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Wu GB, Dai JY, Shum KM, Chan KF, Cheng Q, Cui TJ, Chan CH. A synthetic moving-envelope metasurface antenna for independent control of arbitrary harmonic orders. Nat Commun 2024; 15:7202. [PMID: 39169018 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-51587-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2024] [Accepted: 08/12/2024] [Indexed: 08/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Flexible frequency controls are crucial in many photonic and electronic applications, ranging from communications systems, spectroscopy, and metrology to quantum information processing. However, the state-of-the-art solutions based on nonlinear bulk media, electro-optic effect, and nonlinear metasurfaces incur very limited spectral controllability, and merely a couple of harmonic orders can be independently manipulated. Here, we theoretically propose and experimentally demonstrate synthetic moving-envelope metasurface antennas capable of simultaneously generating arbitrary harmonic orders and independently manipulating their wave properties in a software-defined manner. As proof-of-principle examples, we demonstrate unidirectional frequency transition, frequency comb generation, arbitrary harmonic orders independent control, and their applications in frequency-division multiplexing communications. All these complicated functionalities are achieved by the 1-bit spatiotemporally ON-OFF switching of meta-atoms of the waveguide-integrated metasurface antenna. Our proposed synthetic metasurface antenna solution greatly expands the frontiers of wave engineering and information manipulation, showing promising potential in wireless communications, spectroscopy, metrology, and quantum science.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geng-Bo Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Terahertz and Millimeter Waves (City University of Hong Kong), Hong Kong, 999077, China
- Department of Electrical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, 999077, China
- City University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen, 518057, China
| | - Jun Yan Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Millimeter Waves, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China.
- Institute of Electromagnetic Space, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China.
- Frontiers Science Center for Mobile Information Communication and Security, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China.
| | - Kam Man Shum
- State Key Laboratory of Terahertz and Millimeter Waves (City University of Hong Kong), Hong Kong, 999077, China
| | - Ka Fai Chan
- State Key Laboratory of Terahertz and Millimeter Waves (City University of Hong Kong), Hong Kong, 999077, China
| | - Qiang Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Millimeter Waves, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China.
- Institute of Electromagnetic Space, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China.
- Frontiers Science Center for Mobile Information Communication and Security, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China.
| | - Tie Jun Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Millimeter Waves, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China.
- Institute of Electromagnetic Space, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China.
- Frontiers Science Center for Mobile Information Communication and Security, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China.
| | - Chi Hou Chan
- State Key Laboratory of Terahertz and Millimeter Waves (City University of Hong Kong), Hong Kong, 999077, China.
- Department of Electrical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, 999077, China.
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2
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Silvestri M, Venturi M, Di Muzio M, Adhikary R, Ferrante C, Benassi P, Marini A. Harnessing collisional nonlinearity for enhanced harmonic generation by ultraviolet plasmonic nanoparticles. J Chem Phys 2024; 161:054111. [PMID: 39092943 DOI: 10.1063/5.0210865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2024] [Accepted: 07/10/2024] [Indexed: 08/04/2024] Open
Abstract
We investigate the contribution of inelastic electron collisions to nonlinear (NL) dynamics in ultraviolet plasmonic nanoparticles, exploring their potential for harmonic generation. Employing the Landau weak coupling formalism to model radiation-driven electron dynamics in sodium and aluminum, we account for both electron-electron and electron-phonon scattering processes by a set of hydrodynamic equations, which we solve perturbatively to obtain third-order NL susceptibilities. Furthermore, we model high harmonic generation enhanced by localized surface plasmons in nanospheres composed of such poor metals, demonstrating their efficient operation for extreme ultraviolet generation. Our investigation reveals that plasmonic nanospheres composed of sodium and aluminum produce a large field intensity enhancement of ≃103-105, boosting the harmonic generation process. Our findings indicate that poor metals hold great promise for advanced extreme ultraviolet nano-sources with potential applications in nano-spectroscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Silvestri
- Department of Physical and Chemical Sciences, University of L'Aquila, Via Vetoio, 67100 L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Matteo Venturi
- Department of Physical and Chemical Sciences, University of L'Aquila, Via Vetoio, 67100 L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Mattia Di Muzio
- Department of Physical and Chemical Sciences, University of L'Aquila, Via Vetoio, 67100 L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Raju Adhikary
- Department of Physical and Chemical Sciences, University of L'Aquila, Via Vetoio, 67100 L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Carino Ferrante
- CNR-SPIN, c/o Dip.to di Scienze Fisiche e Chimiche, Via Vetoio, Coppito (L'Aquila) 67100, Italy
| | - Paola Benassi
- Department of Physical and Chemical Sciences, University of L'Aquila, Via Vetoio, 67100 L'Aquila, Italy
- CNR-SPIN, c/o Dip.to di Scienze Fisiche e Chimiche, Via Vetoio, Coppito (L'Aquila) 67100, Italy
| | - Andrea Marini
- Department of Physical and Chemical Sciences, University of L'Aquila, Via Vetoio, 67100 L'Aquila, Italy
- CNR-SPIN, c/o Dip.to di Scienze Fisiche e Chimiche, Via Vetoio, Coppito (L'Aquila) 67100, Italy
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3
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Tang W, Zhao Q, Wang Z, Gao Y, He J, Zhu Y, Wang S, Yu H, Peng R, Wang M. Realizing high-efficiency third harmonic generation via accidental bound states in the continuum. OPTICS LETTERS 2024; 49:1169-1172. [PMID: 38426965 DOI: 10.1364/ol.514828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
The bound states in the continuum (BICs) have attracted much attention in designing metasurface due to their high Q-factor and effectiveness in suppressing radiational loss. Here we report on the realization of the third harmonic generation (THG) at a near-ultraviolet wavelength (343 nm) via accidental BICs in a metasurface. The absolute conversion efficiency of the THG reaches 1.13 × 10-5 at a lower peak pump intensity of 0.7 GW/cm2. This approach allows the generation of an unprecedentedly high nonlinear conversion efficiency with simple structures.
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Mao X, Yu G, Zhao Y, Wei B, Li Z, Yang F, Wang X. Design and simulation of an extreme ultraviolet metalens based on the Pancharatnam-Berry phase. APPLIED OPTICS 2024; 63:1867-1874. [PMID: 38437291 DOI: 10.1364/ao.511899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 03/06/2024]
Abstract
Extreme ultraviolet (EUV) radiation plays a key role in the fields of material science, attosecond metrology, and lithography. However, the reflective optical components typically used in EUV systems contribute to their bulky size, weight, and increased costs for fabrication. In this paper, we theoretically investigate transmissive metalens designs capable of focusing the EUV light based on the Pancharatnam-Berry phase. The designed metalens is composed of nanoscale elliptical holes, which can guide and manipulate EUV light due to the higher refractive index of the vacuum holes compared to that of the surrounding material. We designed an EUV metalens with a diameter of 10 µm, which supports a focal length of 24 µm and a numerical aperture of up to 0.2. It can focus 55-nm EUV incident light to a diffraction-limited spot, and the focusing efficiency is calculated to be as high as about 7% over a broad EUV frequency range (50-65 nm). This study reveals the possibility of applying a dielectric metalens in the EUV region without a transmissive optical material.
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5
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Abdelraouf OAM, Anthur AP, Wang XR, Wang QJ, Liu H. Modal Phase-Matched Bound States in the Continuum for Enhancing Third Harmonic Generation of Deep Ultraviolet Emission. ACS NANO 2024; 18:4388-4397. [PMID: 38258757 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c10471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
Coherent deep ultraviolet (DUV) light sources are crucial for various applications such as nanolithography, biomedical imaging, and spectroscopy. DUV light sources can be generated by using conventional nonlinear optical crystals (NLOs). However, NLOs are limited by their bulky size, inadequate transparency at the DUV regime, and stringent phase-matching requirements for harmonic generation. Recently, dielectric metasurfaces support high Q-factor resonances and offer a promising approach for efficient harmonic generation at short wavelengths. In this study, we demonstrated a crystalline silicon (c-Si) metasurface simultaneously exciting modal phase-matched bound states in the continuum (BIC) resonance at the fundamental wavelength of 840 nm with a higher degree of freedom for precise control of the BIC resonance and a plasmonic resonance at the wavelength of 280 nm in the DUV to enhance third harmonic generation (THG). We experimentally achieved a Q-factor of ∼180 owing to the relatively large refractive index of the c-Si and the geometric symmetry breaking of the structure. We realized THG at a wavelength of 280 nm with a power of 14.5 nW by using a peak power density of 15 GW/cm2 excitation. The measured THG power is 14 times higher than the state-of-the-art THG dielectric metasurfaces using the same peak power density in the DUV regime, and the maximum obtained THG power enhancement factor is up to 48. This approach relies on the significant third-order nonlinear susceptibility of c-Si, the interband plasmonic nature of the c-Si in the DUV, and the strong field confinement of BIC resonance to boost overall nonlinear conversion efficiency to 5.2 × 10-6% in the DUV regime. Our work shows the potential of c-Si BIC metasurfaces for developing efficient and ultracompact DUV light sources using high-efficacy nonlinear optical devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omar A M Abdelraouf
- School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637371, Singapore
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering, Agency for Science, Technology, and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, #08-03, Innovis, Singapore 138634, Singapore
| | - Aravind P Anthur
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering, Agency for Science, Technology, and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, #08-03, Innovis, Singapore 138634, Singapore
| | - X Renshaw Wang
- School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637371, Singapore
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639798, Singapore
| | - Qi Jie Wang
- School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637371, Singapore
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639798, Singapore
| | - Hong Liu
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering, Agency for Science, Technology, and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, #08-03, Innovis, Singapore 138634, Singapore
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6
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Zhao Y, Chen Z, Wang C, Yang Y, Sun HB. Efficient second- and higher-order harmonic generation from LiNbO 3 metasurfaces. NANOSCALE 2023; 15:12926-12932. [PMID: 37465934 DOI: 10.1039/d3nr02430j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/20/2023]
Abstract
Lithium niobate (LiNbO3) is a material that has drawn great interest in nonlinear optics because of its large nonlinear susceptibility and wide transparency window. However, for complex nonlinear processes such as high-harmonic generation (HHG), which involves frequency conversion over a wide frequency range, it can be extremely challenging for a bulk LiNbO3 crystal to fulfill the phase-matching conditions. LiNbO3 metasurfaces with resonantly enhanced nonlinear light-matter interaction at the nanoscale may circumvent such an issue. Here, we experimentally demonstrate efficient second-harmonic generation (SHG) and HHG from a LiNbO3 metasurface enhanced by guided-mode resonance. We observe a high normalized SHG efficiency of 5.1 × 10-5 cm2 GW-1. Moreover, with the alleviated above-gap absorption of the material, we demonstrate HHG up to the 7th order with the shortest generated wavelength of 226 nm. This work may provide a pathway towards compact coherent white-light sources with frequency spanning into the deep ultraviolet region for applications in spectroscopy and imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement Technology and Instruments, Department of Precision Instrument, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
| | - Zhaoxi Chen
- Department of Electronical Engineering and State Key Laboratory of Terahertz and Millimeter Waves, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 999077, China.
| | - Cheng Wang
- Department of Electronical Engineering and State Key Laboratory of Terahertz and Millimeter Waves, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 999077, China.
| | - Yuanmu Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement Technology and Instruments, Department of Precision Instrument, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
| | - Hong-Bo Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement Technology and Instruments, Department of Precision Instrument, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
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Chen MK, Liu X, Wu Y, Zhang J, Yuan J, Zhang Z, Tsai DP. A Meta-Device for Intelligent Depth Perception. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023; 35:e2107465. [PMID: 35986633 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202107465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2021] [Revised: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The optical illusion affects depth-sensing due to the limited and specific light-field information acquired by single-lens imaging. The incomplete depth information or visual deception would cause cognitive errors. To resolve this problem, an intelligent and compact depth-sensing meta-device that is miniaturized, integrated, and applicable for diverse scenes in all light levels is demonstrated. The compact and multifunction stereo vision system adopts an array with 3600 achromatic meta-lenses and a size of 1.2 × 1.2 mm2 to measure the depth over a 30 cm range with deep-learning support. The meta-lens array can act as multiple imaging lenses to collect light field information. It can also work with a light source as an active optical device to project a structured light. The meta-lens array can serve as the core functional component of a light-field imaging system under bright conditions or a structured-light projection system in the dark. The depth information in both ways can be analyzed and extracted by the convolutional neural network. This work provides a new avenue for the applications such as autonomous driving, machine vision, human-computer interaction, augmented reality, biometric identification, etc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mu Ku Chen
- Department of Electrical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, 83 Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong, 999077, P. R. China
- Centre for Biosystems, Neuroscience and Nanotechnology, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong, 999077, P. R. China
- The State Key Laboratory of Terahertz and Millimeter Waves, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong, 999077, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoyuan Liu
- Department of Electrical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, 83 Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong, 999077, P. R. China
| | - Yongfeng Wu
- Department of Electrical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, 83 Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong, 999077, P. R. China
| | - Jingcheng Zhang
- Department of Electrical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, 83 Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong, 999077, P. R. China
| | - Jiaqi Yuan
- Department of Electrical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, 83 Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong, 999077, P. R. China
| | - Zhengnan Zhang
- Department of Electrical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, 83 Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong, 999077, P. R. China
| | - Din Ping Tsai
- Department of Electrical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, 83 Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong, 999077, P. R. China
- Centre for Biosystems, Neuroscience and Nanotechnology, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong, 999077, P. R. China
- The State Key Laboratory of Terahertz and Millimeter Waves, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong, 999077, P. R. China
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8
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Chung T, Wang H, Cai H. Dielectric metasurfaces for next-generation optical biosensing: a comparison with plasmonic sensing. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2023; 34:10.1088/1361-6528/ace117. [PMID: 37352839 PMCID: PMC10416613 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/ace117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/25/2023]
Abstract
In the past decades, nanophotonic biosensors have been extended from the extensively studied plasmonic platforms to dielectric metasurfaces. Instead of plasmonic resonance, dielectric metasurfaces are based on Mie resonance, and provide comparable sensitivity with superior resonance bandwidth, Q factor, and figure-of-merit. Although the plasmonic photothermal effect is beneficial in many biomedical applications, it is a fundamental limitation for biosensing. Dielectric metasurfaces solve the ohmic loss and heating problems, providing better repeatability, stability, and biocompatibility. We review the high-Q resonances based on various physical phenomena tailored by meta-atom geometric designs, and compare dielectric and plasmonic metasurfaces in refractometric, surface-enhanced, and chiral sensing for various biomedical and diagnostic applications. Departing from conventional spectral shift measurement using spectrometers, imaging-based and spectrometer-less biosensing are highlighted, including single-wavelength refractometric barcoding, surface-enhanced molecular fingerprinting, and integrated visual reporting. These unique modalities enabled by dielectric metasurfaces point to two important research directions. On the one hand, hyperspectral imaging provides massive information for smart data processing, which not only achieve better biomolecular sensing performance than conventional ensemble averaging, but also enable real-time monitoring of cellular or microbial behaviour in physiological conditions. On the other hand, a single metasurface can integrate both functions of sensing and optical output engineering, using single-wavelength or broadband light sources, which provides simple, fast, compact, and cost-effective solutions. Finally, we provide perspectives in future development on metasurface nanofabrication, functionalization, material, configuration, and integration, towards next-generation optical biosensing for ultra-sensitive, portable/wearable, lab-on-a-chip, point-of-care, multiplexed, and scalable applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taerin Chung
- Tech4Health Institute, New York University Langone Health, New York, NY 10016, United States of America
- Department of Radiology, New York University Langone Health, New York, NY 10016, United States of America
| | - Hao Wang
- Tech4Health Institute, New York University Langone Health, New York, NY 10016, United States of America
- Department of Radiology, New York University Langone Health, New York, NY 10016, United States of America
| | - Haogang Cai
- Tech4Health Institute, New York University Langone Health, New York, NY 10016, United States of America
- Department of Radiology, New York University Langone Health, New York, NY 10016, United States of America
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, New York University, Brooklyn, NY 11201, United States of America
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9
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Ossiander M, Meretska ML, Hampel HK, Lim SWD, Knefz N, Jauk T, Capasso F, Schultze M. Extreme ultraviolet metalens by vacuum guiding. Science 2023; 380:59-63. [PMID: 37023199 DOI: 10.1126/science.adg6881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/08/2023]
Abstract
Extreme ultraviolet (EUV) radiation is a key technology for material science, attosecond metrology, and lithography. Here, we experimentally demonstrate metasurfaces as a superior way to focus EUV light. These devices exploit the fact that holes in a silicon membrane have a considerably larger refractive index than the surrounding material and efficiently vacuum-guide light with a wavelength of ~50 nanometers. This allows the transmission phase at the nanoscale to be controlled by the hole diameter. We fabricated an EUV metalens with a 10-millimeter focal length that supports numerical apertures of up to 0.05 and used it to focus ultrashort EUV light bursts generated by high-harmonic generation down to a 0.7-micrometer waist. Our approach introduces the vast light-shaping possibilities provided by dielectric metasurfaces to a spectral regime that lacks materials for transmissive optics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcus Ossiander
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Maryna Leonidivna Meretska
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Hana Kristin Hampel
- Institute of Experimental Physics, Graz University of Technology, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Soon Wei Daniel Lim
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Nico Knefz
- Institute of Experimental Physics, Graz University of Technology, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Thomas Jauk
- Institute of Experimental Physics, Graz University of Technology, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Federico Capasso
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Martin Schultze
- Institute of Experimental Physics, Graz University of Technology, 8010 Graz, Austria
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Li S, Li S, Wang Y. Near-infrared toroidal dipole response supported by silicon metasurfaces. APPLIED OPTICS 2022; 61:7388-7392. [PMID: 36256039 DOI: 10.1364/ao.465264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The dielectric metasurfaces supporting non-radiative toroidal dipole resonances play important roles in nanophotonics. In this paper, toroidal dipole resonances using a double-axe nanostructure array in the near-infrared region are theoretically investigated by the characterization of the near-field distribution and far-field scattering. An experimental quality factor of 261 is obtained at the resonant wavelength of 1498 nm.
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Camacho-Morales R, Xu L, Zhang H, Ha ST, Krivitsky L, Kuznetsov AI, Rahmani M, Neshev D. Sum-Frequency Generation in High-Q GaP Metasurfaces Driven by Leaky-Wave Guided Modes. NANO LETTERS 2022; 22:6141-6148. [PMID: 35867018 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.2c01349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Resonant metasurfaces provide a unique platform for enhancing multiwave nonlinear interactions. However, the difficulties over mode matching and material transparency place significant challenges in the enhancement of these multiwave processes. Here we demonstrate efficient nonlinear sum-frequency generation (SFG) in multiresonant GaP metasurfaces based on guided-wave bound-state in the continuum resonances. The excitation of the metasurface by two near-infrared input beams generates strong SFG in the visible spectrum with a conversion efficiency of 2.5 × 10-4 W-1, 2 orders of magnitude higher than the one reported in Mie-type resonant metasurfaces. In addition, we demonstrate the nontrivial polarization dependence on the SFG process. In contrast to harmonic generation, the SFG process is enhanced when using nonparallel polarized input-beams. Importantly, by varying the input pump beam polarization it is possible to direct the SFG emission to different diffraction orders, thereby opening up new opportunities for nonlinear light sources and infrared to visible light conversion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rocio Camacho-Morales
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Transformative Meta-Optical Systems (TMOS), Department of Electronic Materials Engineering, Research School of Physics, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia
| | - Lei Xu
- Advanced Optics and Photonics Laboratory, Department of Engineering, School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham NG11 8NS, United Kingdom
| | - Haizhong Zhang
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering, A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), 2 Fusionopolis Way, #08-03, Innovis, Singapore 138634
| | - Son Tung Ha
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering, A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), 2 Fusionopolis Way, #08-03, Innovis, Singapore 138634
| | - Leonid Krivitsky
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering, A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), 2 Fusionopolis Way, #08-03, Innovis, Singapore 138634
| | - Arseniy I Kuznetsov
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering, A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), 2 Fusionopolis Way, #08-03, Innovis, Singapore 138634
| | - Mohsen Rahmani
- Advanced Optics and Photonics Laboratory, Department of Engineering, School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham NG11 8NS, United Kingdom
| | - Dragomir Neshev
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Transformative Meta-Optical Systems (TMOS), Department of Electronic Materials Engineering, Research School of Physics, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia
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12
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Zhu S, Quan J, Fu Y, Chen H, Gao L, Xu Y. Anomalous wavefront control of third-harmonic generation via graphene-based nonlinear metasurfaces in the terahertz regime. OPTICS EXPRESS 2022; 30:29246-29257. [PMID: 36299103 DOI: 10.1364/oe.453700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Freely controlling wavefronts with metasurfaces has been widely studied in linear optical systems. By constructing phase gradient meta-atoms with nonlinear responses, the wavefronts of high-harmonic fields in nonlinear metasurfaces can be arbitrarily steered by following nonlinear generalized Snell's law (NGSL). However, for incident angles above the critical angle, NGSL fails to predict the generated nonlinear waves. In this work, by involving the reciprocal lattice effect of the nonlinear metasurface, we show a modified diffraction law to completely describe the nonlinear diffraction phenomena. This law is numerically demonstrated and confirmed by designed graphene-based nonlinear metasurfaces in the terahertz regime. Moreover, based on the diffraction law, we designed a nonlinear retroreflector and realized tunable control over a nonlinear wavefront in a single nonlinear metasurface. Our work provides a way to manipulate nonlinear waves and provides a better design of functional nonlinear metadevices.
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Active multiband varifocal metalenses based on orbital angular momentum division multiplexing. Nat Commun 2022; 13:4292. [PMID: 35879316 PMCID: PMC9314414 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-32044-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Metalenses as miniature flat lenses exhibit a substantial potential in replacing traditional optical component. Although the metalenses have been intensively explored, their functions are limited by poor active ability, narrow operating band and small depth of field (DOF). Here, we show a dielectric metalens consisting of TiO2 nanofins array with ultrahigh aspect ratio to realize active multiband varifocal function. Regulating the orbital angular momentum (OAM) by the phase assignment covering the 2π range, its focal lengths can be switched from 5 mm to 35 mm. This active optical multiplexing uses the physical properties of OAM channels to selectively address and decode the vortex beams. The multiband capability and large DOFs with conversion efficiency of 49% for this metalens are validated for both 532 nm and 633 nm, and the incidence wavelength can further change the focal lengths. This non-mechanical tunable metalens demonstrates the possibility of active varifocal metalenses. A dielectric metalens consisting of ultrahigh aspect ratio TiO2 nanofins array is demonstrated to realize active multiband varifocal functionality. By regulating the orbital angular momentum, the focal length can be switched from 5 mm to 35 mm with large DOFs.
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Abstract
Recent years have witnessed promising artificial intelligence (AI) applications in many disciplines, including optics, engineering, medicine, economics, and education. In particular, the synergy of AI and meta-optics has greatly benefited both fields. Meta-optics are advanced flat optics with novel functions and light-manipulation abilities. The optical properties can be engineered with a unique design to meet various optical demands. This review offers comprehensive coverage of meta-optics and artificial intelligence in synergy. After providing an overview of AI and meta-optics, we categorize and discuss the recent developments integrated by these two topics, namely AI for meta-optics and meta-optics for AI. The former describes how to apply AI to the research of meta-optics for design, simulation, optical information analysis, and application. The latter reports the development of the optical Al system and computation via meta-optics. This review will also provide an in-depth discussion of the challenges of this interdisciplinary field and indicate future directions. We expect that this review will inspire researchers in these fields and benefit the next generation of intelligent optical device design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mu Ku Chen
- Department of Electrical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong 999077.,Centre for Biosystems, Neuroscience, and Nanotechnology, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong 999077.,The State Key Laboratory of Terahertz and Millimeter Waves, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong 999077
| | - Xiaoyuan Liu
- Department of Electrical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong 999077
| | - Yanni Sun
- Department of Electrical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong 999077
| | - Din Ping Tsai
- Department of Electrical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong 999077.,Centre for Biosystems, Neuroscience, and Nanotechnology, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong 999077.,The State Key Laboratory of Terahertz and Millimeter Waves, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong 999077
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15
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Huo Y, Zhang X, Yan M, Sun K, Jiang S, Ning T, Zhao L. Highly-sensitive sensor based on toroidal dipole governed by bound state in the continuum in dielectric non-coaxial core-shell cylinder. OPTICS EXPRESS 2022; 30:19030-19041. [PMID: 36221690 DOI: 10.1364/oe.456362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Accepted: 04/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The electromagnetic fields distributed on the surface region of the nanostructure is very important to improve the performance of the sensor. Here, we proposed a highly sensitive sensor based on toroidal dipole (TD) governed by bound state in the continuum (BIC) in all-dielectric metasurface consisting of single non-coaxial core-shell cylinder nanostructure array. The excitation of TD resonance in a single nanostructure is still challenging. The designed nanostructure not only supports TD resonance in a single nanostructure but also has very high Q-factor. More importantly, its electric field distributes at the surface of outer cylinder-shell, which is very suitable for biosensing. To evaluate the sensing performance of our proposed structure, we investigated the sensitivity and the figure of merit (FOM) of nanostructure with different structural parameters. Maximum sensitivity and FOM can reach up to 342 nm/RIU and 1295 when the asymmetric parameter d =10 nm. These results are of great significance to the research of TD resonance and the development of ultrasensitive sensor.
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16
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Liu T, Xiao S, Li B, Gu M, Luan H, Fang X. Third- and Second-Harmonic Generation in All-Dielectric Nanostructures: A Mini Review. FRONTIERS IN NANOTECHNOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.3389/fnano.2022.891892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Frequency conversion such as harmonic generation is a fundamental physical process in nonlinear optics. The conventional nonlinear optical systems suffer from bulky size and cumbersome phase-matching conditions due to the inherently weak nonlinear response of natural materials. Aiming at the manipulation of nonlinear frequency conversion at the nanoscale with favorable conversion efficiencies, recent research has shifted toward the integration of nonlinear functionality into nanophotonics. Compared with plasmonic nanostructures showing high dissipative losses and thermal heating, all-dielectric nanostructures have demonstrated many excellent properties, including low loss, high damage threshold, and controllable resonant electric and magnetic optical nonlinearity. In this review, we cover the recent advances in nonlinear nanophotonics, with special emphasis on third- and second-harmonic generation from all-dielectric nanoantennas and metasurfaces. We discuss the main theoretical concepts, the design principles, and the functionalities of third- and second-harmonic generation processes from dielectric nanostructures and provide an outlook on the future directions and developments of this research field.
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17
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Tseng ML, Semmlinger M, Zhang M, Arndt C, Huang TT, Yang J, Kuo HY, Su VC, Chen MK, Chu CH, Cerjan B, Tsai DP, Nordlander P, Halas NJ. Vacuum ultraviolet nonlinear metalens. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eabn5644. [PMID: 35442736 PMCID: PMC9020660 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abn5644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Vacuum ultraviolet (VUV) light plays an essential role across science and technology, from molecular spectroscopy to nanolithography and biomedical procedures. Realizing nanoscale devices for VUV light generation and control is critical for next-generation VUV sources and systems, but the scarcity of low-loss VUV materials creates a substantial challenge. We demonstrate a metalens that both generates-by second-harmonic generation-and simultaneously focuses the generated VUV light. The metalens consists of 150-nm-thick zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoresonators that convert 394 nm (~3.15 eV) light into focused 197-nm (~6.29 eV) radiation, producing a spot 1.7 μm in diameter with a 21-fold power density enhancement as compared to the wavefront at the metalens surface. The reported metalens is ultracompact and phase-matching free, allowing substantial streamlining of VUV system design and facilitating more advanced applications. This work provides a useful platform for developing low-loss VUV components and increasing the accessibility of the VUV regime.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Lun Tseng
- Institute of Electronics, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan
- Research Center for Applied Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan
| | - Michael Semmlinger
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, USA
- Laboratory for Nanophotonics, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, USA
- Applied Physics Graduate Program, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, USA
| | - Ming Zhang
- Laboratory for Nanophotonics, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, USA
- Applied Physics Graduate Program, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, USA
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, USA
| | - Catherine Arndt
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, USA
- Laboratory for Nanophotonics, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, USA
- Applied Physics Graduate Program, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, USA
| | - Tzu-Ting Huang
- Research Center for Applied Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan
| | - Jian Yang
- Laboratory for Nanophotonics, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, USA
- Applied Physics Graduate Program, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, USA
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, USA
| | - Hsin Yu Kuo
- Department of Physics, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Vin-Cent Su
- Department of Electrical Engineering, National United University, Miaoli 36003, Taiwan
| | - Mu Ku Chen
- Department of Electrical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Cheng Hung Chu
- Research Center for Applied Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan
| | - Benjamin Cerjan
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, USA
- Laboratory for Nanophotonics, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, USA
| | - Din Ping Tsai
- Research Center for Applied Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan
- Department of Physics, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
- Department of Electrical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Peter Nordlander
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, USA
- Laboratory for Nanophotonics, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, USA
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, USA
| | - Naomi J. Halas
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, USA
- Laboratory for Nanophotonics, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, USA
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, USA
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18
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Shapturenka P, Devata A, DenBaars SP, Nakamura S, Gordon MJ. Computational design and optimization of nanostructured AlN deep-UV grating reflectors. OPTICS EXPRESS 2022; 30:12120-12130. [PMID: 35473140 DOI: 10.1364/oe.455624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Deep-ultraviolet (DUV) optoelectronics require innovative light collimation and extraction schemes for wall-plug efficiency improvements. In this work, we computationally survey material limitations and opportunities for intense, wavelength-tunable DUV reflection using AlN-based periodic hole and pillar arrays. Refractive-index limitations for underlayer materials supporting reflection were identified, and MgF2 was chosen as a suitable low-index underlayer for further study. Optical resonances giving rise to intense reflection were then analyzed in AlN/MgF2 nanostructures by varying film thickness, duty cycle, and illumination incidence angle, and were categorized by the emergence of Fano modes sustained by guided mode resonances (holes) or Mie-like dipole resonances (pillars). The phase-offset conditions between complementary modes that sustain high reflectance (%R) were related to a thickness-to-pitch ratio (TPR) parameter, which depended on the geometry-specific resonant mechanism involved (e.g., guided mode vs. Mie dipole resonances) and yielded nearly wavelength-invariant behavior. A rational design space was constructed by pointwise TPR optimization for the entire DUV range (200-320 nm). As a proof of concept, this optimized phase space was used to design reflectors for key DUV wavelengths and achieved corresponding maximum %R of 85% at λ = 211 nm to >97% at λ = 320 nm.
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Yang J, Gurung S, Bej S, Ni P, Howard Lee HW. Active optical metasurfaces: comprehensive review on physics, mechanisms, and prospective applications. REPORTS ON PROGRESS IN PHYSICS. PHYSICAL SOCIETY (GREAT BRITAIN) 2022; 85:036101. [PMID: 35244609 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6633/ac2aaf] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Optical metasurfaces with subwavelength thickness hold considerable promise for future advances in fundamental optics and novel optical applications due to their unprecedented ability to control the phase, amplitude, and polarization of transmitted, reflected, and diffracted light. Introducing active functionalities to optical metasurfaces is an essential step to the development of next-generation flat optical components and devices. During the last few years, many attempts have been made to develop tunable optical metasurfaces with dynamic control of optical properties (e.g., amplitude, phase, polarization, spatial/spectral/temporal responses) and early-stage device functions (e.g., beam steering, tunable focusing, tunable color filters/absorber, dynamic hologram, etc) based on a variety of novel active materials and tunable mechanisms. These recently-developed active metasurfaces show significant promise for practical applications, but significant challenges still remain. In this review, a comprehensive overview of recently-reported tunable metasurfaces is provided which focuses on the ten major tunable metasurface mechanisms. For each type of mechanism, the performance metrics on the reported tunable metasurface are outlined, and the capabilities/limitations of each mechanism and its potential for various photonic applications are compared and summarized. This review concludes with discussion of several prospective applications, emerging technologies, and research directions based on the use of tunable optical metasurfaces. We anticipate significant new advances when the tunable mechanisms are further developed in the coming years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingyi Yang
- Department of Physics & Astronomy, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, United States of America
- Department of Physics, Baylor University, Waco, TX 76798, United States of America
| | - Sudip Gurung
- Department of Physics & Astronomy, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, United States of America
- Department of Physics, Baylor University, Waco, TX 76798, United States of America
| | - Subhajit Bej
- Department of Physics, Baylor University, Waco, TX 76798, United States of America
| | - Peinan Ni
- Department of Physics, Baylor University, Waco, TX 76798, United States of America
| | - Ho Wai Howard Lee
- Department of Physics & Astronomy, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, United States of America
- Department of Physics, Baylor University, Waco, TX 76798, United States of America
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20
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Jana K, Okocha E, Møller SH, Mi Y, Sederberg S, Corkum PB. Reconfigurable terahertz metasurfaces coherently controlled by wavelength-scale-structured light. NANOPHOTONICS 2022; 11:787-795. [PMID: 35880004 PMCID: PMC8997698 DOI: 10.1515/nanoph-2021-0501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Structuring light-matter interaction at a deeply subwavelength scale is fundamental to optical metamaterials and metasurfaces. Conventionally, the operation of a metasurface is determined by the collective electric polarization response of its lithographically defined structures. The inseparability of electric polarization and current density provides the opportunity to construct metasurfaces from current elements instead of nanostructures. Here, we realize metasurfaces using structured light rather than structured materials. Using coherent control, we transfer structure from light to transient currents in a semiconductor, which act as a source for terahertz radiation. A spatial light modulator is used to control the spatial structure of the currents and the resulting terahertz radiation with a resolution of 5.6 ± 0.8 μm , or approximately λ / 54 at a frequency of 1 THz. The independence of the currents from any predefined structures and the maturity of spatial light modulator technology enable this metasurface to be reconfigured with unprecedented flexibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamalesh Jana
- Department of Physics, University of Ottawa, Advanced Research Complex (ARC) 25 Templeton Street Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Emmanuel Okocha
- Department of Physics, University of Ottawa, Advanced Research Complex (ARC) 25 Templeton Street Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Søren H. Møller
- Department of Physics, University of Ottawa, Advanced Research Complex (ARC) 25 Templeton Street Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Yonghao Mi
- Department of Physics, University of Ottawa, Advanced Research Complex (ARC) 25 Templeton Street Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Shawn Sederberg
- Department of Physics, University of Ottawa, Advanced Research Complex (ARC) 25 Templeton Street Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Paul B. Corkum
- Department of Physics, University of Ottawa, Advanced Research Complex (ARC) 25 Templeton Street Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, K1N 6N5, Canada
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21
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Li J, Hu G, Shi L, He N, Li D, Shang Q, Zhang Q, Fu H, Zhou L, Xiong W, Guan J, Wang J, He S, Chen L. Full-color enhanced second harmonic generation using rainbow trapping in ultrathin hyperbolic metamaterials. Nat Commun 2021; 12:6425. [PMID: 34741075 PMCID: PMC8571340 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-26818-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Metasurfaces have provided a promising approach to enhance the nonlinearity at subwavelength scale, but usually suffer from a narrow bandwidth as imposed by sharp resonant features. Here, we counterintuitively report a broadband, enhanced second-harmonic generation, in nanopatterned hyperbolic metamaterials. The nanopatterning allows the direct access of the mode with large momentum, rendering the rainbow light trapping, i.e. slow light in a broad frequency, and thus enhancing the local field intensity for boosted nonlinear light-matter interactions. For a proof-of-concept demonstration, we fabricated a nanostructured Au/ZnO multilayer, and enhanced second harmonic generation can be observed within the visible wavelength range (400-650 nm). The enhancement factor is over 50 within the wavelength range of 470-650 nm, and a maximum conversion efficiency of 1.13×10−6 is obtained with a pump power of only 8.80 mW. Our results herein offer an effective and robust approach towards the broadband metasurface-based nonlinear devices for various important technologies. Though metamaterials enhance nonlinear light-matter interactions due to their resonant features, these materials typically show a narrow spectral bandwidth. Here, the authors report broadband enhanced second-harmonic generation in patterned multilayer hyperbolic metamaterial arrays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junhao Li
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics and School of Optical and Electronic Information, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Guangwei Hu
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, 4 Engineering Drive 3, Singapore, 117583, Singapore
| | - Lina Shi
- Key Laboratory of Microelectronic Devices and Integrated Technology, Institute of Microelectronics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Nan He
- Centre for Optical and Electromagnetic Research, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Sensing Technologies, JORCEP, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Daqian Li
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics and School of Optical and Electronic Information, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Qiuyu Shang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Qing Zhang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China.
| | - Huange Fu
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics and School of Optical and Electronic Information, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Linlin Zhou
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics and School of Optical and Electronic Information, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Wei Xiong
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics and School of Optical and Electronic Information, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China.
| | - Jianguo Guan
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Jian Wang
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics and School of Optical and Electronic Information, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Sailing He
- Centre for Optical and Electromagnetic Research, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Sensing Technologies, JORCEP, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China.,Department of Electromagnetic Engineering, School of Electrical Engineering, Royal Institute of Technology, S-100 44, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lin Chen
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics and School of Optical and Electronic Information, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China.
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22
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Zhao M, Chen MK, Zhuang ZP, Zhang Y, Chen A, Chen Q, Liu W, Wang J, Chen ZM, Wang B, Liu X, Yin H, Xiao S, Shi L, Dong JW, Zi J, Tsai DP. Phase characterisation of metalenses. LIGHT, SCIENCE & APPLICATIONS 2021; 10:52. [PMID: 33692330 PMCID: PMC7947014 DOI: 10.1038/s41377-021-00492-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Revised: 02/11/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Metalenses have emerged as a new optical element or system in recent years, showing superior performance and abundant applications. However, the phase distribution of a metalens has not been measured directly up to now, hindering further quantitative evaluation of its performance. We have developed an interferometric imaging phase measurement system to measure the phase distribution of a metalens by taking only one photo of the interference pattern. Based on the measured phase distribution, we analyse the negative chromatic aberration effect of monochromatic metalenses and propose a feature size of metalenses. Different sensitivities of the phase response to wavelength between the Pancharatnam-Berry phase-based metalens and propagation phase-reliant metalens are directly observed in the experiment. Furthermore, through phase distribution analysis, it is found that the distance between the measured metalens and the brightest spot of focusing will deviate from the focal length when the metalens has a low nominal numerical aperture, even though the metalens is ideal without any fabrication error. We also use the measured phase distribution to quantitatively characterise the imaging performance of the metalens. Our phase measurement system will help not only designers optimise the designs of metalenses but also fabricants distinguish defects to improve the fabrication process, which will pave the way for metalenses in industrial applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maoxiong Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Surface Physics, Key Laboratory of Micro- and Nano-Photonic Structures (Ministry of Education) and Department of Physics, Fudan University, 200433, Shanghai, China
| | - Mu Ku Chen
- Department of Electronic and Information Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, 999077, Hong Kong, China
| | - Ze-Peng Zhuang
- School of Physics and State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Sun Yat-sen University, 510275, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yiwen Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Surface Physics, Key Laboratory of Micro- and Nano-Photonic Structures (Ministry of Education) and Department of Physics, Fudan University, 200433, Shanghai, China
| | - Ang Chen
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Optical Metrology for Nano-fabrication (SERCOM), 200433, Shanghai, China
| | - Qinmiao Chen
- State Key Laboratory on Tunable Laser Technology, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology Key Lab of Micro-Nano Optoelectronic Information System, Shenzhen Graduate School, Harbin Institute of Technology, 518055, Shenzhen, China
| | - Wenzhe Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Surface Physics, Key Laboratory of Micro- and Nano-Photonic Structures (Ministry of Education) and Department of Physics, Fudan University, 200433, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiajun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Surface Physics, Key Laboratory of Micro- and Nano-Photonic Structures (Ministry of Education) and Department of Physics, Fudan University, 200433, Shanghai, China
| | - Ze-Ming Chen
- School of Physics and State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Sun Yat-sen University, 510275, Guangzhou, China
| | - Bo Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Surface Physics, Key Laboratory of Micro- and Nano-Photonic Structures (Ministry of Education) and Department of Physics, Fudan University, 200433, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaohan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Surface Physics, Key Laboratory of Micro- and Nano-Photonic Structures (Ministry of Education) and Department of Physics, Fudan University, 200433, Shanghai, China
| | - Haiwei Yin
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Optical Metrology for Nano-fabrication (SERCOM), 200433, Shanghai, China
| | - Shumin Xiao
- State Key Laboratory on Tunable Laser Technology, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology Key Lab of Micro-Nano Optoelectronic Information System, Shenzhen Graduate School, Harbin Institute of Technology, 518055, Shenzhen, China
| | - Lei Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Surface Physics, Key Laboratory of Micro- and Nano-Photonic Structures (Ministry of Education) and Department of Physics, Fudan University, 200433, Shanghai, China.
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Optical Metrology for Nano-fabrication (SERCOM), 200433, Shanghai, China.
| | - Jian-Wen Dong
- School of Physics and State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Sun Yat-sen University, 510275, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Jian Zi
- State Key Laboratory of Surface Physics, Key Laboratory of Micro- and Nano-Photonic Structures (Ministry of Education) and Department of Physics, Fudan University, 200433, Shanghai, China.
| | - Din Ping Tsai
- Department of Electronic and Information Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, 999077, Hong Kong, China.
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23
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Chen Y, Zhao C, Zhang Y, Qiu CW. Integrated Molar Chiral Sensing Based on High- Q Metasurface. NANO LETTERS 2020; 20:8696-8703. [PMID: 33215497 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.0c03506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopy is conventionally utilized for the enantiomer-specific analysis of chiral samples, which is of great significance in academia and industry. Recently, metasurfaces have been introduced for enhancing the sensitivity of CD spectroscopy. However, the obtained CD spectrum alone cannot provide the enantiomer composition of a chiral sample. It should be normalized by the molar concentration of chiral molecules, which is usually measured on a different platform. Here, for the first time we demonstrate the integrated acquisition of CD spectrum and molar concentration over an individual metasurface with high sensitivities. High-Q resonances are supported on the metasurface, governed by bound states in the continuum. The generated superchiral field enables a 59-times enhancement of CD signal. Meanwhile, the refractive index-based detection of molar concentration achieves a large figure-of-merit of 80.6. Accordingly, a standard procedure is established for the integrated molar chiral sensing with high sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Chen
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117583, Singapore
| | - Chen Zhao
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117583, Singapore
- College of Materials Science and Engineering and Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Materials, Ministry of Education of China, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China
| | - Yongzhe Zhang
- College of Materials Science and Engineering and Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Materials, Ministry of Education of China, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China
| | - Cheng-Wei Qiu
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117583, Singapore
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24
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Qiao M, Yan J, Qu L, Zhao B, Yin J, Cui T, Jiang L. Femtosecond Laser Induced Phase Transformation of TiO 2 with Exposed Reactive Facets for Improved Photoelectrochemistry Performance. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:41250-41258. [PMID: 32813491 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c10026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Titanium dioxide (TiO2) is one of the most promising candidates for photoelectrochemistry applications. For a high photoelectrochemistry performance, the control of crystal structure and crystal facet is essential. The phase transformation of TiO2 is conventionally achieved by thermal annealing. Here, we report an approach for selective phase transformation of TiO2 containing exposed reactive facets with improved photoelectrochemistry performance. After femtosecond laser processing, TiO2 nanotubes with exposed reactive anatase {010} facets are prepared, and they have a maximum photocurrent density more than 5 times that of pure anatase. Additionally, this strategy can induce phase transformation in a selective area, which shows the advantages of patterning processing. Our method constructs a promising strategy for preparing functional nanomaterials with high performances and functionality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Qiao
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials Processing Technology, Ministry of Education of China, State Key Laboratory of Tribology, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P. R. China
| | - Jianfeng Yan
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials Processing Technology, Ministry of Education of China, State Key Laboratory of Tribology, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P. R. China
| | - Liangti Qu
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials Processing Technology, Ministry of Education of China, State Key Laboratory of Tribology, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P. R. China
| | - Bingquan Zhao
- Tianjin Navigation Instruments Research Institute, Tianjin 300131, P. R. China
| | - Jiangang Yin
- Han's Laser Technology Industry Group Co., Ltd., Shenzhen, Guangdong Province 518126, P. R. China
| | - Tianhong Cui
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Lan Jiang
- Laser Micro/Nano Fabrication Laboratory, School of Mechanical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, P. R. China
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25
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Grinblat G, Zhang H, Nielsen MP, Krivitsky L, Berté R, Li Y, Tilmann B, Cortés E, Oulton RF, Kuznetsov AI, Maier SA. Efficient ultrafast all-optical modulation in a nonlinear crystalline gallium phosphide nanodisk at the anapole excitation. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2020; 6:6/34/eabb3123. [PMID: 32937366 PMCID: PMC7442475 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abb3123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2020] [Accepted: 07/09/2020] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
High-refractive index nanostructured dielectrics have the ability to locally enhance electromagnetic fields with low losses while presenting high third-order nonlinearities. In this work, we exploit these characteristics to achieve efficient ultrafast all-optical modulation in a crystalline gallium phosphide (GaP) nanoantenna through the optical Kerr effect (OKE) and two-photon absorption (TPA) in the visible/near-infrared range. We show that an individual GaP nanodisk can yield differential reflectivity modulations of up to ~40%, with characteristic modulation times between 14 and 66 fs, when probed at the anapole excitation (AE). Numerical simulations reveal that the AE represents a unique condition where both the OKE and TPA contribute with the same modulation sign, maximizing the response. These findings highly outperform previous reports on sub-100-fs all-optical switching from resonant nanoscale dielectrics, which have demonstrated modulation depths no larger than 0.5%, placing GaP nanoantennas as a promising choice for ultrafast all-optical modulation at the nanometer scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gustavo Grinblat
- Departamento de Física, FCEN, IFIBA-CONICET, Universidad de Buenos Aires, C1428EGA Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - Haizhong Zhang
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering, A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), 138634, Singapore
| | - Michael P Nielsen
- School of Photovoltaic and Renewable Energy Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Leonid Krivitsky
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering, A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), 138634, Singapore
| | - Rodrigo Berté
- Chair in Hybrid Nanosystems, Nanoinstitut München, Fakultät für Physik, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 80539 München, Germany
| | - Yi Li
- Chair in Hybrid Nanosystems, Nanoinstitut München, Fakultät für Physik, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 80539 München, Germany
- School of Microelectronics, MOE Engineering Research Center of Integrated Circuits for Next Generation Communications, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055 Guangdong, China
| | - Benjamin Tilmann
- Chair in Hybrid Nanosystems, Nanoinstitut München, Fakultät für Physik, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 80539 München, Germany
| | - Emiliano Cortés
- Chair in Hybrid Nanosystems, Nanoinstitut München, Fakultät für Physik, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 80539 München, Germany
| | - Rupert F Oulton
- The Blackett Laboratory, Department of Physics, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Arseniy I Kuznetsov
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering, A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), 138634, Singapore
| | - Stefan A Maier
- Chair in Hybrid Nanosystems, Nanoinstitut München, Fakultät für Physik, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 80539 München, Germany
- The Blackett Laboratory, Department of Physics, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
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26
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Chen Y, Miao S, Wang T, Zhong D, Saxena A, Chow C, Whitehead J, Gerace D, Xu X, Shi SF, Majumdar A. Metasurface Integrated Monolayer Exciton Polariton. NANO LETTERS 2020; 20:5292-5300. [PMID: 32519865 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.0c01624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Monolayer transition-metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) are the first truly two-dimensional (2D) semiconductor, providing an excellent platform to investigate light-matter interaction in the 2D limit. The inherently strong excitonic response in monolayer TMDs can be further enhanced by exploiting the temporal confinement of light in nanophotonic structures. Here, we demonstrate a 2D exciton-polariton system by strongly coupling atomically thin tungsten diselenide (WSe2) monolayer to a silicon nitride (SiN) metasurface. Via energy-momentum spectroscopy of the WSe2-metasurface system, we observed the characteristic anticrossing of the polariton dispersion both in the reflection and photoluminescence spectrum. A Rabi splitting of 18 meV was observed which matched well with our numerical simulation. Moreover, we showed that the Rabi splitting, the polariton dispersion, and the far-field emission pattern could be tailored with subwavelength-scale engineering of the optical meta-atoms. Our platform thus opens the door for the future development of novel, exotic exciton-polariton devices by advanced meta-optical engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yueyang Chen
- Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98189, United States
| | - Shengnan Miao
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York 12180, United States
| | - Tianmeng Wang
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York 12180, United States
| | - Ding Zhong
- Department of Physics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98189, United States
| | - Abhi Saxena
- Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98189, United States
| | - Colin Chow
- Department of Physics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98189, United States
| | - James Whitehead
- Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98189, United States
| | - Dario Gerace
- Department of Physics, University of Pavia, Via Bassi 6, I-27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Xiaodong Xu
- Department of Physics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98189, United States
- Materials Science and Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98189, United States
| | - Su-Fei Shi
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York 12180, United States
- Department of Electrical, Computer, and Systems Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York 12180, United States
| | - Arka Majumdar
- Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98189, United States
- Department of Physics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98189, United States
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27
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Xu L, Saerens G, Timofeeva M, Smirnova DA, Volkovskaya I, Lysevych M, Camacho-Morales R, Cai M, Zangeneh Kamali K, Huang L, Karouta F, Tan HH, Jagadish C, Miroshnichenko AE, Grange R, Neshev DN, Rahmani M. Forward and Backward Switching of Nonlinear Unidirectional Emission from GaAs Nanoantennas. ACS NANO 2020; 14:1379-1389. [PMID: 31877017 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.9b07117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
High-index III-V semiconductor nanoantennas have gained great attention for enhanced nonlinear light-matter interactions, in the past few years. However, the complexity of nonlinear emission profiles imposes severe constraints on practical applications, such as in optical communications and integrated optoelectronic devices. These complexities include the lack of unidirectional nonlinear emission and the severe challenges in switching between forward and backward emissions, due to the structure of the susceptibility tensor of the III-V nanoantennas. Here, we propose a solution to both issues via engineering the nonlinear tensor of the nanoantennas. The special nonlinear tensorial properties of zinc-blende material can be used to engineer the nonlinear characteristics via growing the nanoantennas along different crystalline orientations. Based on the nonlinear multipolar effect, we have designed and fabricated (110)-grown GaAs nanoantennas, with engineered tensorial properties, embedded in a transparent low-index material. Our technique provides an approach not only for unidirectional second-harmonic generation (SHG) forward or backward emission but also for switching from one to another. Importantly, switching the SHG emission directionality is obtained only by rotating the polarization of the incident light, without the need for physical variation of the antennas or the environment. This characteristic is an advantage, as compared to other nonlinear nanoantennas, including (100)- and (111)-grown III-V counterparts or silicon and germanium nanoantennas. Indeed, (110)-GaAs nanoantennas allow for engineering the nonlinear nanophotonic systems including nonlinear "Huygens metasurfaces" and offer exciting opportunities for various nonlinear nanophotonics technologies, such as nanoscale light routing and light sources, as well as multifunctional flat optical elements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Xu
- School of Engineering and Information Technology , University of New South Wales , Canberra , ACT 2600 , Australia
| | - Grégoire Saerens
- Optical Nanomaterial Group, Institute for Quantum Electronics, Department of Physics , ETH Zurich , 8093 Zurich , Switzerland
| | - Maria Timofeeva
- Optical Nanomaterial Group, Institute for Quantum Electronics, Department of Physics , ETH Zurich , 8093 Zurich , Switzerland
| | - Daria A Smirnova
- Nonlinear Physics Centre, Research School of Physics , The Australian National University , Canberra , ACT 2601 , Australia
- Institute of Applied Physics , Russian Academy of Sciences , Nizhny Novgorod 603950 , Russia
| | - Irina Volkovskaya
- Institute of Applied Physics , Russian Academy of Sciences , Nizhny Novgorod 603950 , Russia
| | - Mykhaylo Lysevych
- Department of Electronic Materials Engineering, Research School of Physics , The Australian National University , Canberra , ACT 2601 , Australia
| | - Rocio Camacho-Morales
- Nonlinear Physics Centre, Research School of Physics , The Australian National University , Canberra , ACT 2601 , Australia
| | - Marcus Cai
- Nonlinear Physics Centre, Research School of Physics , The Australian National University , Canberra , ACT 2601 , Australia
| | - Khosro Zangeneh Kamali
- Nonlinear Physics Centre, Research School of Physics , The Australian National University , Canberra , ACT 2601 , Australia
| | - Lujun Huang
- School of Engineering and Information Technology , University of New South Wales , Canberra , ACT 2600 , Australia
| | - Fouad Karouta
- Department of Electronic Materials Engineering, Research School of Physics , The Australian National University , Canberra , ACT 2601 , Australia
| | - Hark Hoe Tan
- Department of Electronic Materials Engineering, Research School of Physics , The Australian National University , Canberra , ACT 2601 , Australia
| | - Chennupati Jagadish
- Department of Electronic Materials Engineering, Research School of Physics , The Australian National University , Canberra , ACT 2601 , Australia
| | - Andrey E Miroshnichenko
- School of Engineering and Information Technology , University of New South Wales , Canberra , ACT 2600 , Australia
| | - Rachel Grange
- Optical Nanomaterial Group, Institute for Quantum Electronics, Department of Physics , ETH Zurich , 8093 Zurich , Switzerland
| | - Dragomir N Neshev
- Nonlinear Physics Centre, Research School of Physics , The Australian National University , Canberra , ACT 2601 , Australia
| | - Mohsen Rahmani
- Nonlinear Physics Centre, Research School of Physics , The Australian National University , Canberra , ACT 2601 , Australia
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