1
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de Jong J, Siegler MA, Wezenberg SJ. A Photoswitchable Macrocycle Controls Anion-Templated Pseudorotaxane Formation and Axle Relocalization. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202316628. [PMID: 38059917 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202316628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2023] [Revised: 12/01/2023] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023]
Abstract
Important biological processes, such as signaling and transport, are regulated by dynamic binding events. The development of artificial supramolecular systems in which binding between different components is controlled could help emulate such processes. Herein, we describe stiff-stilbene-containing macrocycles that can be switched between (Z)- and (E)-isomers by light, as demonstrated by UV/Vis and 1 H NMR spectroscopy. The (Z)-isomers can be effectively threaded by pyridinium halide axles to give pseudorotaxane complexes, as confirmed by 1 H NMR titration studies and single-crystal X-ray crystallography. The overall stability of these complexes can be tuned by varying the templating counteranion. However, upon light-induced isomerization to the (E)-isomer, the threading capability is drastically reduced. The axle component, in addition, can form a heterodimeric complex with a secondary isophthalamide host. Therefore, when all components are combined, light irradiation triggers axle exchange between the macrocycle and this secondary host, which has been monitored by 1 H NMR spectroscopy and simulated computationally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorn de Jong
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Maxime A Siegler
- Department of Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 N. Charles St., Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
| | - Sander J Wezenberg
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC, Leiden, The Netherlands
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2
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de Jong J, Bos JE, Wezenberg SJ. Stimulus-Controlled Anion Binding and Transport by Synthetic Receptors. Chem Rev 2023; 123:8530-8574. [PMID: 37342028 PMCID: PMC10347431 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/22/2023]
Abstract
Anionic species are omnipresent and involved in many important biological processes. A large number of artificial anion receptors has therefore been developed. Some of these are capable of mediating transmembrane transport. However, where transport proteins can respond to stimuli in their surroundings, creation of synthetic receptors with stimuli-responsive functions poses a major challenge. Herein, we give a full overview of the stimulus-controlled anion receptors that have been developed thus far, including their application in membrane transport. In addition to their potential operation as membrane carriers, the use of anion recognition motifs in forming responsive membrane-spanning channels is discussed. With this review article, we intend to increase interest in transmembrane transport among scientists working on host-guest complexes and dynamic functional systems in order to stimulate further developments.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Sander J. Wezenberg
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333
CC Leiden, The Netherlands
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3
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Saura-Sanmartin A. Light-responsive rotaxane-based materials: inducing motion in the solid state. Beilstein J Org Chem 2023; 19:873-880. [PMID: 37346498 PMCID: PMC10280056 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.19.64] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Light-responsive rotaxane-based solid-state materials are ideal scaffolds in order to develop smart materials due to the properties provided by the mechanical bond, such as control over the dynamics of the components upon application of external stimuli. This perspective aims to highlight the relevance of these materials, by pointing out recent examples of photoresponsive materials prepared from a rotaxanated architecture in which motion of the counterparts and/or macroscopic motion of the interlocked materials are achieved. Although further development is needed, these materials are envisioned as privileged scaffolds which will be used for different advanced applications in the area of molecular machinery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian Saura-Sanmartin
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Química, Universidad de Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain
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4
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Chen-Wu J, Máximo P, Remón P, Parola AJ, Basílio N, Pischel U. Phototransduction in a supramolecular cascade: a mimic for essential features of the vision process. Chem Commun (Camb) 2023; 59:3431-3434. [PMID: 36857686 DOI: 10.1039/d3cc00384a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/26/2023]
Abstract
The tailored design of a light-triggered supramolecular cascade results in an artificial machinery that assimilates the transduction of photons into chemical communication and the final release of a neurotransmitter. This is reminiscent of key steps in the natural vision process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jialei Chen-Wu
- CIQSO - Centre for Research in Sustainable Chemistry and Department of Chemistry, University of Huelva, Campus de El Carmen s/n, E-21071, Huelva, Spain.
| | - Patrícia Máximo
- Laboratorio Associado para a Química Verde (LAQV), Rede de Química e Tecnologia (REQUIMTE), Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnología, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 2829-516, Caparica, Portugal
| | - Patricia Remón
- CIQSO - Centre for Research in Sustainable Chemistry and Department of Chemistry, University of Huelva, Campus de El Carmen s/n, E-21071, Huelva, Spain.
| | - A Jorge Parola
- Laboratorio Associado para a Química Verde (LAQV), Rede de Química e Tecnologia (REQUIMTE), Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnología, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 2829-516, Caparica, Portugal
| | - Nuno Basílio
- Laboratorio Associado para a Química Verde (LAQV), Rede de Química e Tecnologia (REQUIMTE), Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnología, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 2829-516, Caparica, Portugal
| | - Uwe Pischel
- CIQSO - Centre for Research in Sustainable Chemistry and Department of Chemistry, University of Huelva, Campus de El Carmen s/n, E-21071, Huelva, Spain.
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5
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Wu P, Dharmadhikari B, Patra P, Xiong X. Rotaxane nanomachines in future molecular electronics. NANOSCALE ADVANCES 2022; 4:3418-3461. [PMID: 36134345 PMCID: PMC9400518 DOI: 10.1039/d2na00057a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 06/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
As the electronics industry is integrating more and more new molecules to utilize them in logic circuits and memories to achieve ultra-high efficiency and device density, many organic structures emerged as promising candidates either in conjunction with or as an alternative to conventional semiconducting materials such as but not limited to silicon. Owing to rotaxane's mechanically interlocked molecular structure consisting of a dumbbell-shaped molecule threaded through a macrocycle, they could be excellent nanomachines in molecular switches and memory applications. As a nanomachine, the macrocycle of rotaxane can move reversibly between two stations along its axis under external stimuli, resulting in two stable molecular configurations known as "ON" and "OFF" states of the controllable switch with distinct resistance. There are excellent reports on rotaxane's structure, properties, and function relationship and its application to molecular electronics (Ogino, et al., 1984; Wu, et al., 1991; Bissell, et al., 1994; Collier, et al., 1999; Pease, et al., 2001; Chen, et al., 2003; Green, et al., 2007; Jia, et al., 2016). This comprehensive review summarizes [2]rotaxane and its application to molecular electronics. This review sorts the major research work into a multi-level pyramid structure and presents the challenges of [2]rotaxane's application to molecular electronics at three levels in developing molecular circuits and systems. First, we investigate [2]rotaxane's electrical characteristics with different driving methods and discuss the design considerations and roles based on voltage-driven [2]rotaxane switches that promise the best performance and compatibility with existing solid-state circuits. Second, we examine the solutions for integrating [2]rotaxane molecules into circuits and the limitations learned from these devices keep [2]rotaxane active as a molecular switch. Finally, applying a sandwiched crossbar structure and architecture to [2]rotaxane circuits reduces the fabrication difficulty and extends the possibility of reprogrammable [2]rotaxane arrays, especially at a system level, which eventually promotes the further realization of [2]rotaxane circuits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peiqiao Wu
- Department of Computer Science and Computer Engineering, University of Bridgeport Bridgeport CT USA
| | - Bhushan Dharmadhikari
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering and Technology, Minnesota State University Mankato MN USA
| | - Prabir Patra
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Mechanical Engineering, University of Bridgeport Bridgeport CT USA
| | - Xingguo Xiong
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Engineering, University of Bridgeport Bridgeport CT USA
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6
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Coutrot F, Waelès P, Gauthier M. Study of [2] and [3]Rotaxanes Obtained by Post‐Synthetic Aminolysis of a Kinetically Stable Though Activated Carbonate‐Containing Pseudorotaxane. European J Org Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202101385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Frédéric Coutrot
- Institut des Biomolecules Max Mousseron Département de Chimie Montpellier FRANCE
| | - Philip Waelès
- IBMM: Institut des Biomolecules Max Mousseron chimie FRANCE
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7
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Yao B, Sun H, Yang L, Wang S, Liu X. Recent Progress in Light-Driven Molecular Shuttles. Front Chem 2022; 9:832735. [PMID: 35186899 PMCID: PMC8847434 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2021.832735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Molecular shuttles are typical molecular machines that could be applied in various fields. The motion modes of wheel components in rotaxanes could be strategically modulated by external stimuli, such as pH, ions, solvent, light, and so on. Light is particularly attractive because it is harmless and can be operated in a remote mode and usually no byproducts are formed. Over the past decade, many examples of light-driven molecular shuttles are emerging. Accordingly, this review summarizes the recent research progress of light-driven molecular shuttles. First, the light-driven mechanisms of molecular motions with different functional groups are discussed in detail, which show how to drive photoresponsive or non-photoresponsive molecular shuttles. Subsequently, the practical applications of molecular shuttles in different fields, such as optical information storage, catalysis for organic reactions, drug delivery, and so on, are demonstrated. Finally, the future development of light-driven molecular shuttle is briefly prospected.
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8
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Lagesse N, Pisciottani L, Douarre M, Godard P, Kauffmann B, Martí-Centelles V, McClenaghan ND. Five-component, one-pot synthesis of an electroactive rotaxane comprising a bisferrocene macrocycle. Beilstein J Org Chem 2020; 16:1564-1571. [PMID: 32704322 PMCID: PMC7356209 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.16.128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The templated clipping of a ferrocene-grafted isophthalic acid derivative to encircle a hydrogen-bonding axle through the reaction with 1,4-bis(aminomethyl)benzene is described. The constituent electroactive macrocycle of the resultant [2]rotaxane is a homologue of the versatile benchmark tetraamide variant developed by Leigh and co-workers. The relative templating effect of different hydrogen-bonding motifs in rotaxane and pseudorotaxane generation is compared, with yields varying from 0 to 41%. The electrochemical properties and single crystal X-ray structure of a doubly ferrocene-decorated [2]rotaxane are further reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie Lagesse
- Institut des Sciences Moléculaires, CNRS UMR 5255, University of Bordeaux, Talence, France
| | - Luca Pisciottani
- Institut des Sciences Moléculaires, CNRS UMR 5255, University of Bordeaux, Talence, France
| | - Maxime Douarre
- Institut des Sciences Moléculaires, CNRS UMR 5255, University of Bordeaux, Talence, France
| | - Pascale Godard
- Institut des Sciences Moléculaires, CNRS UMR 5255, University of Bordeaux, Talence, France
| | - Brice Kauffmann
- Institut Européen de Chimie et Biologie, CNRS UMS 3033, INSERM US001, University of Bordeaux, Pessac, France
| | | | - Nathan D McClenaghan
- Institut des Sciences Moléculaires, CNRS UMR 5255, University of Bordeaux, Talence, France
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9
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Martinez-Cuezva A, Saura-Sanmartin A, Alajarin M, Berna J. Mechanically Interlocked Catalysts for Asymmetric Synthesis. ACS Catal 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.0c02032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Martinez-Cuezva
- Departamento de Quı́mica Orgánica, Facultad de Quı́mica, Regional Campus of International Excellence “Campus Mare Nostrum”, Universidad de Murcia, E-30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - Adrian Saura-Sanmartin
- Departamento de Quı́mica Orgánica, Facultad de Quı́mica, Regional Campus of International Excellence “Campus Mare Nostrum”, Universidad de Murcia, E-30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - Mateo Alajarin
- Departamento de Quı́mica Orgánica, Facultad de Quı́mica, Regional Campus of International Excellence “Campus Mare Nostrum”, Universidad de Murcia, E-30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - Jose Berna
- Departamento de Quı́mica Orgánica, Facultad de Quı́mica, Regional Campus of International Excellence “Campus Mare Nostrum”, Universidad de Murcia, E-30100 Murcia, Spain
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10
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Calles M, Puigcerver J, Alonso DA, Alajarin M, Martinez-Cuezva A, Berna J. Enhancing the selectivity of prolinamide organocatalysts using the mechanical bond in [2]rotaxanes. Chem Sci 2020; 11:3629-3635. [PMID: 34094051 PMCID: PMC8152698 DOI: 10.1039/d0sc00444h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2020] [Accepted: 03/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The synthesis of a pair of switchable interlocked prolinamides and their use as organocatalysts in three different enamine-activated processes are reported. A diacylaminopyridine moiety was incorporated into the thread for directing [2]rotaxane formation further allowing the association of complementary small molecules. The rotaxane-based systems were tested as organocatalysts in asymmetric enamine-mediated processes, revealing a significantly improved catalytic ability if compared with the non-interlocked thread. The presence of an electron-withdrawing nitro group at the macrocycle helps to achieve high conversions and enantioselectivities. These systems are able to interact with N-hexylthymine as a cofactor to form supramolecular catalysts displaying a divergent catalytic behaviour. The presence or absence of the cofactor controls the chemoselectivity in competitive reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Calles
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Química, Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum", Universidad de Murcia E-30100 Murcia Spain
| | - Julio Puigcerver
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Química, Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum", Universidad de Murcia E-30100 Murcia Spain
| | - Diego A Alonso
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Alicante E-03080 Alicante Spain
| | - Mateo Alajarin
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Química, Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum", Universidad de Murcia E-30100 Murcia Spain
| | - Alberto Martinez-Cuezva
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Química, Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum", Universidad de Murcia E-30100 Murcia Spain
| | - Jose Berna
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Química, Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum", Universidad de Murcia E-30100 Murcia Spain
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11
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Blanco-Gómez A, Cortón P, Barravecchia L, Neira I, Pazos E, Peinador C, García MD. Controlled binding of organic guests by stimuli-responsive macrocycles. Chem Soc Rev 2020; 49:3834-3862. [DOI: 10.1039/d0cs00109k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Synthetic supramolecular chemistry pursues not only the construction of new matter, but also control over its inherently dynamic behaviour.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arturo Blanco-Gómez
- Departamento de Química
- Facultade de Ciencias and Centro de Investigacións Científicas Avanzadas (CICA)
- Universidade da Coruña
- 15071 A Coruña
- Spain
| | - Pablo Cortón
- Departamento de Química
- Facultade de Ciencias and Centro de Investigacións Científicas Avanzadas (CICA)
- Universidade da Coruña
- 15071 A Coruña
- Spain
| | - Liliana Barravecchia
- Departamento de Química
- Facultade de Ciencias and Centro de Investigacións Científicas Avanzadas (CICA)
- Universidade da Coruña
- 15071 A Coruña
- Spain
| | - Iago Neira
- Departamento de Química
- Facultade de Ciencias and Centro de Investigacións Científicas Avanzadas (CICA)
- Universidade da Coruña
- 15071 A Coruña
- Spain
| | - Elena Pazos
- Departamento de Química
- Facultade de Ciencias and Centro de Investigacións Científicas Avanzadas (CICA)
- Universidade da Coruña
- 15071 A Coruña
- Spain
| | - Carlos Peinador
- Departamento de Química
- Facultade de Ciencias and Centro de Investigacións Científicas Avanzadas (CICA)
- Universidade da Coruña
- 15071 A Coruña
- Spain
| | - Marcos D. García
- Departamento de Química
- Facultade de Ciencias and Centro de Investigacións Científicas Avanzadas (CICA)
- Universidade da Coruña
- 15071 A Coruña
- Spain
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12
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Paul I, Ghosh A, Bolte M, Schmittel M. Remote Control of the Synthesis of a [2]Rotaxane and its Shuttling via Metal-Ion Translocation. ChemistryOpen 2019; 8:1355-1360. [PMID: 31763127 PMCID: PMC6863578 DOI: 10.1002/open.201900293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2019] [Revised: 10/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Remote control in an eight-component network commanded both the synthesis and shuttling of a [2]rotaxane via metal-ion translocation, the latter being easily monitored by distinct colorimetric and fluorimetric signals. Addition of zinc(II) ions to the red colored copper-ion relay station rapidly liberated copper(I) ions and afforded the corresponding zinc complex that was visualized by a bright sky blue fluorescence at 460 nm. In a mixture of all eight components of the network, the liberated copper(I) ions were translocated to a macrocycle that catalyzed formation of a rotaxane by a double-click reaction of acetylenic and diazide compounds. The shuttling frequency in the copper-loaded [2]rotaxane was determined to k 298=30 kHz (ΔH ≠=62.3±0.6 kJ mol-1, ΔS ≠=50.1±5.1 J mol-1 K-1, ΔG ≠ 298=47.4 kJ mol-1). Removal of zinc(II) ions from the mixture reversed the system back generating the metal-free rotaxane. Further alternate addition and removal of Zn2+ reversibly controlled the shuttling mode of the rotaxane in this eight-component network where the ion translocation status was monitored by the naked eye.
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Affiliation(s)
- Indrajit Paul
- Center of Micro and Nanochemistry and Engineering, Organische Chemie IUniversität SiegenAdolf-Reichwein-Str. 2D-57068SiegenGermany
| | - Amit Ghosh
- Center of Micro and Nanochemistry and Engineering, Organische Chemie IUniversität SiegenAdolf-Reichwein-Str. 2D-57068SiegenGermany
| | - Michael Bolte
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische ChemieGoethe-Universität FrankfurtMax-von-Laue-Strasse 7D-60438Frankfurt (Main)Germany
| | - Michael Schmittel
- Center of Micro and Nanochemistry and Engineering, Organische Chemie IUniversität SiegenAdolf-Reichwein-Str. 2D-57068SiegenGermany
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13
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Ali A, Bullen GA, Cross B, Dafforn TR, Little HA, Manchester J, Peacock AFA, Tucker JHR. Light-controlled thrombin catalysis and clot formation using a photoswitchable G-quadruplex DNA aptamer. Chem Commun (Camb) 2019; 55:5627-5630. [PMID: 31025680 DOI: 10.1039/c9cc01540j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The reversible photocontrol of an enzyme governing blood coagulation is demonstrated. The thrombin binding aptamer (TBA), was rendered photochromic by modification with two anthracene groups. Light-triggered anthracene photodimerisation distorts its structure, inhibiting binding of the enzyme thrombin, which in turn triggers catalysis and the resulting clotting process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aysha Ali
- School of Chemistry, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK.
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14
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Yu S, McClenaghan ND, Pozzo JL. Photochromic rotaxanes and pseudorotaxanes. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2019; 18:2102-2111. [PMID: 30907909 DOI: 10.1039/c9pp00057g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Among stimulus-responsive molecular ring-on-thread rotaxanes and pseudorotaxanes, variants incorporating photochromic sub-units are attracting considerable attention as their properties and structure can be remotely and precisely controlled, additionally without producing chemical waste. The focus herein is on photoswitching-driven assembly/disassembly and modulation of properties resulting from light-activated isomerization or changes in electronic properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shilin Yu
- CNRS/Univ. Bordeaux, Institut des Sciences Moléculaires, Talence, France.
| | | | - Jean-Luc Pozzo
- CNRS/Univ. Bordeaux, Institut des Sciences Moléculaires, Talence, France.
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15
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Evans NH. Recent Advances in the Synthesis and Application of Hydrogen Bond Templated Rotaxanes and Catenanes. European J Org Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201900081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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16
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Wolf M, Ogawa A, Bechtold M, Vonesch M, Wytko JA, Oohora K, Campidelli S, Hayashi T, Guldi DM, Weiss J. Light triggers molecular shuttling in rotaxanes: control over proximity and charge recombination. Chem Sci 2019; 10:3846-3853. [PMID: 30996970 PMCID: PMC6446966 DOI: 10.1039/c8sc05328f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2018] [Accepted: 02/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The lifetime of a charge separated state is enhanced by the effects of solvent polarity and the coordination controlled shuttling of a dumbbell in a porphyrin/fullerene rotaxane.
We present the synthesis of novel rotaxanes based on mechanically interlocked porphyrins and fullerene and their advanced investigations by means of photophysical measurements. To this end, a fullerene-capped dumbbell-type axle containing a central triazole was threaded through strapped (metallo)porphyrins—either a free-base or a zinc porphyrin. Femtosecond-resolved transient absorption measurements revealed charge-separation between the porphyrin and fullerene upon light excitation. Solvent polarity and solvent coordination effects induced molecular motion of the rotaxanes upon charge separation and enabled, for the first time, subtle control over the charge recombination by enabling and controlling the directionality of shuttling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maximilian Wolf
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg , Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy , Egerlandstraße 3 , 91058 Erlangen , Germany .
| | - Ayumu Ogawa
- Department of Applied Chemistry , Graduate School of Engineering , Osaka University , 2-1 Yamadaoka , Suita 565-0871 , Japan . .,Institut de Chimie de Strasbourg , UMR 7177 CNRS-Université de Strasbourg , 4, rue Blaise Pascal , 67000 Strasbourg , France .
| | - Mareike Bechtold
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg , Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy , Egerlandstraße 3 , 91058 Erlangen , Germany . .,Institute of Inorganic Chemistry Karlsruhe Institute of Technology , Engesserstraße 15 , D-76131 Karlsruhe , Germany
| | - Maxime Vonesch
- Institut de Chimie de Strasbourg , UMR 7177 CNRS-Université de Strasbourg , 4, rue Blaise Pascal , 67000 Strasbourg , France .
| | - Jennifer A Wytko
- Institut de Chimie de Strasbourg , UMR 7177 CNRS-Université de Strasbourg , 4, rue Blaise Pascal , 67000 Strasbourg , France .
| | - Koji Oohora
- Department of Applied Chemistry , Graduate School of Engineering , Osaka University , 2-1 Yamadaoka , Suita 565-0871 , Japan .
| | - Stéphane Campidelli
- LICSEN , NIMBE , CEA , CNRS , Université Paris-Saclay , CEA Saclay , 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex , France
| | - Takashi Hayashi
- Department of Applied Chemistry , Graduate School of Engineering , Osaka University , 2-1 Yamadaoka , Suita 565-0871 , Japan .
| | - Dirk M Guldi
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg , Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy , Egerlandstraße 3 , 91058 Erlangen , Germany .
| | - Jean Weiss
- Institut de Chimie de Strasbourg , UMR 7177 CNRS-Université de Strasbourg , 4, rue Blaise Pascal , 67000 Strasbourg , France .
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17
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Findlay JA, Barnsley JE, Gordon KC, Crowley JD. Synthesis and Light-Induced Actuation of Photo-Labile 2-Pyridyl-1,2,3-Triazole Ru(bis-bipyridyl) Appended Ferrocene Rotors. Molecules 2018; 23:E2037. [PMID: 30110981 PMCID: PMC6222349 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23082037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2018] [Revised: 08/09/2018] [Accepted: 08/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
To realise useful control over molecular motion in the future an extensive toolbox of both actionable molecules and stimuli-responsive units must be developed. Previously, our laboratory has reported 1,1'-disubstituted ferrocene (Fc) rotor units which assume a contracted/π-stacked conformation until complexation of cationic metal ions causes rotation about the Ferrocene (Fc) molecular 'ball-bearing'. Herein, we explore the potential of using the photochemical ejection of [Ru(2,2'-bipyridyl)₂]2+ units as a stimulus for the rotational contraction of new ferrocene rotor units. Fc rotors with both 'regular' and 'inverse' 2-pyridyl-1,2,3-triazole binding pockets and their corresponding [Ru(2,2'-bipyridyl)₂]2+ complexes were synthesised. The rotors and complexes were characterised using nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and ultraviolet (UV)-visible spectroscopies, Electro-Spray Ionisation Mass Spectrometry (ESI⁻MS), and electrochemistry. The 1,1'-disubstituted Fc ligands were shown to π-stack both in solution and solid state. Density Functional Theory (DFT) calculations (CAM-B3LYP/6-31G(d)) support the notion that complexation to [Ru(2,2'-bipyridyl)₂]2+ caused a rotation from the syn- to the anti-conformation. Upon photo-irradiation with UV light (254 nm), photo-ejection of the [Ru(2,2'-bipyridyl)₂(CH₃CN)₂]2+ units in acetonitrile was observed. The re-complexation of the [Ru(2,2'-bipyridyl)₂]2+ units could be achieved using acetone as the reaction solvent. However, the process was exceedingly slowly. Additionally, the Fc ligands slowly decomposed when exposed to UV irradiation meaning that only one extension and contraction cycle could be completed.
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Affiliation(s)
- James A Findlay
- Department of Chemistry, University of Otago, P.O. Box 56, Dunedin 9054, Otago, New Zealand.
| | - Jonathan E Barnsley
- Department of Chemistry, University of Otago, P.O. Box 56, Dunedin 9054, Otago, New Zealand.
| | - Keith C Gordon
- Department of Chemistry, University of Otago, P.O. Box 56, Dunedin 9054, Otago, New Zealand.
| | - James D Crowley
- Department of Chemistry, University of Otago, P.O. Box 56, Dunedin 9054, Otago, New Zealand.
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18
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García-González MC, Aguilar-Granda A, Zamudio-Medina A, Miranda LD, Rodríguez-Molina B. Synthesis of Structurally Diverse Emissive Molecular Rotors with Four-Component Ugi Stators. J Org Chem 2018; 83:2570-2581. [PMID: 29457731 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.7b02858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The use of the multicomponent Ugi reaction to rapidly prepare a library of dumbbell-like molecular rotors is highlighted here. The synthetic strategy consisted of the atom-economic access to 15 bulky and structurally diverse iodinated stators, which were cross-coupled to the 1,4-diethynylphenylene rotator. From those experiments, up to six rotors 1a-c and 1l-n were obtained, with yields ranging from 35 to 69% per coupled C-C bond. In addition to the framework diversity, five of these compounds showed aggregate-enhanced emission properties thanks to their conjugated 1,4-bis(phenylethynyl)benzene cores, a property that rises by increasing the water fraction (fw) in their THF solutions. The results highlight the significance of the diversity-oriented synthesis of rapid access to new molecular fluorescent rotors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ma Carmen García-González
- Instituto de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito Exterior, Ciudad Universitaria , Ciudad de México 04510, Mexico
| | - Andrés Aguilar-Granda
- Instituto de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito Exterior, Ciudad Universitaria , Ciudad de México 04510, Mexico
| | - Angel Zamudio-Medina
- Departamento de Ciencias Básicas, Unidad Profesional Interdisciplinaria de Biotecnología del Instituto Politécnico Nacional , Av. Acueducto s/n Barrio la Laguna Ticomán, Ciudad de México 07340, Mexico
| | - Luis D Miranda
- Instituto de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito Exterior, Ciudad Universitaria , Ciudad de México 04510, Mexico
| | - Braulio Rodríguez-Molina
- Instituto de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito Exterior, Ciudad Universitaria , Ciudad de México 04510, Mexico
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19
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Ghosh A, Paul I, Adlung M, Wickleder C, Schmittel M. Oscillating Emission of [2]Rotaxane Driven by Chemical Fuel. Org Lett 2018; 20:1046-1049. [PMID: 29384684 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.7b03996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
A molecular shuttle consisting of a dibenzo-24-crown-8 macrocycle and an axle with two degenerate peripheral triazolium stations, a central dibenzyl ammonium station, and two anthracenes stoppers was exposed to 2-cyano-2-phenylpropanoic acid as a chemical fuel. Protonation/deprotonation of the amine reversibly switches the rotaxane from a static and little emissive to a dynamic fluorescent shuttling device, the latter exhibiting rapid motion (15 kHz at 25 °C). Four fuel cycles were run.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit Ghosh
- Center of Micro- and Nanochemistry and Engineering , Organische Chemie I, Adolf-Reichwein-Strasse 2, D-57068 Siegen, Germany
| | - Indrajit Paul
- Center of Micro- and Nanochemistry and Engineering , Organische Chemie I, Adolf-Reichwein-Strasse 2, D-57068 Siegen, Germany
| | - Matthias Adlung
- Center of Micro- and Nanochemistry and Engineering , Anorganische Chemie II, Adolf-Reichwein-Strasse 2, D-57068 Siegen, Germany
| | - Claudia Wickleder
- Center of Micro- and Nanochemistry and Engineering , Anorganische Chemie II, Adolf-Reichwein-Strasse 2, D-57068 Siegen, Germany
| | - Michael Schmittel
- Center of Micro- and Nanochemistry and Engineering , Organische Chemie I, Adolf-Reichwein-Strasse 2, D-57068 Siegen, Germany
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20
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Gaikwad S, Pramanik S, De S, Schmittel M. A high-speed network of nanoswitches for on/off control of catalysis. Dalton Trans 2018; 47:1786-1790. [DOI: 10.1039/c7dt04695b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Copper(i) ion translocation is the key for fast and reliable communication between networked devices in the catalytic machinery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudhakar Gaikwad
- Center of Micro and Nanochemistry and Engineering
- Organische Chemie I
- Universität Siegen
- D-57068 Siegen
- Germany
| | - Susnata Pramanik
- Center of Micro and Nanochemistry and Engineering
- Organische Chemie I
- Universität Siegen
- D-57068 Siegen
- Germany
| | - Soumen De
- Center of Micro and Nanochemistry and Engineering
- Organische Chemie I
- Universität Siegen
- D-57068 Siegen
- Germany
| | - Michael Schmittel
- Center of Micro and Nanochemistry and Engineering
- Organische Chemie I
- Universität Siegen
- D-57068 Siegen
- Germany
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21
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Santra S, Bej S, Nandi M, Mondal P, Ghosh P. Syntheses of metallo-pseudorotaxanes, rotaxane and post-synthetically functionalized rotaxane: a comprehensive spectroscopic study and dynamic properties. Dalton Trans 2017; 46:13300-13313. [PMID: 28771266 DOI: 10.1039/c7dt01364g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Herein, a bis-amido tris-amine macrocycle and five bipyridine-based bidentate chelating ligands were investigated towards various divalent transition metal ion (NiII, CoII, CuII, and ZnII)-templated syntheses of metallo [2]pseudorotaxanes. The formation of these ternary complexes was elucidated via different spectroscopic techniques such as ESI-MS, absorption spectroscopy, EPR spectroscopy, and single-crystal X-ray diffraction studies wherever possible. Azide-terminated NiII, CoII, CuII, ZnII-templated [2]pseudorotaxanes were explored to generate [2]rotaxane, ROT, via reaction with an alkyne-terminated triphenylene unit as a stopper under the mild reaction condition of the CuI-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition reaction. NiII-templated [2]pseudorotaxane was found to be the best precursor towards the high-yield synthesis of ROT. The interpenetrative nature of the center piece in metal-free rotaxane was also established through various spectroscopic techniques such as ESI-MS and 1D and 2D (COSY, NOESY, ROESY, and DOSY) NMR spectroscopy. Furthermore, ROT was functionalized via tri-acetylation as AcROT to incorporate three tertiary amides at the tris-amine centers; this AcROT exhibited rotamer-induced molecular motions in an interpenetrated system via the formation of multiple conformers/co-conformers. Additionally, the existence of multiple rotamers was established via variable-temperature NMR spectroscopic studies. Li+ and 12-crown-4 were found to be suitable for the reversible conformation/co-conformation fixation of tri-acetylated bis-amido tris-amine macrocyclic wheel-based rotaxane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saikat Santra
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, 2A & 2B Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Kolkata 700 032, India.
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22
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Saura-Sanmartin A, Martinez-Espin JS, Martinez-Cuezva A, Alajarin M, Berna J. Effects on Rotational Dynamics of Azo and Hydrazodicarboxamide-Based Rotaxanes. Molecules 2017; 22:molecules22071078. [PMID: 28657603 PMCID: PMC6152038 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22071078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2017] [Revised: 06/26/2017] [Accepted: 06/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The synthesis of novel hydrogen-bonded [2]rotaxanes having two pyridine rings in the macrocycle and azo- and hydrazodicarboxamide-based templates decorated with four cyclohexyl groups is described. The different affinity of the binding sites for the benzylic amide macrocycle and the formation of programmed non-covalent interactions between the interlocked components have an important effect on the dynamic behavior of these compounds. Having this in mind, the chemical interconversion between the azo and hydrazo forms of the [2]rotaxane was investigated to provide a chemically-driven interlocked system enable to switch its circumrotation rate as a function of the oxidation level of the binding site. Different structural modifications were carried out to further functionalize the nitrogen of the pyridine rings, including oxidation, alkylation or protonation reactions, affording interlocked azo-derivatives whose rotation dynamics were also analyzed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian Saura-Sanmartin
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Química, Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum", Universidad de Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain.
| | - Juan S Martinez-Espin
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Química, Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum", Universidad de Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain.
| | - Alberto Martinez-Cuezva
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Química, Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum", Universidad de Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain.
| | - Mateo Alajarin
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Química, Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum", Universidad de Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain.
| | - Jose Berna
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Química, Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum", Universidad de Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain.
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23
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Remón
- CIQSO-Center for Research in Sustainable Chemistry and Department of Chemistry; University of Huelva; Campus de El Carmen s/n 21071 Huelva Spain
| | - Uwe Pischel
- CIQSO-Center for Research in Sustainable Chemistry and Department of Chemistry; University of Huelva; Campus de El Carmen s/n 21071 Huelva Spain
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24
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Leigh DA, Marcos V, Nalbantoglu T, Vitorica-Yrezabal IJ, Yasar FT, Zhu X. Pyridyl-Acyl Hydrazone Rotaxanes and Molecular Shuttles. J Am Chem Soc 2017; 139:7104-7109. [PMID: 28471662 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.7b03307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
We report on rotaxanes featuring a pyridyl-acyl hydrazone moiety on the axle as a photo/thermal-switchable macrocycle binding site. The pyridyl-acyl E-hydrazone acts as a hydrogen bonding template that directs the assembly of a benzylic amide macrocycle around the axle to form [2]rotaxanes in up to 85% yield; the corresponding Z-hydrazone thread affords no rotaxane under similar conditions. However, the E-rotaxane can be smoothly converted into the Z-rotaxane in 98% yield under UV irradiation. The X-ray crystal structures of the E- and Z-rotaxanes show different intercomponent hydrogen bonding patterns. In molecular shuttles containing pyridyl-acyl hydrazone and succinic amide ester binding sites, the change of position of the macrocycle on the thread can be achieved through a series of light irradiation and heating cycles with excellent positional integrity (>95%) and switching fidelity (98%) in each state.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A Leigh
- School of Chemistry, University of Manchester , Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
| | - Vanesa Marcos
- School of Chemistry, University of Manchester , Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
| | - Tugrul Nalbantoglu
- School of Chemistry, University of Manchester , Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
| | | | - F Tuba Yasar
- School of Chemistry, University of Manchester , Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
| | - Xiaokang Zhu
- School of Chemistry, University of Manchester , Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
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25
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Martinez-Cuezva A, Saura-Sanmartin A, Nicolas-Garcia T, Navarro C, Orenes RA, Alajarin M, Berna J. Photoswitchable interlocked thiodiglycolamide as a cocatalyst of a chalcogeno-Baylis-Hillman reaction. Chem Sci 2017; 8:3775-3780. [PMID: 28580109 PMCID: PMC5436546 DOI: 10.1039/c7sc00724h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2017] [Accepted: 03/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
En route to a photoswitchable interlocked catalyst we have proved the ability of thiodiglycolamide to act as a template in the formation of hydrogen-bonded [2]rotaxanes. X-ray diffraction studies reveal the shielding of the sulfide atom by the macrocycle. A series of molecular shuttles are described as having an isomerizable fumaramide and thiodiglycolamide binding sites for controlling the relative ring position at will. By employing these systems as photoregulated catalysts, the TiCl4-mediated chalcogeno-Morita-Baylis-Hillman reaction is tested. In the presence of the maleamide shuttle, in which the sulfide function is encapsulated by the macrocycle, a complete loss in control of the geometry of the produced aldol is observed. The E-aldol adduct is predominantly obtained when the photoisomerized fumaramide shuttle, in which the sulfide function is exposed, is used.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Martinez-Cuezva
- Departamento de Química Orgánica , Facultad de Química , Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum" , Universidad de Murcia , E-30100 , Murcia , Spain .
| | - Adrian Saura-Sanmartin
- Departamento de Química Orgánica , Facultad de Química , Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum" , Universidad de Murcia , E-30100 , Murcia , Spain .
| | - Tomas Nicolas-Garcia
- Departamento de Química Orgánica , Facultad de Química , Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum" , Universidad de Murcia , E-30100 , Murcia , Spain .
| | - Cristian Navarro
- Departamento de Química Orgánica , Facultad de Química , Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum" , Universidad de Murcia , E-30100 , Murcia , Spain .
| | | | - Mateo Alajarin
- Departamento de Química Orgánica , Facultad de Química , Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum" , Universidad de Murcia , E-30100 , Murcia , Spain .
| | - Jose Berna
- Departamento de Química Orgánica , Facultad de Química , Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum" , Universidad de Murcia , E-30100 , Murcia , Spain .
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