Hybrid Bionanocomposite Containing Magnesium Hydroxide Nanoparticles Embedded in a Carboxymethyl Cellulose Hydrogel Plus Silk Fibroin as a Scaffold for Wound Dressing Applications

Biological macromolecule-based hydrogels with antibacterial and antioxidant activities for wound dressing: A review

Because of the complex symptoms resulting from metabolic dysfunction in the wound microenvironment during bacterial infections, along with the necessity to combat free radicals, achieving prompt and thorough wound healing remains a significant medical challenge that has yet to be fully addressed. Moreover, the misuse of common antibiotics has contributed to the emergence of drug-resistant bacteria, underscoring the need for enhancements in the practical and commonly utilized approach to wound treatment. In this context, hydrogel dressings based on biological macromolecules with antibacterial and antioxidant properties present a promising new avenue for skin wound treatment due to their multifunctional characteristics. Despite the considerable potential of this innovative approach to wound care, comprehensive research on these multifunctional dressings is still insufficient. Consequently, the development of advanced biological macromolecule-based hydrogels, such as chitosan, alginate, cellulose, hyaluronic acid, and others, has been the primary focus of this study. These materials have been enriched with various antibacterial and antioxidant agents to confer multifunctional attributes for wound healing purposes. This review article aims to offer a comprehensive overview of the latest progress in this field, providing a critical theoretical basis for future advancements in the utilization of these advanced biological macromolecule-based hydrogels for wound healing.

Unveiling the synergy: Biocompatible alginate-cellulose hydrogel loaded with silk fibroin and zinc ferrite nanoparticles for enhanced cell adhesion, and anti-biofilm activity

Combining a biocompatible hydrogel scaffold with the cell-supportive properties of silk fibroin (SF) and the unique functionalities of ZnFe2O4 nanoparticles creates a promising platform for advanced nanobiomaterials. The research is centered on synthesizing a natural hydrogel using cellulose (Cellul) and sodium alginate (SA) combined with SF and zinc ferrite nanoparticles. A range of analytical and biological assays were conducted to determine the biological and physicochemical properties of the nanobiocomposite. The hemolysis and 2,5-diphenyl-2H-tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assays indicated that the SA-Cellul hydrogel/SF/ZnFe2O4 nanobiocomposite was a biocompatible against human dermal fibroblasts (Hu02) and red blood cells (RBC). In addition, aside from demonstrating outstanding anti-biofilm activity, the nanobiocomposite also promotes the Hu02 cells adhesion, showcasing the synergistic effect of incorporating SF and ZnFe2O4 nanoparticle. These promising results show that this nanobiocomposite has potential applications in various biomedical fields.

Recent advances on biomedical applications of gellan gum: A review

Gellan gum (GG) has attracted considerable attention as a versatile biopolymer with numerous potential biological applications, especially in the fields of tissue engineering, wound healing, and cargo delivery. Due to its distinctive characteristics like biocompatibility, biodegradability, nontoxicity, and gel-forming ability, GG is well-suited for these applications. This review focuses on recent research on GG-based hydrogels and biocomposites and their biomedical applications. It discusses the incorporation of GG into hydrogels for controlled drug release, its role in promoting wound healing processes, and its potential in tissue engineering for various tissues including bone, retina, cartilage, vascular, adipose, and cardiac tissue. It provides an in-depth analysis of the latest findings and advancements in these areas, making it a valuable resource for researchers and professionals in these fields.

Preparation of O-g-C3N4 nanowires/Bi2O2CO3 porous plate composite photocatalysts for the efficient degradation of tetracycline hydrochloride in wastewater

Both g-C3N4 and Bi2O2CO3 are good photocatalysts for the removal of antibiotic pollutants, but their morphological modulation and catalytic performance need to be further improved. In this study, the calcination-hydrothermal method is used to prepare a O-g-C3N4@Bi2O2CO3 (CN@BCO) composite photocatalyst from dicyandiamide and bismuth nitrate. The prepared catalyst is characterized through various methods, including X-ray diffraction (XRD) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Further, the effects of different parameters, such as catalyst concentration and initial pH of the reaction solution, on its photocatalytic activity are investigated. The results show that the CN@BCO sample achieves an optimal degradation rate of 98.1% for tetracycline hydrochloride (TCH) with a concentration of 20 mg/L and a removal rate of 69.4% for total organic carbon (TOC) at 40 min. The quenching experiments show that ·O2-, h+, and ·OH participate in the photocatalytic process, with ·O2- being the most dominant active species. The toxicity of the predicted TCH degradation intermediates is analyzed using Toxicity Estimation Software Tool (TEST). Overall, the CN@BCO composite exhibits excellent photocatalytic performance, making it a promising candidate for environmental purification and wastewater treatment.

Emerging trends and challenges in polysaccharide derived materials for wound care applications: A review

Polysaccharides are favourable and promising biopolymers for wound care applications due to their abundant natural availability, low cost and excellent biocompatibility. They possess different functional groups, such as carboxylic, hydroxyl and amino, and can easily be modified to obtain the desirable properties and various forms. This review systematically analyses the recent progress in polysaccharides derived materials for wound care applications, emphasizing the most commonly used cellulose, chitosan, alginate, starch, dextran and hyaluronic acid derived materials. The distinctive attributes of each polysaccharide derived wound care material are discussed in detail, along with their different forms, i.e., films, membranes, sponges, nanoemulsions, nanofibers, scaffolds, nanocomposites and hydrogels. The processing methods to develop polysaccharides derived wound care materials are also summarized. In the end, challenges related to polysaccharides derived materials in wound care management are listed, and suggestions are given to expand their utilization in the future to compete with conventional wound healing materials.

Current trend on preparation, characterization and biomedical applications of natural polysaccharide-based nanomaterial reinforcement hydrogels: A review

The tunable properties of hydrogels have led to their widespread use in various biomedical applications such as wound treatment, drug delivery, contact lenses, tissue engineering and 3D bioprinting. Among these applications, natural polysaccharide-based hydrogels, which are fabricated from materials like agarose, alginate, chitosan, hyaluronic acid, cellulose, pectin and chondroitin sulfate, stand out as preferred choices due to their biocompatibility and advantageous fabrication characteristics. Despite the inherent biocompatibility, polysaccharide-based hydrogels on their own tend to be weak in physiochemical and mechanical properties. Therefore, further reinforcement in the hydrogel is necessary to enhance its suitability for specific applications, ensuring optimal performance in diverse settings. Integrating nanomaterials into hydrogels has proven effective in improving the overall network and performance of the hydrogel. This approach also addresses the limitations associated with pure hydrogels. Next, an overview of recent trends in the fabrication and applications of hydrogels was presented. The characterization of hydrogels was further discussed, focusing specifically on the reinforcement achieved with various hydrogel materials used so far. Finally, a few challenges associated with hydrogels by using polysaccharide-based nanomaterial were also presented.

Eco-friendly bio-nanocomposites: pioneering sustainable biomedical advancements in engineering

Biomedical nanocomposites, which are an upcoming breed of mischievous materials, have ushered in a new dimension in the healthcare sector. Incorporating these materials tends to boost features this component already possesses and give might to things these components could not withstand alone. The biopolymer, which carries the nanoparticles, can simultaneously improve the composite's stiffness and biological characteristics, and vice versa. This increases the options of the composite and the number of times it can be used. The bio-nanocomposites and nanoparticles enable the ecocompatibility of the medicine in their biodegradability, and they, in this way, have ecological sustainability. The outcome is the improved properties of medicine and its associated positive impact on the environment. They have broad applications in antimicrobial agents, drug carriers, tissue regeneration, wound care, dentistry, bioimaging, and bone filler, among others. The dissertation on the elements of bio-nanocomposites emphasizes production techniques, their diverse applications in medicine, match-up issues, and future-boasting prospects in the bio-nanocomposites field. Through the utilization of such materials, scientists can develop more suitable for the environment and healthy biomedical solutions, and world healthcare in this way improves as well.

Agar-tragacanth/silk fibroin hydrogel containing Zn-based MOF as a novel nanobiocomposite with biological activity

In this study, a novel nanobiocomposite consisting of agar (Ag), tragacanth gum (TG), silk fibroin (SF), and MOF-5 was synthesized and extensively investigated by various analytical techniques and basic biological assays for potential biomedical applications. The performed Trypan blue dye exclusion assay indicated that the proliferation percentage of HEK293T cells was 71.19%, while the proliferation of cancer cells (K-562 and MCF-7) was significantly lower, at 10.74% and 3.33%. Furthermore, the Ag-TG hydrogel/SF/MOF-5 nanobiocomposite exhibited significant antimicrobial activity against both E. coli and S. aureus strains, with growth inhibition rates of 76.08% and 69.19% respectively. Additionally, the hemolytic index of fabricated nanobiocomposite was found approximately 19%. These findings suggest that the nanobiocomposite exhibits significant potential for application in cancer therapy and wound healing.

Silk fibroin-based dressings with antibacterial and anti-inflammatory properties

Silk fibroin is a fibrillar protein obtained from arthropods such as mulberry and non-mulberry silkworms. Silk fibroin has been used as a dressing in wound treatment for its physical, chemical, mechanical, and biological properties. This systematic review analyzed studies from PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus databases to identify the molecules preferred for functionalizing silk fibroin-based dressings and to describe their mechanisms of exhibiting anti-inflammatory and antibacterial properties. The analysis of the selected articles allowed us to classify the dressings into different conformations, such as membranes, films, hydrogels, sponges, and bioadhesives. The incorporation of various molecules, including antibiotics, natural products, peptides, nanocomposites, nanoparticles, secondary metabolites, growth factors, and cytokines, has allowed the development of dressings that promote wound healing with antibacterial and immunomodulatory properties. In addition, silk fibroin-based dressings have been established to have the potential to regenerate wounds such as venous ulcers, arterial ulcers, diabetic foot, third-degree burns, and neoplastic ulcers. Evaluation of the efficacy of silk fibroin-based dressings in tissue engineering is an area of great activity that has shown significant advances in recent years.

Preparation of layer-assembled W/O/W-type microencapsulated beads and application in solid-state fermentation

In this study, microcapsule beads-0-3-layers (M-0-3 indicates microencapsulated beads with 0, 1, 2, and 3 layers) were prepared, their properties were measured and characterized, and the effects of M-0-3 on solid-state fermentation were investigated. The results showed that in a liquid environment, the releasing glucoamylase activities of M-0-3 were 55.77%, 47.67%, 45.85%, and 42.87% in 360 h, respectively. In the solid environment, the reducing sugar production efficiency of M-0-3 was 29.84%, 27.72%, 19.16%, and 15.93% in 15 days, respectively. Adding M-0-3 improved the alcohol and reduced sugar content while decreasing the residual starch content of the Jiupei, indicating that adding M-0-3 was beneficial to the solid-state fermentation of Baijiu. Solid-state fermentation simulation experiments illustrated that microcapsule beads play a positive role in the production of Baijiu, enhancing raw material utilization and yield of Baijiu production.

Fabrication and evaluation of Dillenia indica-carrageenan blend hybrid superporous hydrogel reinforced with green synthesized MgO nanoparticles as an effective wound dressing material

An unexplored hybrid superporous hydrogel (MHSPH) of Dillenia indica fruit mucilage (DIFM) and carrageenan blend embedded with green synthesized magnesium oxide nanoparticles (MNPs) is utilized as an effective wound dressing material with appreciable mechanical strength in murine model. The prepared MNPs and the optimized MHSPH were characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), Fourier transform infrared (FT- IR) spectroscopy. Size, zeta potential and morphology of MNPs was assessed using Dynamic light scattering technique (DLS) and field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) respectively. The MHSPH grades were further optimized using swelling study in phosphate buffer solution at pH 1.2, 7.0, and 8. Both MNPs and the optimized grade of MHSPH were evaluated based on hemolysis assay, and protein denaturation assays indicating them to be safe for biological use. Acute toxicity studies of the optimized MHSPH on Zebra fish model, revealed no observable toxic effect on the gill cells. Wound healing in Swiss albino mice with application of optimized grade of MHSPH took only 11 days for healing when compared to control mice where healing took 14 days, thus concluding that MHSPH as an effective dressing material as well as tissue regrowth scaffold.

Functional modification of silk fibroin from silkworms and its application to medical biomaterials: A review

Silk fibroin (SF) from the silkworm Bombyx mori is a fibrous protein identified as a widely suitable biomaterial due to its biocompatibility, tunable degradation, and mechanical strength. Various modifications of SF protein can give SF fibers new properties and functions, broadening their applications in textile and biomedical industries. A diverse array of functional modifications on various forms of SF has been reported. In order to provide researchers with a more systematic understanding of the types of functional modifications of SF protein, as well as the corresponding applications, we comprehensively review the different types of functional modifications, including transgenic modification, modifications with chemical groups or biologically active substance, cross-linking and copolymerization without chemical reactions, their specific modification methods and applications. Furthermore, recent applications of SF in various medical biomaterials are briefly discussed.

Polymer-Based Functional Materials Loaded with Metal-Based Nanoparticles as Potential Scaffolds for the Management of Infected Wounds

Wound infection due to bacterial invasion at the wound site is one of the primary challenges associated with delayed wound healing. Microorganisms tend to form biofilms that protect them from harm, leading to their multidrug resistance. The alarming increase in antibiotic resistance poses a threat to wound healing. Hence, the urgent need for novel wound dressing materials capable of managing bacterial infection is crucial for expediting wound recovery. There is considerable interest in polymeric wound dressings embedded with bioactive substances, such as metal-based nanoparticles, as potential solutions for treating microbially infected wounds. Metal-based nanoparticles have been widely used for the management of infected wounds due to their broad antimicrobial efficacy. This review focuses on polymer-based and bioactive wound dressings loaded with metal-based nanoparticles like silver, gold, magnesium oxide, or zinc oxide. When compared, zinc oxide-loaded dressings exhibited higher antibacterial activity against Gram-positive strains and silver nanoparticle-loaded dressings against gram-negative strains. However, wound dressings infused with both nanoparticles displayed a synergistic effect against both strains of bacteria. Furthermore, these dressings displayed antibiofilm activity and the generation of reactive oxygen species while accelerating wound closure both in vitro and in vivo.

Development of a Multifunctional Composite Hydrogel for Enhanced Wound Healing: Hemostasis, Sterilization, and Long-Term Moisturizing Properties

Meeting the diverse requirements of effective wound repair while surpassing the single-function limitations of traditional wound dressings is a significant challenge. In this study, we successfully synthesized an inclusion complex of 2-hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin (HP-β-CD) and iodine using the saturated aqueous solution method. Additionally, dialdehyde cellulose (DAC) was extracted from fat-free cotton through oxidation. To enhance wound healing, l-glutamine (l-glu) was utilized as a functional molecule, resulting in composite hydrogels with hemostatic, sterilizing, and wound-healing-promoting properties that were achieved by adsorbing the resulting inclusion complex. Through TG and SEM analysis, we confirmed that iodine was effectively accommodated by cyclodextrin and was uniformly attached to the hydrogel. The hydrogel exhibits exceptional long-term moisturizing and bactericidal properties, while also demonstrating excellent swelling, oxygen permeability, hemolytic, and mechanical properties, fully satisfying the requirements of wound treatment. External coagulation tests revealed that the hydrogel can rapidly coagulate 4.5 times its own weight of blood. Moreover, in a full-thickness scald mouse model, the hydrogel effectively promotes wound healing. The development of this multifunctional composite hydrogel presents a novel approach to advance wound dressing research, holding substantial potential for practical applications.

A sustainable and self-healable silk fibroin nanocomposite with antibacterial and drug eluting properties for 3D printed wound dressings

The development of self-healable and 3D printable hydrogels with decent biocompatibility, mechanical durability, adhesiveness to tissues, and antibacterial activity is of great importance for wound healing applications. In this study, we present a sustainable and environmentally friendly composite hydrogel consisting of silk fibroin (SF), oxidized salep (OS), and kappa carrageenan nanoparticles (NPs) for efficient wound care. The injectable nanocomposite hydrogel is highly stretchable and exhibits strong tissue adhesiveness and self-healing response through Schiff-base cross-linking between OS and SF. The tunable shear-thinning viscoelastic properties of the hydrogel facilitate 3D bioprinting with excellent shape adaptability (97.7 ± 1.1% recovery), enabling the fabrication of complex-shaped constructs. In vitro release kinetics of tetracycline (TC) encapsulated in kappa carrageenan NPs indicate a distinctive Korsmeyer-Peppas profile, including an initial burst release followed by a triphasic pattern controlled by the embedded NPs within the hydrogel matrix. The composite hydrogel shows a remarkable broad-spectrum antibacterial activity with substantial zones of inhibition against S. aureus (34.00 ± 1.00 mm) and E. coli (27.60 ± 2.08 mm) after 24 h of incubation at 37 °C. The addition of TC further enhances the zones of inhibition by approximately 45% for S. aureus and 27% for E. coli. The control group without kappa NP incorporation shows no zone of inhibition, underscoring the critical role of the nanoparticles in imparting antibacterial activity to the hydrogel. Cytocompatibility assays show the high viability of fibroblast (L929) cells (>90%) in vitro. In vivo biocompatibility studies through subcutaneous implantation also do not show malignancy, infection, abscess, necrosis, epidermal or dermal modifications, or inflammation of the wounds after 14 days post-injection. H&E staining shows that the biodegradation of the developed hydrogel facilitates the growth of non-inflammatory cells, leading to the substitution of the injected hydrogel with autologous tissue. The detailed analyses affirm that the multifunctional injectable hydrogel with self-healing and antibacterial properties has high potential for wound healing and skin tissue engineering.

Accelerating wound healing: Unveiling synergistic effects of P25/SWCNT/Ag and P25/rGO/Ag nanocomposites within PRP-gelatin scaffold, highlighting the synergistic antimicrobial activity

Wound healing is a multifaceted biological process requiring innovative strategies to enhance efficiency and counter infections. In this groundbreaking study, we investigate the regenerative potential of platelet-rich plasma (PRP) integrated into a gelatin (GLT) scaffold along with nanocomposites of titanium dioxide (TiO2) (P25)/single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs)/Ag and P25/reduced graphene oxide (rGO)/Ag. Incorporating these advanced materials into the PRP/GLT delivery system aims to optimize the controlled release of growth factors (GFs) and leverage the exceptional properties of nanomaterials for enhanced tissue repair and wound healing outcomes. Antioxidant activity assessment using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity reveals the superior performance of P25/SWCNTs/Ag compared to P25/rGO/Ag. Their synergistic effects are evaluated in conjunction with antibacterial and antifungal antibiotics. Furthermore, the wound healing potential of P25/SWCNTs/Ag and P25/rGO/Ag, combined with PRP/GLT, is examined. Notably, both nanocomposites exhibit promising synergistic effects with gentamicin and fluconazole against pathogenic strains. Significantly, the inclusion of non-activated PRP substantially augments the wound healing efficacy of P25/SWCNTs/Ag on days 3 (p < 0.01) and 15 (p < 0.05). These findings pave the way for advanced wound dressing and therapeutic interventions, capitalizing on the synergistic effects of PRP and nanomaterials, thus ultimately benefiting patients and advancing regenerative medicine.

Gelatin/polyethylene glycol-loaded magnesium hydroxide nanocomposite to attenuate acetylcholinesterase, neurotoxicity, and activation of GPR55 protein in rat models of Alzheimer's disease

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disease marked by mitochondrial dysfunction, amyloid-β (Aβ) aggregation, and neuronal cell loss. G-protein-coupled receptor 55 (GPR55) has been used as a promising target for insulin receptors in diabetes therapy, but GPR55's role in AD is still unidentified. Gelatin (GE) and polyethylene glycol (PEG) polymeric hydrogels are commonly used in the drug delivery system. Therefore, the aim of the present study was the preparation of magnesium hydroxide nanocomposite using Clitoria ternatea (CT) flower extract, GE, and PEG (GE/PEG/Mg(OH)2NCs) by the green precipitation method. The synthesized GE/PEG/Mg(OH)2NCs were used to determine the effect of GPR55 activation of intracerebroventricular administration on streptozotocin (ICV-STC)-induced cholinergic dysfunction, oxidative stress, neuroinflammation, and cognitive deficits. The GE/PEG/Mg(OH)2NCs were administered following bilateral ICV-STC administration (3 mg/kg) in experimental rats. Neurobehavioral assessments were performed using a Morris water maze (MWM) and a passive avoidance test (PA). Cholinergic and antioxidant activity, oxidative stress, and mitochondrial complex activity were estimated in the cortex and hippocampus through biochemical analysis. Inflammatory markers (TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-1β) were determined using the ELISA method. Our study results demonstrated that the GE/PEG/Mg(OH)2NCs treatment significantly improved spatial and non-spatial memory functions in behavioral studies. Moreover, the treatment with GE/PEG/Mg(OH)2NCs group significantly attenuated cholinergic dysfunction, oxidative stress, and inflammatory markers, and also highly improved anti-oxidant activity (GSH, SOD, CAT, and GPx) in the cortex and hippocampus regions. The western blot results suggest the activation of the GPR55 protein expression through GE/PEG/Mg(OH)2NCs. The histopathological studies showed clear cytoplasm and healthy neurons, effectively promoting neuronal activity. Furthermore, the molecular docking results demonstrated the binding affinity and potential interactions of the compounds with the AChE enzyme. In conclusion, the GE/PEG/Mg(OH)2NCs treated groups showed reduced neurotoxicity and have the potential as a therapeutic agent to effectively target AD.

TiB2-Derived Nanosheets Enhance the Tensile Strength and Controlled Drug Release of Biopolymeric Films Used in Wound Healing

Wound healing using an alginate-based biopolymeric film is one of the most preferred treatments. However, these films lack mechanical strength (elasticity and tensile strength), show higher initial burst release, and exhibit high vapor permeability. The present study reports the development of nanosheets derived from titanium diboride (10 nm) (NTB)-incorporated biopolymeric films (0.025, 0.05, and 0.1% w/v) using sodium alginate (SA) and carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) to overcome the shortfalls. The surface properties of the film, nanosheet distribution within the film, and possible interactions with the film are explored by using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy-dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), and X-ray diffraction (XRD). These analyses confirm that nanosheets are uniformly distributed in the film and introduce unevenness on the film's surface. The tensile strength of the nanosheet-incorporated film (0.1% NTB film) using UTM is found to be 24.30 MPa (six times higher compared to the blank film), equivalent to human skin. The water vapor transmission rate of the film is also found to be in the desired range (i.e., 2000-2500 g/m2 day). The biocompatibility of the NTB film is confirmed by the MTT assay test using NIH/3T3 cells and HEK 293 cells. Furthermore, the scratch assay shows that the developed films promote cell migration and proliferation. The antibacterial activity of the film is also demonstrated using a model drug, tetracycline hydrochloride (TCl). Besides, the film exhibits the sustained release of TCl and follows the Korsmeyer-Peppas model for drug release. Overall, the 0.1% w/v NTB film is easy to fabricate, biocompatible and shows superior mechanical properties.

Advanced Metallized Nanofibers for Biomedical Applications

Nanofibers are long, wire-like materials with nanoscale diameters and specific length diameter ratios. Nanofibers have porous reticular networks with remarkably high specific surface areas and significant interconnectivity between pores, allowing for the chemical modification and loading of drugs. Metallized nanofibers are novel materials that enhance the performance of attributes of conventional nanofibers by combining metals with nanofibers through electrostatic spinning doping, chemical modification, and loading approaches. Due to their unique physical and chemical properties, metallized nanofibers are diverse, rapidly developed materials in the fields of physical chemistry, materials science, and battery preparation. To date, with improvement in advanced preparation techniques and biocompatibility levels for materials, metallized nanofiber applications are gradually expanding into the biomedical field due to their excellent thermal and electrical conductivities and unique metal properties. In this review, the applications of metallized nanofibers in biomedicine are summarized. It is suggested to prepare metallized multifunctional nanofibers for tissue engineering, drug delivery, tumor treatment, wound healing, and biosensing applications by taking safety and stability as the main material selection guidelines. Finally, the development of nanofibers for biomedical applications is summarized and discussed.

Animal tissue-derived biomaterials for promoting wound healing

The skin serves as the primary barrier between the human body and external environment, and is therefore susceptible to damage from various factors. In response to this challenge, animal tissue-derived biomaterials have emerged as promising candidates for wound healing due to their abundant sources, low side-effect profiles, exceptional bioactivity, biocompatibility, and unique extracellular matrix (ECM) mimicry. The evolution of modern engineering technology and therapies has allowed these animal tissue-derived biomaterials to be transformed into various forms and modified to possess the necessary properties for wound repair. This review provides an overview of the wound healing process and the factors that influence it. We then describe the extraction methods, important properties, and recent practical applications of various animal tissue-derived biomaterials. Our focus then shifts to the critical properties of these biomaterials in skin wound healing and their latest research developments. Finally, we critically examine the limitations and future prospects of biomaterials generated from animal tissues in this field.

Development of nanostructured formulation from naringenin and silk fibroin and application for inhibition of lipoxygenase (LOX)

A simple low-energy method was used to obtain polymeric nanoparticles containing silk fibroin (SF), fatty butyl esters (oily phase) and the flavonoid naringenin. Experimental planning (Box-Behnken) was applied to investigate the optimal conditions for three factors (variation of the concentrations of SF, naringenin and fatty butyl ester) at three levels, with evaluation of particle size, polydispersity index (PDI) and zeta potential (ZP) as responses. The results showed that the polymeric particle was formed with sizes of 179.6 to 633.9 nm, PDI of 0.33 to 0.77 and ZP of -60.4 to -38.8 mV. The best responses under the optimized conditions (Nari-SF 9 and 15) were characterized through transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Fourier-transform infrared (FT-IR), visible ultraviolet (UV-vis) and fluorescence, which confirmed that coated nanoparticles had been obtained. It was shown that the nanoformulation had excellent stability, the bioavailability of naringenin had been improved through use of the biopolymer and high inhibition of the enzyme lipoxygenase had been achieved in vitro.

A novel nanocomposite containing zinc ferrite nanoparticles embedded in carboxymethylcellulose hydrogel plus carbon nitride nanosheets with multifunctional bioactivity

A novel and biologically active nanobiocomposite is synthesized based on carbon nitride nanosheet (g-C3N4) based carboxymethylcellulose hydrogels with embedded zinc ferrite nanoparticles. Physical-chemical aspects, morphological properties, and their multifunctional biological properties have been considered in the process of evaluation of the synthesized structure. The hydrogels' compressive strength and compressive modulus are 1.98 ± 0.03 MPa and 3.46 ± 0.05 MPa, respectively. Regarding the biological response, it is shown that the nanobiocomposite is non-toxic and biocompatible, and hemocompatible (with Hu02 cells). In addition, the developed material offers a suitable antibacterial activity for both Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) and Escherichia coli (E. coli).

Wound healing strategies based on nanoparticles incorporated in hydrogel wound patches

The intricate, tightly controlled mechanism of wound healing that is a vital physiological mechanism is essential to maintaining the skin's natural barrier function. Numerous studies have focused on wound healing as it is a massive burden on the healthcare system. Wound repair is a complicated process with various cell types and microenvironment conditions. In wound healing studies, novel therapeutic approaches have been proposed to deliver an effective treatment. Nanoparticle-based materials are preferred due to their antibacterial activity, biocompatibility, and increased mechanical strength in wound healing. They can be divided into six main groups: metal NPs, ceramic NPs, polymer NPs, self-assembled NPs, composite NPs, and nanoparticle-loaded hydrogels. Each group shows several advantages and disadvantages, and which material will be used depends on the type, depth, and area of the wound. Better wound care/healing techniques are now possible, thanks to the development of wound healing strategies based on these materials, which mimic the extracellular matrix (ECM) microenvironment of the wound. Bearing this in mind, here we reviewed current studies on which NPs have been used in wound healing and how this strategy has become a key biotechnological procedure to treat skin infections and wounds.

Physical dual-network photothermal antibacterial multifunctional hydrogel adhesive for wound healing of drug-resistant bacterial infections synthesized from natural polysaccharides

Wound-healing of drug-resistant bacterial infections has always been a clinical challenge. The design and development of effective and economically safe wound dressings with antimicrobial activity and healing-promoting properties is highly desirable, especially in the context of wound-infections. Herein, we designed a physical dual-network multifunctional hydrogel adhesive based on polysaccharide material for the treatment of full-thickness skin defects infected with multidrug-resistant bacteria. The hydrogel utilized ureido-pyrimidinone (UPy)-modified Bletilla striata polysaccharide (BSP) as the first physical interpenetrating network for providing some brittleness and rigidity; and then branched macromolecules formed after cross-linking Fe³⁺ with dopamine-conjugated di-aldehyde-hyaluronic acid as the second physical interpenetrating network for providing some flexibility and elasticity. In this system, BSP and hyaluronic acid (HA) are used as synthetic matrix materials to provide strong biocompatibility and wound-healing ability. In addition, ligand cross-linking of catechol-Fe³⁺ and quadrupole hydrogen-bonding cross-linking of UPy-dimer can form a highly dynamic physical dual-network structure, which imparts good rapid self-healing, injectability, shape-adaptation, NIR/pH responsiveness, high tissue-adhesion and mechanical properties of this hydrogel. Meanwhile, bioactivity experiments demonstrated that the hydrogel also possesses powerful antioxidant, hemostatic, photothermal-antibacterial and wound-healing effects. In conclusion, this functionalized hydrogel is a promising candidate for clinical treatment of full-thickness bacteria-stained wound dressing materials.

Green synthesis of nano silver-embedded carboxymethyl starch waste/poly vinyl alcohol hydrogel with photothermal sterilization and pH-responsive behavior

Bacterial wound infections remain a significant health issue of great concern. Hence, there is a need to develop a novel material with antibacterial properties and smart functions. In this study, the effects of silver nanoparticles content (AgNPs) on properties of photothermal and pH-responsive nanocomposite hydrogels were investigated. The nanocomposite hydrogel samples were prepared using cassava starch waste modified by carboxymethylation (CMS), and mixed with poly vinly alcohol (PVA) and tannic acid (TA). The presence of AgNPs in the hydrogel samples enhanced antibacterial activities and photothermal conversion ability. The use of as-prepared hydrogel using 200 mM silver nitrate (H-AgNPs-200) combined with near infrared (NIR) radiation produced 100 % antibacterial efficiency for Escherichia coli (E.coli) and 98.2 % for Staphylococcus aureus (S.aureus). Furthermore, the H-AgNPs-200 also provided the highest storage modulus at 87.9 kPa. The obtained nanocomposite hydrogel was shown to exhibit pH-responsive release of TA. Under NIR radiation, higher release of TA at different pH was observed. The cytotoxicity study indicated that the nanocomposite hydrogels had good biocompatibility. Hence, the development of nanocomposite hydrogel-based CMS from cassava starch waste/PVA/AgNPs is a promising and sustainable approach where agro-waste product is used as the base material for medical application in wound dressing.

The Formation of All-Silk Composites and Time-Temperature Superposition

Extensive studies have been conducted on utilising natural fibres as reinforcement in composite production. All-polymer composites have attracted much attention because of their high strength, enhanced interfacial bonding and recyclability. Silks, as a group of natural animal fibres, possess superior properties, including biocompatibility, tunability and biodegradability. However, few review articles are found on all-silk composites, and they often lack comments on the tailoring of properties through controlling the volume fraction of the matrix. To better understand the fundamental basis of the formation of silk-based composites, this review will discuss the structure and properties of silk-based composites with a focus on employing the time-temperature superposition principle to reveal the corresponding kinetic requirements of the formation process. Additionally, a variety of applications derived from silk-based composites will be explored. The benefits and constraints of each application will be presented and discussed. This review paper will provide a useful overview of research on silk-based biomaterials.

Magnetic carboxymethyl cellulose-silk fibroin hydrogel: a ternary nanobiocomposite exhibiting excellent biological activity and in vitro hyperthermia of cancer therapy

In this work, a magnetic nanobiocomposite scaffold based on carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) hydrogel, silk fibroin (SF), and magnetite nanoparticles was fabricated. The structural properties of this new magnetic nanobiocomposite were characterized by various analyses such as FT-IR, XRD, EDX, FE-SEM, TGA and VSM. According to the particle size histogram, most of the particles were between 55-77nm and the value of saturation magnetization of this nanobiocomposite was reported 41.65emu.g^{- 1}. Hemolysis and MTT tests showed that the designed magnetic nanobiocomposite was compatible with the blood. In addition, the viability percentage of HEK293T normal cells did not change significantly, and the proliferation rate of BT549 cancer cells decreased in its vicinity. EC50 values for HEK293T normal cells after 48h and 72h were 3958 and 2566, respectively. Also, these values for BT549 cancer cells after 48h and 72h were 0.4545 and 0.9967, respectively. The efficiency of fabricated magnetic nanobiocomposite was appraised in a magnetic fluid hyperthermia manner. The specific absorption rate (SAR) of 69W/g (for the 1mg/mL sample at 200kHz) was measured under the alternating magnetic field (AMF).

Magnetized chitosan hydrogel and silk fibroin, reinforced with PVA: a novel nanobiocomposite for biomedical and hyperthermia applications

Herein, a multifunctional nanobiocomposite was designed for biological application, amongst which hyperthermia cancer therapy application was specifically investigated. This nanobiocomposite was fabricated based on chitosan hydrogel (CS), silk fibroin (SF), water-soluble polymer polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and iron oxide magnetic nanoparticles (Fe3O4 MNPs). CS and SF as natural compounds were used to improve the biocompatibility, biodegradability, adhesion and cell growth properties of the nanobiocomposite that can prepare this nanocomposite for the other biological applications such as wound healing and tissue engineering. Since the mechanical properties are very important in biological applications, PVA polymer was used to increase the mechanical properties of the prepared nanobiocomposite. All components of this nanobiocomposite have good dispersion in water due to the presence of hydrophilic groups such as NH2, OH, and COOH, which is one of the effective factors in increasing the efficiency of hyperthermia cancer therapy. The structural analyzes of the hybrid nanobiocomposite were determined by FT-IR, XRD, EDX, FE-SEM, TGA and VSM. Biological studies such as MTT and hemolysis testing proved that it is hemocompatible and non-toxic for healthy cells. Furthermore, it can cause the death of cancer cells to some extent (20.23%). The ability of the nanobiocomposites in hyperthermia cancer therapy was evaluated. Also, the results showed that it can be introduced as an excellent candidate for hyperthermia cancer therapy.

Pectin Based Hydrogels for Drug Delivery Applications: A Mini Review

Over the past few decades, hydrogel systems using natural polymers have been expansively employed in drug delivery applications. Among the various reported biopolymer-based hydrogel drug delivery systems, pectin (Pec) is an exceptional natural polymer due to its unique functionalities and excellent properties such as biocompatibility, biodegradability, low-cost, and simple gelling capability, which has received considerable interest in the drug delivery fields. Since there is an increasing need for biomaterials with unique properties for drug delivery applications, in this review, hydrogels fabricated from natural pectin polymers were thoroughly investigated. Additionally, the present mini review aims to bring collectively more concise ways such as sources, extraction, properties, and various forms of Pec based hydrogel drug delivery systems and their toxicity concerns are summarized. Finally, the potential objectives and challenges based on pectin-based hydrogel drug delivery systems are also discussed.

A comprehensive review on the applications of carbon-based nanostructures in wound healing: from antibacterial aspects to cell growth stimulation

A wound is defined as damage to the integrity of biological tissue, including skin, mucous membranes, and organ tissues. The treatment of these injuries is an important challenge for medical researchers. Various materials have been used for wound healing and dressing applications among which carbon nanomaterials have attracted significant attention due to their remarkable properties. In the present review, the latest studies on the application of carbon nanomaterials including graphene oxide (GO), reduced graphene oxide (rGO), carbon dots (CDs), carbon quantum dots (CQDs), carbon nanotubes (CNTs), carbon nanofibers (CNFs), and nanodiamonds (NDs) in wound dressing applications are evaluated. Also, a variety of carbon-based nanocomposites with advantages such as biocompatibility, hemocompatibility, reduced wound healing time, antibacterial properties, cell-adhesion, enhanced mechanical properties, and enhanced permeability to oxygen has been reported for the treatment of various wounds.

Preparation of biodegradable carboxymethyl cellulose/dopamine/Ag NPs cryogel for rapid hemostasis and bacteria-infected wound repair

Massive hemorrhage caused by accident or surgery is a major factor in accidental death. In addition, bacterial infection is also an important threat after bleeding. Cryogels with interpenetrating macroporous structures pose great application prospects in rapid hemostasis and infected wound repair. In this study, cryogels with different pore size are prepared by carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) and dopamine (DA). The CMC grafted with different DA amounts is crosslinked by free DA through oxidative polymerization at low temperatures to form cryogels with different pore sizes. And the CMC/DA-3 cryogel is chosen as the optimal group for its high porosity, suitable mechanical, and good hemostatic ability. CMC/DA-3 cryogel is loaded with silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) to prepare hemostatic cryogel with antibacterial properties. Antibacterial tests and animal hemostasis experiments confirm that the CMC/DA-3/Ag cryogel has good antibacterial properties and can finish rapid hemostasis. In the S. aureus infection skin defect model, the wound healing is significantly improved compared with commercial gelatin sponge. In summary, the novel cryogel has great potential in rapid hemostasis and infected wound healing.

Fabrication of a magnetic alginate-silk fibroin hydrogel, containing halloysite nanotubes as a novel nanocomposite for biological and hyperthermia applications

In this study, the main focus was on designing and synthesizing a novel magnetic nanobiocomposite and its application in hyperthermia cancer treatment. Regarding this aim, sodium alginate (SA) hydrogel with CaCl₂ cross-linker formed and modified by silk fibroin (SF) natural polymer and halloysite nanotubes (HNTs), followed by in situ Fe₃O₄ magnetic nanoparticles preparation. No important differences were detected in red blood cells (RBCs) hemolysis, confirming the high blood compatibility of the treated erythrocytes with this nanobiocomposite. Moreover, the synthesized SA hydrogel/SF/HNTs/Fe₃O₄ nanobiocomposite does not demonstrate toxicity toward HEK293T normal cell line after 48 and 72 h. The anticancer property of SA hydrogel/SF/HNTs/Fe₃O₄ nanobiocomposites against breast cancer cell lines was corroborated. The magnetic saturation of the mentioned magnetic nanobiocomposite was 15.96 emu g⁻¹. The specific absorption rate (SAR) was measured to be 22.3 W g⁻¹ by applying an alternating magnetic field (AMF). This novel nanobiocomposite could perform efficiently in the magnetic fluid hyperthermia process, according to the obtained results.

Biological investigation of a novel nanocomposite based on functionalized graphene oxide nanosheets with pectin, silk fibroin and zinc chromite nanoparticles

For biotechnology applications, a novel nanobiocomposite was synthesized based on modification of graphene oxide (GO) by extracted silk fibroin (SF), natural polymer pectin (Pec) and zinc chromite (ZnCr₂O₄) nanoparticles (NPs). The structure and properties of hybrid nanobiocomposite GO-Pec/SF/ZnCr₂O₄ such as thermal stability, less toxicity, biocompatibility, antibacterial, and biodegradable were proved by using field emission scanning electron microscope (FE-SEM), Fourier-transformed infrared (FT-IR), Energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA), and X-Ray diffraction (XRD). According to the biological features of substances, the GO-Pec/SF/ZnCr₂O₄ nanobiocomposite shows perfect results in MTT (83.71 %) and Hemolysis (16.52 %) assays. accordingly, mentioned properties of this nanobiocomposite can be used as a scaffold for medical applications.

Bilayer Hydrogels for Wound Dressing and Tissue Engineering

A large number of different skin diseases such as hits, acute, and chronic wounds dictate the search for alternative and effective treatment options. The wound healing process requires a complex approach, the key step of which is the choice of a dressing with controlled properties. Hydrogel-based scaffolds can serve as a unique class of wound dressings. Presented on the commercial market, hydrogel wound dressings are not found among proposals for specific cases and have a number of disadvantages—toxicity, allergenicity, and mechanical instability. Bilayer dressings are attracting great attention, which can be combined with multifunctional properties, high criteria for an ideal wound dressing (antimicrobial properties, adhesion and hemostasis, anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects), drug delivery, self-healing, stimulus manifestation, and conductivity, depending on the preparation and purpose. In addition, advances in stem cell biology and biomaterials have enabled the design of hydrogel materials for skin tissue engineering. To improve the heterogeneity of the cell environment, it is possible to use two-layer functional gradient hydrogels. This review summarizes the methods and application advantages of bilayer dressings in wound treatment and skin tissue regeneration. Bilayered hydrogels based on natural as well as synthetic polymers are presented. The results of the in vitro and in vivo experiments and drug release are also discussed.

Novel Trends in Hydrogel Development for Biomedical Applications: A Review

Nowadays, there are still numerous challenges for well-known biomedical applications, such as tissue engineering (TE), wound healing and controlled drug delivery, which must be faced and solved. Hydrogels have been proposed as excellent candidates for these applications, as they have promising properties for the mentioned applications, including biocompatibility, biodegradability, great absorption capacity and tunable mechanical properties. However, depending on the material or the manufacturing method, the resulting hydrogel may not be up to the specific task for which it is designed, thus there are different approaches proposed to enhance hydrogel performance for the requirements of the application in question. The main purpose of this review article was to summarize the most recent trends of hydrogel technology, going through the most used polymeric materials and the most popular hydrogel synthesis methods in recent years, including different strategies of enhancing hydrogels’ properties, such as cross-linking and the manufacture of composite hydrogels. In addition, the secondary objective of this review was to briefly discuss other novel applications of hydrogels that have been proposed in the past few years which have drawn a lot of attention.

Development of antibacterial and superabsorbent wound composite sponges containing carboxymethyl cellulose/gelatin/Cu-doped ZnO nanoparticles

This study aimed to develop a novel antibacterial and superabsorbent dressing by introducing the Cu-doped ZnO nanoparticles into the carboxymethyl cellulose/gelatin glutaraldehyde-crosslinked composite sponge that is fabricated by lyophilization method. Undoped and Cu-doped ZnO (Zn_1-xCu_xO, x = 0.03 and 0.05) nanoparticles were synthesized through the stabilizing agent-used precipitation process and characterized by XRD, FESEM, FTIR, and ICP-OES techniques. The XRD evaluation determined that the concentration of copper in ZnO is limited to below 5%. Additionally, The ICP-OES analysis confirmed the effect of the doping process on the ZnO crystalline structure by releasing more zinc and copper ions from Cu-doped ZnO, which resulted to improve antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli bacterial strains. The effect of ZnO nanoparticles on the physical and mechanical performance of the optimized composite sponge indicated that the incorporation of 3 wt% ZnO nanoparticles produces a well-interconnected porous structure (~156 µm) with high water absorption (~3089%) and proper elongation (~49%) in a wet medium. The incorporation of Cu-doped ZnO nanoparticles enhanced antibacterial potential of the composite sponge. Meanwhile, all sponge groups are safe for viability, proliferation and adhesion of human dermal fibroblast cells. Overall, the obtained data has proved the potential of carboxymethyl cellulose/gelatin/Cu-doped ZnO dressing as a promising candidate for managing infected wounds.

Topography and physical properties of carboxymethyl cellulose films assembled with calcium and gelatin at different temperature and humidity

Effects of the environmental temperature and relative humidity of drying conditions on the surface ultrastructure of carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) films were investigated by atomic force microscopy. The mechanical and water vapor barrier properties of the films were also evaluated. The results showed that CMC molecules self-assembled into a uniform network at the solution of 5% calcium chloride. And continuous structure was formed of composite mixture with the CMC/gelatin ratio in 1:1. The CMC/Gel film forming solution was respectively dried at 2-8 °C, 23 °C, 50 °C and 23 °C with ventilation to obtain films. The size and numbers of holes on the films surface were affected by the temperature and relative humidity. Correspondingly, the mechanical properties and water vapor permeability were altered with the films structure. Moreover, the surface structure of the composite films was changed by the infiltration and delivery of water vapor when films were stored at 2-8 °C and -20 °C for days.

Recent advances on biomedical applications of pectin-containing biomaterials

There is a growing demand for biomaterials developing with novel properties for biomedical applications hence, hydrogels with 3D crosslinked polymeric structures obtained from natural polymers have been deeply inspected in this field. Pectin a unique biopolymer found in the cell walls of fruits and vegetables is extensively used in the pharmaceutical, food, and textile industries due to its ability to form a thick gel-like solution. Considering biocompatibility, biodegradability, easy gelling capability, and facile manipulation of pectin-based biomaterials; they have been thoroughly investigated for various potential biomedical applications including drug delivery, wound healing, tissue engineering, creation of implantable devices, and skin-care products.

Functionalization of magnetic nanoparticles by creatine as a novel and efficient catalyst for the green synthesis of 2-amino-4H-chromene derivatives

By employing the naturally-originated molecule of creatine, Fe₃O₄@SiO₂-creatine as an environmentally benign magnetic organometallic nanobiocatalyst was successfully prepared via a convenient and green route. Then to acquire an inclusive comprehension of different properties of the catalyst, it was studied by various characterization techniques such as FT‐IR, FE-SEM, TEM, EDX, XRD, and VSM analyses. It was found that the size distribution of nanoparticles was an average diameter size of 70 nm. To examine the catalytic activity, it was applied in sequential knoevenagel condensation-Michael addition room temperature reaction of dimedone, malononitrile, and different substituted aromatic aldehydes to produce a variety of 2-amino-tetrahydro-4H-chromene-3-carbonitrile derivatives in a single step. Among the multiple outstanding advantages that can be mentioned for this work, some of the most noticeable ones include: affording the products in short reaction times with high yields, operating the reaction at ambient conditions and ease of catalyst separation.

A novel, bioactive and antibacterial scaffold based on functionalized graphene oxide with lignin, silk fibroin and ZnO nanoparticles

In this study, a novel nanobiocomposite was synthesized using graphene oxide, lignin, silk fibroin and ZnO and used in biological fields. To synthesize this structure, after preparing graphene oxide by the Hummer method, lignin, silk fibroin, and ZnO nanoparticles (NPs) were added to it, respectively. Also, ZnO NPs with a particle size of about 18 nm to 33 nm was synthesized via Camellia sinensis extract by green methodology. The synthesized structure was examined as anti-biofilm agent and it was observed that the Graphene oxide-lignin/silk fibroin/ZnO nanobiocomposite has a significant ability to prevent the formation of P. aeruginosa biofilm. In addition, due to the importance of the possibility of using this structure in biological environments, its toxicity and blood compatibility were also evaluated. According to the obtained results from MTT assay, the viability percentages of Hu02 cells treated with Graphene oxide-lignin/silk fibroin/ZnO nanobiocomposite after 24, 48, and 72 h of incubation were 89.96%, 89.32%, and 91.28%. On the other hand, the hemolysis percentage of the synthesized structure after 24 h and 72 h of extraction was 9.5% and 11.76% respectively. As a result, the synthesized structure has a hemolysis percentage below 12% and its toxicity effect on Hu02 cells is below 9%.