1
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Avanthay M, Goodrich OH, Tiemessen D, Alder CM, George MW, Lennox AJJ. Bromide-Mediated Silane Oxidation: A Practical Counter-Electrode Process for Nonaqueous Deep Reductive Electrosynthesis. JACS AU 2024; 4:2220-2227. [PMID: 38938809 PMCID: PMC11200245 DOI: 10.1021/jacsau.4c00186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2024] [Revised: 05/17/2024] [Accepted: 05/17/2024] [Indexed: 06/29/2024]
Abstract
The counter-electrode process of an organic electrochemical reaction is integral for the success and sustainability of the process. Unlike for oxidation reactions, counter-electrode processes for reduction reactions remain limited, especially for deep reductions that apply very negative potentials. Herein, we report the development of a bromide-mediated silane oxidation counter-electrode process for nonaqueous electrochemical reduction reactions in undivided cells. The system is found to be suitable for replacing either sacrificial anodes or a divided cell in several reported reactions. The conditions are metal-free, use inexpensive reagents and a graphite anode, are scalable, and the byproducts are reductively stable and readily removed. We showcase the translation of a previously reported divided cell reaction to a >100 g scale in continuous flow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mickaël
E. Avanthay
- School
of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock’s Close, Bristol BS8 1TS, U.K.
| | - Oliver H. Goodrich
- School
of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, U.K.
| | - David Tiemessen
- School
of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, U.K.
| | - Catherine M. Alder
- Modalities
Platform Technologies, Molecular Modalities Discovery, GSK Medicines Research Centre, Stevenage SG1 2NY, U.K.
| | - Michael W. George
- School
of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, U.K.
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2
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Zhang W, Killian L, Thevenon A. Electrochemical recycling of polymeric materials. Chem Sci 2024; 15:8606-8624. [PMID: 38873080 PMCID: PMC11168094 DOI: 10.1039/d4sc01754d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2024] [Accepted: 05/17/2024] [Indexed: 06/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Polymeric materials play a pivotal role in our modern world, offering a diverse range of applications. However, they have been designed with end-properties in mind over recyclability, leading to a crisis in their waste management. The recent emergence of electrochemical recycling methodologies for polymeric materials provides new perspectives on closing their life cycle, and to a larger extent, the plastic loop by transforming plastic waste into monomers, building blocks, or new polymers. In this context, we summarize electrochemical strategies developed for the recovery of building blocks, the functionalization of polymer chains as well as paired electrolysis and discuss how they can make an impact on plastic recycling, especially compared to traditional thermochemical approaches. Additionally, we explore potential directions that could revolutionize research in electrochemical plastic recycling, addressing associated challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weizhe Zhang
- Organic Chemistry and Catalysis, Institute for Sustainable and Circular Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University Universiteitsweg 99 Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - Lars Killian
- Organic Chemistry and Catalysis, Institute for Sustainable and Circular Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University Universiteitsweg 99 Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - Arnaud Thevenon
- Organic Chemistry and Catalysis, Institute for Sustainable and Circular Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University Universiteitsweg 99 Utrecht The Netherlands
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3
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Kim J, Ling J, Lai Y, Milner PJ. Redox-Active Organic Materials: From Energy Storage to Redox Catalysis. ACS MATERIALS AU 2024; 4:258-273. [PMID: 38737116 PMCID: PMC11083122 DOI: 10.1021/acsmaterialsau.3c00096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2023] [Revised: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 05/14/2024]
Abstract
Electroactive materials are central to myriad applications, including energy storage, sensing, and catalysis. Compared to traditional inorganic electrode materials, redox-active organic materials such as porous organic polymers (POPs) and covalent organic frameworks (COFs) are emerging as promising alternatives due to their structural tunability, flexibility, sustainability, and compatibility with a range of electrolytes. Herein, we discuss the challenges and opportunities available for the use of redox-active organic materials in organoelectrochemistry, an emerging area in fine chemical synthesis. In particular, we highlight the utility of organic electrode materials in photoredox catalysis, electrochemical energy storage, and electrocatalysis and point to new directions needed to unlock their potential utility for organic synthesis. This Perspective aims to bring together the organic, electrochemistry, and polymer communities to design new heterogeneous electrocatalysts for the sustainable synthesis of complex molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaehwan Kim
- Department of Chemistry and
Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Jianheng Ling
- Department of Chemistry and
Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Yihuan Lai
- Department of Chemistry and
Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Phillip J. Milner
- Department of Chemistry and
Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
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4
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Ginoux E, Rafaïdeen T, Cognet P, Latapie L, Coutanceau C. Selective glucose electro-oxidation catalyzed by TEMPO on graphite felt. Front Chem 2024; 12:1393860. [PMID: 38752198 PMCID: PMC11094245 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2024.1393860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2024] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Long-term electrolyses of glucose in a potassium carbonate (K2CO3) aqueous electrolyte have been performed on graphite felt electrodes with TEMPO as a homogeneous catalyst. The influences of the operating conditions (initial concentrations of glucose, TEMPO, and K2CO3 along with applied anode potential) on the conversion, selectivity toward gluconate/glucarate, and faradaic efficiency were assessed first. Then, optimizations of the conversion, selectivity, and faradaic efficiency were performed using design of experiments based on the L9 (34) Taguchi table, which resulted in 84% selectivity toward gluconate with 71% faradaic efficiency for up to 79% glucose conversion. Side products such as glucaric acid were also obtained when the applied potential exceeded 1.5 V vs. reversible hydrogen electrode.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erwann Ginoux
- Laboratoire de Génie Chimique, CAMPUS INP-ENSIACET, Toulouse, France
| | - Thibault Rafaïdeen
- Université de Poitiers, CNRS, Institut de Chimie des Milieux et Matériaux de Poitiers IC2MP, Poitiers, France
| | - Patrick Cognet
- Laboratoire de Génie Chimique, CAMPUS INP-ENSIACET, Toulouse, France
| | - Laure Latapie
- Laboratoire de Génie Chimique, CAMPUS INP-ENSIACET, Toulouse, France
| | - Christophe Coutanceau
- Université de Poitiers, CNRS, Institut de Chimie des Milieux et Matériaux de Poitiers IC2MP, Poitiers, France
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5
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Shaw WJ, Kidder MK, Bare SR, Delferro M, Morris JR, Toma FM, Senanayake SD, Autrey T, Biddinger EJ, Boettcher S, Bowden ME, Britt PF, Brown RC, Bullock RM, Chen JG, Daniel C, Dorhout PK, Efroymson RA, Gaffney KJ, Gagliardi L, Harper AS, Heldebrant DJ, Luca OR, Lyubovsky M, Male JL, Miller DJ, Prozorov T, Rallo R, Rana R, Rioux RM, Sadow AD, Schaidle JA, Schulte LA, Tarpeh WA, Vlachos DG, Vogt BD, Weber RS, Yang JY, Arenholz E, Helms BA, Huang W, Jordahl JL, Karakaya C, Kian KC, Kothandaraman J, Lercher J, Liu P, Malhotra D, Mueller KT, O'Brien CP, Palomino RM, Qi L, Rodriguez JA, Rousseau R, Russell JC, Sarazen ML, Sholl DS, Smith EA, Stevens MB, Surendranath Y, Tassone CJ, Tran B, Tumas W, Walton KS. A US perspective on closing the carbon cycle to defossilize difficult-to-electrify segments of our economy. Nat Rev Chem 2024; 8:376-400. [PMID: 38693313 DOI: 10.1038/s41570-024-00587-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/16/2024] [Indexed: 05/03/2024]
Abstract
Electrification to reduce or eliminate greenhouse gas emissions is essential to mitigate climate change. However, a substantial portion of our manufacturing and transportation infrastructure will be difficult to electrify and/or will continue to use carbon as a key component, including areas in aviation, heavy-duty and marine transportation, and the chemical industry. In this Roadmap, we explore how multidisciplinary approaches will enable us to close the carbon cycle and create a circular economy by defossilizing these difficult-to-electrify areas and those that will continue to need carbon. We discuss two approaches for this: developing carbon alternatives and improving our ability to reuse carbon, enabled by separations. Furthermore, we posit that co-design and use-driven fundamental science are essential to reach aggressive greenhouse gas reduction targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wendy J Shaw
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA.
| | | | - Simon R Bare
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, USA.
| | | | | | - Francesca M Toma
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA.
- Institute of Functional Materials for Sustainability, Helmholtz Zentrum Hereon, Teltow, Brandenburg, Germany.
| | | | - Tom Autrey
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA
| | | | - Shannon Boettcher
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering and Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Mark E Bowden
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA
| | | | - Robert C Brown
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | | | - Jingguang G Chen
- Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY, USA
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Peter K Dorhout
- Vice President for Research, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | | | | | - Laura Gagliardi
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Aaron S Harper
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA
| | - David J Heldebrant
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA
- Chemical Engineering and Bioengineering, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
| | - Oana R Luca
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | | | - Jonathan L Male
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA
- Biological Systems Engineering Department, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
| | | | | | - Robert Rallo
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA
| | - Rachita Rana
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Robert M Rioux
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Aaron D Sadow
- Ames National Laboratory, Ames, IA, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | | | - Lisa A Schulte
- Department of Natural Resource Ecology and Management, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - William A Tarpeh
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Dionisios G Vlachos
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, USA
| | - Bryan D Vogt
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Robert S Weber
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA
| | - Jenny Y Yang
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Elke Arenholz
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA
| | - Brett A Helms
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Wenyu Huang
- Ames National Laboratory, Ames, IA, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - James L Jordahl
- Department of Natural Resource Ecology and Management, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | | | - Kourosh Cyrus Kian
- Independent consultant, Washington DC, USA
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, MA, USA
| | | | - Johannes Lercher
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Ping Liu
- Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY, USA
| | | | - Karl T Mueller
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA
| | - Casey P O'Brien
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, USA
| | | | - Long Qi
- Ames National Laboratory, Ames, IA, USA
| | | | | | - Jake C Russell
- Advanced Research Projects Agency - Energy, Department of Energy, Washington DC, USA
| | - Michele L Sarazen
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | | | - Emily A Smith
- Ames National Laboratory, Ames, IA, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | | | - Yogesh Surendranath
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | | | - Ba Tran
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA
| | - William Tumas
- National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO, USA
| | - Krista S Walton
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
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6
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Shi R, Zhang X, Li C, Zhao Y, Li R, Waterhouse GIN, Zhang T. Electrochemical oxidation of concentrated benzyl alcohol to high-purity benzaldehyde via superwetting organic-solid-water interfaces. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2024; 10:eadn0947. [PMID: 38669338 PMCID: PMC11051661 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adn0947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
Organic electrosynthesis in aqueous media is presently hampered by the poor solubility of many organic reactants and thus low purity of liquid products in electrolytes. Using the electrooxidation of benzyl alcohol (BA) as a model reaction, we present a "sandwich-type" organic-solid-water (OSW) system, consisting of BA organic phase, KOH aqueous electrolyte, and porous anodes with Janus-like superwettability. The system allows independent diffusion of BA molecules from the organic phase to electrocatalytic active sites, enabling efficient electrooxidation of high-concentration BA to benzaldehyde (97% Faradaic efficiency at ~180 mA cm-2) with substantially reduced ohmic loss compared to conventional solid-liquid systems. The confined organic-water boundary within the electrode channels suppresses the interdiffusion of molecules and ions into the counterphase, thus preventing the hydration and overoxidation of benzaldehyde during long-term electrocatalysis. As a result, the direct production of high-purity benzaldehyde (91.7%) is achieved in a flow cell, showcasing the effectiveness of electrocatalysis over OSW interfaces for the one-step synthesis of high-purity organic compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Run Shi
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Xuerui Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- Petrochemical Research Institute, China National Petroleum Corporation, Beijing 112206, China
| | - Chengyu Li
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yunxuan Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Rui Li
- College of Chemistry & Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi’an 710127, China
| | | | - Tierui Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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7
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Oeser P, Tobrman T. Organophosphates as Versatile Substrates in Organic Synthesis. Molecules 2024; 29:1593. [PMID: 38611872 PMCID: PMC11154425 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29071593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2024] [Revised: 03/25/2024] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
This review summarizes the applications of organophosphates in organic synthesis. After a brief introduction, it discusses cross-coupling reactions, including both transition-metal-catalyzed and transition-metal-free substitution reactions. Subsequently, oxidation and reduction reactions are described. In addition, this review highlights the applications of organophosphates in the synthesis of natural compounds, demonstrating their versatility and importance in modern synthetic chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tomáš Tobrman
- Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague, Technická 5, 166 28 Prague 6, Czech Republic;
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8
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Kumar S, Chand S, Singh KN. Electro-oxidative coupling of Bunte salts with aryldiazonium tetrafluoroborates: a benign access to unsymmetrical sulfoxides. Org Biomol Chem 2024; 22:850-856. [PMID: 38175526 DOI: 10.1039/d3ob01955a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
An electrochemical strategy for the synthesis of unsymmetrical sulfoxides has been explored using Bunte salts and aryldiazonium tetrafluoroborates under constant current electrolysis at room temperature. In addition to being eco-safe and using mild conditions, the present protocol is free from the use of metal/oxidant, and is endowed with a broad substrate scope and good functional group tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saurabh Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India.
| | - Shiv Chand
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India.
| | - Krishna Nand Singh
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India.
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9
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Drögemüller P, Stobbe T, Schröder U. Closing the Gap: Towards a Fully Continuous and Self-Regulated Kolbe Electrosynthesis. CHEMSUSCHEM 2024; 17:e202300973. [PMID: 37679942 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202300973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Revised: 09/07/2023] [Accepted: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023]
Abstract
In this article, we address the transition of the Kolbe electrolysis of valeric acid (VA) to n-octane as an exemplary electrosynthesis process from a batch reaction to a continuous, self-regulated process. Based on a systematic assessment of chemical boundary conditions and sustainability aspects, we propose a continuous electrosynthesis including a simple product separation and electrolyte recirculation, as well as an online-pH-controlled VA feeding. We demonstrate how essential performance parameters such as product selectivity (S) and coulombic efficiency (CE) are significantly improved by the transition from batch to a continuous process. Thus, the continuous and pH-controlled electrolysis of a 1 M valeric acid, starting pH 6.0, allowed a constantly high selectivity of around 47 % and an average Coulomb efficiency about 52 % throughout the entire experimental duration. Under otherwise identical conditions, the conventional batch operation suffered from lower and strongly decreasing performance values (Sn-octane, 60min =10.4 %, Sn-octane, 240min =1.3 %; CEn-octane, 60min =7.1 %, CEn-octane, 240min =0.5 %). At the same time, electrolyte recirculation significantly reduces wastes and limits the use of electrolyte components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Drögemüller
- Institute of Environmental and Sustainable Chemistry, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Hagenring 30, 38106, Braunschweig, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence SE2A-Sustainable and Energy-Efficient Aviation, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Tobias Stobbe
- Institute of Environmental and Sustainable Chemistry, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Hagenring 30, 38106, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Uwe Schröder
- Institute of Biochemistry, University of Greifswald, Felix-Hausdorff-Str. 4, 17489, Greifswald, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence SE2A-Sustainable and Energy-Efficient Aviation, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
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10
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Tian X, Liu Y, Yakubov S, Schütte J, Chiba S, Barham JP. Photo- and electro-chemical strategies for the activations of strong chemical bonds. Chem Soc Rev 2024; 53:263-316. [PMID: 38059728 DOI: 10.1039/d2cs00581f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/08/2023]
Abstract
The employment of light and/or electricity - alternatively to conventional thermal energy - unlocks new reactivity paradigms as tools for chemical substrate activations. This leads to the development of new synthetic reactions and a vast expansion of chemical spaces. This review summarizes recent developments in photo- and/or electrochemical activation strategies for the functionalization of strong bonds - particularly carbon-heteroatom (C-X) bonds - via: (1) direct photoexcitation by high energy UV light; (2) activation via photoredox catalysis under irradiation with relatively lower energy UVA or blue light; (3) electrochemical reduction; (4) combination of photocatalysis and electrochemistry. Based on the types of the targeted C-X bonds, various transformations ranging from hydrodefunctionalization to cross-coupling are covered with detailed discussions of their reaction mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianhai Tian
- Fakultät für Chemie und Pharmazie, Universität Regensburg, 93040 Regensburg, Germany.
| | - Yuliang Liu
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637371, Singapore.
| | - Shahboz Yakubov
- Fakultät für Chemie und Pharmazie, Universität Regensburg, 93040 Regensburg, Germany.
| | - Jonathan Schütte
- Fakultät für Chemie und Pharmazie, Universität Regensburg, 93040 Regensburg, Germany.
| | - Shunsuke Chiba
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637371, Singapore.
| | - Joshua P Barham
- Fakultät für Chemie und Pharmazie, Universität Regensburg, 93040 Regensburg, Germany.
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11
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Wolf J, Pellumbi K, Haridas S, Kull T, Kleinhaus JT, Wickert L, Apfel UP, Siegmund D. Electroplated electrodes for continuous and mass-efficient electrochemical hydrogenation. Chemistry 2023:e202303808. [PMID: 38100290 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202303808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Revised: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
Abstract
Electrocatalytic hydrogenations (ECH) enable the reduction of organic substrates upon usage of electric current and present a sustainable alternative to conventional processes if green electricity is used. Opposed to most current protocols for electrode preparation, this work presents a one-step binder- and additive-free production of silver- and copper-electroplated electrodes. Controlled adjustment of the preparation parameters allows for the tuning of catalyst morphology and its electrochemical properties. Upon optimization of the deposition protocol and carbon support, high faradaic efficiencies of 93 % for the ECH of the Vitamin A- and E-synthon 2-methyl-3-butyn-2-ol (MBY) are achieved that can be maintained at current densities of 240 mA cm-2 and minimal catalyst loadings of 0.2 mg cm-2 , corresponding to an unmatched production rate of 1.47 kgMBE gcat -1 h-1 . For a continuous hydrogenation process, the protocol can be directly transferred into a single-pass operation mode giving a production rate of 1.38 kgMBE gcat -1 h-1 . Subsequently, the substrate spectrum was extended to a total of 17 different C-C-, C-O- and N-O-unsaturated compounds revealing the general applicability of the reported process. Our results lay an important groundwork for the development of electrochemical reactors and electrodes able to directly compete with the palladium-based thermocatalytic state of the art.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas Wolf
- Abteilung Elektrosynthese, Fraunhofer Institut für Umwelt-, Sicherheits-und Energietechnik UMSICHT, Osterfelder Straße 3, 46047, Oberhausen, Germany
- Anorganische Chemie I, Fakultät für Chemie und Biochemie, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Universitätsstraße 150, 44780, Bochum, Germany
| | - Kevinjeorjios Pellumbi
- Abteilung Elektrosynthese, Fraunhofer Institut für Umwelt-, Sicherheits-und Energietechnik UMSICHT, Osterfelder Straße 3, 46047, Oberhausen, Germany
- Anorganische Chemie I, Fakultät für Chemie und Biochemie, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Universitätsstraße 150, 44780, Bochum, Germany
| | - Sarankumar Haridas
- Abteilung Elektrosynthese, Fraunhofer Institut für Umwelt-, Sicherheits-und Energietechnik UMSICHT, Osterfelder Straße 3, 46047, Oberhausen, Germany
| | - Tobias Kull
- Anorganische Chemie I, Fakultät für Chemie und Biochemie, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Universitätsstraße 150, 44780, Bochum, Germany
| | - Julian T Kleinhaus
- Anorganische Chemie I, Fakultät für Chemie und Biochemie, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Universitätsstraße 150, 44780, Bochum, Germany
| | - Leon Wickert
- Abteilung Elektrosynthese, Fraunhofer Institut für Umwelt-, Sicherheits-und Energietechnik UMSICHT, Osterfelder Straße 3, 46047, Oberhausen, Germany
- Anorganische Chemie I, Fakultät für Chemie und Biochemie, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Universitätsstraße 150, 44780, Bochum, Germany
| | - Ulf-Peter Apfel
- Abteilung Elektrosynthese, Fraunhofer Institut für Umwelt-, Sicherheits-und Energietechnik UMSICHT, Osterfelder Straße 3, 46047, Oberhausen, Germany
- Anorganische Chemie I, Fakultät für Chemie und Biochemie, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Universitätsstraße 150, 44780, Bochum, Germany
| | - Daniel Siegmund
- Abteilung Elektrosynthese, Fraunhofer Institut für Umwelt-, Sicherheits-und Energietechnik UMSICHT, Osterfelder Straße 3, 46047, Oberhausen, Germany
- Anorganische Chemie I, Fakultät für Chemie und Biochemie, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Universitätsstraße 150, 44780, Bochum, Germany
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12
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Rein J, Zacate SB, Mao K, Lin S. A tutorial on asymmetric electrocatalysis. Chem Soc Rev 2023; 52:8106-8125. [PMID: 37910160 PMCID: PMC10842033 DOI: 10.1039/d3cs00511a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2023]
Abstract
Electrochemistry has emerged as a powerful means to enable redox transformations in modern chemical synthesis. This tutorial review delves into the unique advantages of electrochemistry in the context of asymmetric catalysis. While electrochemistry has historically been used as a green and mild alternative for established enantioselective transformations, in recent years asymmetric electrocatalysis has been increasingly employed in the discovery of novel asymmetric methodologies based on reaction mechanisms unique to electrochemistry. This tutorial review first provides a brief tutorial introduction to electrosynthesis, then explores case studies on homogenous small molecule asymmetric electrocatalysis. Each case study serves to highlight a key advance in the field, starting with the historic electrification of known asymmetric transformations and culminating with modern methods relying on unique electrochemical mechanistic sequences. Finally, we highlight case studies in the emerging reasearch areas at the interface of asymmetric electrocatalysis with biocatalysis and heterogeneous catalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas Rein
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Samson B Zacate
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Kaining Mao
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Song Lin
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.
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13
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Twilton J, Johnson MR, Sidana V, Franke MC, Bottecchia C, Lehnherr D, Lévesque F, Knapp SMM, Wang L, Gerken JB, Hong CM, Vickery TP, Weisel MD, Strotman NA, Weix DJ, Root TW, Stahl SS. Quinone-mediated hydrogen anode for non-aqueous reductive electrosynthesis. Nature 2023; 623:71-76. [PMID: 37604186 PMCID: PMC10777621 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-023-06534-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Accepted: 08/11/2023] [Indexed: 08/23/2023]
Abstract
Electrochemical synthesis can provide more sustainable routes to industrial chemicals1-3. Electrosynthetic oxidations may often be performed 'reagent-free', generating hydrogen (H2) derived from the substrate as the sole by-product at the counter electrode. Electrosynthetic reductions, however, require an external source of electrons. Sacrificial metal anodes are commonly used for small-scale applications4, but more sustainable options are needed at larger scale. Anodic water oxidation is an especially appealing option1,5,6, but many reductions require anhydrous, air-free reaction conditions. In such cases, H2 represents an ideal alternative, motivating the growing interest in the electrochemical hydrogen oxidation reaction (HOR) under non-aqueous conditions7-12. Here we report a mediated H2 anode that achieves indirect electrochemical oxidation of H2 by pairing thermal catalytic hydrogenation of an anthraquinone mediator with electrochemical oxidation of the anthrahydroquinone. This quinone-mediated H2 anode is used to support nickel-catalysed cross-electrophile coupling (XEC), a reaction class gaining widespread adoption in the pharmaceutical industry13-15. Initial validation of this method in small-scale batch reactions is followed by adaptation to a recirculating flow reactor that enables hectogram-scale synthesis of a pharmaceutical intermediate. The mediated H2 anode technology disclosed here offers a general strategy to support H2-driven electrosynthetic reductions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jack Twilton
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Mathew R Johnson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Vinayak Sidana
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Mareena C Franke
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | | | - Dan Lehnherr
- Process Research & Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ, USA
| | | | - Spring M M Knapp
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Luning Wang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - James B Gerken
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Cynthia M Hong
- Process Research & Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ, USA
| | - Thomas P Vickery
- Process Research & Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ, USA
| | - Mark D Weisel
- Process Research & Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ, USA
| | - Neil A Strotman
- Process Research & Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ, USA
| | - Daniel J Weix
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA.
| | - Thatcher W Root
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA.
| | - Shannon S Stahl
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA.
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14
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Kleinhaus JT, Wolf J, Pellumbi K, Wickert L, Viswanathan SC, Junge Puring K, Siegmund D, Apfel UP. Developing electrochemical hydrogenation towards industrial application. Chem Soc Rev 2023; 52:7305-7332. [PMID: 37814786 DOI: 10.1039/d3cs00419h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/11/2023]
Abstract
Electrochemical hydrogenation reactions gained significant attention as a sustainable and efficient alternative to conventional thermocatalytic hydrogenations. This tutorial review provides a comprehensive overview of the basic principles, the practical application, and recent advances of electrochemical hydrogenation reactions, with a particular emphasis on the translation of these reactions from lab-scale to industrial applications. Giving an overview on the vast amount of conceivable organic substrates and tested catalysts, we highlight the challenges associated with upscaling electrochemical hydrogenations, such as mass transfer limitations and reactor design. Strategies and techniques for addressing these challenges are discussed, including the development of novel catalysts and the implementation of scalable and innovative cell concepts. We furthermore present an outlook on current challenges, future prospects, and research directions for achieving widespread industrial implementation of electrochemical hydrogenation reactions. This work aims to provide beginners as well as experienced electrochemists with a starting point into the potential future transformation of electrochemical hydrogenations from a laboratory curiosity to a viable technology for sustainable chemical synthesis on an industrial scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julian T Kleinhaus
- Inorganic Chemistry I, Faculty of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ruhr University Bochum, Universitätsstr. 150, 44801 Bochum, Germany.
| | - Jonas Wolf
- Inorganic Chemistry I, Faculty of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ruhr University Bochum, Universitätsstr. 150, 44801 Bochum, Germany.
- Fraunhofer Institute for Environmental, Safety and Energy Technology UMSICHT, Osterfelder Str. 3, 46047 Oberhausen, Germany
| | - Kevinjeorjios Pellumbi
- Inorganic Chemistry I, Faculty of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ruhr University Bochum, Universitätsstr. 150, 44801 Bochum, Germany.
- Fraunhofer Institute for Environmental, Safety and Energy Technology UMSICHT, Osterfelder Str. 3, 46047 Oberhausen, Germany
| | - Leon Wickert
- Inorganic Chemistry I, Faculty of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ruhr University Bochum, Universitätsstr. 150, 44801 Bochum, Germany.
- Fraunhofer Institute for Environmental, Safety and Energy Technology UMSICHT, Osterfelder Str. 3, 46047 Oberhausen, Germany
| | - Sangita C Viswanathan
- Inorganic Chemistry I, Faculty of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ruhr University Bochum, Universitätsstr. 150, 44801 Bochum, Germany.
- Fraunhofer Institute for Environmental, Safety and Energy Technology UMSICHT, Osterfelder Str. 3, 46047 Oberhausen, Germany
| | - Kai Junge Puring
- Fraunhofer Institute for Environmental, Safety and Energy Technology UMSICHT, Osterfelder Str. 3, 46047 Oberhausen, Germany
| | - Daniel Siegmund
- Inorganic Chemistry I, Faculty of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ruhr University Bochum, Universitätsstr. 150, 44801 Bochum, Germany.
- Fraunhofer Institute for Environmental, Safety and Energy Technology UMSICHT, Osterfelder Str. 3, 46047 Oberhausen, Germany
| | - Ulf-Peter Apfel
- Inorganic Chemistry I, Faculty of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ruhr University Bochum, Universitätsstr. 150, 44801 Bochum, Germany.
- Fraunhofer Institute for Environmental, Safety and Energy Technology UMSICHT, Osterfelder Str. 3, 46047 Oberhausen, Germany
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15
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Chen TS, Long H, Gao Y, Xu HC. Continuous Flow Electrochemistry Enables Practical and Site-Selective C-H Oxidation. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202310138. [PMID: 37590086 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202310138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Revised: 08/08/2023] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/18/2023]
Abstract
The selective oxygenation of ubiquitous C(sp3 )-H bonds remains a highly sought-after method in both academia and the chemical industry for constructing functionalized organic molecules. However, it is extremely challenging to selectively oxidize a certain C(sp3 )-H bond to afford alcohols due to the presence of multiple C(sp3 )-H bonds with similar strength and steric environment in organic molecules, and the alcohol products being prone to further oxidation. Herein, we present a practical and cost-efficient electrochemical method for the highly selective monooxygenation of benzylic C(sp3 )-H bonds using continuous flow reactors. The electrochemical reactions produce trifluoroacetate esters that are resistant to further oxidation but undergo facile hydrolysis during aqueous workup to form benzylic alcohols. The method exhibits a broad scope and exceptional site selectivity and requires no catalysts or chemical oxidants. Furthermore, the electrochemical method demonstrates excellent scalability by producing 115 g of one of the alcohol products. The high site selectivity of the electrochemical method originates from its unique mechanism to cleave benzylic C(sp3 )-H bonds through sequential electron/proton transfer, rather than the commonly employed hydrogen atom transfer (HAT).
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian-Sheng Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Fujian Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Hao Long
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Fujian Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Yuxing Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Fujian Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Hai-Chao Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Fujian Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
- Discipline of Intelligent Instrument and Equipment, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
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16
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Schroeder CM, Politano F, Ohlhorst KK, Leadbeater NE. Acetamido-TEMPO mediated electrochemical oxidation of alcohols to aldehydes and ketones. RSC Adv 2023; 13:25459-25463. [PMID: 37636515 PMCID: PMC10448945 DOI: 10.1039/d3ra04608g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 08/11/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023] Open
Abstract
A protocol for the oxidation of alcohols to aldehydes and ketones employing an electrochemical aminoxyl-mediated reaction is presented. The approach employs a catalytic amount of the radical and the use of a base is not required. It is performed using readily available electrodes in a commercially available electrochemistry apparatus and does not require a reference electrode. The methodology is applicable to a range of structurally and electronically diverse substrates, including the oxidation of primary alcohols to aldehydes rather than the more commonly formed carboxylic acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chelsea M Schroeder
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut 55 North Eagleville Road, Storrs Connecticut 06269 USA
| | - Fabrizio Politano
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut 55 North Eagleville Road, Storrs Connecticut 06269 USA
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Físico Química de Córdoba (INFIQC)-CONICET, Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Ciudad Universitaria X5000HUA Córdoba Argentina
| | - Kristiane K Ohlhorst
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut 55 North Eagleville Road, Storrs Connecticut 06269 USA
| | - Nicholas E Leadbeater
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut 55 North Eagleville Road, Storrs Connecticut 06269 USA
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17
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Han S, Cheng C, He M, Li R, Gao Y, Yu Y, Zhang B, Liu C. Preferential Adsorption of Ethylene Oxide on Fe and Chlorine on Ni Enabled Scalable Electrosynthesis of Ethylene Chlorohydrin. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202216581. [PMID: 36734467 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202216581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Revised: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 02/03/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Industrial manufacturing of ethylene chlorohydrin (ECH) critically requires excess corrosive hydrochloric acid or hypochlorous acid with dealing with massive by-products and wastes. Here we report a green and efficient electrosynthesis of ECH from ethylene oxide (EO) with NaCl over a NiFe2 O4 nanosheet anode. Theoretical results suggest that EO and Cl preferentially adsorb on Fe and Ni sites, respectively, collaboratively promoting the ECH synthesis. A Cl radical-mediated ring-opening process is proposed and confirmed, and the key Cl and carbon radical species are identified by high-resolution mass spectrometry. This strategy can enable scalable electrosynthesis of 185.1 mmol of ECH in 1 h with 92.5 % yield at a 55 mA cm-2 current density. Furthermore, a series of other chloro- and bromoethanols with good to high yields and paired synthesis of ECH and 4-amino-3,6-dichloropyridine-2-carboxylicacid via respectively loading and unloading Cl are achieved, showing the promising potential of this strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuyan Han
- Institute of Molecular Plus, Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Chuanqi Cheng
- Institute of New Energy Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Meng He
- Institute of Molecular Plus, Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Rui Li
- Institute of Molecular Plus, Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Ying Gao
- Institute of Molecular Plus, Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Yifu Yu
- Institute of Molecular Plus, Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China.,Haihe Laboratory of Sustainable Chemical Transformations, Tianjin, 300192, China
| | - Bin Zhang
- Institute of Molecular Plus, Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China.,Haihe Laboratory of Sustainable Chemical Transformations, Tianjin, 300192, China
| | - Cuibo Liu
- Institute of Molecular Plus, Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China.,Haihe Laboratory of Sustainable Chemical Transformations, Tianjin, 300192, China
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18
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Cohen B, Lehnherr D, Sezen-Edmonds M, Forstater JH, Frederick MO, Deng L, Ferretti AC, Harper K, Diwan M. Emerging Reaction Technologies in Pharmaceutical Development: Challenges and Opportunities in Electrochemistry, Photochemistry, and Biocatalysis. Chem Eng Res Des 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cherd.2023.02.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/06/2023]
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19
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Electrocatalytic dual hydrogenation of organic substrates with a Faradaic efficiency approaching 200%. Nat Catal 2023. [DOI: 10.1038/s41929-023-00923-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/22/2023]
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20
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Choi Y, Govindan M, Kim D. Semi-solid electrolyte with layered heterometallic low-valent electron-mediator enabling indirect destruction of gaseous toluene. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 313:137590. [PMID: 36535505 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.137590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2022] [Revised: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The electrochemical degradation of air pollutants, particularly volatile organic compounds (VOCs), at their gaseous state is a promising method. However, it remains at an infant stage due to sluggish solid-gas electron transfers at room temperature. We established a triphase reaction condition using a semi-solid electrolyte layer between the electrode and membrane to enhance the electron transfer at room temperature. A polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) gel layer was inserted between a bimetallic layered CuNi(CN)4 complex coated Cu foam electrode (TCNi-Cu) and Nafion 324 membrane for the degradation of gaseous toluene. The cyclic voltammetry of TCNi-Cu using a sodium hydroxide-coated copper mesh electrode at a triphase showed Cu1+ and Ni1+ stabilization at -0.7 and -0.9 V, respectively, which was similar to the liquid phase electron transfer behavior. The degradation capacity of gaseous toluene without using electrogenerated TCNi-Cu + PVA gel was 0.54 mg cm2 min-1, whereas that of TCNi-Cu + PVA gel layers was 1.17 mg cm-2min-1, which revealed the mediation effect at a triphase condition. Toluene was converted into oxygen-containing products, such as butanol, propanol, and acetone (without reduction products), which revealed that indirect oxidation occurred at the cathode using an in-situ generated oxidant, such as OH˙ radical. As an electron-mediator, Cu1+ was used to form oxidants for the degradation of toluene at -0.7 V. The toluene removal rate reached 1.4 μmol h-1, with an energy efficiency of 0.15 Wh L-1. This study is the first attempt to describe a liquid-electrolyte-free cathodic half-cell in electrochemical application to VOCs degradation, highlighting the electron transfer at room temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youngyu Choi
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Seoul National University of Science and Technology, Seoul, 01811, Republic of Korea
| | - Muthuraman Govindan
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Seoul National University of Science and Technology, Seoul, 01811, Republic of Korea
| | - Daekeun Kim
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Seoul National University of Science and Technology, Seoul, 01811, Republic of Korea.
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21
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Sathya V, Gopi D, Jagatheesan R, Christopher C. Sodium salts mediated electrochemical reactions: Recent instances. SYNTHETIC COMMUN 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/00397911.2022.2162420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- V. Sathya
- Department of Chemistry, Periyar University, Salem, India
- Department of Chemistry, Namakkal Kavignar Ramaligam Government Arts College for Women, Namakkal, India
| | - D. Gopi
- Department of Chemistry, Periyar University, Salem, India
| | - R. Jagatheesan
- Department of Chemistry, Vivekanandha College of Arts and Sciences for Women (Autonomous), Tiruchengode, India
| | - C. Christopher
- Department of Chemistry, St. Xavier’s College, Tirunelveli, India
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22
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El‐Dash YS, Mahmoud AM, El‐Mosallamy SS, El‐Nassan HB. Electrochemical Synthesis of 5‐Benzylidenebarbiturate Derivatives and Their Application as Colorimetric Cyanide Probe. ChemElectroChem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.202200954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yara S. El‐Dash
- Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry Department Faculty of Pharmacy Cairo University 33 Kasr El-Aini street Cairo 11562 Egypt
| | - Amr M. Mahmoud
- Analytical Chemistry Department Faculty of Pharmacy Cairo University 33 Kasr El-Aini street Cairo 11562 Egypt
| | - Sally S. El‐Mosallamy
- Analytical Chemistry Department Faculty of Pharmacy Cairo University 33 Kasr El-Aini street Cairo 11562 Egypt
| | - Hala B. El‐Nassan
- Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry Department Faculty of Pharmacy Cairo University 33 Kasr El-Aini street Cairo 11562 Egypt
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23
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Goes SL, Nutting JE, Hill NJ, Stahl SS, Rafiee M. Exploring Electrosynthesis: Bulk Electrolysis and Cyclic Voltammetry Analysis of the Shono Oxidation. JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL EDUCATION 2022; 99:3242-3248. [PMID: 36277842 PMCID: PMC9580565 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jchemed.2c00221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
As electrochemistry continues to gain broader acceptance and use within the organic chemistry community, it is important that advanced undergraduate students are exposed to fundamental and practical knowledge of electrochemical applications for chemical synthesis. Herein, we describe the development of an undergraduate laboratory experience that introduces synthetic and analytical electrochemistry concepts to an advanced organic chemistry class. Experiments focus on the electrooxidative α-functionalization of carbamates, more generally known as the Shono oxidation, and include cyclic voltammetry analysis of two cyclic carbamates and a constant current bulk electrolysis reaction. The exercise offers students an authentic experience in organic electrochemistry, lays a practical and theoretical foundation for future engagement with concepts in electrochemistry and redox chemistry, and strengthens fundamental organic chemistry skills.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shannon L. Goes
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin–Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Jordan E. Nutting
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin–Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Nicholas J. Hill
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin–Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Shannon S. Stahl
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin–Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Mohammad Rafiee
- Department of Chemistry, University of Missouri–Kansas City, 5009 Rockhill Rd., Kansas City, MO 1064110, United States
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24
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Hoque MA, Twilton J, Zhu J, Graaf MD, Harper KC, Tuca E, DiLabio GA, Stahl SS. Electrochemical PINOylation of Methylarenes: Improving the Scope and Utility of Benzylic Oxidation through Mediated Electrolysis. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:15295-15302. [PMID: 35972068 PMCID: PMC9420808 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c05974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A mediated electrosynthetic method has been developed for selective benzylic oxidation of methylarenes. Phthalimide-N-oxyl (PINO) radical generated by proton-coupled electrochemical oxidation of N-hydroxypthalimide serves as a hydrogen atom-transfer (HAT) mediator and as a radical trap for the benzylic radicals generated in situ. This mediated electrolysis method operates at much lower anode potentials relative to direct electrolysis methods for benzylic oxidation initiated by single-electron transfer (SET). A direct comparison of SET and mediated-HAT electrolysis methods with a common set of substrates shows that the HAT reaction exhibits a significantly improved substrate scope and functional group compatibility. The PINOylated products are readily converted into the corresponding benzylic alcohol or benzaldehyde derivative under photochemical conditions, and the synthetic utility of this method is highlighted by the late-stage functionalization of the non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug celecoxib.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Asmaul Hoque
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin–Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Jack Twilton
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin–Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Jieru Zhu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin–Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Matthew D. Graaf
- Abbvie Process Research and Development, 1401 North Sheridan Road, North Chicago, Illinois 60064, United States
| | - Kaid C. Harper
- Abbvie Process Research and Development, 1401 North Sheridan Road, North Chicago, Illinois 60064, United States
| | - Emilian Tuca
- Department of Chemistry, The University of British Columbia, 3247 University Way, Kelowna, British Columbia V1V 1V7, Canada
| | - Gino A. DiLabio
- Department of Chemistry, The University of British Columbia, 3247 University Way, Kelowna, British Columbia V1V 1V7, Canada
| | - Shannon S. Stahl
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin–Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
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25
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Sun Y, Shin H, Wang F, Tian B, Chiang CW, Liu S, Li X, Wang Y, Tang L, Goddard WA, Ding M. Highly Selective Electrocatalytic Oxidation of Amines to Nitriles Assisted by Water Oxidation on Metal-Doped α-Ni(OH) 2. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:15185-15192. [PMID: 35948416 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c05403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Selective oxidation to synthesize nitriles is critical for feedstock manufacturing in the chemical industry. Current strategies typically involve substitutions of alkyl halides with toxic cyanides or the use of strong oxidation reagents (oxygen or peroxide) under ammoxidation/oxidation conditions, setting considerable challenges in energy efficiency, sustainability, and production safety. Herein, we demonstrate a facile, green, and safe electrocatalytic route for selective oxidation of amines to nitriles under ambient conditions, assisted by the anodic water oxidation on metal-doped α-Ni(OH)2 (a typical oxygen evolution reaction catalyst). By controlling the balance between co-adsorption of the amine molecule and hydroxyls on the catalyst surface, we demonstrate that Mn doping significantly promotes the subsequent chemical oxidation of amines, resulting in Faradaic efficiencies of 96% for nitriles under ≥99% conversion. This anodic oxidation is further coupled with cathodic hydrogen evolution for overall atomic economy and additional green energy production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxia Sun
- Key Laboratory of Mesoscopic Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Sciences, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Hyeyoung Shin
- Graduate School of Energy Science and Technology (GEST), Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Fangyuan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Mesoscopic Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Sciences, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Bailin Tian
- Key Laboratory of Mesoscopic Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Sciences, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Chen-Wei Chiang
- Key Laboratory of Mesoscopic Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Sciences, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Shengtang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Mesoscopic Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Sciences, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Xiaoshan Li
- Key Laboratory of Mesoscopic Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Sciences, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Yiqi Wang
- Key Laboratory of Mesoscopic Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Sciences, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Lingyu Tang
- Key Laboratory of Mesoscopic Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Sciences, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - William A Goddard
- Materials and Process Simulation Center (MSC) and Liquid Sunlight Alliance (LiSA), California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Mengning Ding
- Key Laboratory of Mesoscopic Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Sciences, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
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26
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Bottecchia C, Lehnherr D, Lévesque F, Reibarkh M, Ji Y, Rodrigues VL, Wang H, Lam YH, Vickery TP, Armstrong BM, Mattern KA, Stone K, Wismer MK, Singh AN, Regalado EL, Maloney KM, Strotman NA. Kilo-Scale Electrochemical Oxidation of a Thioether to a Sulfone: A Workflow for Scaling up Electrosynthesis. Org Process Res Dev 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.2c00111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia Bottecchia
- Process Research & Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Dan Lehnherr
- Process Research & Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - François Lévesque
- Process Research & Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Mikhail Reibarkh
- Analytical Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Yining Ji
- Analytical Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | | | - Heather Wang
- Analytical Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Yu-hong Lam
- Computational and Structural Chemistry, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Thomas P. Vickery
- Process Research & Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Brittany M. Armstrong
- Process Research & Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Keith A. Mattern
- Process Research & Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Kevin Stone
- Process Research & Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Michael K. Wismer
- Scientific Engineering and Design, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Andrew N. Singh
- Analytical Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Erik L. Regalado
- Analytical Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Kevin M. Maloney
- Process Research & Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Neil A. Strotman
- Process Research & Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
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27
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Noji M, Ishimaru S, Obata H, Kumaki A, Seki T, Hayashi S, Takanami T. Facile electrochemical synthesis of silyl acetals: An air-stable precursor to formylsilane. Tetrahedron Lett 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2022.154026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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28
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Kaeffer N, Leitner W. Electrocatalysis with Molecular Transition-Metal Complexes for Reductive Organic Synthesis. JACS AU 2022; 2:1266-1289. [PMID: 35783173 PMCID: PMC9241009 DOI: 10.1021/jacsau.2c00031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Revised: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 04/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Electrocatalysis enables the formation or cleavage of chemical bonds by a genuine use of electrons or holes from an electrical energy input. As such, electrocatalysis offers resource-economical alternative pathways that bypass sacrificial, waste-generating reagents often required in classical thermal redox reactions. In this Perspective, we showcase the exploitation of molecular electrocatalysts for electrosynthesis, in particular for reductive conversion of organic substrates. Selected case studies illustrate that efficient molecular electrocatalysts not only are appropriate redox shuttles but also embrace the features of organometallic catalysis to facilitate and control chemical steps. From these examples, guidelines are proposed for the design of molecular electrocatalysts suited to the reduction of organic substrates. We finally expose opportunities brought by catalyzed electrosynthesis to functionalize organic backbones, namely using sustainable building blocks.
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29
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Devi S, Jyoti, Kiran, Wadhwa D, Sindhu J. Electro-organic synthesis: an environmentally benign alternative for heterocycle synthesis. Org Biomol Chem 2022; 20:5163-5229. [PMID: 35730661 DOI: 10.1039/d2ob00572g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Heterocyclic compounds are considered to be one of the most established structural classes due to their extensive application in agrochemicals, pharmaceuticals and organic materials. Over the past few years, the development of heterocyclic compounds has gone through a considerable renaissance from conventional traditional methodologies to non-conventional electro-organic synthesis. Replacing metal catalysts, strong oxidants and multi-step methodologies with metal and strong oxidant-free single-step protocols has revolutionized the field of sustainable organic synthesis. Electro-organic synthesis has evolved as a scalable and sustainable approach in different synthetic protocols in an environment-benign manner. The current review outlines the recent developments in C-C, C-N, C-S and C-O/Se bond formation for heterocycle synthesis using electrochemical methods. Different synthetic strategies and their detailed mechanistic description are presented to enlighten the future applications of electrochemistry in heterocycle synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suman Devi
- Department of Chemistry, Chaudhary Bansi Lal university, Bhiwani-127021, India.
| | - Jyoti
- Department of Chemistry, Chaudhary Bansi Lal university, Bhiwani-127021, India.
| | - Kiran
- Department of Chemistry, COBS&H, CCSHAU, Hisar-125004, India.
| | - Deepak Wadhwa
- Department of Chemistry, Chaudhary Bansi Lal university, Bhiwani-127021, India.
| | - Jayant Sindhu
- Department of Chemistry, COBS&H, CCSHAU, Hisar-125004, India.
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30
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Pham PH, Petersen HA, Katsirubas JL, Luca OR. Recent synthetic methods involving carbon radicals generated by electrochemical catalysis. Org Biomol Chem 2022; 20:5907-5932. [PMID: 35437556 DOI: 10.1039/d2ob00424k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Driven by a resurgence of interest in electrode-driven synthetic methods, this paper covers recent activity in the field of mediated electrochemical and photoelectrochemical bond activation, inclusive of C-H, C-C, C-N, and other C-heteroatom bonds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phuc H Pham
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado Boulder and the Renewable and Sustainable Energy Institute, Boulder, CO, 80300, USA.
| | - Haley A Petersen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado Boulder and the Renewable and Sustainable Energy Institute, Boulder, CO, 80300, USA.
| | - Jaclyn L Katsirubas
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado Boulder and the Renewable and Sustainable Energy Institute, Boulder, CO, 80300, USA.
| | - Oana R Luca
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado Boulder and the Renewable and Sustainable Energy Institute, Boulder, CO, 80300, USA.
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31
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de Souza AAN, Bartolomeu ADA, Brocksom TJ, Noël T, de Oliveira KT. Direct Synthesis of α-Sulfenylated Ketones under Electrochemical Conditions. J Org Chem 2022; 87:5856-5865. [PMID: 35417160 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.2c00147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the electrochemical sulfenylation reaction in both batch and continuous flow regimes, involving thiophenols/thiols and enol-acetates to yield α-sulfenylated ketones, without using additional oxidants or catalysts. Studies with different electrolytes were also performed, revealing that quaternary ammonium salts are the best mediators for this reaction. Notably, during the study of the reaction scope, a Boc-cysteine proved to be extremely tolerant to our protocol, thus increasing its relevance. The methodology also proved to be scalable in both batch and continuous flow conditions, opening up possibilities for further studies since these relevant functional groups are important moieties in organic synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aline A N de Souza
- Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, São Carlos, São Paulo 13565-905, Brazil
| | - Aloisio de A Bartolomeu
- Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, São Carlos, São Paulo 13565-905, Brazil
| | - Timothy J Brocksom
- Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, São Carlos, São Paulo 13565-905, Brazil
| | - Timothy Noël
- Van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences (HIMS), University of Amsterdam (UVA), Science Park 904, Amsterdam 1098 XH, The Netherlands
| | - Kleber T de Oliveira
- Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, São Carlos, São Paulo 13565-905, Brazil
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32
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Chen M, Zhao F, Fan W, Li J, Guo X. Proof-of-concept Study of a New Microflow Electrochemical Cell Design for Gas-Evolving Reactions. Ind Eng Chem Res 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.1c04721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ming Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Fang Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Wenting Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Jian Li
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Xuhong Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
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33
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Papanikolaou G, Centi G, Perathoner S, Lanzafame P. Catalysis for e-Chemistry: Need and Gaps for a Future De-Fossilized Chemical Production, with Focus on the Role of Complex (Direct) Syntheses by Electrocatalysis. ACS Catal 2022; 12:2861-2876. [PMID: 35280435 PMCID: PMC8902748 DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.2c00099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2022] [Revised: 01/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
![]()
The prospects, needs
and limits in current approaches in catalysis
to accelerate the transition to e-chemistry, where
this term indicates a fossil fuel-free chemical production, are discussed.
It is suggested that e-chemistry is a necessary element
of the transformation to meet the targets of net zero emissions by
year 2050 and that this conversion from the current petrochemistry
is feasible. However, the acceleration of the development of catalytic
technologies based on the use of renewable energy sources (indicated
as reactive catalysis) is necessary, evidencing that these are part
of a system of changes and thus should be assessed from this perspective.
However, it is perceived that the current studies in the area are
not properly addressing the needs to develop the catalytic technologies
required for e-chemistry, presenting a series of
relevant aspects and directions in which research should be focused
to develop the framework system transformation necessary to implement e-chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgia Papanikolaou
- University of Messina, Dept. ChiBioFarAm, ERIC aisbl and CASPE/INSTM, V. le F. Stagno d’ Alcontres 31, 98166 Messina, Italy
| | - Gabriele Centi
- University of Messina, Dept. ChiBioFarAm, ERIC aisbl and CASPE/INSTM, V. le F. Stagno d’ Alcontres 31, 98166 Messina, Italy
| | - Siglinda Perathoner
- University of Messina, Dept. ChiBioFarAm, ERIC aisbl and CASPE/INSTM, V. le F. Stagno d’ Alcontres 31, 98166 Messina, Italy
| | - Paola Lanzafame
- University of Messina, Dept. ChiBioFarAm, ERIC aisbl and CASPE/INSTM, V. le F. Stagno d’ Alcontres 31, 98166 Messina, Italy
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34
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Azeredo JB, Penteado F, Nascimento V, Sancineto L, Braga AL, Lenardao EJ, Santi C. "Green Is the Color": An Update on Ecofriendly Aspects of Organoselenium Chemistry. Molecules 2022; 27:1597. [PMID: 35268698 PMCID: PMC8911681 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27051597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Revised: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Organoselenium compounds have been successfully applied in biological, medicinal and material sciences, as well as a powerful tool for modern organic synthesis, attracting the attention of the scientific community. This great success is mainly due to the breaking of paradigm demonstrated by innumerous works, that the selenium compounds were toxic and would have a potential impact on the environment. In this update review, we highlight the relevance of these compounds in several fields of research as well as the possibility to synthesize them through more environmentally sustainable methodologies, involving catalytic processes, flow chemistry, electrosynthesis, as well as by the use of alternative energy sources, including mechanochemical, photochemistry, sonochemical and microwave irradiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliano B. Azeredo
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal do Pampa, Uruguaiana, Uruguaiana 97501-970, RS, Brazil;
| | - Filipe Penteado
- Laboratório de Síntese Orgânica Limpa-LaSOL-CCQFA, Universidade Federal de Pelotas-UFPel, P.O. Box 354, Pelotas 96010-900, RS, Brazil; (F.P.); (E.J.L.)
| | - Vanessa Nascimento
- Laboratório SupraSelen, Departamento de Química Orgânica, Instituto de Química, Campus do Valonguinho, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niteroi 24020-150, RJ, Brazil
| | - Luca Sancineto
- Group of Catalysis Synthesis and Organic Green Chemistry, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia, Via del Liceo 1, 06100 Perugia, Italy;
| | - Antonio L. Braga
- Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina—UFSC, Florianopolis 88040-900, SC, Brazil;
| | - Eder João Lenardao
- Laboratório de Síntese Orgânica Limpa-LaSOL-CCQFA, Universidade Federal de Pelotas-UFPel, P.O. Box 354, Pelotas 96010-900, RS, Brazil; (F.P.); (E.J.L.)
| | - Claudio Santi
- Group of Catalysis Synthesis and Organic Green Chemistry, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia, Via del Liceo 1, 06100 Perugia, Italy;
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35
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Stergiou AD, Symes MD. Organic transformations using electro-generated polyoxometalate redox mediators. Catal Today 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cattod.2021.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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36
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Tay NES, Lehnherr D, Rovis T. Photons or Electrons? A Critical Comparison of Electrochemistry and Photoredox Catalysis for Organic Synthesis. Chem Rev 2022; 122:2487-2649. [PMID: 34751568 PMCID: PMC10021920 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 65.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Redox processes are at the heart of synthetic methods that rely on either electrochemistry or photoredox catalysis, but how do electrochemistry and photoredox catalysis compare? Both approaches provide access to high energy intermediates (e.g., radicals) that enable bond formations not constrained by the rules of ionic or 2 electron (e) mechanisms. Instead, they enable 1e mechanisms capable of bypassing electronic or steric limitations and protecting group requirements, thus enabling synthetic chemists to disconnect molecules in new and different ways. However, while providing access to similar intermediates, electrochemistry and photoredox catalysis differ in several physical chemistry principles. Understanding those differences can be key to designing new transformations and forging new bond disconnections. This review aims to highlight these differences and similarities between electrochemistry and photoredox catalysis by comparing their underlying physical chemistry principles and describing their impact on electrochemical and photochemical methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas E S Tay
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Dan Lehnherr
- Process Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Tomislav Rovis
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
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37
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Cantillo D. Synthesis of active pharmaceutical ingredients using electrochemical methods: keys to improve sustainability. Chem Commun (Camb) 2022; 58:619-628. [PMID: 34951414 DOI: 10.1039/d1cc06296d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Organic electrochemistry is receiving renewed attention as a green and cost-efficient synthetic technology. Electrochemical methods promote redox transformations by electron exchange between electrodes and species in solution, thus avoiding the use of stoichiometric amounts of oxidizing or reducing agents. The rapid development of electroorganic synthesis over the past decades has enabled the preparation of molecules of increasing complexity. Redox steps that involve hazardous or waste-generating reagents during the synthesis of active pharmaceutical ingredients or their intermediates can be substituted by electrochemical procedures. In addition to enhance sustainability, increased selectivity toward the target compound has been achieved in some cases. Electroorganic synthesis can be safely and readily scaled up to production quantities. For this pupose, utilization of flow electrolysis cells is fundamental. Despite these advantages, the application of electrochemical methods does not guarantee superior sustainability when compared with conventional protocols. The utilization of large amounts of supporting electrolytes, enviromentally unfriendly solvents or sacrificial electrodes may turn electrochemistry unfavorable in some cases. It is therefore crucial to carefully select and optimize the electrolysis conditions and carry out green metrics analysis of the process to ensure that turning a process electrochemical is advantageous.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Cantillo
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Graz, Heinrichstrasse 28, 8010, Graz, Austria.
- Center for Continuous Flow Synthesis and Processing (CCFLOW), Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH (RCPE), Inffeldgasse 13, 8010, Graz, Austria
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38
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Zhang Y, Iqbal A, Zai J, Zhang SY, Guo H, Liu X, ul Islam I, Fazal H, Qian X. Bromine and oxygen redox species mediated highly selective electro-epoxidation of styrene. Org Chem Front 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d1qo01588e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Olefin epoxidation is an essential transformation and arouses great interest among the scientific community for the key role of epoxide in the chemical industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuchi Zhang
- Shanghai Electrochemical Energy Devices Research Center, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering and State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai, 200240, P. R. China
| | - Asma Iqbal
- Shanghai Electrochemical Energy Devices Research Center, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering and State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai, 200240, P. R. China
| | - Jiantao Zai
- Shanghai Electrochemical Energy Devices Research Center, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering and State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai, 200240, P. R. China
| | - Shu-Yu Zhang
- Shanghai Electrochemical Energy Devices Research Center, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering and State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai, 200240, P. R. China
| | - Hongran Guo
- Shanghai Electrochemical Energy Devices Research Center, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering and State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai, 200240, P. R. China
| | - Xuejiao Liu
- Shanghai Electrochemical Energy Devices Research Center, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering and State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai, 200240, P. R. China
| | - Ibrahim ul Islam
- Shanghai Electrochemical Energy Devices Research Center, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering and State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai, 200240, P. R. China
| | - Hira Fazal
- Shanghai Electrochemical Energy Devices Research Center, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering and State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai, 200240, P. R. China
| | - Xuefeng Qian
- Shanghai Electrochemical Energy Devices Research Center, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering and State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai, 200240, P. R. China
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39
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Bugaenko DI, Karchava AV, Yurovskaya MA. Transition metal-free cross-coupling reactions with the formation of carbon-heteroatom bonds. RUSSIAN CHEMICAL REVIEWS 2022. [DOI: 10.1070/rcr5022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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40
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Quertenmont M, Toussaint FC, Defrance T, Lam K, Markó IE, Riant O. Continuous Flow Electrochemical Oxidative Cyclization and Successive Functionalization of 2-Pyrrolidinones. Org Process Res Dev 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.1c00188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mathilde Quertenmont
- Département de Chimie, Université catholique de Louvain, Place Louis Pasteur 1, 1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | | | - Thierry Defrance
- UCB Pharma S.A., Avenue de l’Industrie 1, 1420 Braine-l’Alleud, Belgium
| | - Kevin Lam
- Department of Pharmaceutical, Chemical and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Engineering and Science, University of Greenwich, Central Avenue, Chatham Maritime ME4 4TB, United Kingdom
| | - István E. Markó
- Département de Chimie, Université catholique de Louvain, Place Louis Pasteur 1, 1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Olivier Riant
- Département de Chimie, Université catholique de Louvain, Place Louis Pasteur 1, 1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
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41
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Guschakowski M, Schröder U. Direct and Indirect Electrooxidation of Glycerol to Value-Added Products. CHEMSUSCHEM 2021; 14:5216-5225. [PMID: 33945223 PMCID: PMC9290622 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202100556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Revised: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
In this work, different approaches for the direct and indirect electrooxidation of glycerol, a by-product of oleochemistry and biodiesel production, for the synthesis of value-added products and of intermediates for biofuel/electrofuel production, were investigated and compared. For the direct electrooxidation, metallic catalysts were used, whose surfaces were modified by promoters or second catalysts. Bi-modified Pt electrodes (Ptx Biy /C) served as model systems for promoter-supported electrocatalysis, whereas IrO2 -modified RuO2 electrodes were studied as catalyst combinations, which were compared under acidic conditions with the respective monometallic catalysts (Pt/C, RuO2 /Ti, IrO2 /Ti). Furthermore, inorganic halide mediators (chloride, bromide, iodide) and organic nitroxyl mediators (4-oxo-2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-piperidin-1-oxyl and 4-acetamido-2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-piperidin-1-oxyl) were evaluated for indirect electrooxidation. These different approaches were discussed regarding selectivity, conversion, and coulombic efficiency of the electrochemical glycerol oxidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Guschakowski
- Institute of Environmental and Sustainable ChemistryTechnische Universität BraunschweigHagenring 3038106BraunschweigGermany
- Cluster of Excellence SE2A – Sustainable and Energy-Efficient AviationTechnische Universität BraunschweigGermany
| | - Uwe Schröder
- Institute of Environmental and Sustainable ChemistryTechnische Universität BraunschweigHagenring 3038106BraunschweigGermany
- Cluster of Excellence SE2A – Sustainable and Energy-Efficient AviationTechnische Universität BraunschweigGermany
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42
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Deprez NR, Clausen DJ, Yan JX, Peng F, Zhang S, Kong J, Bai Y. Selective Electrochemical Oxidation of Functionalized Pyrrolidines. Org Lett 2021; 23:8834-8837. [PMID: 34730984 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.1c03338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A method for the selective electrochemical aminoxyl-mediated Shono-type oxidation of pyrrolidines to pyrrolidinones is described. These transformations show the high selectivity and functional group compatibility. This chemistry also demonstrates the use of an operationally simple ElectraSyn 2.0 and cost-effective stainless-steel electrode for the electrochemical oxidation of functionalized pyrrolidines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas R Deprez
- Process Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Dane J Clausen
- Discovery Chemistry, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Jia-Xuan Yan
- Analytical Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Feng Peng
- Process Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Shaoguang Zhang
- Process Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Jongrock Kong
- Process Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Yanguang Bai
- WuXi AppTec (Tianjin) Co. Ltd., Tianjin 300457, China
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43
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Leclercq E, Boddaert M, Beaucamp M, Penhoat M, Chausset-Boissarie L. Electrochemical sulfonylation of imidazoheterocycles under batch and continuous flow conditions. Org Biomol Chem 2021; 19:9379-9385. [PMID: 34673877 DOI: 10.1039/d1ob01822a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
An efficient and versatile protocol for the C-H sulfonylation of imidazoheterocycles via electrochemical activation was established under batch and flow conditions. The selective C-H bond functionalization proceeded under catalyst- and oxidant-free conditions and tolerated a wide range of functional groups. Various sodium sulfinates as well as imidazo[1,2-a]-pyridines, -pyrimidine, -quinolines, and -isoquinolines, imidazo[1,2-b]pyridazine, imidazo[2,1-b]thiazoles and benzo[d]imidazo[1,2-b]thiazoles reacted successfully. Interestingly, significant acceleration and higher yields were obtained under microfluidic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elise Leclercq
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, USR 3290 - MSAP - Miniaturisation pour la Synthèse l'Analyse et la Protéomique, F-59000 Lille, France.
| | - Maxime Boddaert
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, USR 3290 - MSAP - Miniaturisation pour la Synthèse l'Analyse et la Protéomique, F-59000 Lille, France.
| | - Mathieu Beaucamp
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, USR 3290 - MSAP - Miniaturisation pour la Synthèse l'Analyse et la Protéomique, F-59000 Lille, France.
| | - Maël Penhoat
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, USR 3290 - MSAP - Miniaturisation pour la Synthèse l'Analyse et la Protéomique, F-59000 Lille, France.
| | - Laëtitia Chausset-Boissarie
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, USR 3290 - MSAP - Miniaturisation pour la Synthèse l'Analyse et la Protéomique, F-59000 Lille, France.
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44
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Wirtanen T, Prenzel T, Tessonnier JP, Waldvogel SR. Cathodic Corrosion of Metal Electrodes-How to Prevent It in Electroorganic Synthesis. Chem Rev 2021; 121:10241-10270. [PMID: 34228450 PMCID: PMC8431381 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
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The critical aspects
of the corrosion of metal electrodes in cathodic
reductions are covered. We discuss the involved mechanisms including
alloying with alkali metals, cathodic etching in aqueous and aprotic
media, and formation of metal hydrides and organometallics. Successful
approaches that have been implemented to suppress cathodic corrosion
are reviewed. We present several examples from electroorganic synthesis
where the clever use of alloys instead of soft neat heavy metals and
the application of protective cationic additives have allowed to successfully
exploit these materials as cathodes. Because of the high overpotential
for the hydrogen evolution reaction, such cathodes can contribute
toward more sustainable green synthetic processes. The reported strategies
expand the applications of organic electrosynthesis because a more
negative regime is accessible within protic media and common metal
poisons, e.g., sulfur-containing substrates, are compatible with these
cathodes. The strongly diminished hydrogen evolution side reaction
paves the way for more efficient reductive electroorganic conversions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom Wirtanen
- Department Chemie, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Tobias Prenzel
- Department Chemie, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Jean-Philippe Tessonnier
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Iowa State University, 617 Bissell Road, Ames, Iowa 50011-1098, United States.,Center for Biorenewable Chemicals (CBiRC), Ames, Iowa, 50011-1098, United States
| | - Siegfried R Waldvogel
- Department Chemie, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128 Mainz, Germany
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45
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Yang L, Zhuang Q, Wu M, Long H, Lin C, Lin M, Ke F. Electrochemical-induced hydroxylation of aryl halides in the presence of Et 3N in water. Org Biomol Chem 2021; 19:6417-6421. [PMID: 34236072 DOI: 10.1039/d1ob00931a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A thorough study of mild and environmentally friendly electrochemical-induced hydroxylation of aryl halides without a catalyst is presented. The best protocol consists of hydroxylation of different aryl iodides and aryl bromides by water solution in the presence of Et3N under air, affording the target phenols in good isolated yields. Moreover, aryl chlorides were successfully employed as substrates. This methodology also provides a direct pathway for the formation of deoxyphomalone, which displayed a significant anti-proliferation effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Yang
- Faculty of Material and Chemical Engineering, Yibin University, Yibin 644000, China
| | - Qinglong Zhuang
- School of Stomatology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350122, China
| | - Mei Wu
- Institute of Materia Medica, School of Pharmacy, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Natural Medicine Pharmacology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350122, China.
| | - Hua Long
- Institute of Materia Medica, School of Pharmacy, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Natural Medicine Pharmacology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350122, China.
| | - Chen Lin
- Institute of Materia Medica, School of Pharmacy, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Natural Medicine Pharmacology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350122, China.
| | - Mei Lin
- Institute of Materia Medica, School of Pharmacy, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Natural Medicine Pharmacology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350122, China.
| | - Fang Ke
- Faculty of Material and Chemical Engineering, Yibin University, Yibin 644000, China and Institute of Materia Medica, School of Pharmacy, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Natural Medicine Pharmacology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350122, China.
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46
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Brown RCD. The Longer Route can be Better: Electrosynthesis in Extended Path Flow Cells. CHEM REC 2021; 21:2472-2487. [PMID: 34302434 DOI: 10.1002/tcr.202100163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Revised: 07/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
This personal account provides an overview of work conducted in my research group, and through collaborations with other chemists and engineers, to develop flow electrolysis cells and apply these cells in organic electrosynthesis. First, a brief summary of my training and background in organic synthesis is provided, leading in to the start of flow electrosynthesis in my lab in collaboration with Derek Pletcher. Our work on the development of extended path electrolysis flow reactors is described from a synthetic organic chemist's perspective, including laboratory scale-up to give several moles of an anodic methoxylation product in one day. The importance of cell design is emphasised with regards to achieving good performance in laboratory electrosynthesis with productivities from hundreds of mg h-1 to many g h-1 , at high conversion in a selective fashion. A simple design of recycle flow cell that can be readily constructed in a small University workshop is also discussed, including simple modifications to improve cell performance. Some examples of flow electrosyntheses are provided, including Shono-type oxidation, anodic cleavage of protecting groups, Hofer-Moest reaction of cubane carboxylic acids, oxidative esterification and amidation of aldehydes, and reduction of aryl halides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard C D Brown
- School of Chemistry, The University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK
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47
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Zhao Z, Liu L, Min L, Zhang W, Wang Y. A Facile Method to Realize Oxygen Reduction at the Hydrogen Evolution Cathode of an Electrolytic Cell for Energy-Efficient Electrooxidation. MATERIALS 2021; 14:ma14112841. [PMID: 34073284 PMCID: PMC8198103 DOI: 10.3390/ma14112841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2021] [Revised: 05/21/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Electrochemical oxidation, widely used in green production and pollution abatement, is often accompanied by the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER), which results in a high consumption of electricity and is a potential explosion hazard. To solve this problem, we report here a method for converting the original HER cathode into one that enables the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) without having to build new electrolysis cells or be concerned about electrolyte leakage from the O2 gas electrode. The viability of this method is demonstrated using the electrolytic production of ammonium persulfate (APS) as an example. The original carbon black electrode for the HER is converted to an ORR electrode by first undergoing in situ anodization and then contacting O2 or air bubbled from the bottom of the electrode. With this sole change, APS production can achieve an electric energy saving of up to 20.3%. Considering the ease and low cost of this modification, such significant electricity savings make this method very promising in the upgrade of electrochemical oxidation processes, with wide potential applications.
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48
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Cembellín S, Batanero B. Organic Electrosynthesis Towards Sustainability: Fundamentals and Greener Methodologies. CHEM REC 2021; 21:2453-2471. [PMID: 33955158 DOI: 10.1002/tcr.202100128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The adoption of new measures that preserve our environment, on which our survival depends, is a necessity. Electro-organic processes are sustainable per se, by producing the activation of a substrate by electron transfer at normal pressure and room temperature. In the recent years, a highly crescent number of works on organic electrosynthesis are available. Novel strategies at the electrode are being developed enabling the construction of a great variety of complex organic molecules. However, the possibility of being scaled-up is mandatory in terms of sustainability. Thus, some electrochemical methodologies have demonstrated to report the best results in reducing pollution and saving energy. In this personal account, these methods have been compiled, being organized as follows: • Direct discharge electrosynthesis • Paired electrochemical reactions. and • Organic transformations utilizing electrocatalysis (in absence of heavy metals). Selected protocols are herein presented and discussed with representative recent examples. Final perspectives and reflections are also considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Cembellín
- University of Alcala, Organic and Inorganic Chemistry Department (Organic area), Campus, km 33,6 A2, 28805, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
| | - Belén Batanero
- University of Alcala, Organic and Inorganic Chemistry Department (Organic area), Campus, km 33,6 A2, 28805, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Química, "Andrés M. del Río" (IQAR) University of Alcala
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49
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Li SM, Shi Y, Zhang JJ, Wang Y, Wang H, Lu JX. Atomically Dispersed Copper on N-Doped Carbon Nanosheets for Electrocatalytic Synthesis of Carbamates from CO 2 as a C 1 Source. CHEMSUSCHEM 2021; 14:2050-2055. [PMID: 33686778 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202100342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Revised: 03/06/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The synthesis of carbamates by electrocatalytic reduction of CO2 is an effective method to realize the utilization of CO2 resources. The development of high-performance electrocatalysts to complete this process more efficiently is of great significance to sustainable development. Owing to their unique structural characteristics, single-atom catalysts are expected to promote the reaction process more efficiently. In this study, an atomically dispersed Cu species on N-doped carbon nanosheet composite material (Cu-N-C) was prepared by metal-organic framework derivatization. Compared with traditional Cu bulk electrodes, the Cu-N-C material has better catalytic performance for the synthesis of methyl N-phenylcarbamate; and the optimized yield reached 71 % at room temperature and normal pressure. The Cu-N-C material has good stability that the catalytic performance does not decrease after repeated use for 10 times. In addition, the Cu-N-C material has good applicability to this catalytic system, and a variety of amines can be smoothly converted into corresponding carbamates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shi-Ming Li
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200062, P.R. China
| | - Yi Shi
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200062, P.R. China
| | - Jing-Jie Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200062, P.R. China
| | - Ying Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200062, P.R. China
| | - Huan Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200062, P.R. China
| | - Jia-Xing Lu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200062, P.R. China
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50
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Schotten C, Bourne RA, Kapur N, Nguyen BN, Willans CE. Electrochemical Generation of
N
‐Heterocyclic Carbenes for Use in Synthesis and Catalysis. Adv Synth Catal 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.202100264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Richard A. Bourne
- School of Chemical and Process Engineering University of Leeds Leeds LS2 9JT UK
| | - Nikil Kapur
- School of Mechanical Engineering University of Leeds Leeds LS2 9JT UK
| | - Bao N. Nguyen
- School of Chemistry University of Leeds Leeds LS2 9JT UK
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