1
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Camarasa-Gómez M, Hernangómez-Pérez D, Evers F. Spin-Orbit Torque in Single-Molecule Junctions from ab Initio. J Phys Chem Lett 2024; 15:5747-5753. [PMID: 38775633 PMCID: PMC11145651 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.4c00502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2024] [Revised: 05/11/2024] [Accepted: 05/14/2024] [Indexed: 05/31/2024]
Abstract
The use of electric fields applied across magnetic heterojunctions that lack spatial inversion symmetry has been previously proposed as a nonmagnetic means of controlling localized magnetic moments through spin-orbit torques (SOT). The implementation of this concept at the single-molecule level has remained a challenge, however. Here, we present first-principles calculations of SOT in a single-molecule junction under bias and beyond linear response. Employing a self-consistency scheme invoking density functional theory and nonequilibrium Green's function theory including spin-orbit interaction, we compute the change of the magnetization with the bias voltage and the associated current-induced SOT. Within the linear regime our quantitative estimates for the SOT in single-molecule junctions yield values similar to those known for magnetic interfaces. Our findings contribute to an improved microscopic understanding of SOT in single molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Camarasa-Gómez
- Institute
of Theoretical Physics, University of Regensburg, 93040 Regensburg, Germany
- Department
of Molecular Chemistry and Materials Science, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Daniel Hernangómez-Pérez
- Institute
of Theoretical Physics, University of Regensburg, 93040 Regensburg, Germany
- CIC
nanoGUNE BRTA, Tolosa Hiribidea 76, 20018 San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Ferdinand Evers
- Institute
of Theoretical Physics, University of Regensburg, 93040 Regensburg, Germany
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2
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Wang J, Nikonov DE, Lin H, Kang D, Kim R, Li H, Klimeck G. First-Principles Simulation and Materials Screening for Spin-Orbit Torque in 2D van der Waals Heterostructures. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024:e2308965. [PMID: 38693077 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202308965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2023] [Revised: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 05/03/2024]
Abstract
Recent advancements in spin-orbit torque (SOT) technology in two-dimensional van der Waals (2D vdW) materials have not only pushed spintronic devices to their atomic limits but have also unveiled unconventional torques and novel spin-switching mechanisms. The vast diversity of SOT observed in numerous 2D vdW materials necessitates a screening strategy to identify optimal materials for torque device performance. However, such a strategy has yet to be established. To address this critical issue, a combination of density functional theory and non-equilibrium Green's function is employed to calculate the SOT in various 2D vdW bilayer heterostructures. This leads to the discovery of three high SOT systems: WTe2/CrSe2, MoTe2/VS2, and NbSe2/CrSe2. Furthermore, a figure of merit that allows for rapid and efficient estimation of SOT is proposed, enabling high-throughput screening of optimal materials and devices for SOT applications in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinying Wang
- Network for Computational Nanotechnology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | | | - Hongyang Lin
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Dain Kang
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Raseong Kim
- Components Research, Intel, Hillsboro, OR, 97124, USA
| | - Hai Li
- Components Research, Intel, Hillsboro, OR, 97124, USA
| | - Gerhard Klimeck
- Network for Computational Nanotechnology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
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3
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Huang Q, Liu S, Yang T, Xie R, Cai L, Cao Q, Lü W, Bai L, Tian Y, Yan S. Current-Induced Magnetization Switching in Light-Metal-Oxide/Ferromagnetic-Metal Bilayers via Orbital Rashba Effect. NANO LETTERS 2023. [PMID: 38019659 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.3c03972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
The orbital angular momentum (OAM) generation as well as its associated orbital torque is currently a matter of great interest in spin-orbitronics and is receiving increasing attention. In particular, recent theoretical work predicts that the oxidized light metal Cu can serve as an efficient OAM generator through its surface orbital Rashba effect. Here, for the first time, the crucial current-induced magnetic-field-free in-plane magnetization reversal is experimentally demonstrated in CoFeB/CuOx bilayers without any heavy elements. We show that the critical current density can be comparable to that of strong spin-orbit coupling systems with heavy metals (Pt and Ta) and that the magnetization reversal mechanism is governed by coherent rotation in the grains through the second-harmonic and magneto-optical Kerr effect measurements. Our results indicate that light metal oxides can play an equally important role as heavy metals in magnetization reversal, broadening the choice of materials for engineering spintronic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- QiKun Huang
- Spintronics Institute, University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, China
| | - Senmiao Liu
- Spintronics Institute, University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, China
| | - Tianxiang Yang
- Spintronics Institute, University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, China
| | - Ronghuan Xie
- Spintronics Institute, University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, China
| | - Li Cai
- Spintronics Institute, University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, China
| | - Qiang Cao
- Spintronics Institute, University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, China
| | - Weiming Lü
- Spintronics Institute, University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, China
| | - Lihui Bai
- School of Physics, State Key Laboratory of Crystal Materials, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Yufeng Tian
- School of Physics, State Key Laboratory of Crystal Materials, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Shishen Yan
- Spintronics Institute, University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, China
- School of Physics, State Key Laboratory of Crystal Materials, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
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4
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Ren H, Lan M. Progress and Prospects in Metallic Fe xGeTe 2 (3 ≤ x ≤ 7) Ferromagnets. Molecules 2023; 28:7244. [PMID: 37959664 PMCID: PMC10649090 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28217244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Revised: 10/05/2023] [Accepted: 10/21/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Thermal fluctuations in two-dimensional (2D) isotropy systems at non-zero finite temperatures can destroy the long-range (LR) magnetic order due to the mechanisms addressed in the Mermin-Wanger theory. However, the magnetic anisotropy related to spin-orbit coupling (SOC) may stabilize magnetic order in 2D systems. Very recently, 2D FexGeTe2 (3 ≤ x ≤ 7) with a high Curie temperature (TC) has not only undergone significant developments in terms of synthetic methods and the control of ferromagnetism (FM), but is also being actively explored for applications in various devices. In this review, we introduce six experimental methods, ten ferromagnetic modulation strategies, and four spintronic devices for 2D FexGeTe2 materials. In summary, we outline the challenges and potential research directions in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongtao Ren
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252000, China
| | - Mu Lan
- College of Optoelectronic Engineering, Chengdu University of Information Technology, Chengdu 610225, China
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5
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Yang J, Wu B, Zhou J, Lu J, Yang J, Shen L. Full electrical control of multiple resistance states in van der Waals sliding multiferroic tunnel junctions. NANOSCALE 2023; 15:16103-16111. [PMID: 37751287 DOI: 10.1039/d3nr03951j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/27/2023]
Abstract
The recent development of two-dimensional magnetic and sliding-ferroelectric van der Waals (vdW) materials opens a new way to realize vdW sliding multiferroic tunnel junctions (MFTJs) for low-power nonvolatile memory applications. Here, we propose and investigate full electrical control of four nonvolatile resistance states in sliding MFTJs, Au/CrI3/bilayer h-BN/CrI3-MnBi2Te4/Au, via first principles. We found four stable states associated with different polarization orientations in bilayer h-BN and magnetization alignment in two CrI3 magnetic layers, which can be controlled purely by electrical voltage and current, respectively. The MFTJ has a giant tunneling magnetoresistance (TMR) of ∼10 000% (2000% in the presence of SOC) and a sizeable tunneling electroresistance (TER) of ∼70%. The write performance is explored by spin-transfer-torque calculations which show an impressive low critical current (∼1.5 × 1010 A m-2) to switch the magnetization of the free layer of CrI3, while antiferromagnetic MnBi2Te4 pins the reference layer with a large interfacial exchange coupling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Yang
- Key Laboratory of Material Physics, Ministry of Education, School of Physics and Microelectronics, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory for Artificial Microstructure and Mesoscopic Physics and School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, P. R. China.
| | - Baochun Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Artificial Microstructure and Mesoscopic Physics and School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, P. R. China.
| | - Jun Zhou
- Institute of Materials Research & Engineering, A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis, Singapore 138634, Singapore
| | - Jing Lu
- State Key Laboratory for Artificial Microstructure and Mesoscopic Physics and School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, P. R. China.
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Quantum Matter, Beijing 100871, P. R. China
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Magnetoelectric Materials and Devices (BKL-MEMD), Peking University, Beijing 100871, P. R. China
- Yangtze Delta Institute of Optoelectronics, Peking University, Nantong 226010, Jiangsu, P. R. China
| | - Jinbo Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Artificial Microstructure and Mesoscopic Physics and School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, P. R. China.
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Quantum Matter, Beijing 100871, P. R. China
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Magnetoelectric Materials and Devices (BKL-MEMD), Peking University, Beijing 100871, P. R. China
- Yangtze Delta Institute of Optoelectronics, Peking University, Nantong 226010, Jiangsu, P. R. China
| | - Lei Shen
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, National University of Singapore, 9 Engineering Drive 1, Singapore 117575, Singapore.
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6
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Liu P, Zhang Y, Li K, Li Y, Pu Y. Recent advances in 2D van der Waals magnets: Detection, modulation, and applications. iScience 2023; 26:107584. [PMID: 37664598 PMCID: PMC10470320 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.107584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The emergence of two-dimensional (2D) van der Waals magnets provides an exciting platform for exploring magnetism in the monolayer limit. Exotic quantum phenomena and significant potential for spintronic applications are demonstrated in 2D magnetic crystals and heterostructures, which offer unprecedented possibilities in advanced formation technology with low power and high efficiency. In this review, we summarize recent advances in 2D van der Waals magnetic crystals. We focus mainly on van der Waals materials of truly 2D nature with intrinsic magnetism. The detection methods of 2D magnetic materials are first introduced in detail. Subsequently, the effective strategies to modulate the magnetic behavior of 2D magnets (e.g., Curie temperature, magnetic anisotropy, magnetic exchange interaction) are presented. Then, we list the applications of 2D magnets in the spintronic devices. We also highlight current challenges and broad space for the development of 2D magnets in further studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Liu
- School of Science & New Energy Technology Engineering Laboratory of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Ying Zhang
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, CAS Key Lab of Materials for Energy Conversion, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Kehan Li
- School of Science & New Energy Technology Engineering Laboratory of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Yongde Li
- School of Science & New Energy Technology Engineering Laboratory of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Yong Pu
- School of Science & New Energy Technology Engineering Laboratory of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing 210023, China
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7
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Ren H, Xiang G. Strain Engineering of Intrinsic Ferromagnetism in 2D van der Waals Materials. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 13:2378. [PMID: 37630963 PMCID: PMC10459406 DOI: 10.3390/nano13162378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2023] [Revised: 08/09/2023] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023]
Abstract
Since the discovery of the low-temperature, long-range ferromagnetic order in monolayers Cr2Ge2Te6 and CrI3, many efforts have been made to achieve a room temperature (RT) ferromagnet. The outstanding deformation ability of two-dimensional (2D) materials provides an exciting way to mediate their intrinsic ferromagnetism (FM) with strain engineering. Here, we summarize the recent progress of strain engineering of intrinsic FM in 2D van der Waals materials. First, we introduce how to explain the strain-mediated intrinsic FM on Cr-based and Fe-based 2D van der Waals materials through ab initio Density functional theory (DFT), and how to calculate magnetic anisotropy energy (MAE) and Curie temperature (TC) from the interlayer exchange coupling J. Subsequently, we focus on numerous attempts to apply strain to 2D materials in experiments, including wrinkle-induced strain, flexible substrate bending or stretching, lattice mismatch, electrostatic force and field-cooling. Last, we emphasize that this field is still in early stages, and there are many challenges that need to be overcome. More importantly, strengthening the guideline of strain-mediated FM in 2D van der Waals materials will promote the development of spintronics and straintronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongtao Ren
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Liaocheng University, Hunan Road No. 1, Liaocheng 252000, China
| | - Gang Xiang
- College of Physics, Sichuan University, Wangjiang Road No. 29, Chengdu 610064, China
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8
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Das S, Kabiraj A, Mahapatra S. Room temperature giant magnetoresistance in half-metallic Cr 2C based two-dimensional tunnel junctions. NANOSCALE 2022; 14:9409-9418. [PMID: 35730762 DOI: 10.1039/d2nr02056d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Two-dimensional (2D) magnetic materials inherit enormous potential to revolutionize next-generation spintronic technology. The majority of prior investigations using 2D ferromagnet-based tunnel junctions have shown encouraging tunnel magnetoresistance (TMR) at low temperatures. Using first-principles-based calculations, here we investigate the magnetic properties of commercially available Cr2C crystals at their monolayer limit and reveal their half metallicity properties far beyond room temperature. We then design hetero-multilayer structures combining Cr2C with graphene and hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN) and report their magnetoresistance using spin-polarized quantum transport calculations. While graphene based devices, adsorbed on the metal contact, reveal a very high TMR (1200%), it can be further increased to 1500% by changing the barrier layer to h-BN. The dependence of TMR on the number of barrier layers and different metallic electrode materials (Ti, Ag, and Au) are also studied. Our investigation suggests that Cr2C based spin valves can serve as the perfect building blocks for room temperature all-2D spintronic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shreeja Das
- Nano-Scale Device Research Laboratory, Department of Electronic Systems Engineering, Indian Institute of Science (IISc), Bangalore, Bangalore 560012, India.
| | - Arnab Kabiraj
- Nano-Scale Device Research Laboratory, Department of Electronic Systems Engineering, Indian Institute of Science (IISc), Bangalore, Bangalore 560012, India.
| | - Santanu Mahapatra
- Nano-Scale Device Research Laboratory, Department of Electronic Systems Engineering, Indian Institute of Science (IISc), Bangalore, Bangalore 560012, India.
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9
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Husremović S, Groschner CK, Inzani K, Craig IM, Bustillo KC, Ercius P, Kazmierczak NP, Syndikus J, Van Winkle M, Aloni S, Taniguchi T, Watanabe K, Griffin SM, Bediako DK. Hard Ferromagnetism Down to the Thinnest Limit of Iron-Intercalated Tantalum Disulfide. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:12167-12176. [PMID: 35732002 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c02885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Two-dimensional (2D) magnetic crystals hold promise for miniaturized and ultralow power electronic devices that exploit spin manipulation. In these materials, large, controllable magnetocrystalline anisotropy (MCA) is a prerequisite for the stabilization and manipulation of long-range magnetic order. In known 2D magnetic crystals, relatively weak MCA typically results in soft ferromagnetism. Here, we demonstrate that ferromagnetic order persists down to the thinnest limit of FexTaS2 (Fe-intercalated bilayer 2H-TaS2) with giant coercivities up to 3 T. We prepare Fe-intercalated TaS2 by chemical intercalation of van der Waals-layered 2H-TaS2 crystals and perform variable-temperature transport, transmission electron microscopy, and confocal Raman spectroscopy measurements to shed new light on the coupled effects of dimensionality, degree of intercalation, and intercalant order/disorder on the hard ferromagnetic behavior of FexTaS2. More generally, we show that chemical intercalation gives access to a rich synthetic parameter space for low-dimensional magnets, in which magnetic properties can be tailored by the choice of the host material and intercalant identity/amount, in addition to the manifold distinctive degrees of freedom available in atomically thin, van der Waals crystals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samra Husremović
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Catherine K Groschner
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Katherine Inzani
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States.,The Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Isaac M Craig
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Karen C Bustillo
- National Center for Electron Microscopy, Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Peter Ercius
- National Center for Electron Microscopy, Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Nathanael P Kazmierczak
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Jacob Syndikus
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Madeline Van Winkle
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Shaul Aloni
- The Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Takashi Taniguchi
- Research Center for Functional Materials, National Institute for Materials Science, Tsukuba 305-0044, Japan
| | - Kenji Watanabe
- International Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics, National Institute for Materials Science, Tsukuba 305-0044, Japan
| | - Sinéad M Griffin
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States.,The Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - D Kwabena Bediako
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States.,Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
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10
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Berry curvature-induced local spin polarisation in gated graphene/WTe2 heterostructures. Nat Commun 2022; 13:3152. [PMID: 35672292 PMCID: PMC9174237 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-30744-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Experimental control of local spin-charge interconversion is of primary interest for spintronics. Van der Waals (vdW) heterostructures combining graphene with a strongly spin-orbit coupled two-dimensional (2D) material enable such functionality by design. Electric spin valve experiments have thus far provided global information on such devices, while leaving the local interplay between symmetry breaking, charge flow across the heterointerface and aspects of topology unexplored. Here, we probe the gate-tunable local spin polarisation in current-driven graphene/WTe2 heterostructures through magneto-optical Kerr microscopy. Even for a nominal in-plane transport, substantial out-of-plane spin accumulation is induced by a corresponding out-of-plane current flow. We present a theoretical model which fully explains the gate- and bias-dependent onset and spatial distribution of the intense Kerr signal as a result of a non-linear anomalous Hall effect in the heterostructure, which is enabled by its reduced point group symmetry. Our findings unravel the potential of 2D heterostructure engineering for harnessing topological phenomena for spintronics, and constitute an important step toward nanoscale, electrical spin control. Spin-based electronics offers significantly improved efficiency, but a major challenge is the electric manipulation of spin. Here, Powalla et al find a large gate induced spinpolarization in graphene/WTe2 heterostructures, illustrating the potential of such heterostructures for spintronics.
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11
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Wang QH, Bedoya-Pinto A, Blei M, Dismukes AH, Hamo A, Jenkins S, Koperski M, Liu Y, Sun QC, Telford EJ, Kim HH, Augustin M, Vool U, Yin JX, Li LH, Falin A, Dean CR, Casanova F, Evans RFL, Chshiev M, Mishchenko A, Petrovic C, He R, Zhao L, Tsen AW, Gerardot BD, Brotons-Gisbert M, Guguchia Z, Roy X, Tongay S, Wang Z, Hasan MZ, Wrachtrup J, Yacoby A, Fert A, Parkin S, Novoselov KS, Dai P, Balicas L, Santos EJG. The Magnetic Genome of Two-Dimensional van der Waals Materials. ACS NANO 2022; 16:6960-7079. [PMID: 35442017 PMCID: PMC9134533 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.1c09150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2022] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Magnetism in two-dimensional (2D) van der Waals (vdW) materials has recently emerged as one of the most promising areas in condensed matter research, with many exciting emerging properties and significant potential for applications ranging from topological magnonics to low-power spintronics, quantum computing, and optical communications. In the brief time after their discovery, 2D magnets have blossomed into a rich area for investigation, where fundamental concepts in magnetism are challenged by the behavior of spins that can develop at the single layer limit. However, much effort is still needed in multiple fronts before 2D magnets can be routinely used for practical implementations. In this comprehensive review, prominent authors with expertise in complementary fields of 2D magnetism (i.e., synthesis, device engineering, magneto-optics, imaging, transport, mechanics, spin excitations, and theory and simulations) have joined together to provide a genome of current knowledge and a guideline for future developments in 2D magnetic materials research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Hua Wang
- Materials
Science and Engineering, School for Engineering of Matter, Transport
and Energy, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, United States
| | - Amilcar Bedoya-Pinto
- NISE
Department, Max Planck Institute of Microstructure
Physics, 06120 Halle, Germany
- Instituto
de Ciencia Molecular (ICMol), Universitat
de València, 46980 Paterna, Spain
| | - Mark Blei
- Materials
Science and Engineering, School for Engineering of Matter, Transport
and Energy, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, United States
| | - Avalon H. Dismukes
- Department
of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Assaf Hamo
- Department
of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
| | - Sarah Jenkins
- Twist
Group,
Faculty of Physics, University of Duisburg-Essen, Campus Duisburg, 47057 Duisburg, Germany
| | - Maciej Koperski
- Institute
for Functional Intelligent Materials, National
University of Singapore, 117544 Singapore
| | - Yu Liu
- Condensed
Matter Physics and Materials Science Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, United States
| | - Qi-Chao Sun
- Physikalisches
Institut, University of Stuttgart, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Evan J. Telford
- Department
of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
- Department
of Physics, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Hyun Ho Kim
- School
of Materials Science and Engineering, Department of Energy Engineering
Convergence, Kumoh National Institute of
Technology, Gumi 39177, Korea
| | - Mathias Augustin
- Institute
for Condensed Matter Physics and Complex Systems, School of Physics
and Astronomy, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3FD, United Kingdom
- Donostia
International Physics Center (DIPC), 20018 Donostia-San Sebastián, Basque Country, Spain
| | - Uri Vool
- Department
of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
- John Harvard
Distinguished Science Fellows Program, Harvard
University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
| | - Jia-Xin Yin
- Laboratory
for Topological Quantum Matter and Spectroscopy, Department of Physics, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Lu Hua Li
- Institute
for Frontier Materials, Deakin University, Geelong Waurn Ponds Campus, Waurn Ponds, Victoria 3216, Australia
| | - Alexey Falin
- Institute
for Frontier Materials, Deakin University, Geelong Waurn Ponds Campus, Waurn Ponds, Victoria 3216, Australia
| | - Cory R. Dean
- Department
of Physics, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Fèlix Casanova
- CIC nanoGUNE
BRTA, 20018 Donostia - San Sebastián, Basque
Country, Spain
- IKERBASQUE,
Basque Foundation for Science, 48013 Bilbao, Basque Country, Spain
| | - Richard F. L. Evans
- Department
of Physics, University of York, Heslington, York YO10 5DD, United Kingdom
| | - Mairbek Chshiev
- Université
Grenoble Alpes, CEA, CNRS, Spintec, 38000 Grenoble, France
- Institut
Universitaire de France, 75231 Paris, France
| | - Artem Mishchenko
- Department
of Physics and Astronomy, University of
Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PL, United Kingdom
- National
Graphene Institute, University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PL, United Kingdom
| | - Cedomir Petrovic
- Condensed
Matter Physics and Materials Science Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, United States
| | - Rui He
- Department
of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Texas Tech University, 910 Boston Avenue, Lubbock, Texas 79409, United
States
| | - Liuyan Zhao
- Department
of Physics, University of Michigan, 450 Church Street, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Adam W. Tsen
- Institute
for Quantum Computing and Department of Chemistry, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Brian D. Gerardot
- SUPA, Institute
of Photonics and Quantum Sciences, Heriot-Watt
University, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, United Kingdom
| | - Mauro Brotons-Gisbert
- SUPA, Institute
of Photonics and Quantum Sciences, Heriot-Watt
University, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, United Kingdom
| | - Zurab Guguchia
- Laboratory
for Muon Spin Spectroscopy, Paul Scherrer
Institute, CH-5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - Xavier Roy
- Department
of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Sefaattin Tongay
- Materials
Science and Engineering, School for Engineering of Matter, Transport
and Energy, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, United States
| | - Ziwei Wang
- Department
of Physics and Astronomy, University of
Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PL, United Kingdom
- National
Graphene Institute, University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PL, United Kingdom
| | - M. Zahid Hasan
- Materials
Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National
Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Princeton
Institute for Science and Technology of Materials, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
- National
High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Florida
State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32310, United States
| | - Joerg Wrachtrup
- Physikalisches
Institut, University of Stuttgart, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
- Max Planck
Institute for Solid State Research, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Amir Yacoby
- Department
of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
- John A.
Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
| | - Albert Fert
- Donostia
International Physics Center (DIPC), 20018 Donostia-San Sebastián, Basque Country, Spain
- Unité
Mixte de Physique, CNRS, Thales, Université Paris-Saclay, 91767 Palaiseau, France
- Department
of Materials Physics UPV/EHU, 20018 Donostia - San Sebastián, Basque Country, Spain
| | - Stuart Parkin
- NISE
Department, Max Planck Institute of Microstructure
Physics, 06120 Halle, Germany
| | - Kostya S. Novoselov
- Institute
for Functional Intelligent Materials, National
University of Singapore, 117544 Singapore
| | - Pengcheng Dai
- Department
of Physics and Astronomy, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - Luis Balicas
- National
High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Florida
State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32310, United States
- Department
of Physics, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306, United States
| | - Elton J. G. Santos
- Institute
for Condensed Matter Physics and Complex Systems, School of Physics
and Astronomy, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3FD, United Kingdom
- Donostia
International Physics Center (DIPC), 20018 Donostia-San Sebastián, Basque Country, Spain
- Higgs Centre
for Theoretical Physics, The University
of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3FD, United Kingdom
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12
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Pal A, Zhang S, Chavan T, Agashiwala K, Yeh CH, Cao W, Banerjee K. Quantum-Engineered Devices Based on 2D Materials for Next-Generation Information Processing and Storage. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2022:e2109894. [PMID: 35468661 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202109894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2021] [Revised: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
As an approximation to the quantum state of solids, the band theory, developed nearly seven decades ago, fostered the advance of modern integrated solid-state electronics, one of the most successful technologies in the history of human civilization. Nonetheless, their rapidly growing energy consumption and accompanied environmental issues call for more energy-efficient electronics and optoelectronics, which necessitate the exploration of more advanced quantum mechanical effects, such as band-to-band tunneling, spin-orbit coupling, spin-valley locking, and quantum entanglement. The emerging 2D layered materials, featured by their exotic electrical, magnetic, optical, and structural properties, provide a revolutionary low-dimensional and manufacture-friendly platform (and many more opportunities) to implement these quantum-engineered devices, compared to the traditional electronic materials system. Here, the progress in quantum-engineered devices is reviewed and the opportunities/challenges of exploiting 2D materials are analyzed to highlight their unique quantum properties that enable novel energy-efficient devices, and useful insights to quantum device engineers and 2D-material scientists are provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnab Pal
- ECE Department, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106, USA
| | - Shuo Zhang
- ECE Department, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106, USA
- College of ISEE, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Tanmay Chavan
- ECE Department, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106, USA
| | - Kunjesh Agashiwala
- ECE Department, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106, USA
| | - Chao-Hui Yeh
- ECE Department, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106, USA
| | - Wei Cao
- ECE Department, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106, USA
| | - Kaustav Banerjee
- ECE Department, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106, USA
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13
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Zollner K, Fabian J. Engineering Proximity Exchange by Twisting: Reversal of Ferromagnetic and Emergence of Antiferromagnetic Dirac Bands in Graphene/Cr_{2}Ge_{2}Te_{6}. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2022; 128:106401. [PMID: 35333087 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.128.106401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Revised: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
We investigate the twist-angle and gate dependence of the proximity exchange coupling in twisted graphene on monolayer Cr_{2}Ge_{2}Te_{6} from first principles. The proximitized Dirac band dispersions of graphene are fitted to a model Hamiltonian, yielding effective sublattice-resolved proximity-induced exchange parameters (λ_{ex}^{A} and λ_{ex}^{B}) for a series of twist angles between 0° and 30°. For aligned layers (0° twist angle), the exchange coupling of graphene is the same on both sublattices, λ_{ex}^{A}≈λ_{ex}^{B}≈4 meV, while the coupling is reversed at 30° (with λ_{ex}^{A}≈λ_{ex}^{B}≈-4 meV). Remarkably, at 19.1° the induced exchange coupling becomes antiferromagnetic: λ_{ex}^{A}<0, λ_{ex}^{B}>0. Further tuning is provided by a transverse electric field and the interlayer distance. The predicted proximity magnetization reversal and emergence of an antiferromagnetic Dirac dispersion make twisted graphene/Cr_{2}Ge_{2}Te_{6} bilayers a versatile platform for realizing topological phases and for spintronics applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klaus Zollner
- Institute for Theoretical Physics, University of Regensburg, 93040 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Jaroslav Fabian
- Institute for Theoretical Physics, University of Regensburg, 93040 Regensburg, Germany
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14
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Pham PV, Bodepudi SC, Shehzad K, Liu Y, Xu Y, Yu B, Duan X. 2D Heterostructures for Ubiquitous Electronics and Optoelectronics: Principles, Opportunities, and Challenges. Chem Rev 2022; 122:6514-6613. [PMID: 35133801 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
A grand family of two-dimensional (2D) materials and their heterostructures have been discovered through the extensive experimental and theoretical efforts of chemists, material scientists, physicists, and technologists. These pioneering works contribute to realizing the fundamental platforms to explore and analyze new physical/chemical properties and technological phenomena at the micro-nano-pico scales. Engineering 2D van der Waals (vdW) materials and their heterostructures via chemical and physical methods with a suitable choice of stacking order, thickness, and interlayer interactions enable exotic carrier dynamics, showing potential in high-frequency electronics, broadband optoelectronics, low-power neuromorphic computing, and ubiquitous electronics. This comprehensive review addresses recent advances in terms of representative 2D materials, the general fabrication methods, and characterization techniques and the vital role of the physical parameters affecting the quality of 2D heterostructures. The main emphasis is on 2D heterostructures and 3D-bulk (3D) hybrid systems exhibiting intrinsic quantum mechanical responses in the optical, valley, and topological states. Finally, we discuss the universality of 2D heterostructures with representative applications and trends for future electronics and optoelectronics (FEO) under the challenges and opportunities from physical, nanotechnological, and material synthesis perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phuong V Pham
- School of Micro-Nano Electronics, Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center (HIC), Zhejiang University, Xiaoshan 311200, China.,State Key Laboratory of Silicon Materials, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China.,ZJU-UIUC Joint Institute, Zhejiang University, Jiaxing 314400, China
| | - Srikrishna Chanakya Bodepudi
- School of Micro-Nano Electronics, Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center (HIC), Zhejiang University, Xiaoshan 311200, China.,State Key Laboratory of Silicon Materials, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China.,ZJU-UIUC Joint Institute, Zhejiang University, Jiaxing 314400, China
| | - Khurram Shehzad
- School of Micro-Nano Electronics, Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center (HIC), Zhejiang University, Xiaoshan 311200, China.,State Key Laboratory of Silicon Materials, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China.,ZJU-UIUC Joint Institute, Zhejiang University, Jiaxing 314400, China
| | - Yuan Liu
- School of Physics and Electronics, Hunan University, Hunan 410082, China
| | - Yang Xu
- School of Micro-Nano Electronics, Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center (HIC), Zhejiang University, Xiaoshan 311200, China.,State Key Laboratory of Silicon Materials, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China.,ZJU-UIUC Joint Institute, Zhejiang University, Jiaxing 314400, China
| | - Bin Yu
- School of Micro-Nano Electronics, Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center (HIC), Zhejiang University, Xiaoshan 311200, China.,State Key Laboratory of Silicon Materials, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China.,ZJU-UIUC Joint Institute, Zhejiang University, Jiaxing 314400, China
| | - Xiangfeng Duan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, California 90095-1569, United States
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15
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Wang S, Xu J, Li W, Sun S, Gao S, Hou Y. Magnetic Nanostructures: Rational Design and Fabrication Strategies toward Diverse Applications. Chem Rev 2022; 122:5411-5475. [PMID: 35014799 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, the continuous development of magnetic nanostructures (MNSs) has tremendously promoted both fundamental scientific research and technological applications. Different from the bulk magnet, the systematic engineering on MNSs has brought a great breakthrough in some emerging fields such as the construction of MNSs, the magnetism exploration of multidimensional MNSs, and their potential translational applications. In this review, we give a detailed description of the synthetic strategies of MNSs based on the fundamental features and application potential of MNSs and discuss the recent progress of MNSs in the fields of nanomedicines, advanced nanobiotechnology, catalysis, and electromagnetic wave adsorption (EMWA), aiming to provide guidance for fabrication strategies of MNSs toward diverse applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuren Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Magnetoelectric Materials and Devices, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing Innovation Centre for Engineering Science and Advanced Technology, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Junjie Xu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Magnetoelectric Materials and Devices, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing Innovation Centre for Engineering Science and Advanced Technology, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Wei Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Magnetoelectric Materials and Devices, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing Innovation Centre for Engineering Science and Advanced Technology, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Shengnan Sun
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Magnetoelectric Materials and Devices, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing Innovation Centre for Engineering Science and Advanced Technology, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Song Gao
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Magnetoelectric Materials and Devices, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.,Institute of Spin-X Science and Technology, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 511442, China
| | - Yanglong Hou
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Magnetoelectric Materials and Devices, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing Innovation Centre for Engineering Science and Advanced Technology, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
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16
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Li D, Li S, Zhong C, He J. Tuning magnetism at the two-dimensional limit: a theoretical perspective. NANOSCALE 2021; 13:19812-19827. [PMID: 34825688 DOI: 10.1039/d1nr06835k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The discovery of two-dimensional (2D) magnetic materials provides an ideal testbed for manipulating the magnetic properties at the atomically thin and 2D limit. This review gives recent progress in the emergent 2D magnets and heterostructures, focusing on the theory side. We summarize different theoretical models, ranging from the atomic to micrometer-scale, used to describe magnetic orders. Then, the current strategies for tuning magnetism in 2D materials are further discussed, such as electric field, magnetic field, strain, optics, chemical functionalization, and spin-orbit engineering. Finally, we conclude with the future challenges and opportunities for 2D magnetism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongzhe Li
- Institute for Advanced Study, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610100, P. R. China.
| | - Shuo Li
- Institute for Advanced Study, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610100, P. R. China.
| | - Chengyong Zhong
- Institute for Advanced Study, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610100, P. R. China.
| | - Junjie He
- Bremen Center for Computational Materials Science, University of Bremen, Am Fallturm 1, 2835, Bremen, Germany
- Department of Physical and Macromolecular Chemistry & Charles University Centre of Advanced Materials, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Hlavova 8, Prague 2, 128 43, Czech Republic.
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17
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Li W, Zeng Y, Zhao Z, Zhang B, Xu J, Huang X, Hou Y. 2D Magnetic Heterostructures and Their Interface Modulated Magnetism. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:50591-50601. [PMID: 34674524 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c11132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, two-dimensional (2D) magnetic heterostructures have captured widespread interest as they provide a fertile ground for exploring the novel properties induced by interfacial magnetic coupling, modulating the intrinsic magnetism of the 2D magnet, and exploiting new spintronic device applications. In this Spotlight on Applications, dominating synthetic strategies employed to fabricate 2D magnetic heterostructures are introduced first. Notably, we then concentrate on two different kinds of magnetic interfaces, namely, the magnetic-nonmagnetic interface and the magnetic-magnetic interface. Specifically, various interface modulated magnetisms such as valley splitting and the anomalous Hall effect as well as their related device applications such as magnetic tunnel junctions have been further reviewed and discussed. Finally, we briefly summarize the recent progress of 2D magnetic heterostructures and outline the future development direction of this booming field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Magnetoelectric Materials and Devices (BKL-MMD), Beijing Innovation Center for Engineering Science and Advanced Technology (BIC-ESAT), School of Materials Science and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Yi Zeng
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Magnetoelectric Materials and Devices (BKL-MMD), Beijing Innovation Center for Engineering Science and Advanced Technology (BIC-ESAT), School of Materials Science and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Zijing Zhao
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Magnetoelectric Materials and Devices (BKL-MMD), Beijing Innovation Center for Engineering Science and Advanced Technology (BIC-ESAT), School of Materials Science and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Biao Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Magnetoelectric Materials and Devices (BKL-MMD), Beijing Innovation Center for Engineering Science and Advanced Technology (BIC-ESAT), School of Materials Science and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Junjie Xu
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Magnetoelectric Materials and Devices (BKL-MMD), Beijing Innovation Center for Engineering Science and Advanced Technology (BIC-ESAT), School of Materials Science and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Xiaoxiao Huang
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Magnetoelectric Materials and Devices (BKL-MMD), Beijing Innovation Center for Engineering Science and Advanced Technology (BIC-ESAT), School of Materials Science and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Yanglong Hou
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Magnetoelectric Materials and Devices (BKL-MMD), Beijing Innovation Center for Engineering Science and Advanced Technology (BIC-ESAT), School of Materials Science and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
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18
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Yin ZB, Chen XY, Wang YP, Long MQ. The magnetic proximity effect at the MoS 2/CrI 3interface. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2021; 34:035002. [PMID: 34598164 DOI: 10.1088/1361-648x/ac2c3c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Accepted: 10/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The vicinity to a two-dimensional magnetic material provides a simple and effective way to break the valley degeneracy of transition-metal dichalcogenides because of the magnetic proximity effect. Based on first-principles calculations, we study the band structure of a MoS2/CrI3van der Waals heterostructure and its manipulation by vertical electric fields. A huge valley splitting of about 19.60 meV, equivalent to an external magnetic fields of about 89.0 T can be generated by an electric field of 0.115 V Å-1. The electric field causes discontinuous changes in the valley splitting. The electric field drives the bands of MoS2across those of CrI3. At the critical electric fields, the interlayer orbital hybridization leads to the energy level repulsion and an abrupt exchange of the band index. We also study the effect of interlayer distance on the valley splitting and observe a more significant electric field modulation. This work deepens our understanding on the interfacial magnetic proximity effect as a result of the orbital hybridization across the van der Waals gap.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Bo Yin
- School of Physics and Electronics, Hunan Key Laboratory for Super-Micro Structure and Ultrafast Process, Central South University, 932 South Lushan Road, Changsha, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Yan Chen
- School of Physics and Electronics, Hunan Key Laboratory for Super-Micro Structure and Ultrafast Process, Central South University, 932 South Lushan Road, Changsha, People's Republic of China
| | - Yun-Peng Wang
- School of Physics and Electronics, Hunan Key Laboratory for Super-Micro Structure and Ultrafast Process, Central South University, 932 South Lushan Road, Changsha, People's Republic of China
| | - Meng-Qiu Long
- School of Physics and Electronics, Hunan Key Laboratory for Super-Micro Structure and Ultrafast Process, Central South University, 932 South Lushan Road, Changsha, People's Republic of China
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19
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Tian M, Zhu Y, Jalali M, Jiang W, Liang J, Huang Z, Chen Q, Zeng Z, Zhai Y. Two-Dimensional Van Der Waals Materials for Spin-Orbit Torque Applications. FRONTIERS IN NANOTECHNOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.3389/fnano.2021.732916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Spin-orbit torque (SOT) provides an efficient approach to control the magnetic state and dynamics in different classes of materials. Recent years, the crossover between two-dimensional van der Waals (2D vdW) materials and SOT opens a new prospect to push SOT devices to the 2D limit. In this mini-review, we summarize the latest progress in 2D vdW materials for SOT applications, highlighting the comparison of the performance between devices with various structures. It is prospected that the large family of 2D vdW materials and numerous combinations of heterostructures will widely extend the material choices and bring new opportunities to SOT devices in the future.
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20
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Sierra JF, Fabian J, Kawakami RK, Roche S, Valenzuela SO. Van der Waals heterostructures for spintronics and opto-spintronics. NATURE NANOTECHNOLOGY 2021; 16:856-868. [PMID: 34282312 DOI: 10.1038/s41565-021-00936-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2020] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The large variety of 2D materials and their co-integration in van der Waals heterostructures enable innovative device engineering. In addition, their atomically thin nature promotes the design of artificial materials by proximity effects that originate from short-range interactions. Such a designer approach is particularly compelling for spintronics, which typically harnesses functionalities from thin layers of magnetic and non-magnetic materials and the interfaces between them. Here we provide an overview of recent progress in 2D spintronics and opto-spintronics using van der Waals heterostructures. After an introduction to the forefront of spin transport research, we highlight the unique spin-related phenomena arising from spin-orbit and magnetic proximity effects. We further describe the ability to create multifunctional hybrid heterostructures based on van der Waals materials, combining spin, valley and excitonic degrees of freedom. We end with an outlook on perspectives and challenges for the design and production of ultracompact all-2D spin devices and their potential applications in conventional and quantum technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan F Sierra
- Catalan Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (ICN2), CSIC and The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Jaroslav Fabian
- Institute for Theoretical Physics, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | | | - Stephan Roche
- Catalan Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (ICN2), CSIC and The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Barcelona, Spain
- Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sergio O Valenzuela
- Catalan Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (ICN2), CSIC and The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Barcelona, Spain.
- Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), Barcelona, Spain.
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21
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Tan C, Xie WQ, Zheng G, Aloufi N, Albarakati S, Algarni M, Li J, Partridge J, Culcer D, Wang X, Yi JB, Tian M, Xiong Y, Zhao YJ, Wang L. Gate-Controlled Magnetic Phase Transition in a van der Waals Magnet Fe 5GeTe 2. NANO LETTERS 2021; 21:5599-5605. [PMID: 34152781 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.1c01108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Magnetic van der Waals (vdW) materials are poised to enable all-electrical control of magnetism in the two-dimensional limit. However, tuning the magnetic ground state in vdW itinerant ferromagnets by voltage-induced charge doping remains a significant challenge, due to the extremely large carrier densities in these materials. Here, by cleaving the vdW itinerant ferromagnet Fe5GeTe2 (F5GT) into 5.4 nm (around two unit cells), we find that the ferromagnetism (FM) in F5GT can be substantially tuned by the thickness. Moreover, by utilizing a solid protonic gate, an electron doping concentration of above 1021 cm-3 has been exhibited in F5GT nanosheets. Such a high carrier accumulation exceeds that possible in widely used electric double-layer transistors (EDLTs) and surpasses the intrinsic carrier density of F5GT. Importantly, it is accompanied by a magnetic phase transition from FM to antiferromagnetism (AFM). The realization of an antiferromagnetic phase in nanosheet F5GT suggests the promise of applications in high-temperature antiferromagnetic vdW devices and heterostructures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Tan
- School of Science, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria 3001, Australia
| | - Wen-Qiang Xie
- Department of Physics, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Guolin Zheng
- School of Science, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria 3001, Australia
| | - Nuriyah Aloufi
- School of Science, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria 3001, Australia
| | - Sultan Albarakati
- School of Science, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria 3001, Australia
| | - Meri Algarni
- School of Science, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria 3001, Australia
| | - Junbo Li
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Condensed Matter Physics at Extreme Conditions, High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Hefei 230031, Anhui, China
| | - James Partridge
- School of Science, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria 3001, Australia
| | - Dimitrie Culcer
- School of Physics and ARC Centre of Excellence in Future Low-Energy Electronics Technologies, UNSW Node, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - Xiaolin Wang
- Institute for Superconducting & Electronic Materials, Australian Institute of Innovative Materials, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, New South Wales 2500, Australia
- ARC Centre for Future Low-Energy Electronics Technologies (FLEET), University of Wollongong, Wollongong, New South Wales 2500, Australia
| | - Jia Bao Yi
- Global Innovative Center for Advanced Nanomaterials, School of Engineering, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales 2308, Australia
| | - Mingliang Tian
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Condensed Matter Physics at Extreme Conditions, High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Hefei 230031, Anhui, China
- Department of Physics, School of Physics and Materials Science, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, Anhui, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Yimin Xiong
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Condensed Matter Physics at Extreme Conditions, High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Hefei 230031, Anhui, China
| | - Yu-Jun Zhao
- Department of Physics, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Lan Wang
- School of Science, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria 3001, Australia
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22
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Ukpong AM. Emergence of Nontrivial Spin Textures in Frustrated Van Der Waals Ferromagnets. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 11:1770. [PMID: 34361155 PMCID: PMC8308132 DOI: 10.3390/nano11071770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Revised: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 06/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In this work, first principles ground state calculations are combined with the dynamic evolution of a classical spin Hamiltonian to study the metamagnetic transitions associated with the field dependence of magnetic properties in frustrated van der Waals ferromagnets. Dynamically stabilized spin textures are obtained relative to the direction of spin quantization as stochastic solutions of the Landau-Lifshitz-Gilbert-Slonczewski equation under the flow of the spin current. By explicitly considering the spin signatures that arise from geometrical frustrations at interfaces, we may observe the emergence of a magnetic skyrmion spin texture and characterize the formation under competing internal fields. The analysis of coercivity and magnetic hysteresis reveals a dynamic switch from a soft to hard magnetic configuration when considering the spin Hall effect on the skyrmion. It is found that heavy metals in capped multilayer heterostructure stacks host field-tunable spiral skyrmions that could serve as unique channels for carrier transport. The results are discussed to show the possibility of using dynamically switchable magnetic bits to read and write data without the need for a spin transfer torque. These results offer insight to the spin transport signatures that dynamically arise from metamagnetic transitions in spintronic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aniekan Magnus Ukpong
- Theoretical and Computational Condensed Matter and Materials Physics Group, School of Chemistry and Physics, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg 3201, South Africa
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23
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Ghosh S, Stojić N, Binggeli N. Overcoming the asymmetry of the electron and hole doping for magnetic transitions in bilayer CrI 3. NANOSCALE 2021; 13:9391-9401. [PMID: 34002196 DOI: 10.1039/d1nr00262g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Electrical control of magnetism has great potential for low-power spintronics applications and the newly discovered two-dimensional van der Waals magnetic materials are promising systems for this type of applications. In fact, it has been recently shown experimentally (Jiang et al., Nat. Nanotechnol., 2018, 13, 549-553) that upon electrostatic doping by electrons bilayer CrI3 undergoes an antiferromagnetic-ferromagnetic (AFM-FM) phase transition, even in the absence of magnetic field. Doping by holes, on the other hand, does not induce the same transition in the experiment, which points to an intrinsic asymmetry in the hole and electron doping that limits the control of the transition by doping. We here show, based on first-principles calculations, that the asymmetry originates in the relativistic nature of the valence-band-edge states of the pristine bilayer, which inhibits the magnetic transition upon hole doping. Based on this finding, we propose an approach to overcome the asymmetry and predict the existence of the AFM-FM transition for both hole and electron doping upon moderate uniaxial compression along the soft direction of the bilayer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sukanya Ghosh
- Abdus Salam International Centre for Theoretical Physics, Strada Costiera, Trieste, Italy.
| | - Nataša Stojić
- Abdus Salam International Centre for Theoretical Physics, Strada Costiera, Trieste, Italy.
| | - Nadia Binggeli
- Abdus Salam International Centre for Theoretical Physics, Strada Costiera, Trieste, Italy.
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Petrović MD, Mondal P, Feiguin AE, Nikolić BK. Quantum Spin Torque Driven Transmutation of an Antiferromagnetic Mott Insulator. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2021; 126:197202. [PMID: 34047602 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.126.197202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The standard model of spin-transfer torque (STT) in antiferromagnetic spintronics considers the exchange of angular momentum between quantum spins of flowing electrons and noncollinear-to-them localized spins treated as classical vectors. These vectors are assumed to realize Néel order in equilibrium, ↑↓⋯↑↓, and their STT-driven dynamics is described by the Landau-Lifshitz-Gilbert (LLG) equation. However, many experimentally employed materials (such as archetypal NiO) are strongly electron-correlated antiferromagnetic Mott insulators (AFMIs) whose localized spins form a ground state quite different from the unentangled Néel state |↑↓⋯↑↓⟩. The true ground state is entangled by quantum spin fluctuations, leading to the expectation value of all localized spins being zero, so that LLG dynamics of classical vectors of fixed length rotating due to STT cannot even be initiated. Instead, a fully quantum treatment of both conduction electrons and localized spins is necessary to capture the exchange of spin angular momentum between them, denoted as quantum STT. We use a recently developed time-dependent density matrix renormalization group approach to quantum STT to predict how injection of a spin-polarized current pulse into a normal metal layer coupled to an AFMI overlayer via exchange interaction and possibly small interlayer hopping-mimicking, e.g., topological-insulator/NiO bilayer employed experimentally-will induce a nonzero expectation value of AFMI localized spins. This new nonequilibrium phase is a spatially inhomogeneous ferromagnet with a zigzag profile of localized spins. The total spin absorbed by AFMI increases with electron-electron repulsion in AFMIs, as well as when the two layers do not exchange any charge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marko D Petrović
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, USA
| | - Priyanka Mondal
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, USA
| | - Adrian E Feiguin
- Department of Physics, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Branislav K Nikolić
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, USA
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Liu N, Gallaro CM, Shayan K, Mukherjee A, Kim B, Hone J, Vamivakas N, Strauf S. Antiferromagnetic proximity coupling between semiconductor quantum emitters in WSe 2 and van der Waals ferromagnets. NANOSCALE 2021; 13:832-841. [PMID: 33351877 DOI: 10.1039/d0nr06632j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
van der Waals ferromagnets have gained significant interest due to their unique ability to provide magnetic response even at the level of a few monolayers. Particularly in combination with 2D semiconductors, such as the transition metal dichalcogenide WSe2, one can create heterostructures that feature unique magneto-optical response in the exciton emission through the magnetic proximity effect. Here we use 0D quantum emitters in WSe2 to probe for the ferromagnetic response in heterostructures with Fe3GT and Fe5GT ferromagnets through an all-optical read-out technique that does not require electrodes. The spectrally narrow spin-doublet of the WSe2 quantum emitters allowed to fully resolve the hysteretic magneto-response in the exciton emission, revealing the characteristic signature of both ferro- and antiferromagnetic proximity coupling that originates from the interplay among Fe3GT or Fe5GT, a thin surface oxide, and the spin doublets of the quantum emitters. Our work highlights the utility of 0D quantum emitters for probing interface magnetic dipoles in vdW heterostructures with high precision. The observed hysteretic magneto response in the exciton emission of quantum emitters adds further new degrees of freedom for spin and g-factor manipulation of quantum states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Liu
- Department of Physics, Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken, New Jersey 07030, USA. and Center for Quantum Science and Engineering, Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken, New Jersey 07030, USA
| | - Cosmo M Gallaro
- Department of Physics, Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken, New Jersey 07030, USA. and Center for Quantum Science and Engineering, Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken, New Jersey 07030, USA
| | - Kamran Shayan
- The Institute of Optics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627, USA and Center for Coherence and Quantum Optics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627, USA
| | - Arunabh Mukherjee
- The Institute of Optics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627, USA and Center for Coherence and Quantum Optics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627, USA
| | - Bumho Kim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Columbia University, New York 10027, USA
| | - James Hone
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Columbia University, New York 10027, USA
| | - Nick Vamivakas
- The Institute of Optics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627, USA and Center for Coherence and Quantum Optics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627, USA and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627, USA
| | - Stefan Strauf
- Department of Physics, Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken, New Jersey 07030, USA. and Center for Quantum Science and Engineering, Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken, New Jersey 07030, USA
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Yang S, Zhang T, Jiang C. van der Waals Magnets: Material Family, Detection and Modulation of Magnetism, and Perspective in Spintronics. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2021; 8:2002488. [PMID: 33511010 PMCID: PMC7816723 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202002488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
van der Waals (vdW) materials exhibit great potential in spintronics, arising from their excellent spin transportation, large spin-orbit coupling, and high-quality interfaces. The recent discovery of intrinsic vdW antiferromagnets and ferromagnets has laid the foundation for the construction of all-vdW spintronic devices, and enables the study of low-dimensional magnetism, which is of both technical and scientific significance. In this review, several representative families of vdW magnets are introduced, followed by a comprehensive summary of the methods utilized in reading out the magnetic states of vdW magnets. Thereafter, it is shown that various electrical, mechanical, and chemical approaches are employed to modulate the magnetism of vdW magnets. Finally, the perspective of vdW magnets in spintronics is discussed and an outlook of future development direction in this field is also proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengxue Yang
- School of Materials Science and EngineeringBeihang UniversityBeijing100191P. R. China
| | - Tianle Zhang
- School of Materials Science and EngineeringBeihang UniversityBeijing100191P. R. China
| | - Chengbao Jiang
- School of Materials Science and EngineeringBeihang UniversityBeijing100191P. R. China
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Zollner K, Gmitra M, Fabian J. Swapping Exchange and Spin-Orbit Coupling in 2D van der Waals Heterostructures. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2020; 125:196402. [PMID: 33216603 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.125.196402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The concept of swapping the two most important spin interactions-exchange and spin-orbit coupling-is proposed based on two-dimensional multilayer van der Waals heterostructures. Specifically, we show by performing realistic ab initio simulations, that a single device consisting of a bilayer graphene sandwiched by a 2D ferromagnet Cr_{2}Ge_{2}Te_{6} (CGT) and a monolayer WS_{2}, is able not only to generate, but also to swap the two interactions. The highly efficient swapping is enabled by the interplay of gate-dependent layer polarization in bilayer graphene and short-range spin-orbit and exchange proximity effects affecting only the layers in contact with the sandwiching materials. We call these structures ex-so-tic, for supplying either exchange (ex) or spin-orbit (so) coupling in a single device, by gating. Such bifunctional devices demonstrate the potential of van der Waals spintronics engineering using 2D crystal multilayers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klaus Zollner
- Institute for Theoretical Physics, University of Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Martin Gmitra
- Institute of Physics, P. J. Šafárik University in Košice, 04001 Košice, Slovakia
| | - Jaroslav Fabian
- Institute for Theoretical Physics, University of Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
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Soriano D, Katsnelson MI, Fernández-Rossier J. Magnetic Two-Dimensional Chromium Trihalides: A Theoretical Perspective. NANO LETTERS 2020; 20:6225-6234. [PMID: 32787171 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.0c02381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The discovery of ferromagnetic order in monolayer two-dimensional (2D) crystals has opened a new venue in the field of 2D materials. Two-dimensional magnets are not only interesting on their own, but their integration in van der Waals heterostructures allows for the observation of new and exotic effects in the ultrathin limit. The family of chromium trihalides, CrI3, CrBr3, and CrCl3, is so far the most studied among magnetic 2D crystals. In this Mini Review, we provide a perspective of the state of the art of the theoretical understanding of magnetic 2D trihalides, most of which will also be relevant for other 2D magnets, such as vanadium trihalides. We discuss both the well-established facts, such as the origin of the magnetic moment and magnetic anisotropy, and address as well open issues such as the nature of the anisotropic spin couplings and the magnitude of the magnon gap. Recent theoretical predictions on Moiré magnets and magnetic skyrmions are also discussed. Finally, we give some prospects about the future interest of these materials and possible device applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Soriano
- Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University, NL-6525 AJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - M I Katsnelson
- Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University, NL-6525 AJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - J Fernández-Rossier
- QuantaLab, International Iberian Nanotechnology Laboratory (INL), Avenido Mestre José Veiga, 4715-330 Braga, Portugal
- Departamento de Física Aplicada, Universidad de Alicante, 03690, Alicante, Spain
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29
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Zhang L, Huang X, Dai H, Wang M, Cheng H, Tong L, Li Z, Han X, Wang X, Ye L, Han J. Proximity-Coupling-Induced Significant Enhancement of Coercive Field and Curie Temperature in 2D van der Waals Heterostructures. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2020; 32:e2002032. [PMID: 32803805 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202002032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2020] [Revised: 06/20/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Magnetism in 2D has long been the focus of condensed matter physics due to its important applications in spintronic devices. A particularly promising aspect of 2D magnetism is the ability to fabricate 2D heterostructures with engineered optical, electrical, and quantum properties. Recently, the discovery of intrinsic ferromagnetisms in atomic thick materials has provided a new platform for investigations of fundamental magnetic physics. In contrast to 2D CrI3 and Cr2 Ge2 Te6 insulators, itinerant ferromagnetic Fe3 GeTe2 (FGT), which has a larger intrinsic perpendicular anisotropy, higher Curie temperature (TC ), and relatively better stability, is a promising candidate for achieving permanent room-temperature ferromagnetism through interface or component engineering. Here, it is shown that the ferromagnetic properties of FGT thin flakes can be modulated through coupling with a FePS3 . The magneto-optical Kerr effect results show that the TC of FGT is improved by more than 30 K and that the coercive field is increased by ≈100% due to the proximity coupling effect, which changes the spin textures of FGT at the interface. This work reveals that antiferromagnet/ferromagnet coupling is a promising way to engineer the magnetic properties of itinerant 2D ferromagnets, which paves the way for applications in advanced magnetic spintronic and memory devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luman Zhang
- Wuhan National High Magnetic Field Center and Department of Physics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), Wuhan, 430074, P. R. China
| | - Xinyu Huang
- School of Optical and Electronic Information and Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, P. R. China
| | - Hongwei Dai
- Wuhan National High Magnetic Field Center and Department of Physics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), Wuhan, 430074, P. R. China
| | - Mingshan Wang
- Wuhan National High Magnetic Field Center and Department of Physics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), Wuhan, 430074, P. R. China
| | - Hui Cheng
- Wuhan National High Magnetic Field Center and Department of Physics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), Wuhan, 430074, P. R. China
| | - Lei Tong
- School of Optical and Electronic Information and Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, P. R. China
| | - Zheng Li
- School of Optical and Electronic Information and Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, P. R. China
| | - Xiaotao Han
- Wuhan National High Magnetic Field Center and Department of Physics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), Wuhan, 430074, P. R. China
| | - Xia Wang
- School of Mathematics and Physics, Wenhua College, Wuhan, 430074, P. R. China
| | - Lei Ye
- School of Optical and Electronic Information and Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, P. R. China
| | - Junbo Han
- Wuhan National High Magnetic Field Center and Department of Physics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), Wuhan, 430074, P. R. China
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