1
|
Rust C, Schill E, Garrity O, Spari M, Li H, Bacher A, Guttmann M, Reich S, Flavel BS. Radial Alignment of Carbon Nanotubes via Dead-End Filtration. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2023; 19:e2207684. [PMID: 36775908 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202207684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2022] [Revised: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Dead-end filtration is a facile method to globally align single wall carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) in large area films with a 2D order parameter, S2D , approaching unity. Uniaxial alignment has been achieved using pristine and hot-embossed membranes but more sophisticated geometries have yet to be investigated. In this work, three different patterns with radial symmetry and an area of 3.8 cm2 are created. Two of these patterns are replicated by the filtered SWCNTs and S2D values of ≈0.85 are obtained. Each of the radially aligned SWCNT films is characterized by scanning cross-polarized microscopy in reflectance and laser imaging in transmittance with linear, radial, and azimuthal polarized light fields. The former is used to define a novel indicator akin to the 2D order parameter using Malu's law, yielding 0.82 for the respective film. The films are then transferred to a flexible printed circuit board and terminal two-probe electrical measurements are conducted to explore the potential of those new alignment geometries.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christian Rust
- Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Hermann-von-Helmholtz Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
- Institute of Materials Science, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Alarich-Weiss-Straße 2, 64287, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Elias Schill
- Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Hermann-von-Helmholtz Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Oisín Garrity
- Institute of Experimental Physics, Freie Universität Berlin, Arnimallee 14, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Manuel Spari
- Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Hermann-von-Helmholtz Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Han Li
- Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Hermann-von-Helmholtz Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Andreas Bacher
- Institute of Microstructure Technology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Markus Guttmann
- Institute of Microstructure Technology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Stephanie Reich
- Institute of Experimental Physics, Freie Universität Berlin, Arnimallee 14, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Benjamin S Flavel
- Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Hermann-von-Helmholtz Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Abdulhameed A, Halim MM, Halin IA. Dielectrophoretic alignment of carbon nanotubes: theory, applications, and future. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2023; 34:242001. [PMID: 36921341 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/acc46c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are nominated to be the successor of several semiconductors and metals due to their unique physical and chemical properties. It has been concerning that the anisotropic and low controllability of CNTs impedes their adoption in commercial applications. Dielectrophoresis (DEP) is known as the electrokinetics motion of polarizable nanoparticles under the influence of nonuniform electric fields. The uniqueness of this phenomenon allows DEP to be employed as a novel method to align, assemble, separate, and manipulate CNTs suspended in liquid mediums. This article begins with a brief overview of CNT structure and production, with the emphasize on their electrical properties and response to electric fields. The DEP phenomenon as a CNT alignment method is demonstrated and graphically discussed, along with its theory, procedure, and parameters. We also discussed the side forces that arise in DEP systems and how they negatively or positively affect the CNT alignment. The article concludes with a brief review of CNT-based devices fabricated using DEP, as well as the method's limitations and future prospects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Mohd Mahadi Halim
- School of Physics, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 USM Penang, Malaysia
| | - Izhal Abdul Halin
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, 43400, Malaysia
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Rust C, Shapturenka P, Spari M, Jin Q, Li H, Bacher A, Guttmann M, Zheng M, Adel T, Walker ARH, Fagan JA, Flavel BS. The Impact of Carbon Nanotube Length and Diameter on their Global Alignment by Dead-End Filtration. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2023; 19:e2206774. [PMID: 36549899 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202206774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2022] [Revised: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Dead-end filtration has proven to effectively prepare macroscopically (3.8 cm2 ) aligned thin films from solutionbased single-wall carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs). However, to make this technique broadly applicable, the role of SWCNT length and diameter must be understood. To date, most groups report the alignment of unsorted, large diameter (≈1.4 nm) SWCNTs, but systematic studies on their small diameter are rare (≈0.78 nm). In this work, films with an area of A = 3.81 cm2 and a thickness of ≈40 nm are prepared from length-sorted fractions comprising of small and large diameter SWCNTs, respectively. The alignment is characterized by cross-polarized microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, absorption and Raman spectroscopy. For the longest fractions (Lavg = 952 nm ± 431 nm, Δ = 1.58 and Lavg = 667 nm ± 246 nm, Δ = 1.55), the 2D order parameter, S2D, values of ≈0.6 and ≈0.76 are reported for the small and large diameter SWCNTs over an area of A = 625 µm2 , respectively. A comparison of Derjaguin, Landau, Verwey, and Overbeek (DLVO) theory calculations with the aligned domain size is then used to propose a law identifying the required length of a carbon nanotube with a given diameter and zeta potential.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christian Rust
- Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Hermann-von-Helmholtz Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
- Institute of Materials Science, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Alarich-Weiss-Straße 2, 64287, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Pavel Shapturenka
- Materials Science and Engineering Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, 20899, USA
| | - Manuel Spari
- Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Hermann-von-Helmholtz Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Qihao Jin
- Light Technology Institute, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Engesserstraße 13, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Han Li
- Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Hermann-von-Helmholtz Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Andreas Bacher
- Institute of Microstructure Technology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Markus Guttmann
- Institute of Microstructure Technology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Ming Zheng
- Materials Science and Engineering Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, 20899, USA
| | - Tehseen Adel
- Quantum Measurement Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, 20899, USA
| | - Angela R Hight Walker
- Quantum Measurement Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, 20899, USA
| | - Jeffrey A Fagan
- Materials Science and Engineering Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, 20899, USA
| | - Benjamin S Flavel
- Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Hermann-von-Helmholtz Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Roberts JA, Ho PH, Yu SJ, Fan JA. Electrically Driven Hyperbolic Nanophotonic Resonators as High Speed, Spectrally Selective Thermal Radiators. NANO LETTERS 2022; 22:5832-5840. [PMID: 35849552 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.2c01579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
We introduce and experimentally demonstrate electrically driven, spectrally selective thermal emitters based on globally aligned carbon nanotube metamaterials. The self-assembled metamaterial supports a high degree of nanotube ordering, enabling nanoscale ribbons patterned in the metamaterial to function both as Joule-heated incandescent filaments and as infrared hyperbolic resonators imparting spectral selectivity to the thermal radiation. Devices batch-fabricated on a single chip emit polarized thermal radiation with peak wavelengths dictated by their hyperbolic resonances, and their nanoscale heated dimensions yield modulation rates as high as 1 MHz. As a proof of concept, we show that two sets of thermal emitters on the same chip, operating with different peak wavelengths and modulation rates, can be used to sense carbon dioxide with one detector. We anticipate that the combination of batch fabrication, modulation bandwidth, and spectral tuning with chip-based nanotube thermal emitters will enable new modalities in multiplexed infrared sources.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- John Andris Roberts
- Department of Applied Physics, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Po-Hsun Ho
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Shang-Jie Yu
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Jonathan A Fan
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Walker JS, Macdermid ZJ, Fagan JA, Kolmakov A, Biacchi AJ, Searles TA, Walker ARH, Rice WD. Dependence of Single-Wall Carbon Nanotube Alignment on the Filter Membrane Interface in Slow Vacuum Filtration. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2022; 18:e2105619. [PMID: 35064635 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202105619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2021] [Revised: 12/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The recent introduction of slow vacuum filtration (SVF) technology has shown great promise for reproducibly creating high-quality, large-area aligned films of single-wall carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) from solution-based dispersions. Despite clear advantages over other SWCNT alignment techniques, SVF remains in the developmental stages due to a lack of an agreed-upon alignment mechanism, a hurdle which hinders SVF optimization. In this work, the filter membrane surface is modified to show how the resulting SWCNT nematic order can be significantly enhanced. It is observed that directional mechanical grooving on filter membranes does not play a significant role in SWCNT alignment, despite the tendency for nanotubes to follow the groove direction. Chemical treatments to the filter membrane are shown to increase SWCNT alignment by nearly 1/3. These findings suggest that membrane surface structure acts to create a directional flow along the filter membrane surface that can produce global SWCNT alignment during SVF, rather serving as an alignment template.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joshua S Walker
- Department of Physics & Astronomy, University of Wyoming, 1000 E. University Ave., Laramie, WY, 82071, USA
| | - Zia J Macdermid
- Department of Physics & Astronomy, University of Wyoming, 1000 E. University Ave., Laramie, WY, 82071, USA
| | - Jeffrey A Fagan
- Materials Science and Engineering Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, 20899, USA
| | - Andrei Kolmakov
- Nanoscale Device Characterization Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, 20899, USA
| | - Adam J Biacchi
- Nanoscale Device Characterization Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, 20899, USA
| | - Thomas A Searles
- Department of Physics & Astronomy, Howard University, Washington, D.C., 20059, USA
| | - Angela R Hight Walker
- Nanoscale Device Characterization Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, 20899, USA
| | - William D Rice
- Department of Physics & Astronomy, University of Wyoming, 1000 E. University Ave., Laramie, WY, 82071, USA
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Yang Z, Lv X, Liu X, Jia S, Zhang Y, Yu Y, Zhang C, Liu D. Sieve-Like CNT Film Coupled with TiO 2 Nanowire for High-Performance Continuous-Flow Photodegradation of Rhodamine B under Visible Light Irradiation. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 11:1335. [PMID: 34069429 PMCID: PMC8159084 DOI: 10.3390/nano11051335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Revised: 05/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Continuous-flow photoreactors hold great promise for the highly efficient photodegradation of pollutants due to their continuity and sustainability. However, how to enable a continuous-flow photoreactor with the combined features of high photodegradation efficiency and durability as well as broad-wavelength light absorption and large-scale processing remains a significant challenge. Herein, we demonstrate a facile and effective strategy to construct a sieve-like carbon nanotube (CNT)/TiO2 nanowire film (SCTF) with superior flexibility (180° bending), high tensile strength (75-82 MPa), good surface wettability, essential light penetration and convenient visible light absorption. Significantly, the unique architecture, featuring abundant, well-ordered and uniform mesopores with ca. 70 µm in diameter, as well as a homogenous distribution of TiO2 nanowires with an average diameter of ca. 500 nm, could act as a "waterway" for efficient solution infiltration through the SCTF, thereby, enabling the photocatalytic degradation of polluted water in a continuous-flow mode. The optimized SCTF-2.5 displayed favorable photocatalytic behavior with 96% degradation of rhodamine B (RhB) within 80 min and a rate constant of 0.0394 min-1. The continuous-flow photodegradation device made using SCTF-2.5 featured exceptional photocatalytic behavior for the continuous degradation of RhB under simulated solar irradiation with a high degradation ratio (99.6%) and long-term stability (99.2% retention after working continuously for 72 h). This work sheds light on new strategies for designing and fabricating high-performance continuous-flow photoreactors toward future uses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhengpeng Yang
- Henan Key Laboratory of Materials on Deep-Earth Engineering, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Henan Polytechnic University, Jiaozuo 454003, China; (Z.Y.); (X.L.); (S.J.); (C.Z.)
| | - Xiaoting Lv
- Henan Key Laboratory of Materials on Deep-Earth Engineering, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Henan Polytechnic University, Jiaozuo 454003, China; (Z.Y.); (X.L.); (S.J.); (C.Z.)
- Key Laboratory of Multifunctional Nanomaterials and Smart Systems, Advanced Materials Division, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Xuqing Liu
- Department of Materials, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK;
| | - Shengmin Jia
- Henan Key Laboratory of Materials on Deep-Earth Engineering, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Henan Polytechnic University, Jiaozuo 454003, China; (Z.Y.); (X.L.); (S.J.); (C.Z.)
- Key Laboratory of Multifunctional Nanomaterials and Smart Systems, Advanced Materials Division, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Yongyi Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Multifunctional Nanomaterials and Smart Systems, Advanced Materials Division, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou 215123, China
- Jiangxi Key Lab of Carbonene Materials, Division of Nanomaterials, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanchang 330200, China
| | - Yingying Yu
- Key Laboratory of Multifunctional Nanomaterials and Smart Systems, Advanced Materials Division, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Chunjing Zhang
- Henan Key Laboratory of Materials on Deep-Earth Engineering, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Henan Polytechnic University, Jiaozuo 454003, China; (Z.Y.); (X.L.); (S.J.); (C.Z.)
| | - Dandan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Multifunctional Nanomaterials and Smart Systems, Advanced Materials Division, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou 215123, China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Snowdon MR, Wang S, Mashmoushi N, Hopkins SW, Schipper DJ. Carboxylic acids as anchoring components on aluminum oxide for the alignment relay technique of single-walled carbon nanotubes. NEW J CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d0nj05154c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
We illustrate using a carboxylic acid anchoring component in the Alignment Relay Technique on silica and alumina surfaces. We present theoretical calculations on the interactions between the iptycenes' various pockets and the carbon nanotubes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Monika R. Snowdon
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Waterloo
- Waterloo
- Canada
- Waterloo Institute of Nanotechnology
| | - Shirley Wang
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Waterloo
- Waterloo
- Canada
| | | | - Scott W. Hopkins
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Waterloo
- Waterloo
- Canada
- Waterloo Institute of Nanotechnology
| | - Derek J. Schipper
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Waterloo
- Waterloo
- Canada
- Waterloo Institute of Nanotechnology
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
From Bio to Nano: A Review of Sustainable Methods of Synthesis of Carbon Nanotubes. SUSTAINABILITY 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/su12104115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
This review summarizes the up-to-date techniques devised to synthesize carbon nanotubes (CNTs) from liquid or solid precursors of sustainable nature. The possibility to replace petroleum-based feeds for renewable resources such as essential oils or plant shoots is critically examined. The analysis shows that the complex nature of such resources requires the optimization of the reaction conditions to obtain products of desired microstructure and chemical composition. However, appropriate tuning of the process parameters enables the synthesis of even high-purity single-walled CNTs with a spectrum of demonstrated high-performance applications at low cost. The sheer number of successful studies completed on this front so far and described herein validate that the development of techniques for the manufacture of such products of high-added value from common precursors is not only possible but, most importantly, promising.
Collapse
|
9
|
Komatsu N, Nakamura M, Ghosh S, Kim D, Chen H, Katagiri A, Yomogida Y, Gao W, Yanagi K, Kono J. Groove-Assisted Global Spontaneous Alignment of Carbon Nanotubes in Vacuum Filtration. NANO LETTERS 2020; 20:2332-2338. [PMID: 32092275 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.9b04764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Ever since the discovery of carbon nanotubes (CNTs), it has long been a challenging goal to create macroscopically ordered assemblies, or crystals, of CNTs that preserve the one-dimensional quantum properties of individual CNTs on a macroscopic scale. Recently, a simple and well-controlled method was reported for producing wafer-scale crystalline films of highly aligned and densely packed CNTs through spontaneous global alignment that occurs during vacuum filtration (Nat. Nanotechnol. 2016, 11, 633). However, a full understanding of the mechanism of such global alignment has not been achieved. Here, we report results of a series of systematic experiments that demonstrate that the CNT alignment direction can be controlled by the surface morphology of the filter membrane used in the vacuum filtration process. More specifically, we found that the direction of parallel grooves pre-existing on the surface of the filter membrane dictates the direction of the resulting CNT alignment. Furthermore, we intentionally imprinted periodically spaced parallel grooves on a filter membrane using a diffraction grating, which successfully defined the direction of the global alignment of CNTs in a precise and reproducible manner. These results are promising not only for developing novel devices based on macroscopically aligned CNTs but also for understanding the microscopic physical mechanism of the alignment process.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Natsumi Komatsu
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - Motonori Nakamura
- Department of Systems, Control and Information Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Asahikawa College, Asahikawa, Hokkaido 071-8142, Japan
| | - Saunab Ghosh
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - Daeun Kim
- Department of Electronics for Informatics, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0814, Japan
| | - Haoze Chen
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - Atsuhiro Katagiri
- Department of Physics, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Tokyo 192-0397, Japan
| | - Yohei Yomogida
- Department of Physics, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Tokyo 192-0397, Japan
| | - Weilu Gao
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - Kazuhiro Yanagi
- Department of Physics, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Tokyo 192-0397, Japan
| | - Junichiro Kono
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
- Department of Materials Science and NanoEngineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| |
Collapse
|