1
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Kao CP, Lee JY, Tang MC, Lee HM. Design and synthesis of versatile ligand precursors based on phosphonium ylides for palladalactam formation and catalytic investigation. Dalton Trans 2024; 53:10475-10485. [PMID: 38836836 DOI: 10.1039/d4dt00862f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2024]
Abstract
A new series of ligand precursors designed for the synthesis of palladalactams has been developed. These precursors are easily accessible through a one-step reaction involving 2-chloro-N-phenylacetamide and a wide choice of various monophosphines, offering tunable electronic and steric properties within the ligand framework. The stability of both ligand precursors and resulting palladalactams in ambient air enhances their practical applicability. A newly synthesized palladalactam, featuring an electron-donating triethylphosphine moiety on the anionic phosphonium ylide ligand scaffold exhibited promising catalytic activities in the Mizoroki-Heck coupling reaction between aryl chlorides and alkenes. Theoretical calculations further affirmed that the ligand system in the complex is the most electron-donating, forming the strongest Pd-C bond compared to other complexes with alternative phosphine moieties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Po Kao
- Department of Chemistry, National Changhua University of Education, Changhua, 500, Taiwan.
| | - Jhen-Yi Lee
- Department of Chemistry, National Changhua University of Education, Changhua, 500, Taiwan.
| | - Min-Cheng Tang
- Department of Chemistry, National Changhua University of Education, Changhua, 500, Taiwan.
| | - Hon Man Lee
- Department of Chemistry, National Changhua University of Education, Changhua, 500, Taiwan.
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2
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Löffler J, Kaiser N, Knyszek D, Krischer F, Jörges M, Feichtner KS, Gessner VH. P,N-Coordinating Ylide-Functionalized Phosphines (NYPhos): A Ligand Platform for the Selective Monoarylation of Small Nucleophiles. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024:e202408947. [PMID: 38899792 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202408947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2024] [Revised: 06/03/2024] [Accepted: 06/06/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
Palladium-catalyzed coupling reactions of small nucleophiles are of great interest, but challenging due to difficulties in selectivity control. Herein, we report the development of a new platform of P,N-ligands consisting of ylide-functionalized phosphines with aminophosphonium groups (NYPhos) to address this challenge. These phosphine ligands are easily accessible in a wide structural diversity with highly modular electronic and steric properties. Based on a family of 14 ligands the selective monoarylation of acetone as well as other challenging ketones and amides was accomplished with record-setting activities even for aryl chlorides at room temperature including late-stage functionalizations of drug molecules. Moreover, ammonia and other small primary amines could be coupled at mild conditions. Isolation and structure analyses of palladium complexes within the catalytic cycle confirmed that the P,N-coordination mode is necessary to achieve the observed selectivities. It also demonstrated the facile adjustability of the N-donor strength, which is beneficial for the targeted design of tailored P,N-ligands for future applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julian Löffler
- Chair of Inorganic Chemistry II, Faculty of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ruhr-University Bochum, Universitätsstr. 150, 44801, Bochum, Germany
| | - Nicolas Kaiser
- Chair of Inorganic Chemistry II, Faculty of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ruhr-University Bochum, Universitätsstr. 150, 44801, Bochum, Germany
| | - Daniel Knyszek
- Chair of Inorganic Chemistry II, Faculty of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ruhr-University Bochum, Universitätsstr. 150, 44801, Bochum, Germany
| | - Felix Krischer
- Chair of Inorganic Chemistry II, Faculty of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ruhr-University Bochum, Universitätsstr. 150, 44801, Bochum, Germany
| | - Mike Jörges
- Chair of Inorganic Chemistry II, Faculty of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ruhr-University Bochum, Universitätsstr. 150, 44801, Bochum, Germany
| | - Kai-Stephan Feichtner
- Chair of Inorganic Chemistry II, Faculty of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ruhr-University Bochum, Universitätsstr. 150, 44801, Bochum, Germany
| | - Viktoria H Gessner
- Chair of Inorganic Chemistry II, Faculty of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ruhr-University Bochum, Universitätsstr. 150, 44801, Bochum, Germany
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3
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Szlosek R, Niefanger AS, Balázs G, Seidl M, Timoshkin AY, Scheer M. Characterization of the Ligand Properties of Donor-stabilized Pnictogenyltrielanes. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202303603. [PMID: 38131435 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202303603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Revised: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
A general synthesis and the characterization of novel alkyl-substituted NHC-stabilized pnictogenylboranes NHC ⋅ BH2 ER2 (NHC=N-heterocyclic carbene, E=P, As; R2 =Me2 , Ph2 , t BuH, Cy2 , (SiMe3 )2 ) are reported. These compounds were reacted with Ni(CO)4 to the corresponding complexes of the type [(NHC ⋅ BH2 ER2 )Ni(CO)3 ] to determine their donor strength by Tolman Electronic Parameters (TEPs) and their steric demand as ligands compared to classical phosphines, superbasic phosphines and other commonly applied donor systems. The results show that the NHC-stabilized pnictogenyltrielanes can be considered as being highly basic, while their steric influence depends strongly on the organic residues as well as the donor attached to the {BH2 } moiety. Although weaker than commonly used superbasic phosphines, the donor strength of pnictogenyltrielanes in general can be classified as of similar strength as NHCs. The steric and electronic properties can easily be modified by alkyl substitution as evident from the TEP trends.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Szlosek
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Universität Regensburg, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | | | - Gábor Balázs
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Universität Regensburg, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Michael Seidl
- Institute of General and Theoretical Chemistry, Leopold-Franzens Universität Innsbruck, Innrain 80-82, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Alexey Y Timoshkin
- Institute of Chemistry, Saint Petersburg State University, Universitetskaya emb. 7/9, 199034, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Manfred Scheer
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Universität Regensburg, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
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4
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Prendes DS, Papp F, Sankaran N, Sivendran N, Beyer F, Merten C, Gooßen LJ. Enantioselective Synthesis of Arylglycines via Pd-Catalyzed Coupling of Schöllkopf Bis-Lactim Ethers with Aryl Chlorides. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202309868. [PMID: 37671802 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202309868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Revised: 08/22/2023] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 09/07/2023]
Abstract
Arylglycines are important pharmacophores present in several top-selling drugs. This compound class has now been made accessible from abundant aryl chlorides by a Pd-catalyzed Schöllkopf-type amino acid synthesis. In the presence of the catalyst methylnaphthyl(XPhos)-palladium bromide, the base lithium 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpyrrolidide and the additive ZnCl2 , tert-leucine-derived bis-lactim ethers were efficiently arylated at room temperature, reaching yields of 95 % and diastereoselectivities of 98 : 2. Hydrolysis gave the corresponding arylglycines in high enantiomeric excess.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Sowa Prendes
- Faculty for Chemistry and Biochemistry, Chair of Organic Chemistry I, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Universitätsstr. 150, 44801, Bochum, Germany
| | - Florian Papp
- Faculty for Chemistry and Biochemistry, Chair of Organic Chemistry I, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Universitätsstr. 150, 44801, Bochum, Germany
| | - Nagesh Sankaran
- Faculty for Chemistry and Biochemistry, Chair of Organic Chemistry I, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Universitätsstr. 150, 44801, Bochum, Germany
| | - Nardana Sivendran
- Faculty for Chemistry and Biochemistry, Chair of Organic Chemistry I, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Universitätsstr. 150, 44801, Bochum, Germany
| | - Frederike Beyer
- Faculty for Chemistry and Biochemistry, Organic Chemistry II, Ruhr-Universität Bochum Universitätsstr. 150, 44801 Bochum (Germany)
| | - Christian Merten
- Faculty for Chemistry and Biochemistry, Organic Chemistry II, Ruhr-Universität Bochum Universitätsstr. 150, 44801 Bochum (Germany)
| | - Lukas J Gooßen
- Faculty for Chemistry and Biochemistry, Chair of Organic Chemistry I, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Universitätsstr. 150, 44801, Bochum, Germany
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5
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Goebel JF, Löffler J, Zeng Z, Handelmann J, Hermann A, Rodstein I, Gensch T, Gessner VH, Gooßen LJ. Computer-Driven Development of Ylide Functionalized Phosphines for Palladium-Catalyzed Hiyama Couplings. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202216160. [PMID: 36538000 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202216160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Revised: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Palladium-catalyzed couplings of silicon enolates with aryl electrophiles are of great synthetic utility, but often limited to expensive bromide substrates. A comparative experimental study confirmed that none of the established ligand systems allows to couple inexpensive aryl chlorides with α-trimethylsilyl alkylnitriles. In contrast, ylide functionalized phosphines (YPhos) led to encouraging results. A statistical model was developed that correlates the reaction yields with ligand features. It was employed to predict catalyst structures with superior performance. With this cheminformatics approach, YPhos ligands were tailored specifically to the demands of Hiyama couplings. The newly synthesized ligands displayed record-setting activities, enabling the elusive coupling of aryl chlorides with α-trimethylsilyl alkyl nitriles. The preparative utility of the catalyst system was demonstrated by the synthesis of pharmaceutically meaningful α-aryl alkylnitriles, α-arylcarbonyls and biaryls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas F Goebel
- Chair of Organic Chemistry I, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Universitätsstr. 150, 44801, Bochum, Germany
| | - Julian Löffler
- Chair of Inorganic Chemistry II, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Universitätsstr. 150, 44801, Bochum, Germany
| | - Zhongyi Zeng
- Chair of Organic Chemistry I, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Universitätsstr. 150, 44801, Bochum, Germany
| | - Jens Handelmann
- Chair of Inorganic Chemistry II, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Universitätsstr. 150, 44801, Bochum, Germany
| | - Albert Hermann
- Chair of Organic Chemistry I, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Universitätsstr. 150, 44801, Bochum, Germany
| | - Ilja Rodstein
- Chair of Inorganic Chemistry II, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Universitätsstr. 150, 44801, Bochum, Germany
| | - Tobias Gensch
- Department of Chemistry, TU Berlin, 10623, Berlin, Germany
| | - Viktoria H Gessner
- Chair of Inorganic Chemistry II, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Universitätsstr. 150, 44801, Bochum, Germany
| | - Lukas J Gooßen
- Chair of Organic Chemistry I, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Universitätsstr. 150, 44801, Bochum, Germany
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6
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Rodstein I, Kelling L, Löffler J, Scherpf T, Sarbajna A, Andrada DM, Gessner VH. Formation of exceptional monomeric YPhos-PdCl 2 complexes with high activities in coupling reactions. Chem Sci 2022; 13:13552-13562. [PMID: 36507159 PMCID: PMC9683020 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc04523k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2022] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of well-defined palladium(ii) complexes as precatalysts for C-X cross-coupling reactions has improved the use of palladium catalysts in organic synthesis including large-scale processes. Whereas sophisticated Pd(ii) precursors have been developed in the past years to facilitate catalyst activation as well as the handling of systems with more advanced monophosphine ligands, we herein report that simple PdCl2 complexes function as efficient precatalysts for ylide-substituted phosphines (YPhos). These complexes are readily synthesized from PdCl2 sources and form unprecedented monomeric PdCl2 complexes without the need for any additional coligand. Instead, these structures are stabilized through a unique bonding motif, in which the YPhos ligands bind to the metal through the adjacent phosphine and ylidic carbon site. DFT calculations showed that these bonds are both dative interactions with the stronger interaction originating from the electron-rich phosphine donor. This bonding mode leads to a remarkable stability even towards air and moisture. Nonetheless, the complexes readily form monoligated LPd(0) complexes and thus the active palladium(0) species in coupling reactions. Accordingly, the YPhos-PdCl2 complexes serve as highly efficient precatalysts for a series of C-C and C-X coupling reactions. Despite their simplicity they can compete with the efficiency of more complex and less stable precatalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilja Rodstein
- Faculty of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Chair of Inorganic Chemistry II, Ruhr University BochumUniversitätsstr. 15044801 BochumGermany
| | - Leif Kelling
- Faculty of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Chair of Inorganic Chemistry II, Ruhr University BochumUniversitätsstr. 15044801 BochumGermany
| | - Julian Löffler
- Faculty of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Chair of Inorganic Chemistry II, Ruhr University BochumUniversitätsstr. 15044801 BochumGermany
| | - Thorsten Scherpf
- Faculty of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Chair of Inorganic Chemistry II, Ruhr University BochumUniversitätsstr. 15044801 BochumGermany
| | - Abir Sarbajna
- Faculty of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Chair of Inorganic Chemistry II, Ruhr University BochumUniversitätsstr. 15044801 BochumGermany
| | - Diego M. Andrada
- General and Inorganic Chemistry Department, University of SaarlandCampus C4.166123 SaarbrueckenGermany
| | - Viktoria H. Gessner
- Faculty of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Chair of Inorganic Chemistry II, Ruhr University BochumUniversitätsstr. 15044801 BochumGermany
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7
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Zur J, Schmidt M, Feichtner K, Duari P, Löffler J, Scherpf T, Gessner VH. From Stable PH-Ylides to α-Carbanionic Phosphines as Ligands for Zwitterionic Catalysts. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202203950. [PMID: 35644923 PMCID: PMC9401067 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202203950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Although ylides are commonly used reagents in organic synthesis, the parent methylphosphine MePH2 only exists in its phosphine form in the condensed phase. Its ylide tautomer H3 P+ -CH2 - is considerably higher in energy. Here, we report on the formation of bis(sulfonyl)methyl-substituted phosphines of the type (RO2 S)2 C(H)-PR2, which form stable PH ylides under ambient conditions, amongst the first examples of an acyclic phosphine which only exists in its PH ylide form. Depending on the exact substitution pattern the phosphines form an equilibrium between the PH ylide and the phosphine form or exist as one of both extremes. These phosphines were found to be ideal starting systems for the facile formation of α-carbanionic phosphines. The carbanion-functionalization leads to a switch from electron-poor to highly electron-rich phosphines with strong donor abilities and high basicities. Thus, the phosphines readily react with different electrophiles exclusively at the phosphorus atom and not at the carbanionic center. Furthermore, the anionic nature of the phosphines allows the formation of zwitterionic complexes as demonstrated by the isolation of a gold(I) complex with a cationic metal center. The cationic gold center allows for catalytic activity in the hydroamination of alkyne without requiring a further activation step.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana‐Alina Zur
- Chair of Inorganic Chemistry IIFaculty of Chemistry and BiochemistryRuhr-University BochumUniversitätsstrasse 15044780BochumGermany
| | - Michelle Schmidt
- Chair of Inorganic Chemistry IIFaculty of Chemistry and BiochemistryRuhr-University BochumUniversitätsstrasse 15044780BochumGermany
| | - Kai‐Stephan Feichtner
- Chair of Inorganic Chemistry IIFaculty of Chemistry and BiochemistryRuhr-University BochumUniversitätsstrasse 15044780BochumGermany
| | - Prakash Duari
- Chair of Inorganic Chemistry IIFaculty of Chemistry and BiochemistryRuhr-University BochumUniversitätsstrasse 15044780BochumGermany
| | - Julian Löffler
- Chair of Inorganic Chemistry IIFaculty of Chemistry and BiochemistryRuhr-University BochumUniversitätsstrasse 15044780BochumGermany
| | - Thorsten Scherpf
- Chair of Inorganic Chemistry IIFaculty of Chemistry and BiochemistryRuhr-University BochumUniversitätsstrasse 15044780BochumGermany
| | - Viktoria H. Gessner
- Chair of Inorganic Chemistry IIFaculty of Chemistry and BiochemistryRuhr-University BochumUniversitätsstrasse 15044780BochumGermany
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8
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Wei R, Ju S, Liu LL. Free Metallophosphines: Extremely Electron‐Rich Phosphorus Superbases That Are Electronically and Sterically Tunable**. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202205618. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.202205618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rui Wei
- Department of Chemistry Shenzhen Grubbs Institute and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Catalysis Southern University of Science and Technology Shenzhen 518055 China
| | - Shaoying Ju
- Department of Chemistry Shenzhen Grubbs Institute and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Catalysis Southern University of Science and Technology Shenzhen 518055 China
| | - Liu Leo Liu
- Department of Chemistry Shenzhen Grubbs Institute and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Catalysis Southern University of Science and Technology Shenzhen 518055 China
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9
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Zur J, Schmidt M, Feichtner K, Duari P, Löffler J, Scherpf T, Gessner VH. From Stable PH‐Ylides to α‐Carbanionic Phosphines as Ligands for Zwitterionic Catalysts. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202203950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jana‐Alina Zur
- Chair of Inorganic Chemistry II Faculty of Chemistry and Biochemistry Ruhr-University Bochum Universitätsstrasse 150 44780 Bochum Germany
| | - Michelle Schmidt
- Chair of Inorganic Chemistry II Faculty of Chemistry and Biochemistry Ruhr-University Bochum Universitätsstrasse 150 44780 Bochum Germany
| | - Kai‐Stephan Feichtner
- Chair of Inorganic Chemistry II Faculty of Chemistry and Biochemistry Ruhr-University Bochum Universitätsstrasse 150 44780 Bochum Germany
| | - Prakash Duari
- Chair of Inorganic Chemistry II Faculty of Chemistry and Biochemistry Ruhr-University Bochum Universitätsstrasse 150 44780 Bochum Germany
| | - Julian Löffler
- Chair of Inorganic Chemistry II Faculty of Chemistry and Biochemistry Ruhr-University Bochum Universitätsstrasse 150 44780 Bochum Germany
| | - Thorsten Scherpf
- Chair of Inorganic Chemistry II Faculty of Chemistry and Biochemistry Ruhr-University Bochum Universitätsstrasse 150 44780 Bochum Germany
| | - Viktoria H. Gessner
- Chair of Inorganic Chemistry II Faculty of Chemistry and Biochemistry Ruhr-University Bochum Universitätsstrasse 150 44780 Bochum Germany
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10
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Wei X, Xue B, Handelmann J, Hu Z, Darmandeh H, Gessner VH, Gooßen LJ. Ylide‐Functionalized Diisopropyl Phosphine (prYPhos): A Ligand for Selective Suzuki‐Miyaura Couplings of Aryl Chlorides. Adv Synth Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.202200321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiao‐Jing Wei
- Faculty of Chemistry and Biochemistry Ruhr Universität Bochum 44801 Bochum Germany
| | - Bingxiang Xue
- Faculty of Chemistry and Biochemistry Ruhr Universität Bochum 44801 Bochum Germany
| | - Jens Handelmann
- Faculty of Chemistry and Biochemistry Ruhr Universität Bochum 44801 Bochum Germany
| | - Zhiyong Hu
- Faculty of Chemistry and Biochemistry Ruhr Universität Bochum 44801 Bochum Germany
| | - Heidar Darmandeh
- Faculty of Chemistry and Biochemistry Ruhr Universität Bochum 44801 Bochum Germany
| | - Viktoria H. Gessner
- Faculty of Chemistry and Biochemistry Ruhr Universität Bochum 44801 Bochum Germany
| | - Lukas J. Gooßen
- Faculty of Chemistry and Biochemistry Ruhr Universität Bochum 44801 Bochum Germany
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11
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Wei R, Ju S, Liu LL. Free Metallophosphines: Extremely Electron‐Rich Phosphorus Superbases That Are Electronically and Sterically Tunable**. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202205618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rui Wei
- Department of Chemistry Shenzhen Grubbs Institute and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Catalysis Southern University of Science and Technology Shenzhen 518055 China
| | - Shaoying Ju
- Department of Chemistry Shenzhen Grubbs Institute and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Catalysis Southern University of Science and Technology Shenzhen 518055 China
| | - Liu Leo Liu
- Department of Chemistry Shenzhen Grubbs Institute and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Catalysis Southern University of Science and Technology Shenzhen 518055 China
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12
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Ylide-Substituted Phosphines: A Platform of Strong Donor Ligands for Gold Catalysis and Palladium-Catalyzed Coupling Reactions. Acc Chem Res 2022; 55:770-782. [PMID: 35170935 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.1c00797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The development of homogeneous catalysts is strongly connected to the design of new, sophisticated ligands, which resolve limitations of a given reaction protocol by manipulating the electronic properties of the metal and its spatial environment. Phosphines are a privileged class of ligands that find applications in many catalytic transformations, ranging from hydrogenation reactions to hydroformylation and coupling chemistry. For many years, chemists have been trying to improve the efficiency, selectivity, and application of coupling reactions. The use of highly electron-rich and bulky phosphines was often associated with increased selectivity and efficiency and led to the development of a vast variety of electron-rich alkyl-substituted phosphines. However, this concept of increasing the ligand donor strength reaches its limits with the use of trialkyl-substituted phosphines with tri-tert-butylphosphine thus being one of the most active ligands for many years. In the course of our research efforts to use the special donor strength of ylides to stabilize electron-deficient, low-valent main group compounds, we realized that ylide-substituted phosphine (YPhos) ligands possess remarkably strong donor abilities. Moreover, the YPhos ligands are highly tunable by changing the nature of the groups on the phosphonium, phosphine, or central ylidic carbon atom. We thus obtained a ligand platform with donor capabilities ranging from PCy3 to even stronger donor abilities than N-heterocyclic carbenes, while being more sterically demanding than simple phosphines as well as many well-known biarylphosphine ligands.These properties led us to explore the applicability of the YPhos ligands in catalysis. In a series of recent reports, our group applied YPhos ligands in gold and palladium catalyzed reactions at catalytic loadings applicable for medium- to large-scale applications. The increased donor strength and unique architecture allowed for remarkable activities in a series of transformations at mild reactions conditions. For gold(I)-catalyzed reactions, we obtained turnover numbers (TONs) for the hydroamination of phenylacetylene with aniline of over 20 000. Also, more complex reactions were easily catalyzed with efficiencies greater than those of other known gold(I) catalysts. Similar efficacies were found in a series of palladium-catalyzed coupling reactions. In Buchwald-Hartwig aminations, unprecedented activities for the amination of aryl chlorides were reached at room temperature. The speed of formation of the catalytically active mono-YPhos palladium species allowed for some of the amination reactions to be completed in only a few minutes. Adjustment of the ligand design enabled the use of a large variety of different aryl and alkyl amines of different steric demands. Furthermore, the YPhos ligands in general showed high activities and selectivity in the coupling of a variety of carbon nucleophiles with aryl chlorides, bromides, and triflates. This enabled the development of efficient reaction protocols for the α-arylation of unhindered ketones and the coupling of Grignard and zinc reagents as well as the first efficient coupling of chloroarenes with alkyllithium compounds. This Account summarizes the recent development of YPhos ligands and their application in gold and palladium catalysis. We also hope to stimulate further use of this ligand platform in catalysis in the future.
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13
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El Kadiri M, Chihab A, Taakili R, Duhayon C, Valyaev DA, Canac Y. Diverse C-Coordination Modes of NHC-Tricyclohexylphosphonium Ylide Ligands in Palladium(II) Complexes. Organometallics 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.1c00700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mustapha El Kadiri
- LCC-CNRS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, 205 route de Narbonne, 31077 Toulouse Cedex 4, France
| | - Abdelali Chihab
- LCC-CNRS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, 205 route de Narbonne, 31077 Toulouse Cedex 4, France
| | - Rachid Taakili
- LCC-CNRS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, 205 route de Narbonne, 31077 Toulouse Cedex 4, France
| | - Carine Duhayon
- LCC-CNRS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, 205 route de Narbonne, 31077 Toulouse Cedex 4, France
| | - Dmitry A. Valyaev
- LCC-CNRS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, 205 route de Narbonne, 31077 Toulouse Cedex 4, France
| | - Yves Canac
- LCC-CNRS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, 205 route de Narbonne, 31077 Toulouse Cedex 4, France
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14
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Neigenfind P, Knyszek D, Handelmann J, Gessner VH. Synthesis of Sterically Encumbered Di- and Triarylamines by Palladium-Catalysed C-N Coupling Reactions at Mild Reaction Conditions. Catal Sci Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d1cy02352g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis of bulky, ortho-substituted triarylamines often represents a synthetic challenge, but is highly desirable due to the use of these compounds in organic electronics. Here, we report on a...
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15
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Wang S, Jiang P, Li R, Yang M, Deng G. Progress in Selective Construction of Functional Aromatics with Cyclohexanone. CHINESE J ORG CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.6023/cjoc202107032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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16
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Stalder T, Krischer F, Steinert H, Neigenfind P, Däschlein-Gessner VH. Ylide-stabilized phosphenium cations: Impact of the substitution pattern on the coordination chemistry. Chemistry 2021; 28:e202104074. [PMID: 34890085 PMCID: PMC9303317 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202104074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Although N‐heterocyclic phosphenium (NHP) cations have received considerable research interest due to their application in organocatalysis, including asymmetric synthesis, phosphenium cations with other substitution patterns have hardly been explored. Herein, the preparation of a series of ylide‐substituted cations of type [YPR]+ (with Y=Ph3PC(Ph), R=Ph, Cy or Y) and their structural and coordination properties are reported. Although the diylide‐substituted cation forms spontaneous from the chlorophosphine precursor, the monoylidylphosphenium ions required the addition of a halide‐abstraction reagent. The molecular structures of the cations reflected the different degrees of electron donation from the ylide to the phosphorus center depending on the second substituent. Molecular orbital analysis confirmed the stronger donor properties of the ylide systems compared to NHPs with the mono‐ylide substituted cations featuring a more pronounced electrophilicity. This was mirrored by the reaction of the cations towards gold chloride, in which only the diylide‐substituted cation [Y2P]+ formed the expected LAuCl]+ complex, while the monoylide‐substituted compounds reacted to the chlorophosphine ligands by transfer of the chloride from gold to the phosphorus center. These results demonstrate the tunability of ylide‐functionalized phosphorus cations, which should allow for further applications in coordination chemistry in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Stalder
- Ruhr-Universität Bochum: Ruhr-Universitat Bochum, Faculty of Chemistry and Biochemistry, GERMANY
| | - Felix Krischer
- Ruhr-Universität Bochum: Ruhr-Universitat Bochum, Faculty of Chemistry and Biochemistry, GERMANY
| | - Henning Steinert
- Ruhr-Universität Bochum: Ruhr-Universitat Bochum, Faculty of Chemistry and Biochemistry, GERMANY
| | - Philipp Neigenfind
- Ruhr-Universität Bochum: Ruhr-Universitat Bochum, Faculty of Chemistry and Biochemistry, GERMANY
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17
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Gold(I) Complexes with P-Donor Ligands and Their Biological Evaluation. Processes (Basel) 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/pr9122100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Gold(I) complexes with phosphine ligands—[Au(TrippyPhos)Cl] (1) (TrippyPhos = 1-[2-[bis(tert-butyl)phosphino]phenyl]-3,5-diphenyl-1H-pyrazole), [Au(BippyPhos)Cl]0.5CH2Cl2 (2) (BippyPhos = 5-(di-tert-butylphosphino)-1′, 3′, 5′-triphenyl-1′H-[1,4′]bipyrazole), and [Au(meCgPPh)Cl] (3) (meCgPPh = 1,3,5,7-tetramethyl-6-phenyl-2,4,8-trioxa-6-phosphaadamantane—were investigated as types of bioactive gold metallodrugs. Complexes (1)–(3) were characterized using IR, 1H, 13C, 31P NMR spectroscopy, elemental analysis and mass spectrometry (FAB-MS). Complexes of (1) and (2) exhibited substantial in vitro cytotoxicity (IC50 = 0.5–7.0 μM) against both the cisplatin-sensitive and -resistant variants of the A2780 human ovarian carcinoma cell line, as well as against the A549 human lung carcinoma, K562 chronic myelogenous leukemia, and HeLa (human cervix carcinoma) cells. However, among the compounds studied, complex (2) showed the most promising biological properties: the highest stability in biologically relevant media, selectivity towards cancer cells over the non-cancer cells (HUVEC, human umbilical vein endothelial cells), and the highest inhibitory effect on cytosolic NADPH-dependent reductases in A2780 and A2780cis cells among the gold complexes under analysis.
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18
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Sivendran N, Pirkl N, Hu Z, Doppiu A, Gooßen LJ. Halogen-Bridged Methylnaphthyl Palladium Dimers as Versatile Catalyst Precursors in Coupling Reactions. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:25151-25160. [PMID: 34520603 PMCID: PMC9293455 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202110450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Halogen‐bridged methylnaphthyl (MeNAP) palladium dimers are presented as multipurpose Pd‐precursors, ideally suited for catalytic method development and preparative organic synthesis. By simply mixing with phosphine or carbene ligands, they are in situ converted into well‐defined monoligated complexes. Their catalytic performance was benchmarked against state‐of‐the‐art systems in challenging Buchwald–Hartwig, Heck, Suzuki and Negishi couplings, and ketone arylations. Their use enabled record‐setting activities, beyond those achievable by optimization of the ligand alone. The MeNAP catalysts permit syntheses of tetra‐ortho‐substituted arenes and bulky anilines in near‐quantitative yields at room temperature, allow mono‐arylations of small ketones, and enable so far elusive cross‐couplings of secondary alkyl boronic acids with aryl chlorides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nardana Sivendran
- Evonik Chair of Organic Chemistry, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Universitätsstrasse 150, 44801, Bochum, Germany
| | - Nico Pirkl
- Evonik Chair of Organic Chemistry, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Universitätsstrasse 150, 44801, Bochum, Germany
| | - Zhiyong Hu
- Evonik Chair of Organic Chemistry, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Universitätsstrasse 150, 44801, Bochum, Germany
| | - Angelino Doppiu
- Umicore Precious Metals Chemistry, Rodenbacher Chaussee 4, 63457, Hanau, Germany
| | - Lukas J Gooßen
- Evonik Chair of Organic Chemistry, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Universitätsstrasse 150, 44801, Bochum, Germany
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19
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Sivendran N, Pirkl N, Hu Z, Doppiu A, Gooßen LJ. Halogen‐verbrückte Methylnaphthylpalladium‐Dimere als vielseitig einsetzbare Katalysatorvorstufen in Kreuzkupplungen. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202110450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nardana Sivendran
- Evonik Chair of Organic Chemistry Ruhr-Universität Bochum Universitätsstraße 150 44801 Bochum Deutschland
| | - Nico Pirkl
- Evonik Chair of Organic Chemistry Ruhr-Universität Bochum Universitätsstraße 150 44801 Bochum Deutschland
| | - Zhiyong Hu
- Evonik Chair of Organic Chemistry Ruhr-Universität Bochum Universitätsstraße 150 44801 Bochum Deutschland
| | - Angelino Doppiu
- Umicore Precious Metals Chemistry Rodenbacher Chaussee 4 63457 Hanau Deutschland
| | - Lukas J. Gooßen
- Evonik Chair of Organic Chemistry Ruhr-Universität Bochum Universitätsstraße 150 44801 Bochum Deutschland
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20
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Jörges M, Kroll A, Kelling L, Gauld R, Mallick B, Huber SM, Gessner VH. Synthesis, Crystal and Electronic Structures of a Thiophosphinoyl- and Amino-Substituted Metallated Ylide. ChemistryOpen 2021; 10:1089-1094. [PMID: 34569718 PMCID: PMC8562316 DOI: 10.1002/open.202100187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Revised: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
α-Metallated ylides have revealed themselves to be versatile reagents for the introduction of ylide groups. Herein, we report the synthesis of the thiophosphinoyl and piperidyl (Pip) substituted α-metallated ylide [Ph2 (Pip)P=C-P(S)Ph2 ]M (M=Li, Na, K) through a four-step synthetic procedure starting from diphenylmethylphosphine sulfide. Metallation of the ylide intermediate was successfully accomplished with different alkali metal bases delivering the lithium, sodium and potassium salts, the latter isolable in high yields. Structure analyses of the lithium and potassium compounds in the solid state with and without crown ether revealed different aggregates (monomer, dimer and hexamer) with the metals coordinated by the thiophosphoryl moiety and ylidic carbon atom. Although the piperidyl group does not coordinate to the metal, it significantly contributes to the stability of the yldiide by charge delocalization through negative hyperconjugation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mike Jörges
- Faculty of Chemistry and BiochemistryRuhr-University BochumUniversitätsstraße 15044801BochumGermany
| | - Alexander Kroll
- Faculty of Chemistry and BiochemistryRuhr-University BochumUniversitätsstraße 15044801BochumGermany
| | - Leif Kelling
- Faculty of Chemistry and BiochemistryRuhr-University BochumUniversitätsstraße 15044801BochumGermany
| | - Richard Gauld
- Faculty of Chemistry and BiochemistryRuhr-University BochumUniversitätsstraße 15044801BochumGermany
| | - Bert Mallick
- Faculty of Chemistry and BiochemistryRuhr-University BochumUniversitätsstraße 15044801BochumGermany
| | - Stefan M. Huber
- Faculty of Chemistry and BiochemistryRuhr-University BochumUniversitätsstraße 15044801BochumGermany
| | - Viktoria H. Gessner
- Faculty of Chemistry and BiochemistryRuhr-University BochumUniversitätsstraße 15044801BochumGermany
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21
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Darmandeh H, Löffler J, Tzouras NV, Dereli B, Scherpf T, Feichtner K, Vanden Broeck S, Van Hecke K, Saab M, Cazin CSJ, Cavallo L, Nolan SP, Gessner VH. Au⋅⋅⋅H-C Hydrogen Bonds as Design Principle in Gold(I) Catalysis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:21014-21024. [PMID: 34313367 PMCID: PMC8518757 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202108581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Secondary ligand-metal interactions are decisive in many catalytic transformations. While arene-gold interactions have repeatedly been reported as critical structural feature in many high-performance gold catalysts, we herein report that these interactions can also be replaced by Au⋅⋅⋅H-C hydrogen bonds without suffering any reduction in catalytic performance. Systematic experimental and computational studies on a series of ylide-substituted phosphines featuring either a PPh3 (Ph YPhos) or PCy3 (Cy YPhos) moiety showed that the arene-gold interaction in the aryl-substituted compounds is efficiently compensated by the formation of Au⋅⋅⋅H-C hydrogen bonds. The strongest interaction is found with the C-H moiety next to the onium center, which due to the polarization results in remarkably strong interactions with the shortest Au⋅⋅⋅H-C hydrogen bonds reported to date. Calorimetric studies on the formation of the gold complexes further confirmed that the Ph YPhos and Cy YPhos ligands form similarly stable complexes. Consequently, both ligands showed the same catalytic performance in the hydroamination, hydrophenoxylation and hydrocarboxylation of alkynes, thus demonstrating that Au⋅⋅⋅H-C hydrogen bonds are equally suited for the generation of highly effective gold catalysts than gold-arene interactions. The generality of this observation was confirmed by a comparative study between a biaryl phosphine ligand and its cyclohexyl-substituted derivative, which again showed identical catalytic performance. These observations clearly support Au⋅⋅⋅H-C hydrogen bonds as fundamental secondary interactions in gold catalysts, thus further increasing the number of design elements that can be used for future catalyst construction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heidar Darmandeh
- Chair of Inorganic Chemistry IIFaculty of Chemistry and BiochemistryRuhr-University BochumUniversitätsstraße 15044801BochumGermany
| | - Julian Löffler
- Chair of Inorganic Chemistry IIFaculty of Chemistry and BiochemistryRuhr-University BochumUniversitätsstraße 15044801BochumGermany
| | - Nikolaos V. Tzouras
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Sustainable ChemistryGhent UniversityKrijgslaan 281, S-39000GhentBelgium
| | - Busra Dereli
- Physical Sciences & Engineering Division (PSE)KAUST Catalysis Center (KCC)King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST)Thuwal23955-6900Saudi Arabia
| | - Thorsten Scherpf
- Chair of Inorganic Chemistry IIFaculty of Chemistry and BiochemistryRuhr-University BochumUniversitätsstraße 15044801BochumGermany
| | - Kai‐Stephan Feichtner
- Chair of Inorganic Chemistry IIFaculty of Chemistry and BiochemistryRuhr-University BochumUniversitätsstraße 15044801BochumGermany
| | - Sofie Vanden Broeck
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Sustainable ChemistryGhent UniversityKrijgslaan 281, S-39000GhentBelgium
| | - Kristof Van Hecke
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Sustainable ChemistryGhent UniversityKrijgslaan 281, S-39000GhentBelgium
| | - Marina Saab
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Sustainable ChemistryGhent UniversityKrijgslaan 281, S-39000GhentBelgium
| | - Catherine S. J. Cazin
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Sustainable ChemistryGhent UniversityKrijgslaan 281, S-39000GhentBelgium
| | - Luigi Cavallo
- Physical Sciences & Engineering Division (PSE)KAUST Catalysis Center (KCC)King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST)Thuwal23955-6900Saudi Arabia
| | - Steven P. Nolan
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Sustainable ChemistryGhent UniversityKrijgslaan 281, S-39000GhentBelgium
| | - Viktoria H. Gessner
- Chair of Inorganic Chemistry IIFaculty of Chemistry and BiochemistryRuhr-University BochumUniversitätsstraße 15044801BochumGermany
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22
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Darmandeh H, Löffler J, Tzouras NV, Dereli B, Scherpf T, Feichtner K, Vanden Broeck S, Van Hecke K, Saab M, Cazin CSJ, Cavallo L, Nolan SP, Gessner VH. Au⋅⋅⋅H−C Hydrogen Bonds as Design Principle in Gold(I) Catalysis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202108581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Heidar Darmandeh
- Chair of Inorganic Chemistry II Faculty of Chemistry and Biochemistry Ruhr-University Bochum Universitätsstraße 150 44801 Bochum Germany
| | - Julian Löffler
- Chair of Inorganic Chemistry II Faculty of Chemistry and Biochemistry Ruhr-University Bochum Universitätsstraße 150 44801 Bochum Germany
| | - Nikolaos V. Tzouras
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Sustainable Chemistry Ghent University Krijgslaan 281, S-3 9000 Ghent Belgium
| | - Busra Dereli
- Physical Sciences & Engineering Division (PSE) KAUST Catalysis Center (KCC) King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST) Thuwal 23955-6900 Saudi Arabia
| | - Thorsten Scherpf
- Chair of Inorganic Chemistry II Faculty of Chemistry and Biochemistry Ruhr-University Bochum Universitätsstraße 150 44801 Bochum Germany
| | - Kai‐Stephan Feichtner
- Chair of Inorganic Chemistry II Faculty of Chemistry and Biochemistry Ruhr-University Bochum Universitätsstraße 150 44801 Bochum Germany
| | - Sofie Vanden Broeck
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Sustainable Chemistry Ghent University Krijgslaan 281, S-3 9000 Ghent Belgium
| | - Kristof Van Hecke
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Sustainable Chemistry Ghent University Krijgslaan 281, S-3 9000 Ghent Belgium
| | - Marina Saab
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Sustainable Chemistry Ghent University Krijgslaan 281, S-3 9000 Ghent Belgium
| | - Catherine S. J. Cazin
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Sustainable Chemistry Ghent University Krijgslaan 281, S-3 9000 Ghent Belgium
| | - Luigi Cavallo
- Physical Sciences & Engineering Division (PSE) KAUST Catalysis Center (KCC) King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST) Thuwal 23955-6900 Saudi Arabia
| | - Steven P. Nolan
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Sustainable Chemistry Ghent University Krijgslaan 281, S-3 9000 Ghent Belgium
| | - Viktoria H. Gessner
- Chair of Inorganic Chemistry II Faculty of Chemistry and Biochemistry Ruhr-University Bochum Universitätsstraße 150 44801 Bochum Germany
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23
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Weitkamp RF, Neumann B, Stammler H, Hoge B. Phosphorus-Containing Superbases: Recent Progress in the Chemistry of Electron-Abundant Phosphines and Phosphazenes. Chemistry 2021; 27:10807-10825. [PMID: 34032319 PMCID: PMC8362139 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202101065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The renaissance of Brønsted superbases is primarily based on their pronounced capacity for a large variety of chemical transformations under mild reaction conditions. Four major set screws are available for the selective tuning of the basicity: the nature of the basic center (N, P, …), the degree of electron donation by substituents to the central atom, the possibility of charge delocalization, and the energy gain by hydrogen bonding. Within the past decades, a plethora of neutral electron-rich phosphine and phosphazene bases have appeared in the literature. Their outstanding properties and advantages over inorganic or charged bases have now made them indispensable as auxiliary bases in deprotonation processes. Herein, an update of the chemistry of basic phosphines and phosphazenes is given. In addition, due to widespread interest, their use in catalysis or as ligands in coordination chemistry is highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin F. Weitkamp
- Centrum für Molekulare MaterialienFakultät für ChemieUniversität BielefeldUniversitätsstraße 2533615BielefeldGermany
| | - Beate Neumann
- Centrum für Molekulare MaterialienFakultät für ChemieUniversität BielefeldUniversitätsstraße 2533615BielefeldGermany
| | - Hans‐Georg Stammler
- Centrum für Molekulare MaterialienFakultät für ChemieUniversität BielefeldUniversitätsstraße 2533615BielefeldGermany
| | - Berthold Hoge
- Centrum für Molekulare MaterialienFakultät für ChemieUniversität BielefeldUniversitätsstraße 2533615BielefeldGermany
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24
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Hu Z, Wei XJ, Handelmann J, Seitz AK, Rodstein I, Gessner VH, Gooßen LJ. Coupling of Reformatsky Reagents with Aryl Chlorides Enabled by Ylide-Functionalized Phosphine Ligands. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:6778-6783. [PMID: 33427381 PMCID: PMC7986804 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202016048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The coupling of aryl chlorides with Reformatsky reagents is a desirable strategy for the construction of α‐aryl esters but has so far been substantially limited in the substrate scope due to many challenges posed by various possible side reactions. This limitation has now been overcome by the tailoring of ylide‐functionalized phosphines to fit the requirements of Negishi couplings. Record‐setting activities were achieved in palladium‐catalyzed arylations of organozinc reagents with aryl electrophiles using a cyclohexyl‐YPhos ligand bearing an ortho‐tolyl‐substituent in the backbone. This highly electron‐rich, bulky ligand enables the use of aryl chlorides in room temperature couplings of Reformatsky reagents. The reaction scope covers diversely functionalized arylacetic and arylpropionic acid derivatives. Aryl bromides and chlorides can be converted selectively over triflate electrophiles, which permits consecutive coupling strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyong Hu
- Evonik Chair of Organic Chemistry, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Universitätsstrasse 150, 44801, Bochum, Germany
| | - Xiao-Jing Wei
- Evonik Chair of Organic Chemistry, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Universitätsstrasse 150, 44801, Bochum, Germany
| | - Jens Handelmann
- Chair of Inorganic Chemistry II, Fakultät für Chemie und Biochemie, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Universitätsstrasse 150, 44801, Bochum, Germany
| | - Ann-Katrin Seitz
- Evonik Chair of Organic Chemistry, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Universitätsstrasse 150, 44801, Bochum, Germany
| | - Ilja Rodstein
- Chair of Inorganic Chemistry II, Fakultät für Chemie und Biochemie, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Universitätsstrasse 150, 44801, Bochum, Germany
| | - Viktoria H Gessner
- Chair of Inorganic Chemistry II, Fakultät für Chemie und Biochemie, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Universitätsstrasse 150, 44801, Bochum, Germany
| | - Lukas J Gooßen
- Evonik Chair of Organic Chemistry, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Universitätsstrasse 150, 44801, Bochum, Germany
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25
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Joshi A, De SR. Diaryliodonium Salts in Transition‐Metal‐Catalyzed Chelation‐Induced C(sp
2
/sp
3
)−H Arylations. European J Org Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202100066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Asha Joshi
- Dept. of Chemistry National Institute of Technology, Uttarakhand Srinagar-Garhwal Uttarakhand 246174 India
| | - Saroj Ranjan De
- Dept. of Chemistry National Institute of Technology, Uttarakhand Srinagar-Garhwal Uttarakhand 246174 India
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26
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Handelmann J, Babu CN, Steinert H, Schwarz C, Scherpf T, Kroll A, Gessner VH. Towards the rational design of ylide-substituted phosphines for gold(i)-catalysis: from inactive to ppm-level catalysis. Chem Sci 2021; 12:4329-4337. [PMID: 34168748 PMCID: PMC8179644 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc00105a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The implementation of gold catalysis into large-scale processes suffers from the fact that most reactions still require high catalyst loadings to achieve efficient catalysis thus making upscaling impractical. Here, we report systematic studies on the impact of the substituent in the backbone of ylide-substituted phosphines (YPhos) on the catalytic activity in the hydroamination of alkynes, which allowed us to increase the catalyst performance by orders of magnitude. While electronic changes of the ligand properties by introduction of aryl groups with electron-withdrawing or electron-donating groups had surprisingly little impact on the activity of the gold complexes, the use of bulky aryl groups with ortho-substituents led to a remarkable boost in the catalyst activity. However, this catalyst improvement is not a result of an increased steric demand of the ligand towards the metal center, but due to steric protection of the reactive ylidic carbon centre in the ligand backbone. The gold complex of the thus designed mesityl-substituted YPhos ligand YMesPCy2, which is readily accessible in one step from a simple phosphonium salt, exhibited a high catalyst stability and allowed for turnover numbers up to 20 000 in the hydroamination of a series of different alkynes and amines. Furthermore, the catalyst was also active in more challenging reactions including enyne cyclisation and the formation of 1,2-dihydroquinolines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jens Handelmann
- Faculty of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Chair of Inorganic Chemistry II, Ruhr University Bochum Universitätsstr. 150 44801 Bochum Germany
| | - Chatla Naga Babu
- Faculty of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Chair of Inorganic Chemistry II, Ruhr University Bochum Universitätsstr. 150 44801 Bochum Germany
| | - Henning Steinert
- Faculty of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Chair of Inorganic Chemistry II, Ruhr University Bochum Universitätsstr. 150 44801 Bochum Germany
| | - Christopher Schwarz
- Faculty of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Chair of Inorganic Chemistry II, Ruhr University Bochum Universitätsstr. 150 44801 Bochum Germany
| | - Thorsten Scherpf
- Faculty of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Chair of Inorganic Chemistry II, Ruhr University Bochum Universitätsstr. 150 44801 Bochum Germany
| | - Alexander Kroll
- Faculty of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Chair of Inorganic Chemistry II, Ruhr University Bochum Universitätsstr. 150 44801 Bochum Germany
| | - Viktoria H Gessner
- Faculty of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Chair of Inorganic Chemistry II, Ruhr University Bochum Universitätsstr. 150 44801 Bochum Germany
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27
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Hu Z, Wei X, Handelmann J, Seitz A, Rodstein I, Gessner VH, Gooßen LJ. Kupplung von Reformatsky‐Reagenzien und Arylchloriden ermöglicht durch Ylid‐funktionalisierte Phosphanliganden. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202016048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyong Hu
- Evonik Lehrstuhl für Organische Chemie Ruhr-Universität Bochum Universitätsstraße 150 44801 Bochum Deutschland
| | - Xiao‐Jing Wei
- Evonik Lehrstuhl für Organische Chemie Ruhr-Universität Bochum Universitätsstraße 150 44801 Bochum Deutschland
| | - Jens Handelmann
- Lehrstuhl für Anorganische Chemie II Fakultät für Chemie und Biochemie Ruhr-Universität Bochum Universitätsstaße 150 44801 Bochum Deutschland
| | - Ann‐Katrin Seitz
- Evonik Lehrstuhl für Organische Chemie Ruhr-Universität Bochum Universitätsstraße 150 44801 Bochum Deutschland
| | - Ilja Rodstein
- Lehrstuhl für Anorganische Chemie II Fakultät für Chemie und Biochemie Ruhr-Universität Bochum Universitätsstaße 150 44801 Bochum Deutschland
| | - Viktoria H. Gessner
- Lehrstuhl für Anorganische Chemie II Fakultät für Chemie und Biochemie Ruhr-Universität Bochum Universitätsstaße 150 44801 Bochum Deutschland
| | - Lukas J. Gooßen
- Evonik Lehrstuhl für Organische Chemie Ruhr-Universität Bochum Universitätsstraße 150 44801 Bochum Deutschland
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28
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Organic Azides: Versatile Synthons in Transition Metal‐Catalyzed C(
sp
2
)−H Amination/Annulation for N‐Heterocycle Synthesis. Adv Synth Catal 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.202001168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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29
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Rodstein I, Prendes DS, Wickert L, Paaßen M, Gessner VH. Selective Pd-Catalyzed Monoarylation of Small Primary Alkyl Amines through Backbone-Modification in Ylide-Functionalized Phosphines (YPhos). J Org Chem 2020; 85:14674-14683. [PMID: 32907331 PMCID: PMC7684579 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.0c01771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Ylide-substituted phosphines have
been shown to be excellent ligands
for C–N coupling reactions under mild reaction conditions.
Here we report studies on the impact of the steric demand of the substituent
in the ylide-backbone on the catalytic activity. Two new YPhos ligands
with bulky ortho-tolyl (pinkYPhos) and mesityl (mesYPhos)
substituents were synthesized, which are slightly more sterically
demanding than their phenyl analogue but considerably less flexible.
This change in the ligand design leads to higher selectivities and
yields in the arylation of small primary amines compared to previously
reported YPhos ligands. Even MeNH2 and EtNH2 could be coupled at room temperature with a series of aryl chlorides
in high yields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilja Rodstein
- Faculty of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Chair of Inorganic Chemistry II, Ruhr University Bochum, Universitätsstr. 150, 44801 Bochum, Germany
| | - Daniel Sowa Prendes
- Faculty of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Chair of Inorganic Chemistry II, Ruhr University Bochum, Universitätsstr. 150, 44801 Bochum, Germany
| | - Leon Wickert
- Faculty of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Chair of Inorganic Chemistry II, Ruhr University Bochum, Universitätsstr. 150, 44801 Bochum, Germany
| | - Maurice Paaßen
- Faculty of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Chair of Inorganic Chemistry II, Ruhr University Bochum, Universitätsstr. 150, 44801 Bochum, Germany
| | - Viktoria H Gessner
- Faculty of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Chair of Inorganic Chemistry II, Ruhr University Bochum, Universitätsstr. 150, 44801 Bochum, Germany
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30
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Scherpf T, Steinert H, Großjohann A, Dilchert K, Tappen J, Rodstein I, Gessner VH. Efficient Pd-Catalyzed Direct Coupling of Aryl Chlorides with Alkyllithium Reagents. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:20596-20603. [PMID: 32725943 PMCID: PMC7692947 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202008866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Organolithium compounds are amongst the most important organometallic reagents and frequently used in difficult metallation reactions. However, their direct use in the formation of C-C bonds is less established. Although remarkable advances in the coupling of aryllithium compounds have been achieved, Csp2 -Csp3 coupling reactions are very limited. Herein, we report the first general protocol for the coupling or aryl chlorides with alkyllithium reagents. Palladium catalysts based on ylide-substituted phosphines (YPhos) were found to be excellently suited for this transformation giving high selectivities at room temperature with a variety of aryl chlorides without the need for an additional transmetallation reagent. This is demonstrated in gram-scale synthesis including building blocks for materials chemistry and pharmaceutical industry. Furthermore, the direct coupling of aryllithiums as well as Grignard reagents with aryl chlorides was also easily accomplished at room temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thorsten Scherpf
- Faculty of Chemistry and BiochemistryChair of Inorganic ChemistryRuhr-Universität BochumUniversitätsstraße 15044801BochumGermany
| | - Henning Steinert
- Faculty of Chemistry and BiochemistryChair of Inorganic ChemistryRuhr-Universität BochumUniversitätsstraße 15044801BochumGermany
| | - Angela Großjohann
- Faculty of Chemistry and BiochemistryChair of Inorganic ChemistryRuhr-Universität BochumUniversitätsstraße 15044801BochumGermany
| | - Katharina Dilchert
- Faculty of Chemistry and BiochemistryChair of Inorganic ChemistryRuhr-Universität BochumUniversitätsstraße 15044801BochumGermany
| | - Jens Tappen
- Faculty of Chemistry and BiochemistryChair of Inorganic ChemistryRuhr-Universität BochumUniversitätsstraße 15044801BochumGermany
| | - Ilja Rodstein
- Faculty of Chemistry and BiochemistryChair of Inorganic ChemistryRuhr-Universität BochumUniversitätsstraße 15044801BochumGermany
| | - Viktoria H. Gessner
- Faculty of Chemistry and BiochemistryChair of Inorganic ChemistryRuhr-Universität BochumUniversitätsstraße 15044801BochumGermany
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31
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Derhamine SA, Krachko T, Monteiro N, Pilet G, Schranck J, Tlili A, Amgoune A. Nickel‐Catalyzed Mono‐Selective α‐Arylation of Acetone with Aryl Chlorides and Phenol Derivatives. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202006826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sary Abou Derhamine
- Univ Lyon Université Lyon 1 Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry (ICBMS—UMR CNRS 5246) CNRS INSA CPE-Lyon 1 Rue victor Grignard 69622 Villeurbanne France
| | - Tetiana Krachko
- Univ Lyon Université Lyon 1 Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry (ICBMS—UMR CNRS 5246) CNRS INSA CPE-Lyon 1 Rue victor Grignard 69622 Villeurbanne France
| | - Nuno Monteiro
- Univ Lyon Université Lyon 1 Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry (ICBMS—UMR CNRS 5246) CNRS INSA CPE-Lyon 1 Rue victor Grignard 69622 Villeurbanne France
| | - Guillaume Pilet
- Univ Lyon Université Lyon 1 Laboratoire des Multimatériaux et Interfaces (LMI) UMR 5615 CNRS Bâtiment Chevreul Avenue du 11 novembre 1918 69622 Villeurbanne cedex France
| | - Johannes Schranck
- Solvias AG Römerpark 2 4303 Kaiseraugst Switzerland
- Current address: Johnson Matthey Life Science Technologies 2001 Nolte Drive West Deptford NJ 08066 USA
| | - Anis Tlili
- Univ Lyon Université Lyon 1 Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry (ICBMS—UMR CNRS 5246) CNRS INSA CPE-Lyon 1 Rue victor Grignard 69622 Villeurbanne France
| | - Abderrahmane Amgoune
- Univ Lyon Université Lyon 1 Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry (ICBMS—UMR CNRS 5246) CNRS INSA CPE-Lyon 1 Rue victor Grignard 69622 Villeurbanne France
- Institut Universitaire de France IUF 1 Rue Descartes 75231 Cedex 05 Paris France
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32
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Scherpf T, Steinert H, Großjohann A, Dilchert K, Tappen J, Rodstein I, Gessner VH. Efficient Pd‐Catalyzed Direct Coupling of Aryl Chlorides with Alkyllithium Reagents. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202008866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Thorsten Scherpf
- Faculty of Chemistry and Biochemistry Chair of Inorganic Chemistry Ruhr-Universität Bochum Universitätsstraße 150 44801 Bochum Germany
| | - Henning Steinert
- Faculty of Chemistry and Biochemistry Chair of Inorganic Chemistry Ruhr-Universität Bochum Universitätsstraße 150 44801 Bochum Germany
| | - Angela Großjohann
- Faculty of Chemistry and Biochemistry Chair of Inorganic Chemistry Ruhr-Universität Bochum Universitätsstraße 150 44801 Bochum Germany
| | - Katharina Dilchert
- Faculty of Chemistry and Biochemistry Chair of Inorganic Chemistry Ruhr-Universität Bochum Universitätsstraße 150 44801 Bochum Germany
| | - Jens Tappen
- Faculty of Chemistry and Biochemistry Chair of Inorganic Chemistry Ruhr-Universität Bochum Universitätsstraße 150 44801 Bochum Germany
| | - Ilja Rodstein
- Faculty of Chemistry and Biochemistry Chair of Inorganic Chemistry Ruhr-Universität Bochum Universitätsstraße 150 44801 Bochum Germany
| | - Viktoria H. Gessner
- Faculty of Chemistry and Biochemistry Chair of Inorganic Chemistry Ruhr-Universität Bochum Universitätsstraße 150 44801 Bochum Germany
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33
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Derhamine SA, Krachko T, Monteiro N, Pilet G, Schranck J, Tlili A, Amgoune A. Nickel-Catalyzed Mono-Selective α-Arylation of Acetone with Aryl Chlorides and Phenol Derivatives. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:18948-18953. [PMID: 32667110 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202006826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Revised: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The challenging nickel-catalyzed mono-α-arylation of acetone with aryl chlorides, pivalates, and carbamates has been achieved for the first time. A nickel/Josiphos-based catalytic system is shown to feature unique catalytic behavior, allowing the highly selective formation of the desired mono-α-arylated acetone. The developed methodology was applied to a variety of (hetero)aryl chlorides including biologically relevant derivatives. The methodology has been extended to the unprecedented coupling of acetone with phenol derivatives. Mechanistic studies allowed the isolation and characterization of key Ni0 and NiII catalytic intermediates. The Josiphos ligand is shown to play a key role in the stabilization of NiII intermediates to allow a Ni0 /NiII catalytic pathway. Mechanistic understanding was then leveraged to improve the protocol using an air-stable NiII pre-catalyst.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sary Abou Derhamine
- Univ Lyon, Université Lyon 1, Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry (ICBMS-UMR CNRS 5246), CNRS, INSA, CPE-Lyon, 1 Rue victor Grignard, 69622, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Tetiana Krachko
- Univ Lyon, Université Lyon 1, Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry (ICBMS-UMR CNRS 5246), CNRS, INSA, CPE-Lyon, 1 Rue victor Grignard, 69622, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Nuno Monteiro
- Univ Lyon, Université Lyon 1, Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry (ICBMS-UMR CNRS 5246), CNRS, INSA, CPE-Lyon, 1 Rue victor Grignard, 69622, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Guillaume Pilet
- Univ Lyon, Université Lyon 1, Laboratoire des Multimatériaux et Interfaces (LMI), UMR 5615, CNRS, Bâtiment Chevreul, Avenue du 11 novembre 1918, 69622, Villeurbanne cedex, France
| | - Johannes Schranck
- Solvias AG, Römerpark 2, 4303, Kaiseraugst, Switzerland.,Current address: Johnson Matthey, Life Science Technologies, 2001 Nolte Drive, West Deptford, NJ, 08066, USA
| | - Anis Tlili
- Univ Lyon, Université Lyon 1, Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry (ICBMS-UMR CNRS 5246), CNRS, INSA, CPE-Lyon, 1 Rue victor Grignard, 69622, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Abderrahmane Amgoune
- Univ Lyon, Université Lyon 1, Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry (ICBMS-UMR CNRS 5246), CNRS, INSA, CPE-Lyon, 1 Rue victor Grignard, 69622, Villeurbanne, France.,Institut Universitaire de France IUF, 1 Rue Descartes, 75231 Cedex 05, Paris, France
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34
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Toda Y, Hashimoto K, Mori Y, Suga H. A Phosphonium Ylide as a Ligand for [3 + 2] Coupling Reactions of Epoxides with Heterocumulenes under Mild Conditions. J Org Chem 2020; 85:10980-10987. [PMID: 32806088 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.0c01101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The potential of carbonyl-stabilized phosphonium ylides as ligands for novel catalysis was explored. We found that the combination of phosphonium ylides and metal halide salts efficiently catalyzed the reaction of epoxides with carbon dioxide under mild conditions. Five-membered cyclic carbonates, including disubstituted cyclic carbonates, were obtained in good yields with the use of 1 atm of carbon dioxide at 35 °C. Terminal epoxides could be converted to N-aryl oxazolidinones in the reaction with isocyanates under a similar catalytic system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasunori Toda
- Department of Materials Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Shinshu University, 4-17-1 Wakasato, Nagano 380-8553, Japan
| | | | - Yoko Mori
- Shinshu University, 4-17-1 Wakasato, Nagano 380-8553, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Suga
- Department of Materials Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Shinshu University, 4-17-1 Wakasato, Nagano 380-8553, Japan
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35
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Sarbajna A, Swamy VSVSN, Gessner VH. Phosphorus-ylides: powerful substituents for the stabilization of reactive main group compounds. Chem Sci 2020; 12:2016-2024. [PMID: 34163963 PMCID: PMC8179322 DOI: 10.1039/d0sc03278f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Phosphorus ylides are 1,2-dipolar compounds with a negative charge on the carbon atom. This charge is stabilized by the neighbouring onium moiety, but can also be shifted towards other substituents thus making ylides strong π donor ligands and hence ideal substituents to stabilize reactive compounds such as cations and low-valent main group species. Furthermore, the donor strength and the steric properties can easily be tuned to meet different requirements for stabilizing reactive compounds and for tailoring the properties and reactivities of the main group element. Although the use of ylide substituents in main group chemistry is still in its infancy, the first examples of isolated compounds impressively demonstrate the potential of these ligands. This review summarizes the most important discoveries also in comparison to other substituents, thus outlining avenues for future research directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abir Sarbajna
- Faculty of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Chair of Inorganic Chemistry II, Ruhr University Bochum Universitätsstr. 150 44801 Bochum Germany
| | - V S V S N Swamy
- Faculty of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Chair of Inorganic Chemistry II, Ruhr University Bochum Universitätsstr. 150 44801 Bochum Germany
| | - Viktoria H Gessner
- Faculty of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Chair of Inorganic Chemistry II, Ruhr University Bochum Universitätsstr. 150 44801 Bochum Germany
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36
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Darmandeh H, Scherpf T, Feichtner K, Schwarz C, Gessner VH. Synthesis, Isolation and Crystal Structures of the Metalated Ylides [Cy 3P-C-SO 2Tol]M (M = Li, Na, K). Z Anorg Allg Chem 2020; 646:835-841. [PMID: 32742041 PMCID: PMC7386922 DOI: 10.1002/zaac.201900333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The preparation and isolation of the metalated ylides [Cy3PCSO2Tol]M (Cy1‐M) (with M = Li, Na, K) are reported. In contrast to its triphenylphosphonium analogue the synthesis of Cy1‐M revealed to be less straight forward. Synthetic routes to the phosphonium salt precursor Cy1‐H2 via different methods revealed to be unsuccessful or low‐yielding. However, nucleophilic attack of the ylide Cy3P = CH2 at toluenesulfonyl fluoride under basic conditions proved to be a high‐yielding method directly leading to the ylide Cy1‐H. Metalation to the yldiides was finally achieved with strong bases such as nBuLi, NaNH2, or BnK. In the solid state, the lithium compound forms a tetrameric structure consisting of a (C–S–O–Li)4 macrocycle, which incorporates an additional molecule of lithium iodide. The potassium compound forms a C4‐symmetric structure with a (K4O4)2 octahedral prism as central structural motif. Upon deprotonation the P–C–S linkage undergoes a remarkable contraction typical for metalated ylides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heidar Darmandeh
- Chair of Inorganic Chemistry IIFaculty of Chemistry and BiochemistryRuhr University BochumUniversitätsstrasse 15044780BochumGermany
| | - Thorsten Scherpf
- Chair of Inorganic Chemistry IIFaculty of Chemistry and BiochemistryRuhr University BochumUniversitätsstrasse 15044780BochumGermany
| | - Kai‐Stephan Feichtner
- Chair of Inorganic Chemistry IIFaculty of Chemistry and BiochemistryRuhr University BochumUniversitätsstrasse 15044780BochumGermany
| | - Christopher Schwarz
- Chair of Inorganic Chemistry IIFaculty of Chemistry and BiochemistryRuhr University BochumUniversitätsstrasse 15044780BochumGermany
| | - Viktoria H. Gessner
- Chair of Inorganic Chemistry IIFaculty of Chemistry and BiochemistryRuhr University BochumUniversitätsstrasse 15044780BochumGermany
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37
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Tappen J, Rodstein I, McGuire K, Großjohann A, Löffler J, Scherpf T, Gessner VH. Palladium Complexes Based on Ylide-Functionalized Phosphines (YPhos): Broadly Applicable High-Performance Precatalysts for the Amination of Aryl Halides at Room Temperature. Chemistry 2020; 26:4281-4288. [PMID: 31971642 PMCID: PMC7186839 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201905535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2019] [Revised: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Palladium allyl, cinnamyl, and indenyl complexes with the ylide-substituted phosphines Cy3 P+ -C- (R)PCy2 (with R=Me (L1) or Ph (L2)) and Cy3 P+ -C- (Me)PtBu2 (L3) were prepared and applied as defined precatalysts in C-N coupling reactions. The complexes are highly active in the amination of 4-chlorotoluene with a series of different amines. Higher yields were observed with the precatalysts in comparison to the in situ generated catalysts. Changes in the ligand structures allowed for improved selectivities by shutting down β-hydride elimination or diarylation reactions. Particularly, the complexes based on L2 (joYPhos) revealed to be universal precatalysts for various amines and aryl halides. Full conversions to the desired products are reached mostly within 1 h reaction time at room temperature, thus making L2 to one of the most efficient ligands in C-N coupling reactions. The applicability of the catalysts was demonstrated for aryl chlorides, bromides and iodides together with primary and secondary aryl and alkyl amines, including gram-scale applications also with low catalyst loadings of down to 0.05 mol %. Kinetic studies further demonstrated the outstanding activity of the precatalysts with TOF over 10.000 h-1 .
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Affiliation(s)
- Jens Tappen
- Faculty of Chemistry and BiochemistryChair of Inorganic Chemistry IIRuhr University BochumUniversitätsstr. 15044801BochumGermany
| | - Ilja Rodstein
- Faculty of Chemistry and BiochemistryChair of Inorganic Chemistry IIRuhr University BochumUniversitätsstr. 15044801BochumGermany
| | - Katie McGuire
- Faculty of Chemistry and BiochemistryChair of Inorganic Chemistry IIRuhr University BochumUniversitätsstr. 15044801BochumGermany
| | - Angela Großjohann
- Faculty of Chemistry and BiochemistryChair of Inorganic Chemistry IIRuhr University BochumUniversitätsstr. 15044801BochumGermany
| | - Julian Löffler
- Faculty of Chemistry and BiochemistryChair of Inorganic Chemistry IIRuhr University BochumUniversitätsstr. 15044801BochumGermany
| | - Thorsten Scherpf
- Faculty of Chemistry and BiochemistryChair of Inorganic Chemistry IIRuhr University BochumUniversitätsstr. 15044801BochumGermany
| | - Viktoria H. Gessner
- Faculty of Chemistry and BiochemistryChair of Inorganic Chemistry IIRuhr University BochumUniversitätsstr. 15044801BochumGermany
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38
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Scharf LT, Rodstein I, Schmidt M, Scherpf T, Gessner VH. Unraveling the High Activity of Ylide-Functionalized Phosphines in Palladium-Catalyzed Amination Reactions: A Comparative Study with CyJohnPhos and P tBu 3. ACS Catal 2020; 10:999-1009. [PMID: 32030314 PMCID: PMC6996648 DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.9b04666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Revised: 12/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Comprehensive mechanistic insights into the activity
of different
catalysts based on different ligands are important for further ligand
design and catalyst improvement. Herein, we report a combined computational
and experimental study on the mechanism and catalytic activity of
the ylide-substituted phosphine Cy3P–C(Me)PCy2 (keYPhos, L1) in C–N coupling reactions
including a comparison with the established and often-applied phosphines CyJohnPhos (L2) and P(tBu)3 (L3). Density functional theory (DFT) calculations
together with the possible isolation of several intermediates within
the catalytic cycle demonstrate that L1 readily forms
low-coordinated palladium complexes [such as L1·Pd(dba)], which easily undergo oxidative addition and subsequent amine coordination
as well as reductive elimination. Due to the possible opening and
closing of the P–C–P angle in L1, the steric
bulk can be adjusted to the metal environment so that L1 retains its conformation throughout the whole catalytic cycle, thus
leading to fast catalysis at room temperature. Comparative studies
of the three ligands with Pd2dba3 as a Pd source
show that only L1 efficiently allows for the coupling
of aryl chlorides at room temperature. DFT studies suggest that this
is mainly due to the reluctance/inability of L2 and L3 to form the catalytically active species under these reaction
conditions. In contrast, the YPhos ligand readily forms the prereactive
complex and undergoes the first oxidative addition reaction. These
observations are confirmed by kinetic studies, which indicate a short
induction period for the formation of the catalytically active species
of L1, followed by fast catalysis. This behavior of L1 is due to its unique electronic and steric properties,
which support low activation barriers and fast catalyst generation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lennart T. Scharf
- Chair of Inorganic Chemistry II, Faculty of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ruhr University Bochum, Universitätsstrasse 150, 44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - Ilja Rodstein
- Chair of Inorganic Chemistry II, Faculty of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ruhr University Bochum, Universitätsstrasse 150, 44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - Michelle Schmidt
- Chair of Inorganic Chemistry II, Faculty of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ruhr University Bochum, Universitätsstrasse 150, 44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - Thorsten Scherpf
- Chair of Inorganic Chemistry II, Faculty of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ruhr University Bochum, Universitätsstrasse 150, 44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - Viktoria H. Gessner
- Chair of Inorganic Chemistry II, Faculty of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ruhr University Bochum, Universitätsstrasse 150, 44780 Bochum, Germany
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39
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Schwarz C, Handelmann J, Baier DM, Ouissa A, Gessner VH. Mono- and diylide-substituted phosphines (YPhos): impact of the ligand properties on the catalytic activity in gold(i)-catalysed hydroaminations. Catal Sci Technol 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c9cy01861a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The monoylide-phosphines show a linear correlation between their donor strength and their activity in gold-catalysed hydroaminations, while steric congestions leads to lower activities of the diylide congeners despite their higher donor properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Schwarz
- Faculty of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- Chair of Inorganic Chemistry II
- Ruhr University Bochum
- 44801 Bochum
- Germany
| | - Jens Handelmann
- Faculty of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- Chair of Inorganic Chemistry II
- Ruhr University Bochum
- 44801 Bochum
- Germany
| | - Daniel M. Baier
- Faculty of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- Chair of Inorganic Chemistry II
- Ruhr University Bochum
- 44801 Bochum
- Germany
| | - Alina Ouissa
- Faculty of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- Chair of Inorganic Chemistry II
- Ruhr University Bochum
- 44801 Bochum
- Germany
| | - Viktoria H. Gessner
- Faculty of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- Chair of Inorganic Chemistry II
- Ruhr University Bochum
- 44801 Bochum
- Germany
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