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Volkov OM, Pylypovskyi OV, Porrati F, Kronast F, Fernandez-Roldan JA, Kákay A, Kuprava A, Barth S, Rybakov FN, Eriksson O, Lamb-Camarena S, Makushko P, Mawass MA, Shakeel S, Dobrovolskiy OV, Huth M, Makarov D. Three-dimensional magnetic nanotextures with high-order vorticity in soft magnetic wireframes. Nat Commun 2024; 15:2193. [PMID: 38467623 PMCID: PMC10928081 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-46403-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Additive nanotechnology enable curvilinear and three-dimensional (3D) magnetic architectures with tunable topology and functionalities surpassing their planar counterparts. Here, we experimentally reveal that 3D soft magnetic wireframe structures resemble compact manifolds and accommodate magnetic textures of high order vorticity determined by the Euler characteristic, χ. We demonstrate that self-standing magnetic tetrapods (homeomorphic to a sphere; χ = + 2) support six surface topological solitons, namely four vortices and two antivortices, with a total vorticity of + 2 equal to its Euler characteristic. Alternatively, wireframe structures with one loop (homeomorphic to a torus; χ = 0) possess equal number of vortices and antivortices, which is relevant for spin-wave splitters and 3D magnonics. Subsequent introduction of n holes into the wireframe geometry (homeomorphic to an n-torus; χ < 0) enables the accommodation of a virtually unlimited number of antivortices, which suggests their usefulness for non-conventional (e.g., reservoir) computation. Furthermore, complex stray-field topologies around these objects are of interest for superconducting electronics, particle trapping and biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oleksii M Volkov
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf e.V., Institute of Ion Beam Physics and Materials Research, Bautzner Landstr. 400, 01328, Dresden, Germany.
| | - Oleksandr V Pylypovskyi
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf e.V., Institute of Ion Beam Physics and Materials Research, Bautzner Landstr. 400, 01328, Dresden, Germany.
- Kyiv Academic University, 03142, Kyiv, Ukraine.
| | - Fabrizio Porrati
- Physikalisches Institut, Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universität Frankfurt am Main, Max-von-Laue-Str. 1, 60438, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
| | - Florian Kronast
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie, Albert-Einstein-Str. 15, 12489, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jose A Fernandez-Roldan
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf e.V., Institute of Ion Beam Physics and Materials Research, Bautzner Landstr. 400, 01328, Dresden, Germany
| | - Attila Kákay
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf e.V., Institute of Ion Beam Physics and Materials Research, Bautzner Landstr. 400, 01328, Dresden, Germany
| | - Alexander Kuprava
- Physikalisches Institut, Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universität Frankfurt am Main, Max-von-Laue-Str. 1, 60438, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Sven Barth
- Physikalisches Institut, Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universität Frankfurt am Main, Max-von-Laue-Str. 1, 60438, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Filipp N Rybakov
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Box-516, Uppsala, SE-751 20, Sweden
| | - Olle Eriksson
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Box-516, Uppsala, SE-751 20, Sweden
- Wallenberg Initiative Materials Science for Sustainability, Uppsala University, 75121, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Sebastian Lamb-Camarena
- University of Vienna, Faculty of Physics, Nanomagnetism and Magnonics, Superconductivity and Spintronics Laboratory, Währinger Str. 17, 1090, Vienna, Austria
- University of Vienna, Vienna Doctoral School in Physics, Boltzmanngasse 5, A-1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Pavlo Makushko
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf e.V., Institute of Ion Beam Physics and Materials Research, Bautzner Landstr. 400, 01328, Dresden, Germany
| | - Mohamad-Assaad Mawass
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie, Albert-Einstein-Str. 15, 12489, Berlin, Germany
- Department of Interface Science, Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Faradayweg 4 - 6, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Shahrukh Shakeel
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf e.V., Institute of Ion Beam Physics and Materials Research, Bautzner Landstr. 400, 01328, Dresden, Germany
| | - Oleksandr V Dobrovolskiy
- University of Vienna, Faculty of Physics, Nanomagnetism and Magnonics, Superconductivity and Spintronics Laboratory, Währinger Str. 17, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Michael Huth
- Physikalisches Institut, Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universität Frankfurt am Main, Max-von-Laue-Str. 1, 60438, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Denys Makarov
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf e.V., Institute of Ion Beam Physics and Materials Research, Bautzner Landstr. 400, 01328, Dresden, Germany.
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2
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Allen FI, De Teresa JM, Onoa B. Focused Helium Ion and Electron Beam-Induced Deposition of Organometallic Tips for Dynamic Atomic Force Microscopy of Biomolecules in Liquid. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024; 16:4439-4448. [PMID: 38244049 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c16407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2024]
Abstract
We demonstrate the fabrication of sharp nanopillars of high aspect ratio onto specialized atomic force microscopy (AFM) microcantilevers and their use for high-speed AFM of DNA and nucleoproteins in liquid. The fabrication technique uses localized charged-particle-induced deposition with either a focused beam of helium ions or electrons in a helium ion microscope (HIM) or scanning electron microscope (SEM). This approach enables customized growth onto delicate substrates with nanometer-scale placement precision and in situ imaging of the final tip structures using the HIM or SEM. Tip radii of <10 nm are obtained and the underlying microcantilever remains intact. Instead of the more commonly used organic precursors employed for bio-AFM applications, we use an organometallic precursor (tungsten hexacarbonyl) resulting in tungsten-containing tips. Transmission electron microscopy reveals a thin layer of carbon on the tips. The interaction of the new tips with biological specimens is therefore likely very similar to that of standard carbonaceous tips, with the added benefit of robustness. A further advantage of the organometallic tips is that compared to carbonaceous tips they better withstand UV-ozone cleaning treatments to remove residual organic contaminants between experiments, which are inevitable during the scanning of soft biomolecules in liquid. Our tips can also be grown onto the blunted tips of previously used cantilevers, thus providing a means to recycle specialized cantilevers and restore their performance to the original manufacturer specifications. Finally, a focused helium ion beam milling technique to reduce the tip radii and thus further improve lateral spatial resolution in the AFM scans is demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frances I Allen
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, California 97420, United States
- California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences, University of California, Berkeley, California 97420, United States
- National Center for Electron Microscopy, Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 97420, United States
| | - José María De Teresa
- Instituto de Nanociencia y Materiales de Aragón (INMA), CSIC-Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza 50009, Spain
| | - Bibiana Onoa
- California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences, University of California, Berkeley, California 97420, United States
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3
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Kumar A, Husale S, Saravanan MP, Gajar B, Yousuf M, Saini A, Yadav MG, Aloysius RP. Current-voltage characteristics of focused ion beam fabricated superconducting tungsten meanders. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2023; 35:015705. [PMID: 37793353 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/acffcf] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2023] [Accepted: 10/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/06/2023]
Abstract
We report on the superconducting properties and intermediate resistive steps (IRS) observed in the current-voltage characteristics (IVC) of tungsten meander (MW) structures fabricated using focused ion beam (FIB) technique. Three number of MWs were studied with individual wire widths of 240 nm, 640 nm and 850 nm with superconducting transition temperatures (TC) of 4.5 K, 4.55 K and 4.60 K respectively. The measured normal state resistance values at 8 K for these wires are of ∼182 kΩ, ∼49 kΩ and ∼32 kΩ, respectively as a function of increasing wire widths; are higher than the quantum of resistance (h/4e2=6.45kΩ,his a Planck constant andeis electronic charge) indicating extreme disorder nature of the fabricated samples. The variation of resistance with respect to temperature (forT
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhishek Kumar
- Quantum Nanophotonics Metrology Division, CSIR-National Physical Laboratory, Dr K. S. Krishnan Marg, New Delhi 110012, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Sudhir Husale
- Quantum Nanophotonics Metrology Division, CSIR-National Physical Laboratory, Dr K. S. Krishnan Marg, New Delhi 110012, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - M P Saravanan
- Low Temperature Laboratory, UGC-DAE Consortium for Scientific Research, University Campus, Khandwa Road, Indore 452001, India
| | - Bikash Gajar
- Quantum Nanophotonics Metrology Division, CSIR-National Physical Laboratory, Dr K. S. Krishnan Marg, New Delhi 110012, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Majid Yousuf
- Quantum Nanophotonics Metrology Division, CSIR-National Physical Laboratory, Dr K. S. Krishnan Marg, New Delhi 110012, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Abhilasha Saini
- Quantum Nanophotonics Metrology Division, CSIR-National Physical Laboratory, Dr K. S. Krishnan Marg, New Delhi 110012, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Mahesh Gaurav Yadav
- Quantum Nanophotonics Metrology Division, CSIR-National Physical Laboratory, Dr K. S. Krishnan Marg, New Delhi 110012, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - R P Aloysius
- Quantum Nanophotonics Metrology Division, CSIR-National Physical Laboratory, Dr K. S. Krishnan Marg, New Delhi 110012, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
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Du W, Gao F, Cui P, Yu Z, Tong W, Wang J, Ren Z, Song C, Xu J, Ma H, Dang L, Zhang D, Lu Q, Jiang J, Wang J, Pi L, Sheng Z, Lu Q. Twisting, untwisting, and retwisting of elastic Co-based nanohelices. Nat Commun 2023; 14:4426. [PMID: 37481654 PMCID: PMC10363140 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-40001-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2023] [Indexed: 07/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The reversible transformation of a nanohelix is one of the most exquisite and important phenomena in nature. However, nanomaterials usually fail to twist into helical crystals. Considering the irreversibility of the previously studied twisting forces, the reverse process (untwisting) is more difficult to achieve, let alone the retwisting of the untwisted crystalline nanohelices. Herein, we report a new reciprocal effect between molecular geometry and crystal structure which triggers a twisting-untwisting-retwisting cycle for tri-cobalt salicylate hydroxide hexahydrate. The twisting force stems from competition between the condensation reaction and stacking process, different from the previously reported twisting mechanisms. The resulting distinct nanohelices give rise to unusual structure elasticity, as reflected in the reversible change of crystal lattice parameters and the mutual transformation between the nanowires and nanohelices. This study proposes a fresh concept for designing reversible processes and brings a new perspective in crystallography.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Du
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing National Laboratory of Microstructures, Nanjing University, 210023, Nanjing, P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, 211816, Nanjing, P. R. China
| | - Feng Gao
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Artificial Functional Materials, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, College of Engineering and Applied Science, Nanjing University, 210023, Nanjing, P. R. China.
| | - Peng Cui
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale and Anhui Laboratory of Advanced Photon Science and Technology, University of Science and Technology of China, 230026, Hefei, AnHui, P. R. China
| | - Zhiwu Yu
- High Magnetic Field Laboratory, CAS Key Laboratory of High Magnetic Field and Ion Beam Physical Biology, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 230031, Hefei, Anhui, P. R. China
| | - Wei Tong
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Condensed Matter Physics at Extreme Conditions, High Magnetic Field Laboratory and High Magnetic Field Laboratory of Anhui Province, HFIPS, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 230031, Hefei, Anhui, P. R. China
| | - Jihao Wang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale and Anhui Laboratory of Advanced Photon Science and Technology, University of Science and Technology of China, 230026, Hefei, AnHui, P. R. China
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Condensed Matter Physics at Extreme Conditions, High Magnetic Field Laboratory and High Magnetic Field Laboratory of Anhui Province, HFIPS, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 230031, Hefei, Anhui, P. R. China
| | - Zhuang Ren
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Condensed Matter Physics at Extreme Conditions, High Magnetic Field Laboratory and High Magnetic Field Laboratory of Anhui Province, HFIPS, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 230031, Hefei, Anhui, P. R. China
| | - Chuang Song
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Artificial Functional Materials, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, College of Engineering and Applied Science, Nanjing University, 210023, Nanjing, P. R. China
| | - Jiaying Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing National Laboratory of Microstructures, Nanjing University, 210023, Nanjing, P. R. China
| | - Haifeng Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing National Laboratory of Microstructures, Nanjing University, 210023, Nanjing, P. R. China
| | - Liyun Dang
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing National Laboratory of Microstructures, Nanjing University, 210023, Nanjing, P. R. China
| | - Di Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing National Laboratory of Microstructures, Nanjing University, 210023, Nanjing, P. R. China
| | - Qingyou Lu
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale and Anhui Laboratory of Advanced Photon Science and Technology, University of Science and Technology of China, 230026, Hefei, AnHui, P. R. China.
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Condensed Matter Physics at Extreme Conditions, High Magnetic Field Laboratory and High Magnetic Field Laboratory of Anhui Province, HFIPS, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 230031, Hefei, Anhui, P. R. China.
| | - Jun Jiang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale and Anhui Laboratory of Advanced Photon Science and Technology, University of Science and Technology of China, 230026, Hefei, AnHui, P. R. China.
| | - Junfeng Wang
- High Magnetic Field Laboratory, CAS Key Laboratory of High Magnetic Field and Ion Beam Physical Biology, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 230031, Hefei, Anhui, P. R. China.
| | - Li Pi
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale and Anhui Laboratory of Advanced Photon Science and Technology, University of Science and Technology of China, 230026, Hefei, AnHui, P. R. China
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Condensed Matter Physics at Extreme Conditions, High Magnetic Field Laboratory and High Magnetic Field Laboratory of Anhui Province, HFIPS, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 230031, Hefei, Anhui, P. R. China
| | - Zhigao Sheng
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Condensed Matter Physics at Extreme Conditions, High Magnetic Field Laboratory and High Magnetic Field Laboratory of Anhui Province, HFIPS, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 230031, Hefei, Anhui, P. R. China
| | - Qingyi Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing National Laboratory of Microstructures, Nanjing University, 210023, Nanjing, P. R. China.
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5
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Zhao L, Cui Y, Li J, Xie Y, Li W, Zhang J. The 3D Controllable Fabrication of Nanomaterials with FIB-SEM Synchronization Technology. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 13:1839. [PMID: 37368269 DOI: 10.3390/nano13121839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Revised: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
Nanomaterials with unique structures and functions have been widely used in the fields of microelectronics, biology, medicine, and aerospace, etc. With advantages of high resolution and multi functions (e.g., milling, deposition, and implantation), focused ion beam (FIB) technology has been widely developed due to urgent demands for the 3D fabrication of nanomaterials in recent years. In this paper, FIB technology is illustrated in detail, including ion optical systems, operating modes, and combining equipment with other systems. Together with the in situ and real-time monitoring of scanning electron microscopy (SEM) imaging, a FIB-SEM synchronization system achieved 3D controllable fabrication from conductive to semiconductive and insulative nanomaterials. The controllable FIB-SEM processing of conductive nanomaterials with a high precision is studied, especially for the FIB-induced deposition (FIBID) 3D nano-patterning and nano-origami. As for semiconductive nanomaterials, the realization of high resolution and controllability is focused on nano-origami and 3D milling with a high aspect ratio. The parameters of FIB-SEM and its working modes are analyzed and optimized to achieve the high aspect ratio fabrication and 3D reconstruction of insulative nanomaterials. Furthermore, the current challenges and future outlooks are prospected for the 3D controllable processing of flexible insulative materials with high resolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lirong Zhao
- School of Physics, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Yimin Cui
- School of Physics, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Junyi Li
- School of Physics, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Yuxi Xie
- School of Physics, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Wenping Li
- School of Physics, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Junying Zhang
- School of Physics, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China
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6
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Porrati F, Barth S, Gazzadi GC, Frabboni S, Volkov OM, Makarov D, Huth M. Site-Selective Chemical Vapor Deposition on Direct-Write 3D Nanoarchitectures. ACS NANO 2023; 17:4704-4715. [PMID: 36826847 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.2c10968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Recent advancements in additive manufacturing have enabled the preparation of free-shaped 3D objects with feature sizes down to and below the micrometer scale. Among the fabrication methods, focused electron beam- and focused ion beam-induced deposition (FEBID and FIBID, respectively) associate a high flexibility and unmatched accuracy in 3D writing with a wide material portfolio, thereby allowing for the growth of metallic to insulating materials. The combination of the free-shaped 3D nanowriting with established chemical vapor deposition (CVD) techniques provides attractive opportunities to synthesize complex 3D core-shell heterostructures. Hence, this hybrid approach enables the fabrication of morphologically tunable layer-based nanostructures with the great potential of unlocking further functionalities. Here, the fundamentals of such a hybrid approach are demonstrated by preparing core-shell heterostructures using 3D FEBID scaffolds for site-selective CVD. In particular, 3D microbridges are printed by FEBID with the (CH3)3CH3C5H4Pt precursor and coated by thermal CVD using the Nb(NMe2)3(N-t-Bu) and HFeCo3(CO)12 precursors. Two model systems on the basis of CVD layers consisting of a superconducting NbC-based layer and a ferromagnetic Co3Fe layer are prepared and characterized with regard to their composition, microstructure, and magneto-transport properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabrizio Porrati
- Physikalisches Institut, Goethe-Universität, Max-von-Laue-Str. 1, D-60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Sven Barth
- Physikalisches Institut, Goethe-Universität, Max-von-Laue-Str. 1, D-60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Gian Carlo Gazzadi
- S3 Center, Nanoscience Institute-CNR, Via Campi 213/a, I-41125 Modena, Italy
| | - Stefano Frabboni
- S3 Center, Nanoscience Institute-CNR, Via Campi 213/a, I-41125 Modena, Italy
- FIM Department, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via G. Campi 213/a, I-41125 Modena, Italy
| | - Oleksii M Volkov
- Helmholtz-Zentrum DresdenRossendorf e.V., Institute of Ion Beam Physics and Materials Research, 01328 Dresden, Germany
| | - Denys Makarov
- Helmholtz-Zentrum DresdenRossendorf e.V., Institute of Ion Beam Physics and Materials Research, 01328 Dresden, Germany
| | - Michael Huth
- Physikalisches Institut, Goethe-Universität, Max-von-Laue-Str. 1, D-60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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7
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Orús P, Sigloch F, Sangiao S, De Teresa JM. Superconducting W-C nanopillars fabricated by Ga+ focused ion beam induced deposition. J SOLID STATE CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jssc.2022.123476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
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8
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Sigloch F, Sangiao S, Orús P, de Teresa JM. Direct-write of tungsten-carbide nanoSQUIDs based on focused ion beam induced deposition. NANOSCALE ADVANCES 2022; 4:4628-4634. [PMID: 36341293 PMCID: PMC9595190 DOI: 10.1039/d2na00602b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
NanoSQUIDs are quantum sensors that excel in detecting a small change in magnetic flux with high sensitivity and high spatial resolution. Here, we employ resist-free direct-write Ga+ Focused Ion Beam Induced Deposition (FIBID) techniques to grow W-C nanoSQUIDs, and we investigate their electrical response to changes in the magnetic flux. Remarkably, FIBID allows the fast (3 min) growth of 700 nm × 300 nm nanoSQUIDs based on narrow nanobridges (50 nm wide) that act as Josephson junctions. Albeit the SQUIDs exhibit a comparatively low modulation depth and obtain a high inductance, the observed transfer coefficient (output voltage to magnetic flux change) is comparable to other SQUIDs (up to 1300 μV/Φ 0), which correlates with the high resistivity of W-C in the normal state. We discuss here the potential of this approach to reduce the active area of the nanoSQUIDs to gain spatial resolution as well as their integration on cantilevers for scanning-SQUID applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabian Sigloch
- Instituto de Nanociencia y Materiales de Aragon (INMA), Universidad de Zaragoza-CSIC 50009 Zaragoza Spain
| | - Soraya Sangiao
- Instituto de Nanociencia y Materiales de Aragon (INMA), Universidad de Zaragoza-CSIC 50009 Zaragoza Spain
- Laboratorio de Microscopías Avanzadas (LMA), Universidad de Zaragoza 50018 Spain
| | - Pablo Orús
- Instituto de Nanociencia y Materiales de Aragon (INMA), Universidad de Zaragoza-CSIC 50009 Zaragoza Spain
| | - José M de Teresa
- Instituto de Nanociencia y Materiales de Aragon (INMA), Universidad de Zaragoza-CSIC 50009 Zaragoza Spain
- Laboratorio de Microscopías Avanzadas (LMA), Universidad de Zaragoza 50018 Spain
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9
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Defoort-Levkov GRN, Bahm A, Philipp P. Influence of water contamination on the sputtering of silicon with low-energy argon ions investigated by molecular dynamics simulations. BEILSTEIN JOURNAL OF NANOTECHNOLOGY 2022; 13:986-1003. [PMID: 36225852 PMCID: PMC9520830 DOI: 10.3762/bjnano.13.86] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Focused ion beams (FIB) are a common tool in nanotechnology for surface analysis, sample preparation for electron microscopy and atom probe tomography, surface patterning, nanolithography, nanomachining, and nanoprinting. For many of these applications, a precise control of ion-beam-induced processes is essential. The effect of contaminations on these processes has not been thoroughly explored but can often be substantial, especially for ultralow impact energies in the sub-keV range. In this paper we investigate by molecular dynamics (MD) simulations how one of the most commonly found residual contaminations in vacuum chambers (i.e., water adsorbed on a silicon surface) influences sputtering by 100 eV argon ions. The incidence angle was changed from normal incidence to close to grazing incidence. For the simulation conditions used in this work, the adsorption of water favours the formation of defects in silicon by mixing hydrogen and oxygen atoms into the substrate. The sputtering yield of silicon is not significantly changed by the contamination, but the fraction of hydrogen and oxygen atoms that is sputtered largely depends on the incidence angle. This fraction is the largest for incidence angles between 70 and 80° defined with respect to the sample surface. Overall, it changes from 25% to 65%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grégoire R N Defoort-Levkov
- Advanced Instrumentation for Nano-Analytics (AINA), Materials Research and Technology Department (MRT), Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology (LIST), 4422 Belvaux, Luxembourg
- University of Luxembourg, 4365 Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Alan Bahm
- Thermo Fisher Scientific, Hillsboro, OR, 97124, USA
| | - Patrick Philipp
- Advanced Instrumentation for Nano-Analytics (AINA), Materials Research and Technology Department (MRT), Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology (LIST), 4422 Belvaux, Luxembourg
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10
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Fomin VM, Rezaev RO, Dobrovolskiy OV. Topological transitions in ac/dc-driven superconductor nanotubes. Sci Rep 2022; 12:10069. [PMID: 35710913 PMCID: PMC9203797 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-13543-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Extending of nanostructures into the third dimension has become a major research avenue in condensed-matter physics, because of geometry- and topology-induced phenomena. In this regard, superconductor 3D nanoarchitectures feature magnetic field inhomogeneity, non-trivial topology of Meissner currents and complex dynamics of topological defects. Here, we investigate theoretically topological transitions in the dynamics of vortices and slips of the phase of the order parameter in open superconductor nanotubes under a modulated transport current. Relying upon the time-dependent Ginzburg–Landau equation, we reveal two distinct voltage regimes when (i) a dominant part of the tube is in either the normal or superconducting state and (ii) a complex interplay between vortices, phase-slip regions and screening currents determines a rich FFT voltage spectrum. Our findings unveil novel dynamical states in superconductor open nanotubes, such as paraxial and azimuthal phase-slip regions, their branching and coexistence with vortices, and allow for control of these states by superimposed dc and ac current stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir M Fomin
- Institute for Integrative Nanosciences, Leibniz IFW Dresden, Helmholtzstraße 20, 01069, Dresden, Germany. .,Laboratory of Physics and Engineering of Nanomaterials, Department of Theoretical Physics, Moldova State University, strada A. Mateevici 60, 2009, Chisinau, Republic of Moldova. .,Institute of Engineering Physics for Biomedicine, National Research Nuclear University "MEPhI", Kashirskoe shosse 31, Moscow, 115409, Russia.
| | - Roman O Rezaev
- Tomsk Polytechnic University, Lenin av. 30, Tomsk, 634050, Russia
| | - Oleksandr V Dobrovolskiy
- University of Vienna, Faculty of Physics, Nanomagnetism and Magnonics, Superconductivity and Spintronics Laboratory, Währinger Str. 17, 1090, Vienna, Austria
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11
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Orús P, Sigloch F, Sangiao S, De Teresa JM. Superconducting Materials and Devices Grown by Focused Ion and Electron Beam Induced Deposition. NANOMATERIALS 2022; 12:nano12081367. [PMID: 35458074 PMCID: PMC9029853 DOI: 10.3390/nano12081367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2022] [Revised: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 04/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Since its discovery in 1911, superconductivity has represented an equally inciting and fascinating field of study in several areas of physics and materials science, ranging from its most fundamental theoretical understanding, to its practical application in different areas of engineering. The fabrication of superconducting materials can be downsized to the nanoscale by means of Focused Ion/Electron Beam Induced Deposition: nanopatterning techniques that make use of a focused beam of ions or electrons to decompose a gaseous precursor in a single step. Overcoming the need to use a resist, these approaches allow for targeted, highly-flexible nanopatterning of nanostructures with lateral resolution in the range of 10 nm to 30 nm. In this review, the fundamentals of these nanofabrication techniques are presented, followed by a literature revision on the published work that makes use of them to grow superconducting materials, the most remarkable of which are based on tungsten, niobium, molybdenum, carbon, and lead. Several examples of the application of these materials to functional devices are presented, related to the superconducting proximity effect, vortex dynamics, electric-field effect, and to the nanofabrication of Josephson junctions and nanoSQUIDs. Owing to the patterning flexibility they offer, both of these techniques represent a powerful and convenient approach towards both fundamental and applied research in superconductivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Orús
- Instituto de Nanociencia y Materiales de Aragón (INMA), CSIC-Universidad de Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain; (P.O.); (F.S.); (S.S.)
| | - Fabian Sigloch
- Instituto de Nanociencia y Materiales de Aragón (INMA), CSIC-Universidad de Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain; (P.O.); (F.S.); (S.S.)
| | - Soraya Sangiao
- Instituto de Nanociencia y Materiales de Aragón (INMA), CSIC-Universidad de Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain; (P.O.); (F.S.); (S.S.)
- Departamento de Física de la Materia Condensada, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
- Laboratorio de Microscopías Avanzadas (LMA), University of Zaragoza, 50018 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - José María De Teresa
- Instituto de Nanociencia y Materiales de Aragón (INMA), CSIC-Universidad de Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain; (P.O.); (F.S.); (S.S.)
- Departamento de Física de la Materia Condensada, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
- Laboratorio de Microscopías Avanzadas (LMA), University of Zaragoza, 50018 Zaragoza, Spain
- Correspondence:
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12
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Fang C, Xing Y. Investigation of the Shadow Effect in Focused Ion Beam Induced Deposition. NANOMATERIALS 2022; 12:nano12060905. [PMID: 35335717 PMCID: PMC8955986 DOI: 10.3390/nano12060905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2022] [Revised: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Due to the precursor gas flow in the focused ion beam induced deposition process, a shadow effect appears behind the shading structures. This article carries out experiments with phenanthrene as the precursor gas and establishes a numerical model to define the shadow area and estimate the intensity of the shadow effect, considering the morphology of shading structure, the beam shift, and the nozzle parameters. Within the shadow area, the precursor molecule adsorption contribution is estimated by calculating the fraction of precursor gas flow in a specific direction. Finally, the number of precursor molecules within the beam impact area influenced by the shadow effect is obtained, emphasizing the important role of gas surface diffusion. The adsorption contribution within the shadow area differs a lot while deposited structures are similar in height. The error between the simulation and the experimental results is about 5%, verifying the accuracy of the proposed model.
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13
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Hu R, Yu L. Review on 3D growth engineering and integration of nanowires for advanced nanoelectronics and sensor applications. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2022; 33:222002. [PMID: 35148520 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/ac547a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2021] [Accepted: 02/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Recent years have witnessed increasing efforts devoted to the growth, assembly and integration of quasi-one dimensional (1D) nanowires (NWs), as fundamental building blocks in advanced three-dimensional (3D) architecture, to explore a series of novel nanoelectronic and sensor applications. An important motivation behind is to boost the integration density of the electronic devices by stacking more functional units in theout-of-plane z-direction, where the NWs are supposed to be patterned or grown as vertically standing or laterally stacked channels to minimize their footprint area. The other driving force is derived from the unique possibility of engineering the 1D NWs into more complex, as well as more functional, 3D nanostructures, such as helical springs and kinked probes, which are ideal nanostructures for developping advanced nanoelectromechanical system (NEMS), bio-sensing and manipulation applications. This Review will first examine the recent progresses made in the construction of 3D nano electronic devices, as well as the new fabrication and growth technologies established to enable an efficient 3D integration of the vertically standing or laterally stacked NW channels. Then, the different approaches to produce and tailor more sophisticated 3D helical springs or purposely-designed nanoprobes will be revisited, together with their applications in NEMS resonators, bio sensors and stimulators in neural system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruijin Hu
- National Laboratory of Solid-State Microstructures/School of Electronics Science and Engineering/ Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, 210093 Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Linwei Yu
- National Laboratory of Solid-State Microstructures/School of Electronics Science and Engineering/ Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, 210093 Nanjing, People's Republic of China
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14
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Fang C, Chai Q, Chen Y, Xing Y, Zhou Z. The chiral coating on an achiral nanostructure by the secondary effect in focused ion beam induced deposition. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2022; 33:135301. [PMID: 34905738 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/ac4308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Optical metamaterials are widely used in electromagnetic wave modulation due to their sub-wavelength feature sizes. In this paper, a method to plate an achiral nanopillar array with chiral coating by the secondary effect in focused ion beam induced deposition is proposed. Guided by the pattern defined in a bitmap with variable residence time, the beam scan strategy suppresses the interaction between adjacent nanostructures. A uniform chiral coating is formed on the target nanostructure without affecting the adjacent nanostructure, under carefully selected beam parameters and the rotation angle of the sample stage. Energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy results show that the chiral film has high purity metal, which enables the generation of localized surface plasmon resonances and causes the circular dichroism (CD) under circularly polarized light illumination. Finally, the tailorable CD spectrum of the coated array is verified by the finite difference time domain method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Fang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Design and Manufacture of Micro-Nano Biomedical Instruments, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Qing Chai
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Design and Manufacture of Micro-Nano Biomedical Instruments, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Ye Chen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Design and Manufacture of Micro-Nano Biomedical Instruments, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Xing
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Design and Manufacture of Micro-Nano Biomedical Instruments, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Zaifa Zhou
- Key Laboratory of MEMS of the Ministry of Education, Southeast University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
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15
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Makarov D, Volkov OM, Kákay A, Pylypovskyi OV, Budinská B, Dobrovolskiy OV. New Dimension in Magnetism and Superconductivity: 3D and Curvilinear Nanoarchitectures. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2022; 34:e2101758. [PMID: 34705309 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202101758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Revised: 05/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Traditionally, the primary field, where curvature has been at the heart of research, is the theory of general relativity. In recent studies, however, the impact of curvilinear geometry enters various disciplines, ranging from solid-state physics over soft-matter physics, chemistry, and biology to mathematics, giving rise to a plethora of emerging domains such as curvilinear nematics, curvilinear studies of cell biology, curvilinear semiconductors, superfluidity, optics, 2D van der Waals materials, plasmonics, magnetism, and superconductivity. Here, the state of the art is summarized and prospects for future research in curvilinear solid-state systems exhibiting such fundamental cooperative phenomena as ferromagnetism, antiferromagnetism, and superconductivity are outlined. Highlighting the recent developments and current challenges in theory, fabrication, and characterization of curvilinear micro- and nanostructures, special attention is paid to perspective research directions entailing new physics and to their strong application potential. Overall, the perspective is aimed at crossing the boundaries between the magnetism and superconductivity communities and drawing attention to the conceptual aspects of how extension of structures into the third dimension and curvilinear geometry can modify existing and aid launching novel functionalities. In addition, the perspective should stimulate the development and dissemination of research and development oriented techniques to facilitate rapid transitions from laboratory demonstrations to industry-ready prototypes and eventual products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denys Makarov
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden - Rossendorf e.V., Institute of Ion Beam Physics and Materials Research, 01328, Dresden, Germany
| | - Oleksii M Volkov
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden - Rossendorf e.V., Institute of Ion Beam Physics and Materials Research, 01328, Dresden, Germany
| | - Attila Kákay
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden - Rossendorf e.V., Institute of Ion Beam Physics and Materials Research, 01328, Dresden, Germany
| | - Oleksandr V Pylypovskyi
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden - Rossendorf e.V., Institute of Ion Beam Physics and Materials Research, 01328, Dresden, Germany
- Kyiv Academic University, Kyiv, 03142, Ukraine
| | - Barbora Budinská
- Superconductivity and Spintronics Laboratory, Nanomagnetism and Magnonics, Faculty of Physics, University of Vienna, Vienna, 1090, Austria
| | - Oleksandr V Dobrovolskiy
- Superconductivity and Spintronics Laboratory, Nanomagnetism and Magnonics, Faculty of Physics, University of Vienna, Vienna, 1090, Austria
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16
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Orús P, Fomin VM, De Teresa JM, Córdoba R. Critical current modulation induced by an electric field in superconducting tungsten-carbon nanowires. Sci Rep 2021; 11:17698. [PMID: 34489493 PMCID: PMC8421514 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-97075-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
The critical current of a superconducting nanostructure can be suppressed by applying an electric field in its vicinity. This phenomenon is investigated throughout the fabrication and electrical characterization of superconducting tungsten-carbon (W-C) nanostructures grown by Ga[Formula: see text] focused ion beam induced deposition (FIBID). In a 45 nm-wide, 2.7 [Formula: see text]m-long W-C nanowire, an increasing side-gate voltage is found to progressively reduce the critical current of the device, down to a full suppression of the superconducting state below its critical temperature. This modulation is accounted for by the squeezing of the superconducting current by the electric field within a theoretical model based on the Ginzburg-Landau theory, in agreement with experimental data. Compared to electron beam lithography or sputtering, the single-step FIBID approach provides with enhanced patterning flexibility and yields nanodevices with figures of merit comparable to those retrieved in other superconducting materials, including Ti, Nb, and Al. Exhibiting a higher critical temperature than most of other superconductors, in which this phenomenon has been observed, as well as a reduced critical value of the gate voltage required to fully suppress superconductivity, W-C deposits are strong candidates for the fabrication of nanodevices based on the electric field-induced superconductivity modulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Orús
- Instituto de Nanociencia y Materiales de Aragón (INMA), CSIC-Universidad de Zaragoza, 50009, Zaragoza, Spain
- Departamento de Física de la Materia Condensada, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Zaragoza, 50009, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Vladimir M Fomin
- Institute for Integrative Nanosciences (IIN), Leibniz Institute for Solid State and Material Research (IFW) Dresden, Helmholtzstraße 20, 01069, Dresden, Germany
- Laboratory of Physics and Engineering of Nanomaterials, Department of Theoretical Physics, Moldova State University, Strada A. Mateevici 60, 2009, Chişinău, Republic of Moldova
- Institute of Engineering Physics for Biomedicine, National Research Nuclear University MEPhI, Kashirskoe shosse 31, Moscow, 115409, Russia
| | - José María De Teresa
- Instituto de Nanociencia y Materiales de Aragón (INMA), CSIC-Universidad de Zaragoza, 50009, Zaragoza, Spain.
- Departamento de Física de la Materia Condensada, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Zaragoza, 50009, Zaragoza, Spain.
- Laboratorio de Microscopías Avanzadas (LMA), University of Zaragoza, 50018, Zaragoza, Spain.
| | - Rosa Córdoba
- Instituto de Ciencia Molecular (ICMol), Universitat de València, 46980, Paterna, Spain.
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17
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Allen FI. A review of defect engineering, ion implantation, and nanofabrication using the helium ion microscope. BEILSTEIN JOURNAL OF NANOTECHNOLOGY 2021; 12:633-664. [PMID: 34285866 PMCID: PMC8261528 DOI: 10.3762/bjnano.12.52] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Accepted: 04/30/2021] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The helium ion microscope has emerged as a multifaceted instrument enabling a broad range of applications beyond imaging in which the finely focused helium ion beam is used for a variety of defect engineering, ion implantation, and nanofabrication tasks. Operation of the ion source with neon has extended the reach of this technology even further. This paper reviews the materials modification research that has been enabled by the helium ion microscope since its commercialization in 2007, ranging from fundamental studies of beam-sample effects, to the prototyping of new devices with features in the sub-10 nm domain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frances I Allen
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
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18
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Allen FI. Branched High Aspect Ratio Nanostructures Fabricated by Focused Helium Ion Beam Induced Deposition of an Insulator. MICROMACHINES 2021; 12:mi12030232. [PMID: 33668907 PMCID: PMC7996577 DOI: 10.3390/mi12030232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2020] [Revised: 02/14/2021] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Helium ion beam induced deposition using the gaseous precursor pentamethylcyclopentasiloxane is employed to fabricate high aspect ratio insulator nanostructures (nanopillars and nanocylinders) that exhibit charge induced branching. The branched nanostructures are analyzed by transmission electron microscopy. It is found that the side branches form above a certain threshold height and that by increasing the flow rate of the precursor, the vertical growth rate and branching phenomenon can be significantly enhanced, with fractalesque branching patterns observed. The direct-write ion beam nanofabrication technique described herein offers a fast single-step method for the growth of high aspect ratio branched nanostructures with site-selective placement on the nanometer scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frances I. Allen
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, UC Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA;
- California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences, UC Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- National Center for Electron Microscopy, Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
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19
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Orús P, Córdoba R, Hlawacek G, De Teresa JM. Superconducting properties of in-plane W-C nanowires grown by He + focused ion beam induced deposition. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2021; 32:085301. [PMID: 33171446 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/abc91c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Focused ion beam induced deposition (FIBID) is a nanopatterning technique that uses a focused beam of charged ions to decompose a gaseous precursor. So far, the flexible patterning capabilities of FIBID have been widely exploited in the fabrication of superconducting nanostructures, using the W(CO)6 precursor mostly in combination with a focused beam of Ga+ ions. Here, the fabrication and characterization of superconducting in-plane tungsten-carbon (W-C) nanostructures by He+ FIBID of the W(CO)6 precursor is reported. A patterning resolution of 10 nm has been achieved, which is virtually unattainable for Ga+ FIBID. When the nanowires are patterned with widths of 20 nm and above, the deposited material is superconducting below 3.5-4 K. In addition, nanowires with widths of 60 and 90 nm have been found to sustain long-range controlled nonlocal superconducting vortex transfer along 3 μm. Overall, these findings strengthen the capabilities of He+ FIBID of W-C in the growth and patterning of in-plane superconducting nanodevices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Orús
- Instituto de Nanociencia y Materiales de Aragón (INMA), CSIC-Universidad de Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
- Departamento de Física de la Materia Condensada, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
- Laboratorio de Microscopías Avanzadas (LMA), University of Zaragoza, 50018 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Rosa Córdoba
- Instituto de Ciencia Molecular, Universitat de València, Paterna, 46980 València, Spain
| | - Gregor Hlawacek
- Institute of Ion Beam Physics and Materials Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, 01328 Dresden, Germany
| | - José María De Teresa
- Instituto de Nanociencia y Materiales de Aragón (INMA), CSIC-Universidad de Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
- Departamento de Física de la Materia Condensada, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
- Laboratorio de Microscopías Avanzadas (LMA), University of Zaragoza, 50018 Zaragoza, Spain
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20
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Blom T, Mechielsen TW, Fermin R, Hesselberth MBS, Aarts J, Lahabi K. Direct-Write Printing of Josephson Junctions in a Scanning Electron Microscope. ACS NANO 2021; 15:322-329. [PMID: 33231428 PMCID: PMC7844821 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.0c03656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2020] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Josephson junctions are the building blocks of superconducting electronics, with well-established applications in precision metrology and quantum computing. Fabricating a Josephson junction has been a resource-intensive and multistep procedure, involving lithography and wet-processing, which are not compatible with many applications. Here, we introduce a fully additive direct-write approach, where a scanning electron microscope can print substrate-conformal Josephson devices in a matter of minutes, requiring no additional processing. The junctions are made entirely by electron-beam-induced deposition (EBID) of tungsten carbide. We utilize EBID-tunable material properties to write, in one go, full proximity junctions with superconducting electrodes and metallic weak links and tailor their Josephson coupling. The Josephson behavior of these junctions is established and characterized by their microwave-induced Shapiro response and field-dependent transport. Our efforts provide a versatile and nondestructive alternative to conventional nanofabrication and can be expanded to print three-dimensional superconducting sensor arrays and quantum networks.
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21
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Manoccio M, Esposito M, Passaseo A, Cuscunà M, Tasco V. Focused Ion Beam Processing for 3D Chiral Photonics Nanostructures. MICROMACHINES 2020; 12:6. [PMID: 33374782 PMCID: PMC7823276 DOI: 10.3390/mi12010006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2020] [Revised: 12/08/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The focused ion beam (FIB) is a powerful piece of technology which has enabled scientific and technological advances in the realization and study of micro- and nano-systems in many research areas, such as nanotechnology, material science, and the microelectronic industry. Recently, its applications have been extended to the photonics field, owing to the possibility of developing systems with complex shapes, including 3D chiral shapes. Indeed, micro-/nano-structured elements with precise geometrical features at the nanoscale can be realized by FIB processing, with sizes that can be tailored in order to tune optical responses over a broad spectral region. In this review, we give an overview of recent efforts in this field which have involved FIB processing as a nanofabrication tool for photonics applications. In particular, we focus on FIB-induced deposition and FIB milling, employed to build 3D nanostructures and metasurfaces exhibiting intrinsic chirality. We describe the fabrication strategies present in the literature and the chiro-optical behavior of the developed structures. The achieved results pave the way for the creation of novel and advanced nanophotonic devices for many fields of application, ranging from polarization control to integration in photonic circuits to subwavelength imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariachiara Manoccio
- Department of Mathematics and Physics Ennio De Giorgi, University of Salento, Via Arnesano, 73100 Lecce, Italy
- CNR NANOTEC Institute of Nanotechnology, Via Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy; (A.P.); (M.C.); (V.T.)
| | - Marco Esposito
- CNR NANOTEC Institute of Nanotechnology, Via Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy; (A.P.); (M.C.); (V.T.)
| | - Adriana Passaseo
- CNR NANOTEC Institute of Nanotechnology, Via Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy; (A.P.); (M.C.); (V.T.)
| | - Massimo Cuscunà
- CNR NANOTEC Institute of Nanotechnology, Via Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy; (A.P.); (M.C.); (V.T.)
| | - Vittorianna Tasco
- CNR NANOTEC Institute of Nanotechnology, Via Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy; (A.P.); (M.C.); (V.T.)
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22
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Fernández-Pacheco A, Skoric L, De Teresa JM, Pablo-Navarro J, Huth M, Dobrovolskiy OV. Writing 3D Nanomagnets Using Focused Electron Beams. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 13:E3774. [PMID: 32859076 PMCID: PMC7503546 DOI: 10.3390/ma13173774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Focused electron beam induced deposition (FEBID) is a direct-write nanofabrication technique able to pattern three-dimensional magnetic nanostructures at resolutions comparable to the characteristic magnetic length scales. FEBID is thus a powerful tool for 3D nanomagnetism which enables unique fundamental studies involving complex 3D geometries, as well as nano-prototyping and specialized applications compatible with low throughputs. In this focused review, we discuss recent developments of this technique for applications in 3D nanomagnetism, namely the substantial progress on FEBID computational methods, and new routes followed to tune the magnetic properties of ferromagnetic FEBID materials. We also review a selection of recent works involving FEBID 3D nanostructures in areas such as scanning probe microscopy sensing, magnetic frustration phenomena, curvilinear magnetism, magnonics and fluxonics, offering a wide perspective of the important role FEBID is likely to have in the coming years in the study of new phenomena involving 3D magnetic nanostructures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amalio Fernández-Pacheco
- SUPA, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
- Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, JJ Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE, UK;
| | - Luka Skoric
- Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, JJ Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE, UK;
| | - José María De Teresa
- Instituto de Nanociencia y Materiales de Aragón (INMA), Universidad de Zaragoza-CSIC, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
- Laboratorio de Microscopías Avanzadas (LMA) and Departamento de Física de la Materia Condensada, Universidad de Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain;
| | - Javier Pablo-Navarro
- Laboratorio de Microscopías Avanzadas (LMA) and Departamento de Física de la Materia Condensada, Universidad de Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain;
- Institute of Ion Beam Physics and Materials Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, 01328 Dresden, Germany
| | - Michael Huth
- Institute of Physics, Goethe University Frankfurt, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany;
| | - Oleksandr V. Dobrovolskiy
- Institute of Physics, Goethe University Frankfurt, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany;
- Faculty of Physics, University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
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23
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Sakurai M, Nagano S, Joachim C. Local heat generated by a focused He + ion beam. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2020; 31:345708. [PMID: 32530821 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/ab91f3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
A focused He+ beam with a beam diameter less than 1 nm is heating up the targeted surface for a He+ dose larger than 1 × 1020 ions cm-2. The temperature can reach 1000 °C locally, resulting in surface decomposition or chemical reactions. This temperature was measured by fabricating gold nanodisks down to 20 nm in diameter and 10 nm in thickness on mica and sapphire surfaces. The melting and vaporization of these nanodisks were used to determine this temperature according to the known gold nanocluster melting temperature variations as a function of their volume. This local heat production is very negative for precise He+ nanolithography resist processes but advantageous without a resist when used to directly nano-sculpture a nanomaterial when a very thermally conductive support like sapphire is selected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Sakurai
- International Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics (WPI-MANA), National Institute for Material Sciences (NIMS), 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0044, Japan
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Córdoba R, Ibarra A, Mailly D, Guillamón I, Suderow H, De Teresa JM. 3D superconducting hollow nanowires with tailored diameters grown by focused He + beam direct writing. BEILSTEIN JOURNAL OF NANOTECHNOLOGY 2020; 11:1198-1206. [PMID: 32832315 PMCID: PMC7431759 DOI: 10.3762/bjnano.11.104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Currently, the patterning of innovative three-dimensional (3D) nano-objects is required for the development of future advanced electronic components. Helium ion microscopy in combination with a precursor gas can be used for direct writing of three-dimensional nanostructures with a precise control of their geometry, and a significantly higher aspect ratio than other additive manufacturing technologies. We report here on the deposition of 3D hollow tungsten carbide nanowires with tailored diameters by tuning two key growth parameters, namely current and dose of the ion beam. Our results show the control of geometry in 3D hollow nanowires, with outer and inner diameters ranging from 36 to 142 nm and from 5 to 28 nm, respectively; and lengths from 0.5 to 8.9 µm. Transmission electron microscopy experiments indicate that the nanowires have a microstructure of large grains with a crystalline structure compatible with the face-centered cubic WC1- x phase. In addition, 3D electron tomographic reconstructions show that the hollow center of the nanowires is present along the whole nanowire length. Moreover, these nanowires become superconducting at 6.8 K and show high values of critical magnetic field and critical current density. Consequently, these 3D nano-objects could be implemented as components in the next generation of electronics, such as nano-antennas and sensors, based on 3D superconducting architectures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosa Córdoba
- Instituto de Ciencia Molecular, Universitat de València, Catedrático José Beltrán 2, 46980 Paterna, Spain
| | - Alfonso Ibarra
- Laboratorio de Microscopías Avanzadas (LMA)-Instituto de Nanociencia de Aragón (INA), Universidad de Zaragoza, E-50018 Zaragoza, Spain Departamento de Física de la Materia Condensada, Universidad de Zaragoza, E-50009 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Dominique Mailly
- Centre de Nanosciences et de Nanotechnologies, CNRS, Univ Paris Sud, Université Paris Saclay, 91120 Palaiseau, France
| | - Isabel Guillamón
- Laboratorio de Bajas Temperaturas y Altos Campos Magnéticos, Departamento de Física de la Materia Condensada, Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales Nicolás Cabrera, Condensed Matter Physics Center (IFIMAC), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - Hermann Suderow
- Laboratorio de Bajas Temperaturas y Altos Campos Magnéticos, Departamento de Física de la Materia Condensada, Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales Nicolás Cabrera, Condensed Matter Physics Center (IFIMAC), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - José María De Teresa
- Laboratorio de Microscopías Avanzadas (LMA)-Instituto de Nanociencia de Aragón (INA), Universidad de Zaragoza, E-50018 Zaragoza, Spain Departamento de Física de la Materia Condensada, Universidad de Zaragoza, E-50009 Zaragoza, Spain
- Instituto de Nanociencia y de Materiales de Aragón (INMA), Universidad de Zaragoza-CSIC, E-50009 Zaragoza, Spain
- Departamento de Física de la Materia Condensada, Universidad de Zaragoza, E-50009 Zaragoza, Spain
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Belianinov A, Burch MJ, Ievlev A, Kim S, Stanford MG, Mahady K, Lewis BB, Fowlkes JD, Rack PD, Ovchinnikova OS. Direct Write of 3D Nanoscale Mesh Objects with Platinum Precursor via Focused Helium Ion Beam Induced Deposition. MICROMACHINES 2020; 11:E527. [PMID: 32455865 PMCID: PMC7281202 DOI: 10.3390/mi11050527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Revised: 05/19/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The next generation optical, electronic, biological, and sensing devices as well as platforms will inevitably extend their architecture into the 3rd dimension to enhance functionality. In focused ion beam induced deposition (FIBID), a helium gas field ion source can be used with an organometallic precursor gas to fabricate nanoscale structures in 3D with high-precision and smaller critical dimensions than focused electron beam induced deposition (FEBID), traditional liquid metal source FIBID, or other additive manufacturing technology. In this work, we report the effect of beam current, dwell time, and pixel pitch on the resultant segment and angle growth for nanoscale 3D mesh objects. We note subtle beam heating effects, which impact the segment angle and the feature size. Additionally, we investigate the competition of material deposition and sputtering during the 3D FIBID process, with helium ion microscopy experiments and Monte Carlo simulations. Our results show complex 3D mesh structures measuring ~300 nm in the largest dimension, with individual features as small as 16 nm at full width half maximum (FWHM). These assemblies can be completed in minutes, with the underlying fabrication technology compatible with existing lithographic techniques, suggesting a higher-throughput pathway to integrating FIBID with established nanofabrication techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex Belianinov
- Center for Nanophase Materials Science, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA; (A.B.); (M.J.B.); (A.I.); (S.K.); (J.D.F.); (P.D.R.)
| | - Matthew J. Burch
- Center for Nanophase Materials Science, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA; (A.B.); (M.J.B.); (A.I.); (S.K.); (J.D.F.); (P.D.R.)
| | - Anton Ievlev
- Center for Nanophase Materials Science, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA; (A.B.); (M.J.B.); (A.I.); (S.K.); (J.D.F.); (P.D.R.)
| | - Songkil Kim
- Center for Nanophase Materials Science, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA; (A.B.); (M.J.B.); (A.I.); (S.K.); (J.D.F.); (P.D.R.)
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Korea
| | - Michael G. Stanford
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA; (M.G.S.); (K.M.); (B.B.L.)
| | - Kyle Mahady
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA; (M.G.S.); (K.M.); (B.B.L.)
| | - Brett B. Lewis
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA; (M.G.S.); (K.M.); (B.B.L.)
| | - Jason D. Fowlkes
- Center for Nanophase Materials Science, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA; (A.B.); (M.J.B.); (A.I.); (S.K.); (J.D.F.); (P.D.R.)
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA; (M.G.S.); (K.M.); (B.B.L.)
| | - Philip D. Rack
- Center for Nanophase Materials Science, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA; (A.B.); (M.J.B.); (A.I.); (S.K.); (J.D.F.); (P.D.R.)
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA; (M.G.S.); (K.M.); (B.B.L.)
| | - Olga S. Ovchinnikova
- Center for Nanophase Materials Science, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA; (A.B.); (M.J.B.); (A.I.); (S.K.); (J.D.F.); (P.D.R.)
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Thorman RM, Matsuda SJ, McElwee-White L, Fairbrother DH. Identifying and Rationalizing the Differing Surface Reactions of Low-Energy Electrons and Ions with an Organometallic Precursor. J Phys Chem Lett 2020; 11:2006-2013. [PMID: 32058722 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.0c00061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Surface reactions of electrons and ions with physisorbed organometallic precursors are fundamental processes in focused electron and ion beam-induced deposition (FEBID and FIBID, respectively) of metal-containing nanostructures. Markedly different surface reactions occur upon exposure of nanometer-scale films of (η5-Cp)Fe(CO)2Re(CO)5 to low-energy electrons (500 eV) compared to argon ions (860 eV). Electron-induced surface reactions are initiated by electronic excitation and fragmentation of (η5-Cp)Fe(CO)2Re(CO)5, causing half of the CO ligands to desorb. Residual CO ligands decompose under further electron irradiation. In contrast, Ar+-induced surface reactions proceed by an ion-molecule momentum/energy transfer process, causing the desorption of all CO ligands without significant ion-induced precursor desorption. This initial decomposition step is followed by ion-induced sputtering of the deposited atoms. The fundamental insights derived from this study can be used not only to rationalize the composition of deposits made by FEBID and FIBID but also to inform the choice of a charged particle deposition strategy and the design of new precursors for these emerging nanofabrication tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel M Thorman
- Department of Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218-2685, United States
| | - Scott J Matsuda
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611-7200, United States
| | - Lisa McElwee-White
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611-7200, United States
| | - D Howard Fairbrother
- Department of Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218-2685, United States
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Huth M, Porrati F, Gruszka P, Barth S. Temperature-Dependent Growth Characteristics of Nb- and CoFe-Based Nanostructures by Direct-Write Using Focused Electron Beam-Induced Deposition. MICROMACHINES 2019; 11:mi11010028. [PMID: 31881650 PMCID: PMC7019710 DOI: 10.3390/mi11010028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2019] [Revised: 12/21/2019] [Accepted: 12/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Focused electron and ion beam-induced deposition (FEBID/FIBID) are direct-write techniques with particular advantages in three-dimensional (3D) fabrication of ferromagnetic or superconducting nanostructures. Recently, two novel precursors, HCo3Fe(CO)12 and Nb(NMe3)2(N-t-Bu), were introduced, resulting in fully metallic CoFe ferromagnetic alloys by FEBID and superconducting NbC by FIBID, respectively. In order to properly define the writing strategy for the fabrication of 3D structures using these precursors, their temperature-dependent average residence time on the substrate and growing deposit needs to be known. This is a prerequisite for employing the simulation-guided 3D computer aided design (CAD) approach to FEBID/FIBID, which was introduced recently. We fabricated a series of rectangular-shaped deposits by FEBID at different substrate temperatures between 5 °C and 24 °C using the precursors and extracted the activation energy for precursor desorption and the pre-exponential factor from the measured heights of the deposits using the continuum growth model of FEBID based on the reaction-diffusion equation for the adsorbed precursor.
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