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Cobalt Ferrite/Polyetherimide Composites as Thermally Stable Materials for Electromagnetic Interference Shielding Uses. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24020999. [PMID: 36674515 PMCID: PMC9864334 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24020999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2022] [Revised: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 12/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The progress of the automated industry has introduced many benefits in our daily life, but it also produces undesired electromagnetic interference (EMI) that distresses the end-users and functionality of electronic devices. This article develops new composites based on a polyetherimide (PEI) matrix and cobalt ferrite (CoFe2O4) nanofiller (10-50 wt%) by mixing inorganic phase in the poly(amic acid) solution, followed by film casting and controlled heating, to acquire the corresponding imide structure. The composites were designed to contain both electric and magnetic dipole sources by including highly polarizable groups (phenyls, ethers, -CN) in the PEI structure and by loading this matrix with magnetic nanoparticles, respectively. The films exhibited high thermal stability, having the temperature at which decomposition begins in the interval of 450-487 °C. Magnetic analyses indicated a saturation magnetization, coercitive force, and magnetic remanence of 27.9 emu g-1, 705 Oe, and 9.57 emu g-1, respectively, for the PEI/CoFe2O4 50 wt%. Electrical measurements evidenced an increase in the conductivity from 4.42 10-9 S/cm for the neat PEI to 1.70 10-8 S/cm for PEI/CoFe2O4 50 wt% at 1 MHz. The subglass γ- and β-relaxations, primary relaxation, and conductivity relaxation were also examined depending on the nanofiller content. These novel composites are investigated from the point of view of their EMI shielding properties, showing that they are capable of attenuating the electric and magnetic parts of electromagnetic waves.
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2
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Flexible spiral-like multilayer composite with Fe3O4@rGO/waterborne polyurethane-Ni@polyimide for enhancing electromagnetic shielding. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2023.131006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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3
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Zhu J, Liang Y, Si W, Zhang S. Bubblegum inspired epoxidized natural rubber composites for superior mechanical and electrical properties. POLYMER 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2022.125286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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4
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Aiswarya V, Das S, Kumar S, Datta A. Preparation and characterization of magnetized GO nanoparticle enhanced microencapsulated phase change material for thermal energy storage application. Chem Ind 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/00194506.2022.2066577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- V Aiswarya
- Dept. of Chemical Engineering, National Institute of Technology Calicut, Calicut, Kerala, India
| | - Sudev Das
- Dept. of Chemical Engineering, National Institute of Technology Calicut, Calicut, Kerala, India
| | - Satish Kumar
- Dept. of Chemical Engineering, National Institute of Technology Calicut, Calicut, Kerala, India
| | - Aparesh Datta
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Institute of Technology Durgapur, Durgapur, West Bengal, India
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5
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Sang G, Wang C, Zhao Y, He G, Zhang Q, Yang M, Zhao S, Xu P, Xi X, Yang J. Ni@CNTs/Al 2O 3 Ceramic Composites with Interfacial Solder Strengthen the Segregated Network for High Toughness and Excellent Electromagnetic Interference Shielding. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:4443-4455. [PMID: 35026118 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c21630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Ingenious microstructure design and appropriate multicomponent strategies are still challenging for advanced electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding materials with excellent shielding effectiveness (SE) and reliable mechanical properties in harsh environments and low filling levels. In this study, nickel@multiwalled carbon nanotubes/alumina (Ni@CNTs/Al2O3) ceramic composites with segregated structures and electric/magnetic-coupling networks anchored by CNTs and magnetic Ni nanofillers were prepared by hot-press sintering. CNTs/Al2O3 ceramic composites exhibit a percolation threshold of only about 0.32013 vol %, which is lower than those of other reported CNTs/Al2O3 composites with segregated or uniformly dispersed structures. The electrical conductivity and EMI SE of 9CNTs/Al2O3 ceramic composites with 9 vol % (4.76 wt %) CNT content were 103.1 S/m and 33.6 dB, respectively. In addition, EMI SE and toughness were both enhanced by the synergistic effect of Ni nanoparticles and CNTs. In the unit of a segregated structure, a three-dimensional (3D) electric/magnetic-coupling network effectively captures and attenuates electromagnetic wave energy by electrical conduction, dielectric loss, and magnetic loss. On the other hand, the pull-out of CNTs and deflection of cracks distributed along the segregated structures synergistically enhance the fracture toughness of Ni@CNTs/Al2O3 ceramic composites. High-performance 3Ni@5CNTs/Al2O3 ceramic composites with 5 vol % (2.64 wt %) and 3 vol % (0.76 wt %) CNT contents have been achieved, whose EMI SE is 41.8 dB, density is 90.99%, flexural strength is 197.83 ± 18.62 MPa, and fracture toughness is 6.03 ± 0.23 MPa·m1/2. This efficient method provides a promising way to fabricate EMI shielding ceramic composites with high mechanical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guolong Sang
- State Key Lab of New Ceramics and Fine Processing, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, PR China
| | - Chao Wang
- State Key Lab of New Ceramics and Fine Processing, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, PR China
| | - Yi Zhao
- State Key Lab of New Ceramics and Fine Processing, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, PR China
| | - Ge He
- State Key Lab of New Ceramics and Fine Processing, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, PR China
| | - Qifan Zhang
- State Key Lab of New Ceramics and Fine Processing, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, PR China
| | - Minghao Yang
- State Key Lab of New Ceramics and Fine Processing, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, PR China
| | - Shihui Zhao
- State Key Lab of New Ceramics and Fine Processing, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, PR China
| | - Pei Xu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Anhui Key Provincial Laboratory of Advanced Functional Materials and Devices, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China
| | - Xiaoqing Xi
- State Key Lab of New Ceramics and Fine Processing, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, PR China
| | - Jinlong Yang
- State Key Lab of New Ceramics and Fine Processing, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, PR China
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Zhan Y, Hao X, Wang L, Jiang X, Cheng Y, Wang C, Meng Y, Xia H, Chen Z. Superhydrophobic and Flexible Silver Nanowire-Coated Cellulose Filter Papers with Sputter-Deposited Nickel Nanoparticles for Ultrahigh Electromagnetic Interference Shielding. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:14623-14633. [PMID: 33733743 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c03692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Superhydrophobic, flexible, and ultrahigh-performance electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding papers are of paramount importance to safety and long-term service under external mechanical deformations or other harsh service environments because they fulfill the growing demand for multipurpose materials. Herein, we fabricated multifunctional papers by incorporating sputter-deposited nickel nanoparticles (NiNPs) and a fluorine-containing coating onto cellulose filter papers coated with silver nanowires (AgNWs). AgNW networks with sputter-deposited NiNPs provide outstanding magnetic properties, electrical conductivity, and EMI shielding performance. At an AgNW content of 0.109 vol % and a NiNP content of 0.013 mg/cm2, the resultant papers exhibit a superior EMI shielding effectiveness (SE) of 88.4 dB. Additionally, the fluorine-containing coating endows the resultant papers with a high contact angle of 149.7°. Remarkably, the obtained papers still maintain a high EMI SE even after 1500 bending cycles or immersion in water, salt, or strong alkaline solutions for 2 h, indicating their outstanding mechanical robustness and chemical durability. This work opens a new window for designing and implementing ultrahigh-performance EMI shielding materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanhu Zhan
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252000, China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Calcium Carbonate Resources Comprehensive Utilization, Hezhou University, Hezhou 542899, China
| | - Xuehui Hao
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252000, China
| | - Licui Wang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252000, China
| | - Xiancai Jiang
- College of Chemical Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China
| | - Yu Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Polymer Research Institute, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Changzheng Wang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252000, China
| | - Yanyan Meng
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252000, China
| | - Hesheng Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Polymer Research Institute, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Zhenming Chen
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Calcium Carbonate Resources Comprehensive Utilization, Hezhou University, Hezhou 542899, China
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7
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Cellulose-based Ni-decorated graphene magnetic film for electromagnetic interference shielding. J Colloid Interface Sci 2021; 583:571-578. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2020.09.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2020] [Revised: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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8
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Qi Q, Ma L, Zhao B, Wang S, Liu X, Lei Y, Park CB. An Effective Design Strategy for the Sandwich Structure of PVDF/GNP-Ni-CNT Composites with Remarkable Electromagnetic Interference Shielding Effectiveness. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:36568-36577. [PMID: 32686398 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c10600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
It is well-known that attractive electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding performance depends on functional (e.g., electrical and magnetic) fillers and structural designs. This paper presents a novel three-layered sandwich structure of poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF)-based nanocomposites, consisting of graphene nanoplatelets (GNP), nickel (Ni), and carbon nanotubes (CNT). The unique three-layered sandwich structure of GNP-Ni-CNT exhibited excellent EMI shielding ability due to the several interfaces of the multilayered structure with electric loss by the conductive fillers and magnetic loss by the magnetic filler. The overall shielding performance could be further improved by increasing the overall thickness and the number of layers. With a fixed thickness of 0.6 mm, the shielding effectiveness of the PVDF/GNP-Ni-CNT three-layered and six-layered structure composite at 15 GHz was 41.8 and 46.4 dB, respectively. These results provide a useful strategy to prepare various EMI shielding materials with a sandwich structure, presenting tremendous opportunities to design and manufacture advanced EMI shielding materials and equipment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Qi
- Research Branch of Advanced Functional Materials, School of Materials and Energy, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, China
- Microcellular Plastics Manufacturing Laboratory, Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, 5 King's College Road, Toronto M5S 3G8, Canada
- Institute of Chemical Materials, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang, 621900 Sichuan, China
| | - Li Ma
- Microcellular Plastics Manufacturing Laboratory, Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, 5 King's College Road, Toronto M5S 3G8, Canada
| | - Biao Zhao
- Microcellular Plastics Manufacturing Laboratory, Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, 5 King's College Road, Toronto M5S 3G8, Canada
- School of Material Science and Engineering, Zhengzhou University of Aeronautics, Zhengzhou, Henan 450046, China
| | - Sai Wang
- Microcellular Plastics Manufacturing Laboratory, Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, 5 King's College Road, Toronto M5S 3G8, Canada
| | - Xiaobo Liu
- Research Branch of Advanced Functional Materials, School of Materials and Energy, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, China
| | - Yajie Lei
- Institute of Chemical Materials, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang, 621900 Sichuan, China
| | - Chul B Park
- Microcellular Plastics Manufacturing Laboratory, Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, 5 King's College Road, Toronto M5S 3G8, Canada
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9
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Li CQ, Xu W, Ding RC, Shen X, Chen Z, Li MD, Wang GS. Tunable High-Performance Microwave Absorption and Shielding by Three Constituent Phases Between rGO and Fe 3O 4@SiO 2 Nanochains. Front Chem 2019; 7:711. [PMID: 31850298 PMCID: PMC6901941 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2019.00711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2019] [Accepted: 10/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
With the aim of achieving high microwave absorption and electromagnetic shielding performance, reduced graphene oxide (rGO) and Fe3O4@SiO2 nanochains are successfully combined at various mass ratios. By selecting the right mass ratio, an rGO/Fe3O4@SiO2 composite with excellent microwave absorption properties is obtained, and, due to the addition of highly conductive rGO, the desired shielding effectiveness is also achieved. The reflection loss (RL) value of the composite can reach -48.34 dB with a mass ratio of 1:1, and the effective bandwidth (<-10 dB) can cover 4.88 GHz at a thickness of 2.0 mm. Moreover, the composite with a mass ratio of 4:1 exhibits outstanding electromagnetic shielding performance, which also broadens its fields of application. This outstanding microwave absorption and electromagnetic shielding performance indicate that the composite can potentially be employed as a multi-functional material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao-Qin Li
- Engineering Research Center of High-Performance Polymer and Molding Technology, Ministry of Education, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
| | - Wei Xu
- School of Chemistry, Beihang University, Beijing, China
| | | | - Xun Shen
- Engineering Research Center of High-Performance Polymer and Molding Technology, Ministry of Education, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
| | - Zhi Chen
- Engineering Research Center of High-Performance Polymer and Molding Technology, Ministry of Education, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
| | - Mao-Dong Li
- Guangzhou Special Pressure Equipment Testing and Research Institute, Guangzhou, China
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10
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Sultana SMN, Pawar SP, Sundararaj U. Effect of Processing Techniques on EMI SE of Immiscible PS/PMMA Blends Containing MWCNT: Enhanced Intertube and Interphase Scattering. Ind Eng Chem Res 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.8b05957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S. M. Nourin Sultana
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, University of Calgary, 2500 University Dr. NW, Calgary, Canada
| | - Shital Patangrao Pawar
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, University of Calgary, 2500 University Dr. NW, Calgary, Canada
| | - Uttandaraman Sundararaj
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, University of Calgary, 2500 University Dr. NW, Calgary, Canada
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11
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Duan G, Wang Y, Yu J, Zhu J, Hu Z. Preparation of PMIA dielectric nanocomposite with enhanced thermal conductivity by filling with functionalized graphene–carbon nanotube hybrid fillers. APPLIED NANOSCIENCE 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s13204-019-00955-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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12
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Choudhary HK, Kumar R, Pawar SP, Sundararaj U, Sahoo B. Enhancing absorption dominated microwave shielding in Co@C–PVDF nanocomposites through improved magnetization and graphitization of the Co@C-nanoparticles. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2019; 21:15595-15608. [DOI: 10.1039/c9cp03305j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
An improved graphitic layer and magnetization of graphitic carbon coated Co-nanoparticles enhance absorption dominated microwave shielding in Co@C–PVDF nanocomposites.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rajeev Kumar
- Materials Research Centre
- Indian Institute of Science
- Bangalore
- India
| | | | | | - Balaram Sahoo
- Materials Research Centre
- Indian Institute of Science
- Bangalore
- India
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13
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Li X, Zeng S, E S, Liang L, Bai Z, Zhou Y, Zhao B, Zhang R. Quick Heat Dissipation in Absorption-Dominated Microwave Shielding Properties of Flexible Poly(vinylidene fluoride)/Carbon Nanotube/Co Composite Films with Anisotropy-Shaped Co (Flowers or Chains). ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2018; 10:40789-40799. [PMID: 30383960 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b14733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The facile fabrication of thin flexible electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding materials with fast heat dissipation for adaptable tuning in both civil and military applications is in urgent demand. In our work, the flexible poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF)/carbon nanotube (CNT) composite films decorated with anisotropy-shaped Co in flowers or chains were prepared and studied. The results showed that by increasing the Co filler contents, the EC (electrical conductivity), TC (thermal conductivity), and EMI shielding properties of such PVDF/CNT/Co (flowers or chains) flexible films were significantly improved. In contrast, the PVDF/CNT/Co-chain flexible films exhibit higher performance with respect to the EC, TC, and EMI shielding properties. Total shielding of 35.3 and 32.2 dB were, respectively, obtained by the PVDF/CNT/6 wt % Co-chain with an EC of 2.28 S/cm and the PVDF/CNT/6 wt % Co-flower with an EC of 1.94 S/cm at a film thickness of 0.3 mm. Possibly owing to the conductive dissipation, interfacial polarization, magnetic loss, multiple reflections, and scattering of EM waves, such flexible composite films possessed a remarkable absorption-dominated EMI shielding behavior. These new composite films with enhanced TC are easily able to transform microwave energy into Joule heating systems, making themselves greatly potential for effective EMI shielding as well as rapid heat dissipation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiping Li
- College of Engineering , Zhejiang Normal University , Jinhua 321004 , PR China
| | - Shuiping Zeng
- College of Engineering , Zhejiang Normal University , Jinhua 321004 , PR China
| | - Shiju E
- College of Engineering , Zhejiang Normal University , Jinhua 321004 , PR China
| | - Luyang Liang
- Henan Key Laboratory of Aeronautical Materials and Application Technology, School of Material Science and Engineering , Zhengzhou University of Aeronautics , Zhengzhou , Henan 450046 , China
| | - Zhongyi Bai
- Henan Key Laboratory of Aeronautical Materials and Application Technology, School of Material Science and Engineering , Zhengzhou University of Aeronautics , Zhengzhou , Henan 450046 , China
| | - Yuanyuan Zhou
- Henan Key Laboratory of Aeronautical Materials and Application Technology, School of Material Science and Engineering , Zhengzhou University of Aeronautics , Zhengzhou , Henan 450046 , China
| | - Biao Zhao
- Henan Key Laboratory of Aeronautical Materials and Application Technology, School of Material Science and Engineering , Zhengzhou University of Aeronautics , Zhengzhou , Henan 450046 , China
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering , University of Toronto , 5 King's College Road , Toronto , Ontario M5S 3G8 , Canada
| | - Rui Zhang
- Henan Key Laboratory of Aeronautical Materials and Application Technology, School of Material Science and Engineering , Zhengzhou University of Aeronautics , Zhengzhou , Henan 450046 , China
- School of Material Science and Engineering , Zhengzhou University , Zhengzhou , Henan 450001 , China
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Bhattacharjee Y, Chatterjee D, Bose S. Core-Multishell Heterostructure with Excellent Heat Dissipation for Electromagnetic Interference Shielding. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2018; 10:30762-30773. [PMID: 30106274 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b10819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Herein, we report high electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding effectiveness of -40 dB in the Ku-band (for a 600 μm thick film) through a unique core-shell heterostructure consisting of a ferritic core (Fe3O4) and a conducting shell (multiwalled carbon nanotubes, MWCNTs) supported onto a dielectric spacer (here SiO2). In recent times, materials with good flexibility, heat dissipation ability, and sustainability together with efficient EMI shielding at minimal thickness are highly desirable, especially if they can be easily processed into thin films. The resulting composites here shielded EM radiation mostly through absorption driven by multiple interfaces provided by the heterostructure. The shielding value obtained here is fairly superior among the different polymer nanocomposite-based EMI shielding materials. In addition to EMI shielding capability, this composite material exhibits outstanding heat dissipation ability (72 °C to room temperature in less than 90 s) as well as high heat sustainability. The composite material retained its EMI shielding property even after repeated heat cycles, thereby opening new avenues in the design of lightweight, flexible, and sustainable EMI shielding materials.
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15
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Menon A, Madras G, Bose S. Ultrafast Self-Healable Interfaces in Polyurethane Nanocomposites Designed Using Diels-Alder "Click" as an Efficient Microwave Absorber. ACS OMEGA 2018; 3:1137-1146. [PMID: 31457956 PMCID: PMC6641351 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.7b01845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2017] [Accepted: 01/17/2018] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
In the recent times, multifunctional materials have attracted immense interest. Self-healing polymers are in great demand in almost every coating application. With an increase in electromagnetic (EM) pollution, curbing the same has become an urgent necessity. Lightweight coatings and conducting polymeric materials are being highly researched upon in this regard, and combining these properties with self-healing systems would open new avenues in EM interference (EMI) shielding (specifically in the microwave frequency domain) applications. In the current study, a novel approach toward the development of microwave shielding materials capable of self-healing through microwave heating has been attempted. A covalently cross-linked material was developed using Diels-Alder (DA) chemistry, which shows self-healing properties when stimulated by heating. Herein, reduced graphene oxide grafted with magnetite nanoparticles (rGO/Fe3O4) was covalently cross-linked to thermoplastic polyurethane using DA chemistry. The addition of multiwalled carbon nanotubes into these nanocomposites led to exceptional EM wave shielding and self-healing properties through a synergistic effect. The synergism led to exceptional EMI shielding of -36 dB, primarily through absorption in the microwave region of the EM spectrum. When used in the form of thin coatings of about 1 mm in thickness, the shielding value reached -28 dB, manifesting in more than 99% attenuation of EM waves through absorption. The material was also found to be capable of healing scratches or cuts through microwave irradiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aishwarya
V. Menon
- Center for Nano Science
and Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering, and Department of
Materials Engineering, Indian Institute
of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
| | - Giridhar Madras
- Center for Nano Science
and Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering, and Department of
Materials Engineering, Indian Institute
of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
| | - Suryasarathi Bose
- Center for Nano Science
and Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering, and Department of
Materials Engineering, Indian Institute
of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
- E-mail: (S.B.)
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16
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González M, Pozuelo J, Baselga J. Electromagnetic Shielding Materials in GHz Range. CHEM REC 2018; 18:1000-1009. [PMID: 29380939 DOI: 10.1002/tcr.201700066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2017] [Accepted: 01/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The state-of-the art in the design and the manufacture methods of the different electromagnetic shielding materials has been reviewed. This topic has become a mainstream field of research because of the electromagnetic pollution generated by telecommunication technology development. The review is centred in absorbent materials and shows a general overview of how the absorption properties of such composites can be tailored through changes in geometry, composition, morphology, and the filler particles content. Although different types of materials are explained, the text is mainly focused on carbon materials such as graphene and carbon nanotubes. In this way, the importance of the dispersion of the conductive fillers in different polymer matrices is discussed. In addition, an extensive study on new complex architectures such as foam-based materials is presented. Finally, the combination of carbon fillers with other constituents such as metallic nanoparticles is mentioned. In all these studies, the efficiency of the composites as absorbent or reflective of electromagnetic radiation is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta González
- Departmento de Ciencia e Ingeniería de Materiales e Ingeniería Química (IAAB), Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, Avda. de la Universidad, 30, 28911) Leganés, Madrid, Spain
| | - Javier Pozuelo
- Departmento de Ciencia e Ingeniería de Materiales e Ingeniería Química (IAAB), Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, Avda. de la Universidad, 30, 28911) Leganés, Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan Baselga
- Departmento de Ciencia e Ingeniería de Materiales e Ingeniería Química (IAAB), Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, Avda. de la Universidad, 30, 28911) Leganés, Madrid, Spain
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17
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Sawai P, Chattopadhaya P, Banerjee S. Synthesized reduce Graphene Oxide (rGO) filled Polyetherimide based nanocomposites for EMI Shielding applications. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.matpr.2017.10.197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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18
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Ma L, Lu Z, Tan J, Liu J, Ding X, Black N, Li T, Gallop J, Hao L. Transparent Conducting Graphene Hybrid Films To Improve Electromagnetic Interference (EMI) Shielding Performance of Graphene. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2017; 9:34221-34229. [PMID: 28892351 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.7b09372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Conducting graphene-based hybrids have attracted considerable attention in recent years for their scientific and technological significance in many applications. In this work, conductive graphene hybrid films, consisting of a metallic network fully encapsulated between monolayer graphene and quartz-glass substrate, were fabricated and characterized for their electromagnetic interference shielding capabilities. Experimental results show that by integration with a metallic network the sheet resistance of graphene was significantly suppressed from 813.27 to 5.53 Ω/sq with an optical transmittance at 91%. Consequently, the microwave shielding effectiveness (SE) exceeded 23.60 dB at the Ku-band and 13.48 dB at the Ka-band. The maximum SE value was 28.91 dB at 12 GHz. Compared with the SE of pristine monolayer graphene (3.46 dB), the SE of graphene hybrid film was enhanced by 25.45 dB (99.7% energy attenuation). At 94% optical transmittance, the sheet resistance was 20.67 Ω/sq and the maximum SE value was 20.86 dB at 12 GHz. Our results show that hybrid graphene films incorporate both high conductivity and superior electromagnetic shielding comparable to existing ITO shielding modalities. The combination of high conductivity and shielding along with the materials' earth-abundant nature, and facile large-scale fabrication, make these graphene hybrid films highly attractive for transparent EMI shielding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Limin Ma
- Ultra-Precision Optical and Electronic Instrument Engineering Centre, Harbin Institute of Technology , Harbin 150001, People's Republic of China
- National Physical Laboratory, Hampton Road, Teddington TW11 0LW, United Kingdom
| | - Zhengang Lu
- Ultra-Precision Optical and Electronic Instrument Engineering Centre, Harbin Institute of Technology , Harbin 150001, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiubin Tan
- Ultra-Precision Optical and Electronic Instrument Engineering Centre, Harbin Institute of Technology , Harbin 150001, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian Liu
- Ultra-Precision Optical and Electronic Instrument Engineering Centre, Harbin Institute of Technology , Harbin 150001, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuemei Ding
- Ultra-Precision Optical and Electronic Instrument Engineering Centre, Harbin Institute of Technology , Harbin 150001, People's Republic of China
| | - Nicola Black
- National Physical Laboratory, Hampton Road, Teddington TW11 0LW, United Kingdom
| | - Tianyi Li
- National Physical Laboratory, Hampton Road, Teddington TW11 0LW, United Kingdom
| | - John Gallop
- National Physical Laboratory, Hampton Road, Teddington TW11 0LW, United Kingdom
| | - Ling Hao
- National Physical Laboratory, Hampton Road, Teddington TW11 0LW, United Kingdom
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19
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Menon AV, Madras G, Bose S. Magnetic Alloy-MWNT Heterostructure as Efficient Electromagnetic Wave Suppressors in Soft Nanocomposites. ChemistrySelect 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.201700986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Aishwarya V. Menon
- Center for Nano Science and Engineering; Indian Institute of Science; Bangalore- 560012 India
| | - Giridhar Madras
- Department of Chemical Engineering; Indian Institute of Science; Bangalore- 560012 India
| | - Suryasarathi Bose
- Department of Materials Engineering; Indian Institute of Science; Bangalore- 560012 India
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20
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Pawar SP, Gandi M, Arief I, Krause B, Pötschke P, Bose S. Graphene Derivatives Doped with Nickel Ferrite Nanoparticles as Excellent Microwave Absorbers in Soft Nanocomposites. ChemistrySelect 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.201701022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shital Patangrao Pawar
- Department of Materials Engineering; Indian Institute of Science; Bangalore, India 560012
| | - Mounika Gandi
- Department of Materials Engineering; Indian Institute of Science; Bangalore, India 560012
| | - Injamamul Arief
- Department of Materials Engineering; Indian Institute of Science; Bangalore, India 560012
| | - Beate Krause
- Leibniz Institute of Polymer Research Dresden; Hohe Str. 6 01069 Dresden Germany
| | - Petra Pötschke
- Leibniz Institute of Polymer Research Dresden; Hohe Str. 6 01069 Dresden Germany
| | - Suryasarathi Bose
- Department of Materials Engineering; Indian Institute of Science; Bangalore, India 560012
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21
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Biswas S, Arief I, Panja SS, Bose S. Absorption-Dominated Electromagnetic Wave Suppressor Derived from Ferrite-Doped Cross-Linked Graphene Framework and Conducting Carbon. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2017; 9:3030-3039. [PMID: 28036170 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.6b14853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
To minimize electromagnetic (EM) pollution, two key parameters, namely, intrinsic wave impedance matching and intense absorption of incoming EM radiation, must satisfy the utmost requirements. To target these requirements, soft conducting composites consisting of binary blends of polycarbonate (PC) and poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) were designed with doped multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) and a three-dimensional cross-linked graphene oxide (GO) framework doped with ferrite nanoparticles. The doping of α-MnO2 onto the MWCNTs ensured intrinsic wave impedance matching in addition to providing conducting pathways, and the ferrite-doped cross-linked GO facilitated the enhanced attenuation of the incoming EM radiation. This unique combination of magnetodielectric coupling led to a very high electromagnetic shielding efficiency (SE) of -37 dB at 18 GHz, dominated by absorption-driven shielding. The promising results from the composites further motivated us to rationally stack individual composites into a multilayer architecture following an absorption-multiple reflection-absorption pathway. This resulted in an impressive SE of -57 dB for a thin shield of 0.9-mm thickness. Such a high SE indicates >99.999% attenuation of the incoming EM radiation, which, together with the improvement in structural properties, validates the potential of these materials in terms of applications in cost-effective and tunable solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sourav Biswas
- Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology , Durgapur, WB India 713209
| | - Injamamul Arief
- Department of Materials Engineering, Indian Institute of Science , Bangalore, India 560012
| | - Sujit Sankar Panja
- Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology , Durgapur, WB India 713209
| | - Suryasarathi Bose
- Department of Materials Engineering, Indian Institute of Science , Bangalore, India 560012
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22
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Pawar SP, Kumar S, Jain S, Gandi M, Chatterjee K, Bose S. Synergistic interactions between silver decorated graphene and carbon nanotubes yield flexible composites to attenuate electromagnetic radiation. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2017; 28:025201. [PMID: 27905322 DOI: 10.1088/0957-4484/28/2/025201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
The need of today's highly integrated electronic devices, especially working in the GHz frequencies, is to protect them from unwanted interference from neighbouring devices. Hence, lightweight, flexible, easy to process microwave absorbers were designed here by dispersing conductive multiwall carbon nanotubes (MWNTs) and silver nanoparticles decorated onto two-dimensional graphene sheets (rGO@Ag) in poly(ε-caprolactone) (PCL). In this study, we have shown how dielectric losses can be tuned in the nanocomposites by rGO@Ag nano-hybrid; an essential criterion for energy dissipation within a material resulting in effective shielding of the incoming electromagnetic (EM) radiation. Herein, the conducting pathway for nomadic charge transfer in the PCL matrix was established by MWNTs and the attenuation was tuned by multiple scattering due to the large specific surface area of rGO@Ag. The latter was possible because of the fine dispersion state of the Ag nanoparticles which otherwise often agglomerate if mixed separately. The effect of individual nanoparticles on microwave attenuation was systematically assessed here. It was observed that this strategy resulted in strikingly enhanced microwave attenuation in PCL nanocomposites in contrast to addition of individual particles. For instance, PCL nanocomposites containing both MWNTs and rGO@Ag manifested in a SET of -37 dB and, interestingly, at arelatively smaller fraction. The SE shown by this particular composite makes it a potential candidate for many commercial applications as reflected by its exceptional absorption capability (91.3%).
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Affiliation(s)
- Shital Patangrao Pawar
- Department of Materials Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore-560012, India
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23
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Dar MA, Majid K, Hanief Najar M, Kotnala RK, Shah J, Dhawan SK, Farukh M. Surfactant-assisted synthesis of polythiophene/Ni0.5Zn0.5Fe2−xCexO4ferrite composites: study of structural, dielectric and magnetic properties for EMI-shielding applications. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2017; 19:10629-10643. [DOI: 10.1039/c7cp00414a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
This work reports the exploitation of nanocrystalline Ni0.5Zn0.5Fe2−xCexO4ferrite for EMI shielding application by designing quasi-spherical shaped polythiophene (PTH) compositesvia in situemulsion polymerization.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Abdullah Dar
- Department of Chemistry
- National Institute of Technology Srinagar
- Srinagar-190006
- India
| | - Kowsar Majid
- Department of Chemistry
- National Institute of Technology Srinagar
- Srinagar-190006
- India
| | - Mohd. Hanief Najar
- Department of Chemistry
- National Institute of Technology Srinagar
- Srinagar-190006
- India
| | | | - Jyoti Shah
- National Physical Laboratory (CSIR)
- India
| | | | - M. Farukh
- National Physical Laboratory (CSIR)
- India
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24
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Kumar R, Choudhary HK, Pawar SP, Bose S, Sahoo B. Carbon encapsulated nanoscale iron/iron-carbide/graphite particles for EMI shielding and microwave absorption. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2017; 19:23268-23279. [DOI: 10.1039/c7cp03175k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Dispersed metallic-iron and dielectric-Fe3C nanoparticles in carbon globules facilitate multiple scattering and absorption of EM-waves through large interfacial polarization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajeev Kumar
- Materials Research Centre
- Indian Institute of Science
- Bangalore
- India
| | | | | | - Suryasarathi Bose
- Department of Materials Engineering
- Indian Institute of Science
- Bangalore
- India
| | - Balaram Sahoo
- Materials Research Centre
- Indian Institute of Science
- Bangalore
- India
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25
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Pawar SP, Gandi M, Saraf C, Bose S. Polycarbonate Composites Containing Carbon Encapsulated “Brick-Like” Fe3O4Nanoparticles as Efficient Microwave Absorbers with a Large Bandwidth. ChemistrySelect 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.201600931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shital P. Pawar
- Department of Materials Engineering; Indian Institute of Science; Bangalore-560012 India
| | - Mounika Gandi
- Department of Materials Engineering; Indian Institute of Science; Bangalore-560012 India
| | - Chinmay Saraf
- Department of Materials Engineering; Indian Institute of Science; Bangalore-560012 India
| | - Suryasarathi Bose
- Department of Materials Engineering; Indian Institute of Science; Bangalore-560012 India
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26
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Mondal S, Ganguly S, Rahaman M, Aldalbahi A, Chaki TK, Khastgir D, Das NC. A strategy to achieve enhanced electromagnetic interference shielding at low concentration with a new generation of conductive carbon black in a chlorinated polyethylene elastomeric matrix. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2016; 18:24591-9. [PMID: 27539886 DOI: 10.1039/c6cp04274k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The fabrication of scalable and affordable conductive Ketjen carbon black (K-CB)-elastomer composites for adjustable electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding remains a difficult challenge. Herein, chlorinated polyethylene (CPE)-K-CB composites have been developed by single step solution mixing to achieve high EMI shielding performance associated with absorption dominance potency by conductive dissipation as well as the reflection of electromagnetic waves. The dispersion of K-CB inside the CPE matrix has been corroborated by electron micrographs and atomic force microscopy (AFM). The K-CB filler and CPE polymer interaction has been investigated through the bound rubber content (Bdr) and the dynamic mechanical properties. The relatively low loading of K-CB with respect to other conventional carbon fillers contributes to a promising low percolation threshold (9.6 wt% K-CB) and a reasonably high EMI shielding effectiveness (EMI SE) value of 38.4 dB (at 30 wt% loading) in the X-band region (8.2 to 12.4 GHz). Classical percolation theory reveals that the electrical conduction behavior through the composite system is quasi-two dimensional in nature. Our belief lies in the promotion of scalable production of flexible and cost-effective K-CB-CPE composites of superior EMI SE to avoid electromagnetic radiation pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subhadip Mondal
- Rubber Technology Centre, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur, 721302, India.
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27
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Mural PKS, Jain S, Kumar S, Madras G, Bose S. Unimpeded permeation of water through biocidal graphene oxide sheets anchored on to 3D porous polyolefinic membranes. NANOSCALE 2016; 8:8048-57. [PMID: 27020773 DOI: 10.1039/c6nr01356b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
3D porous membranes were developed by etching one of the phases (here PEO, polyethylene oxide) from melt-mixed PE/PEO binary blends. Herein, we have systematically discussed the development of these membranes using X-ray micro-computed tomography. The 3D tomograms of the extruded strands and hot-pressed samples revealed a clear picture as to how the morphology develops and coarsens over a function of time during post-processing operations like compression molding. The coarsening of PE/PEO blends was traced using X-ray micro-computed tomography and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of annealed blends at different times. It is now understood from X-ray micro-computed tomography that by the addition of a compatibilizer (here lightly maleated PE), a stable morphology can be visualized in 3D. In order to anchor biocidal graphene oxide sheets onto these 3D porous membranes, the PE membranes were chemically modified with acid/ethylene diamine treatment to anchor the GO sheets which were further confirmed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and surface Raman mapping. The transport properties through the membrane clearly reveal unimpeded permeation of water which suggests that anchoring GO on to the membranes does not clog the pores. Antibacterial studies through the direct contact of bacteria with GO anchored PE membranes resulted in 99% of bacterial inactivation. The possible bacterial inactivation through physical disruption of the bacterial cell wall and/or reactive oxygen species (ROS) is discussed herein. Thus this study opens new avenues in designing polyolefin based antibacterial 3D porous membranes for water purification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prasanna Kumar S Mural
- Center for Nano Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore-560012, Karnataka, India
| | - Shubham Jain
- Department of Materials Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore-560012, Karnataka, India.
| | - Sachin Kumar
- Department of Materials Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore-560012, Karnataka, India.
| | - Giridhar Madras
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore-560012, Karnataka, India
| | - Suryasarathi Bose
- Department of Materials Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore-560012, Karnataka, India.
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28
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Pawar SP, Biswas S, Kar GP, Bose S. High frequency millimetre wave absorbers derived from polymeric nanocomposites. POLYMER 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2016.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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29
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Pawar SP, Gandi M, Bose S. High performance electromagnetic wave absorbers derived from PC/SAN blends containing multiwall carbon nanotubes and Fe3O4 decorated onto graphene oxide sheets. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra25435c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A high performance electromagnetic wave absorber with high surface resistivity and enhanced attenuation constant was designed using uneven distribution of lossy materials in PC/SAN blends.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mounika Gandi
- Department of Materials Engineering
- Indian Institute of Science
- Bangalore-560012
- India
| | - Suryasarathi Bose
- Department of Materials Engineering
- Indian Institute of Science
- Bangalore-560012
- India
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30
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Wang C, Li B, Niu W, Hong S, Saif B, Wang S, Dong C, Shuang S. β-Cyclodextrin modified graphene oxide–magnetic nanocomposite for targeted delivery and pH-sensitive release of stereoisomeric anti-cancer drugs. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra13082d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
β-Cyclodextrin modified graphene oxide–magnetic (MGC) nanocomposite as an innovative drug carrier was the first to be developed via an effective layer-by-layer-assembly method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Congli Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering and Institute of Environmental Science
- Shanxi University
- Taiyuan 030006
- P. R. China
| | - Bo Li
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering and Institute of Environmental Science
- Shanxi University
- Taiyuan 030006
- P. R. China
| | - Weifen Niu
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering and Institute of Environmental Science
- Shanxi University
- Taiyuan 030006
- P. R. China
| | - Shasha Hong
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering and Institute of Environmental Science
- Shanxi University
- Taiyuan 030006
- P. R. China
| | - Bassam Saif
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering and Institute of Environmental Science
- Shanxi University
- Taiyuan 030006
- P. R. China
| | - Songbai Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering and Institute of Environmental Science
- Shanxi University
- Taiyuan 030006
- P. R. China
| | - Chuan Dong
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering and Institute of Environmental Science
- Shanxi University
- Taiyuan 030006
- P. R. China
| | - Shaomin Shuang
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering and Institute of Environmental Science
- Shanxi University
- Taiyuan 030006
- P. R. China
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