Optoelectronic Information Materials and Devices, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410073, China
| | - Wei Xu
- College of Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410073, China; (Q.M.); (X.C.); (W.X.); (Z.Z.); (X.Y.)
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Novel Nano-Optoelectronic Information Materials and Devices, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410073, China
| | - Zhihong Zhu
- College of Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410073, China; (Q.M.); (X.C.); (W.X.); (Z.Z.); (X.Y.)
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Novel Nano-Optoelectronic Information Materials and Devices, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410073, China
| | - Xiaodong Yuan
- College of Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410073, China; (Q.M.); (X.C.); (W.X.); (Z.Z.); (X.Y.)
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Novel Nano-Optoelectronic Information Materials and Devices, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410073, China
| | - Jianfa Zhang
- College of Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410073, China; (Q.M.); (X.C.); (W.X.); (Z.Z.); (X.Y.)
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Novel Nano-Optoelectronic Information Materials and Devices, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410073, China
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18
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Jeong HD, Moon SW, Lee SY. Asymmetric Diffraction in Plasmonic Meta-Gratings Using an IT-Shaped Nanoslit Array. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 21:4097. [PMID: 34198657 PMCID: PMC8232297 DOI: 10.3390/s21124097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Revised: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Diffraction is a fundamental phenomenon that reveals the wave nature of light. When a plane wave is transmitted or reflected from a grating or other periodic structures, diffracted light waves propagate at several angles that are specified by the period of the given structure. When the optical period is shorter than the wavelength, constructive interference of diffracted light rays from the subwavelength-scale grating forms a uniform plane wave. Many studies have shown that through the appropriate design of meta-atom geometry, metasurfaces can be used to control light properties. However, most semitransparent metasurfaces are designed to perform symmetric operation with regard to diffraction, meaning that light diffraction occurs identically for front- and back-side illumination. We propose a simple single-layer plasmonic metasurface that achieves asymmetric diffraction by optimizing the transmission phase from two types of nanoslits with I- and T-shaped structures. As the proposed structure is designed to have a different effective period for each observation side, it is either diffractive or nondiffractive depending on the direction of observation. The designed structure exhibits a diffraction angle of 54°, which can be further tuned by applying different period conditions. We expect the proposed asymmetric diffraction meta-grating to have great potential for the miniaturized optical diffraction control systems in the infrared band and compact optical diffraction filters for integrated optics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hee-Dong Jeong
- School of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, College of IT Engineering, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Korea; (H.-D.J.); (S.-W.M.)
| | - Seong-Won Moon
- School of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, College of IT Engineering, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Korea; (H.-D.J.); (S.-W.M.)
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang 37673, Korea
| | - Seung-Yeol Lee
- School of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, College of IT Engineering, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Korea; (H.-D.J.); (S.-W.M.)
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19
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Free-Space Nonreciprocal Transmission Based on Nonlinear Coupled Fano Metasurfaces. PHOTONICS 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/photonics8050139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Optical nonlinearities can enable unusual light–matter interactions, with functionalities that would be otherwise inaccessible relying only on linear phenomena. Recently, several studies have harnessed the role of optical nonlinearities to implement nonreciprocal optical devices that do not require an external bias breaking time-reversal symmetry. In this work, we explore the design of a metasurface embedding Kerr nonlinearities to break reciprocity for free-space propagation, requiring limited power levels. After deriving the general design principles, we demonstrate an all-dielectric flat metasurface made of coupled nonlinear Fano silicon resonant layers realizing large asymmetry in optical transmission at telecommunication frequencies. We show that the metrics of our design can go beyond the fundamental limitations on nonreciprocity for nonlinear optical devices based on a single resonance, as dictated by time-reversal symmetry considerations. Our work may shed light on the design of flat subwavelength free-space nonreciprocal metasurface switches for pulsed operation which are easy to fabricate, fully passive, and require low operation power. Our simulated devices demonstrate a transmission ratio >50 dB for oppositely propagating waves, an operational bandwidth exceeding 600 GHz, and an insertion loss of <0.04 dB.
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20
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Dixon J, Lawrence M, Barton DR, Dionne J. Self-Isolated Raman Lasing with a Chiral Dielectric Metasurface. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2021; 126:123201. [PMID: 33834794 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.126.123201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The light sources that power photonic networks are small and scalable, but they also require the incorporation of optical isolators that allow light to pass in one direction only, protecting the light source from damaging backreflections. Unfortunately, the size and complex integration of optical isolators makes small-scale and densely integrated photonic networks infeasible. Here, we overcome this limitation by designing a single device that operates both as a coherent light source and as its own optical isolator. Our design relies on high-quality-factor dielectric metasurfaces that exhibit intrinsic chirality. By carefully manipulating the geometry of the constituent silicon metaatoms, we design three-dimensionally chiral modes that act as optical spin-dependent filters. Using spin-polarized Raman scattering together with our chiral metacavity, we demonstrate Raman lasing in the forward direction, while the lasing action is suppressed by over an order of magnitude for reflected light. Our high-Q chiral metasurface design presents a new approach toward compactly isolating integrated light sources by directly tailoring the emission properties of the light source itself.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jefferson Dixon
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Mark Lawrence
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - David R Barton
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Jennifer Dionne
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
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21
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Tadesse LF, Safir F, Ho CS, Hasbach X, Khuri-Yakub BP, Jeffrey SS, Saleh AAE, Dionne J. Toward rapid infectious disease diagnosis with advances in surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy. J Chem Phys 2021; 152:240902. [PMID: 32610995 DOI: 10.1063/1.5142767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In a pandemic era, rapid infectious disease diagnosis is essential. Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) promises sensitive and specific diagnosis including rapid point-of-care detection and drug susceptibility testing. SERS utilizes inelastic light scattering arising from the interaction of incident photons with molecular vibrations, enhanced by orders of magnitude with resonant metallic or dielectric nanostructures. While SERS provides a spectral fingerprint of the sample, clinical translation is lagged due to challenges in consistency of spectral enhancement, complexity in spectral interpretation, insufficient specificity and sensitivity, and inefficient workflow from patient sample collection to spectral acquisition. Here, we highlight the recent, complementary advances that address these shortcomings, including (1) design of label-free SERS substrates and data processing algorithms that improve spectral signal and interpretability, essential for broad pathogen screening assays; (2) development of new capture and affinity agents, such as aptamers and polymers, critical for determining the presence or absence of particular pathogens; and (3) microfluidic and bioprinting platforms for efficient clinical sample processing. We also describe the development of low-cost, point-of-care, optical SERS hardware. Our paper focuses on SERS for viral and bacterial detection, in hopes of accelerating infectious disease diagnosis, monitoring, and vaccine development. With advances in SERS substrates, machine learning, and microfluidics and bioprinting, the specificity, sensitivity, and speed of SERS can be readily translated from laboratory bench to patient bedside, accelerating point-of-care diagnosis, personalized medicine, and precision health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loza F Tadesse
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University School of Medicine and School of Engineering, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Fareeha Safir
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University School of Engineering, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Chi-Sing Ho
- Department of Applied Physics, Stanford University School of Humanities and Sciences, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Ximena Hasbach
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University School of Engineering, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Butrus Pierre Khuri-Yakub
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University School of Engineering, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Stefanie S Jeffrey
- Department of Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Amr A E Saleh
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University School of Engineering, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Jennifer Dionne
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University School of Engineering, Stanford, California 94305, USA
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22
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Lawrence M, Barton DR, Dixon J, Song JH, van de Groep J, Brongersma ML, Dionne JA. High quality factor phase gradient metasurfaces. NATURE NANOTECHNOLOGY 2020; 15:956-961. [PMID: 32807879 DOI: 10.1038/s41565-020-0754-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2020] [Accepted: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Dielectric microcavities with quality factors (Q-factors) in the thousands to billions markedly enhance light-matter interactions, with applications spanning high-efficiency on-chip lasing, frequency comb generation and modulation and sensitive molecular detection. However, as the dimensions of dielectric cavities are reduced to subwavelength scales, their resonant modes begin to scatter light into many spatial channels. Such enhanced scattering is a powerful tool for light manipulation, but also leads to high radiative loss rates and commensurately low Q-factors, generally of order ten. Here, we describe and experimentally demonstrate a strategy for the generation of high Q-factor resonances in subwavelength-thick phase gradient metasurfaces. By including subtle structural perturbations in individual metasurface elements, resonances are created that weakly couple free-space light into otherwise bound and spatially localized modes. Our metasurface can achieve Q-factors >2,500 while beam steering light to particular directions. High-Q beam splitters are also demonstrated. With high-Q metasurfaces, the optical transfer function, near-field intensity and resonant line shape can all be rationally designed, providing a foundation for efficient, free-space-reconfigurable and nonlinear nanophotonics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Lawrence
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
| | - David R Barton
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
| | - Jefferson Dixon
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Jung-Hwan Song
- Geballe Laboratory for Advanced Materials, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Jorik van de Groep
- Geballe Laboratory for Advanced Materials, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Van der Waals-Zeeman Institute for Experimental Physics, Institute of Physics, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Mark L Brongersma
- Geballe Laboratory for Advanced Materials, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Jennifer A Dionne
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
- Department of Radiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
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23
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Zhao X, Wu K, Chen C, Bifano TG, Anderson SW, Zhang X. Nonreciprocal Magnetic Coupling Using Nonlinear Meta-Atoms. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2020; 7:2001443. [PMID: 33042755 PMCID: PMC7539216 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202001443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2020] [Revised: 05/28/2020] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Breaking Lorentz reciprocity is fundamental to an array of functional radiofrequency (RF) and optical devices, such as isolators and circulators. The application of external excitation, such as magnetic fields and spatial-temporal modulation, has been employed to achieve nonreciprocal responses. Alternatively, nonlinear effects may also be employed to break reciprocity in a completely passive fashion. Herein, a coupled system comprised of linear and nonlinear meta-atoms that achieves nonreciprocity based on the coupling and frequency detuning of its constituent meta-atoms is presented. An analytical model is developed based on the coupled mode theory (CMT) in order to design and optimize the nonreciprocal meta-atoms in this coupled system. Experimental demonstration of an RF isolator is performed, and the contrast between forward and backward propagation approximates 20 dB. Importantly, the use of the CMT model developed herein enables a generalizable capacity to predict the limitations of nonlinearity-based nonreciprocity, thereby facilitating the development of novel approaches to breaking Lorentz reciprocity. The CMT model and implementation scheme presented in this work may be deployed in a wide range of applications, including integrated photonic circuits, optical metamaterials, and metasurfaces, among others.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoguang Zhao
- Department of Mechanical EngineeringBoston UniversityBostonMA02215USA
- Department of RadiologyBoston University Medical CampusBostonMA02118USA
| | - Ke Wu
- Department of Mechanical EngineeringBoston UniversityBostonMA02215USA
| | - Chunxu Chen
- Department of Mechanical EngineeringBoston UniversityBostonMA02215USA
| | | | | | - Xin Zhang
- Department of Mechanical EngineeringBoston UniversityBostonMA02215USA
- Photonics CenterBoston UniversityBostonMA02215USA
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24
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Klopfer E, Lawrence M, Barton DR, Dixon J, Dionne JA. Dynamic Focusing with High-Quality-Factor Metalenses. NANO LETTERS 2020; 20:5127-5132. [PMID: 32497434 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.0c01359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Metasurface lenses provide an ultrathin platform in which to focus light, but weak light-matter interactions limit their dynamic tunability. Here we design submicron-thick, ultrahigh quality factor (high-Q) metalenses that enable dynamic modulation of the focal length and intensity. Using full-field simulations, we show that quality factors exceeding 5000 can be generated by including subtle, periodic perturbations within the constituent Si nanoantennas. Such high-Q resonances enable lens modulation based on the nonlinear Kerr effect, with focal lengths varying from 4 to 6.5 μm and focal intensities decreasing by half as input intensity increases from 0.1 to 1 mW/μm2. We also show how multiple high-Q resonances can be embedded in the lens response through judicious placement of the perturbations. Our high-Q lens design, with quality factors 2 orders of magnitude higher than existing lens designs, provides a foundation for reconfigurable, multiplexed, and hyperspectral metasurface imaging platforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elissa Klopfer
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Mark Lawrence
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - David R Barton
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Jefferson Dixon
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Jennifer A Dionne
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
- Department of Radiology, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
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25
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Cardin AE, Silva SR, Vardeny SR, Padilla WJ, Saxena A, Taylor AJ, Kort-Kamp WJM, Chen HT, Dalvit DAR, Azad AK. Surface-wave-assisted nonreciprocity in spatio-temporally modulated metasurfaces. Nat Commun 2020; 11:1469. [PMID: 32193393 PMCID: PMC7081213 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-15273-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2020] [Accepted: 02/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Emerging photonic functionalities are mostly governed by the fundamental principle of Lorentz reciprocity. Lifting the constraints imposed by this principle could circumvent deleterious effects that limit the performance of photonic systems. Most efforts to date have been limited to waveguide platforms. Here, we propose and experimentally demonstrate a spatio-temporally modulated metasurface capable of complete violation of Lorentz reciprocity by reflecting an incident beam into far-field radiation in forward scattering, but into near-field surface waves in reverse scattering. These observations are shown both in nonreciprocal beam steering and nonreciprocal focusing. We also demonstrate nonreciprocal behavior of propagative-only waves in the frequency- and momentum-domains, and simultaneously in both. We develop a generalized Bloch-Floquet theory which offers physical insights into Lorentz nonreciprocity for arbitrary spatial phase gradients, and its predictions are in excellent agreement with experiments. Our work opens exciting opportunities in applications where free-space nonreciprocal wave propagation is desired. Overcoming reciprocity is important for novel functionalities. Here, the authors demonstrate a spatio-temporally modulated metasurface capable of complete violation of Lorentz reciprocity by reflecting an incident beam into far-field radiation in forward scattering, but into near-field surface waves in reverse scattering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew E Cardin
- Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, 87545, USA.,Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708, USA
| | - Sinhara R Silva
- Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, 87545, USA
| | - Shai R Vardeny
- Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, 87545, USA
| | - Willie J Padilla
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708, USA
| | - Avadh Saxena
- Theoretical Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, 87545, USA
| | - Antoinette J Taylor
- Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, 87545, USA
| | - Wilton J M Kort-Kamp
- Theoretical Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, 87545, USA
| | - Hou-Tong Chen
- Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, 87545, USA
| | - Diego A R Dalvit
- Theoretical Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, 87545, USA.
| | - Abul K Azad
- Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, 87545, USA.
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26
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Hong Q, Chen X, Zhang J, Zhu Z, Qin S, Yuan X. Remarkably high-Q resonant nanostructures based on atomically thin two-dimensional materials. NANOSCALE 2019; 11:23149-23155. [PMID: 31573588 DOI: 10.1039/c9nr06192d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Planar optical resonant structures with high quality (Q) factors play a crucial role in modern photonic technologies. In this paper, a type of remarkably high-Q resonant nanostructure based on atomically thin two-dimensional (2D) materials is proposed. It is shown theoretically and numerically that with the excitation of leaky modes in the proposed structures, guided mode resonant (GMR) gratings, can achieve resonances with extremely narrow linewidths down to 0.0005 nm and high Q-factors up to millions in the telecom range. The thickness of 2D materials and thus the high-Q resonances can be precisely controlled by changing the layer number of 2D materials, providing a versatile platform for strong light-matter interactions. As an example, dramatic nonlinear reflectance can be realized around the resonance at a power level of a few kW cm-2 with the Kerr effect. This new type of 2D material resonant nanostructure can be employed for a variety of applications ranging from lasers, filters and polarizers to nonlinear optical devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qilin Hong
- College of Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, 410073, China.
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27
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Shaltout AM, Shalaev VM, Brongersma ML. Spatiotemporal light control with active metasurfaces. Science 2019; 364:364/6441/eaat3100. [PMID: 31097638 DOI: 10.1126/science.aat3100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 205] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2018] [Accepted: 04/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Optical metasurfaces have provided us with extraordinary ways to control light by spatially structuring materials. The space-time duality in Maxwell's equations suggests that additional structuring of metasurfaces in the time domain can even further expand their impact on the field of optics. Advances toward this goal critically rely on the development of new materials and nanostructures that exhibit very large and fast changes in their optical properties in response to external stimuli. New physics is also emerging as ultrafast tuning of metasurfaces is becoming possible, including wavelength shifts that emulate the Doppler effect, Lorentz nonreciprocity, time-reversed optical behavior, and negative refraction. The large-scale manufacturing of dynamic flat optics has the potential to revolutionize many emerging technologies that require active wavefront shaping with lightweight, compact, and power-efficient components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amr M Shaltout
- Geballe Lab for Advanced Materials, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Vladimir M Shalaev
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering and Birck Nanotechnology Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47906, USA
| | - Mark L Brongersma
- Geballe Lab for Advanced Materials, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
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28
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Lawrence M, Dionne JA. Nanoscale nonreciprocity via photon-spin-polarized stimulated Raman scattering. Nat Commun 2019; 10:3297. [PMID: 31341164 PMCID: PMC6656711 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-11175-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2018] [Accepted: 06/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Time reversal symmetry stands as a fundamental restriction on the vast majority of optical systems and devices. The reciprocal nature of Maxwell's equations in linear, time-invariant media adds complexity and scale to photonic diodes, isolators, circulators and also sets fundamental efficiency limits on optical energy conversion. Though many theoretical proposals and low frequency demonstrations of nonreciprocity exist, Faraday rotation remains the only known nonreciprocal mechanism that persists down to the atomic scale. Here, we present photon-spin-polarized stimulated Raman scattering as a new nonreciprocal optical phenomenon which has, in principle, no lower size limit. Exploiting this process, we numerically demonstrate nanoscale nonreciprocal transmission of free-space beams at near-infrared frequencies with a 250 nm thick silicon metasurface as well as a fully-subwavelength plasmonic gap nanoantenna. In revealing all-optical spin-splitting, our results provide a foundation for compact nonreciprocal communication and computing technologies, from nanoscale optical isolators and full-duplex nanoantennas to topologically-protected networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Lawrence
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.
| | - Jennifer A Dionne
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.
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29
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Asymmetric Transmission in a Mie-Based Dielectric Metamaterial with Fano Resonance. MATERIALS 2019; 12:ma12071003. [PMID: 30934666 PMCID: PMC6480162 DOI: 10.3390/ma12071003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2019] [Revised: 03/23/2019] [Accepted: 03/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Chiral metamaterials with asymmetric transmission can be applied as polarization-controlled devices. Here, a Mie-based dielectric metamaterial with a spacer exhibiting asymmetric transmission of linearly polarized waves at microwave frequencies was designed and demonstrated numerically. The unidirectional characteristic is attributed to the chirality of the metamolecule and the mutual excitation of the Mie resonances. Field distributions are simulated to investigate the underlying physical mechanism. Fano-type resonances emerge near the Mie resonances of the constituents and come from the destructive interference inside the structure. The near-field coupling further contributes to the asymmetric transmission. The influences of the lattice constant and the spacer thickness on the asymmetric characteristics were also analyzed by parameter sweeps. The proposed Mie-based metamaterial is of a simple structure, and it has the potential for applications in dielectric metadevices, such as high-performance polarization rotators.
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30
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Liu M, Choi DY. Extreme Huygens' Metasurfaces Based on Quasi-Bound States in the Continuum. NANO LETTERS 2018; 18:8062-8069. [PMID: 30499674 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.8b04774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
We introduce the concept of and a generic approach to realizing extreme Huygens' metasurfaces by bridging the concepts of Huygens' conditions and optical bound states in the continuum. This novel paradigm allows the creation of Huygens' metasurfaces with quality factors that can be tuned over orders of magnitude, generating extremely dispersive phase modulation. We validate this concept with a proof-of-concept experiment at the near-infrared wavelengths, demonstrating all-dielectric Huygens' metasurfaces with different quality factors. Our study points out a practical route for controlling the radiative decay rate while maintaining the Huygens' condition, complementing existing Huygens' metasurfaces whose bandwidths are relatively broad and complicated to tune. This novel feature can provide new insight for various applications, including optical sensing, dispersion engineering and pulse shaping, tunable metasurfaces, metadevices with high spectral selectivity, and nonlinear meta-optics.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Duk-Yong Choi
- College of Information Science and Technology , Jinan University , Guangzhou , Guangdong 510632 , China
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31
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Gorkunov MV, Rogov OY, Kondratov AV, Artemov VV, Gainutdinov RV, Ezhov AA. Chiral visible light metasurface patterned in monocrystalline silicon by focused ion beam. Sci Rep 2018; 8:11623. [PMID: 30072737 PMCID: PMC6072796 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-29977-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2018] [Accepted: 07/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
High refractive index makes silicon the optimal platform for dielectric metasurfaces capable of versatile control of light. Among various silicon modifications, its monocrystalline form has the weakest visible light absorption but requires a careful choice of the fabrication technique to avoid damage, contamination or amorphization. Presently prevailing chemical etching can shape thin silicon layers into two-dimensional patterns consisting of strips and posts with vertical walls and equal height. Here, the possibility to create silicon nanostructure of truly tree-dimensional shape by means of the focused ion beam lithography is explored, and a 300 nm thin film of monocrystalline epitaxial silicon on sapphire is patterned with a chiral nanoscale relief. It is demonstrated that exposing silicon to the ion beam causes a substantial drop of the visible transparency, which, however, is completely restored by annealing with oxidation of the damaged surface layer. As a result, the fabricated chiral metasurface combines high (50–80%) transmittance with the circular dichroism of up to 0.5 and the optical activity of up to 20° in the visible range. Being also remarkably durable, it possesses crystal-grade hardness, heat resistance up to 1000 °C and the inertness of glass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxim V Gorkunov
- Shubnikov Institute of Crystallography, Federal Scientific Research Centre "Crystallography and Photonics", Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 119333, Russia. .,National Research Nuclear University MEPhI (Moscow Engineering Physics Institute), Moscow, 115409, Russia.
| | - Oleg Y Rogov
- Shubnikov Institute of Crystallography, Federal Scientific Research Centre "Crystallography and Photonics", Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 119333, Russia
| | - Alexey V Kondratov
- Shubnikov Institute of Crystallography, Federal Scientific Research Centre "Crystallography and Photonics", Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 119333, Russia
| | - Vladimir V Artemov
- Shubnikov Institute of Crystallography, Federal Scientific Research Centre "Crystallography and Photonics", Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 119333, Russia
| | - Radmir V Gainutdinov
- Shubnikov Institute of Crystallography, Federal Scientific Research Centre "Crystallography and Photonics", Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 119333, Russia
| | - Alexander A Ezhov
- Shubnikov Institute of Crystallography, Federal Scientific Research Centre "Crystallography and Photonics", Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 119333, Russia.,Faculty of Physics, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119991, Russia.,Topchiev Institute of Petrochemical Synthesis, Russian Academy of Science, Moscow, 119991, Russia
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