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Kousseff CJ, Wustoni S, Silva RKS, Lifer A, Savva A, Frey GL, Inal S, Nielsen CB. Single-Component Electroactive Polymer Architectures for Non-Enzymatic Glucose Sensing. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024; 11:e2308281. [PMID: 38520718 PMCID: PMC11251565 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202308281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Revised: 03/12/2024] [Indexed: 03/25/2024]
Abstract
Organic mixed ionic-electronic conductors (OMIECs) have emerged as promising materials for biological sensing, owing to their electrochemical activity, stability in an aqueous environment, and biocompatibility. Yet, OMIEC-based sensors rely predominantly on the use of composite matrices to enable stimuli-responsive functionality, which can exhibit issues with intercomponent interfacing. In this study, an approach is presented for non-enzymatic glucose detection by harnessing a newly synthesized functionalized monomer, EDOT-PBA. This monomer integrates electrically conducting and receptor moieties within a single organic component, obviating the need for complex composite preparation. By engineering the conditions for electrodeposition, two distinct polymer film architectures are developed: pristine PEDOT-PBA and molecularly imprinted PEDOT-PBA. Both architectures demonstrated proficient glucose binding and signal transduction capabilities. Notably, the molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP) architecture demonstrated faster stabilization upon glucose uptake while it also enabled a lower limit of detection, lower standard deviation, and a broader linear range in the sensor output signal compared to its non-imprinted counterpart. This material design not only provides a robust and efficient platform for glucose detection but also offers a blueprint for developing selective sensors for a diverse array of target molecules, by tuning the receptor units correspondingly.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Shofarul Wustoni
- Organic Bioelectronics LaboratoryBiological and Environmental Science and EngineeringKing Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST)Thuwal23955‐6900Saudi Arabia
| | - Raphaela K. S. Silva
- Organic Bioelectronics LaboratoryBiological and Environmental Science and EngineeringKing Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST)Thuwal23955‐6900Saudi Arabia
| | - Ariel Lifer
- Department of Materials Science and EngineeringTechnion–Israel Institute of TechnologyHaifa32000Israel
| | - Achilleas Savva
- Bioelectronics SectionDepartment of MicroelectronicsFaculty of Electrical Engineering, Mathematics and Computer Science (EEMCS)Delft University of TechnologyDelft2628 CDThe Netherlands
| | - Gitti L. Frey
- Department of Materials Science and EngineeringTechnion–Israel Institute of TechnologyHaifa32000Israel
| | - Sahika Inal
- Organic Bioelectronics LaboratoryBiological and Environmental Science and EngineeringKing Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST)Thuwal23955‐6900Saudi Arabia
| | - Christian B. Nielsen
- Department of ChemistryQueen Mary University of LondonMile End RoadLondonE1 4NSUK
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Dasgupta S, Ray K. Plasmon-enhanced fluorescence for biophotonics and bio-analytical applications. Front Chem 2024; 12:1407561. [PMID: 38988729 PMCID: PMC11233826 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2024.1407561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2024] [Accepted: 05/17/2024] [Indexed: 07/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Fluorescence spectroscopy serves as an ultrasensitive sophisticated tool where background noises which serve as a major impediment to the detection of the desired signals can be safely avoided for detections down to the single-molecule levels. One such way of bypassing background noise is plasmon-enhanced fluorescence (PEF), where the interactions of fluorophores at the surface of metals or plasmonic nanoparticles are probed. The underlying condition is a significant spectral overlap between the localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) of the nanoparticle and the absorption or emission spectra of the fluorophore. The rationale being the coupling of the excited state of the fluorophore with the localized surface plasmon leads to an augmented emission, owing to local field enhancement. It is manifested in enhanced quantum yields concurrent with a decrease in fluorescence lifetimes, owing to an increase in radiative rate constants. This improvement in detection provided by PEF allows a significant scope of expansion in the domain of weakly emitting fluorophores which otherwise would have remained unperceivable. The concept of coupling of weak emitters with plasmons can bypass the problems of photobleaching, opening up avenues of imaging with significantly higher sensitivity and improved resolution. Furthermore, amplification of the emission signal by the coupling of free electrons of the metal nanoparticles with the electrons of the fluorophore provides ample opportunities for achieving lower detection limits that are involved in biological imaging and molecular sensing. One avenue that has attracted significant attraction in the last few years is the fast, label-free detection of bio-analytes under physiological conditions using plasmonic nanoparticles for point-of-care analysis. This review focusses on the applications of plasmonic nanomaterials in the field of biosensing, imaging with a brief introduction on the different aspects of LSPR and fabrication techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Souradip Dasgupta
- Division of Vaccine Research, Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Krishanu Ray
- Division of Vaccine Research, Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
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Cho KG, Lee KH, Frisbie CD. Tuning Gate Potential Profiles and Current-Voltage Characteristics of Polymer Electrolyte-Gated Transistors by Capacitance Engineering. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024; 16:19309-19317. [PMID: 38591355 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.4c00079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/10/2024]
Abstract
We demonstrate that the transfer characteristics of electrolyte-gated transistors (EGTs) with polythiophene semiconductor channels are a strong function of gate/electrolyte interfacial contact area, i.e., gate size. Polythiophene EGTs with gate/electrolyte areas much larger than the channel/electrolyte areas show a clear peak in the drain current vs gate voltage (ID-VG) behavior, as well as peak voltage hysteresis between the forward and reverse VG sweeps. Polythiophene EGTs with small gate/electrolyte areas, on the other hand, exhibit current plateaus in the ID-VG behavior and a gate-size-dependent hysteresis loop between turn on and off. The qualitatively different transport behaviors are attributed to the relative sizes of the gate/electrolyte and channel/electrolyte interface capacitances, which are proportional to interfacial area. These interfacial capacitances are in series with each other such that the total capacitance of the full gate/electrolyte/channel stack is dominated by the interface with the smallest capacitance or area. For EGTs with large gates, most of the applied VG is dropped at the channel/electrolyte interface, leading to very high charge accumulations, up to ∼0.3 holes per ring (hpr) in the case of polythiophene semiconductors. The large charge density results in sub-band-filling and a marked decrease in hole mobility, giving rise to the peak in ID-VG. For EGTs with small gates, hole accumulation saturates near 0.15 hpr, band-filling does not occur, and hole mobility is maintained at a fixed value, which leads to the ID plateau. Potential drops at the interfaces are confirmed by in situ potential measurements inside a gate/electrolyte/polymer semiconductor stack. Hole accumulations are measured with gate current-gate voltage (IG-VG) measurements acquired simultaneously with the ID-VG characteristics. Overall, our measurements demonstrate that remarkably different ID behavior can be obtained for polythiophene EGTs by controlling the magnitude of the gate-electrolyte interfacial capacitance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyung Gook Cho
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota-Twin Cities, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Keun Hyung Lee
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Education and Research Center for Smart Energy and Materials Inha University, Incheon 22212, Republic of Korea
| | - C Daniel Frisbie
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota-Twin Cities, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
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Govindaraj M, Srivastava A, Muthukumaran MK, Tsai PC, Lin YC, Raja BK, Rajendran J, Ponnusamy VK, Arockia Selvi J. Current advancements and prospects of enzymatic and non-enzymatic electrochemical glucose sensors. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 253:126680. [PMID: 37673151 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.126680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 08/19/2023] [Accepted: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 09/08/2023]
Abstract
This review discusses the most current developments and future perspectives in enzymatic and non-enzymatic glucose sensors, which have notably evolved over the preceding quadrennial period. Furthermore, a thorough exploration encompassed the sensor's intricate fabrication processes, the diverse range of materials employed, the underlying principles of detection, and an in-depth assessment of the sensors' efficacy in detecting glucose levels within essential bodily fluids such as human blood serums, urine, saliva, and interstitial fluids. It is worth noting that the accurate quantification of glucose concentrations within human blood has been effectively achieved by utilizing classical enzymatic sensors harmoniously integrated with optical and electrochemical transduction mechanisms. Monitoring glucose levels in various mediums has attracted exceptional attention from industrial to academic researchers for diabetes management, food quality control, clinical medicine, and bioprocess inspection. There has been an enormous demand for the creation of novel glucose sensors over the past ten years. Research has primarily concentrated on succeeding biocompatible and enhanced sensing abilities related to the present technologies, offering innovative avenues for more effective glucose sensors. Recent developments in wearable optical and electrochemical sensors with low cost, high stability, point-of-care testing, and online tracking of glucose concentration levels in biological fluids can aid in managing and controlling diabetes globally. New nanomaterials and biomolecules that can be used in electrochemical sensor systems to identify glucose concentration levels are developed thanks to advances in nanoscience and nanotechnology. Both enzymatic and non-enzymatic glucose electrochemical sensors have garnered much interest recently and have made significant strides in detecting glucose levels. In this review, we summarise several categories of non-enzymatic glucose sensor materials, including composites, non-precious transition metals and their metal oxides, hydroxides, precious metals and their alloys, carbon-based materials, conducting polymers, metal-organic framework (MOF)-based electrocatalysts, and wearable device-based glucose sensors deeply.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muthukumar Govindaraj
- Department of Chemistry, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur 603203, Tamil Nadu, India; Department of Medicinal and Applied Chemistry, Kaohsiung Medical University (KMU), Kaohsiung City 807, Taiwan
| | - Ananya Srivastava
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India
| | - Magesh Kumar Muthukumaran
- Department of Chemistry, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur 603203, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Pei-Chien Tsai
- Department of Medicinal and Applied Chemistry, Kaohsiung Medical University (KMU), Kaohsiung City 807, Taiwan; Department of Computational Biology, Institute of Bioinformatics, Saveetha School of Engineering, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, 602105, India
| | - Yuan-Chung Lin
- Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung 804, Taiwan; Center for Emerging Contaminants Research, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung 804, Taiwan.
| | - Bharathi Kannan Raja
- Department of Chemistry, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur 603203, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Jerome Rajendran
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, The University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, United States
| | - Vinoth Kumar Ponnusamy
- Department of Medicinal and Applied Chemistry, Kaohsiung Medical University (KMU), Kaohsiung City 807, Taiwan; Center for Emerging Contaminants Research, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung 804, Taiwan; Research Center for Precision Environmental Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University (KMU), Kaohsiung City 807, Taiwan; Department of Medical Research, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital (KMUH), Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung City 807, Taiwan; Department of Chemistry, National Sun Yat-sen University (NSYSU), Kaohsiung City 804, Taiwan.
| | - J Arockia Selvi
- Department of Chemistry, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur 603203, Tamil Nadu, India.
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Sang D, Luo X, Liu J. Biological Interaction and Imaging of Ultrasmall Gold Nanoparticles. NANO-MICRO LETTERS 2023; 16:44. [PMID: 38047998 PMCID: PMC10695915 DOI: 10.1007/s40820-023-01266-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 12/05/2023]
Abstract
The ultrasmall gold nanoparticles (AuNPs), serving as a bridge between small molecules and traditional inorganic nanoparticles, create significant opportunities to address many challenges in the health field. This review discusses the recent advances in the biological interactions and imaging of ultrasmall AuNPs. The challenges and the future development directions of the ultrasmall AuNPs are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongmiao Sang
- Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Engineering of Guangdong Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoxi Luo
- Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Engineering of Guangdong Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinbin Liu
- Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Engineering of Guangdong Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, People's Republic of China.
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Issa A, Ritacco T, Ge D, Broussier A, Lio GE, Giocondo M, Blaize S, Nguyen TH, Dinh XQ, Couteau C, Bachelot R, Jradi S. Quantum Dot Transfer from the Organic Phase to Acrylic Monomers for the Controlled Integration of Single-Photon Sources by Photopolymerization. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023. [PMID: 37191386 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c22533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
This paper reports on a new strategy for obtaining homogeneous dispersion of grafted quantum dots (QDs) in a photopolymer matrix and their use for the integration of single-photon sources by two-photon polymerization (TPP) with nanoscale precision. The method is based on phase transfer of QDs from organic solvents to an acrylic matrix. The detailed protocol is described, and the corresponding mechanism is investigated and revealed. The phase transfer is done by ligand exchange through the introduction of mono-2-(methacryloyloxy) ethyl succinate (MES) that replaces oleic acid (OA). Infrared (IR) measurements show the replacement of OA on the QD surface by MES after ligand exchange. This allows QDs to move from the hexane phase to the pentaerythritol triacrylate (PETA) phase. The QDs that are homogeneously dispersed in the photopolymer without any clusterization do not show any significant broadening in their photoluminescence spectra even after more than 3 years. The ability of the hybrid photopolymer to create micro- and nanostructures by two-photon polymerization is demonstrated. The homogeneity of emission from 2D and 3D microstructures is confirmed by confocal photoluminescence microscopy. The fabrication and integration of a single-photon source in a spatially controlled manner by TPP is achieved and confirmed by auto-correlation measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Issa
- Light, Nanomaterials & Nanotechnologies Laboratory (L2n), Université de Technologie de Troyes & CNRS EMR7004, 12 rue Marie Curie, 10004 Troyes Cedex, France
| | - Tiziana Ritacco
- CNR Nanotec-Institute of Nanotechnology, S.S. Cosenza, Cubo 31C, Rende, CS 87036, Italy
- Department of Physics, University of Calabria, Cubo 33B, Rende, CS 87036, Italy
| | - Dandan Ge
- Light, Nanomaterials & Nanotechnologies Laboratory (L2n), Université de Technologie de Troyes & CNRS EMR7004, 12 rue Marie Curie, 10004 Troyes Cedex, France
| | - Aurelie Broussier
- Light, Nanomaterials & Nanotechnologies Laboratory (L2n), Université de Technologie de Troyes & CNRS EMR7004, 12 rue Marie Curie, 10004 Troyes Cedex, France
| | - Giuseppe Emanuele Lio
- CNR Nanotec-Institute of Nanotechnology, S.S. Cosenza, Cubo 31C, Rende, CS 87036, Italy
| | - Michele Giocondo
- CNR Nanotec-Institute of Nanotechnology, S.S. Cosenza, Cubo 31C, Rende, CS 87036, Italy
| | - Sylvain Blaize
- Light, Nanomaterials & Nanotechnologies Laboratory (L2n), Université de Technologie de Troyes & CNRS EMR7004, 12 rue Marie Curie, 10004 Troyes Cedex, France
| | - Tien Hoa Nguyen
- Shanghai University (SHU), Sino-European School of Shanghai University, Shanghai 2000072, China
| | - Xuan Quyen Dinh
- Shanghai University (SHU), Sino-European School of Shanghai University, Shanghai 2000072, China
| | - Christophe Couteau
- Light, Nanomaterials & Nanotechnologies Laboratory (L2n), Université de Technologie de Troyes & CNRS EMR7004, 12 rue Marie Curie, 10004 Troyes Cedex, France
| | - Renaud Bachelot
- Light, Nanomaterials & Nanotechnologies Laboratory (L2n), Université de Technologie de Troyes & CNRS EMR7004, 12 rue Marie Curie, 10004 Troyes Cedex, France
- Key Lab of Advanced Display and System Application, Ministry of Education, School of Mechatronic Engineering and Automation, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200072, PR China
| | - Safi Jradi
- Light, Nanomaterials & Nanotechnologies Laboratory (L2n), Université de Technologie de Troyes & CNRS EMR7004, 12 rue Marie Curie, 10004 Troyes Cedex, France
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