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Zhang Y, Liu J, Rong C, Wang D, Li W, Gao Z, Chen Y. Current Advances of CO Sensing Based on Low Dimensional Materials. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2024. [PMID: 39196291 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.4c01861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/29/2024]
Abstract
Carbon monoxide (CO) is a harmful gas with significant impacts on human health and the environment. Its timely detection, especially in the event of thermal runaway in automotive lithium batteries, is crucial to prevent casualties. This paper reviews the progress in the development of efficient, sensitive, and reliable CO sensors, focusing on electrochemical, optical, and resistive sensing materials. Low-dimensional materials have a large specific surface area, providing an abundant number of active sites, which has drawn extensive attention from researchers. According to the different sensor signals, we categorized these sensors into electrical and optical signal sensors. We hope that by systematically introducing the sensing mechanism and sensing performance of these two kinds of sensors, appropriate CO sensors can be developed in different application scenarios so as to realize early warning and monitoring to the maximum extent, reduce industrial losses, and ensure the life and health of personnel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yundi Zhang
- College of Automotive Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130025, China
| | - Jie Liu
- College of Automotive Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130025, China
| | - Changru Rong
- General Research and Development Institute, China FAW Corporation Limited, Changchun 130013, China
| | - Deping Wang
- General Research and Development Institute, China FAW Corporation Limited, Changchun 130013, China
| | - Weifeng Li
- National Key Laboratory of Automotive Chassis Integration and Bionics, Jilin University, Changchun 130025, China
| | - Zhenhai Gao
- College of Automotive Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130025, China
| | - Yupeng Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing 100190, China
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Louis H, Chukwuemeka K, Agwamba EC, Abdullah HY, Pembere AMS. Molecular simulation of Cu, Ag, and Au-decorated Si-doped graphene quantum dots (Si@QD) nanostructured as sensors for SO 2 trapping. J Mol Graph Model 2023; 124:108551. [PMID: 37399776 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmgm.2023.108551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2023] [Revised: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 07/05/2023]
Abstract
In view of the numerous environmental hazards and health challenges linked to sulfur (iv) oxide (SO2), an indirect greenhouse gas, and the resultant need to develop efficient gas nanosensor devices, this research had as its principal focus on the theoretical evaluation of the gas sensing potential of metals: Ag, Au and Cu functionalized silicon-doped quantum dots (Si@QD) for the detection and adsorption of SO2 gas investigated using the first-principles density functional theory (DFT) computation at the B3LYP-D3(BJ)/def2-SVP level of theory. Eight (8) possible adsorption modes: SO2_O_Si@QD, SO2_O_Ag_Si@QD, SO2_O_Au_Si@QD, SO2_O_Cu_Si@QD, SO2_S_Si@QD, SO2_S_Ag_Si@QD, SO2_S_Au_Si@QD, and SO2_S_Cu_Si@QD were considered based on SO2 interactions with the studied materials at the -S and -O sites of the SO2 molecule. The counterpoise correction (BSSE) showed that five of the eight interactions had favorable Ead + BSSE values ranging from -0.31 to -1.98 eV. All the eight interactions were observed to be thermodynamically favorable with ΔG and ΔH ranging from -129.01 to -200.24 kcal/mol and -158.26 to -229.73 kcal/mol respectively. Results from the topology analysis reveal that van der Waals forces occurred the greatest at the gas-sensor interphase while SO2_S_ Cu_Si@QD is predicted to have the highest sensing potency based on the conductivity and recovery time estimations. These results confirm the potential efficient feasibility of real-world device application of the metals (Ag, Au, Cu) functionalized Si-doped QDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hitler Louis
- Computational and Bio-Simulation Research Group, University of Calabar, Calabar, Nigeria; Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Calabar, Calabar, Nigeria; Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Chettinad Hospital and Research Institute, Chettinad Academy of Research and Education, Kelambakkam, 603103, Tamil Nadu, India.
| | - Kelechi Chukwuemeka
- Computational and Bio-Simulation Research Group, University of Calabar, Calabar, Nigeria; Department of Chemical Sciences, Clifford University, Owerrinta, Nigeria
| | - Ernest C Agwamba
- Computational and Bio-Simulation Research Group, University of Calabar, Calabar, Nigeria; Department of Chemistry, Covenant University, Ota, Nigeria
| | - Hewa Y Abdullah
- Physics Education Department, Tishk International University, Erbil, Iraq
| | - Anthony M S Pembere
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Jaramogi Odinga University of Science and Technology, Bondo, Kenya
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3
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Zhu LY, Ou LX, Mao LW, Wu XY, Liu YP, Lu HL. Advances in Noble Metal-Decorated Metal Oxide Nanomaterials for Chemiresistive Gas Sensors: Overview. NANO-MICRO LETTERS 2023; 15:89. [PMID: 37029296 PMCID: PMC10082150 DOI: 10.1007/s40820-023-01047-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2022] [Accepted: 02/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Highly sensitive gas sensors with remarkably low detection limits are attractive for diverse practical application fields including real-time environmental monitoring, exhaled breath diagnosis, and food freshness analysis. Among various chemiresistive sensing materials, noble metal-decorated semiconducting metal oxides (SMOs) have currently aroused extensive attention by virtue of the unique electronic and catalytic properties of noble metals. This review highlights the research progress on the designs and applications of different noble metal-decorated SMOs with diverse nanostructures (e.g., nanoparticles, nanowires, nanorods, nanosheets, nanoflowers, and microspheres) for high-performance gas sensors with higher response, faster response/recovery speed, lower operating temperature, and ultra-low detection limits. The key topics include Pt, Pd, Au, other noble metals (e.g., Ag, Ru, and Rh.), and bimetals-decorated SMOs containing ZnO, SnO2, WO3, other SMOs (e.g., In2O3, Fe2O3, and CuO), and heterostructured SMOs. In addition to conventional devices, the innovative applications like photo-assisted room temperature gas sensors and mechanically flexible smart wearable devices are also discussed. Moreover, the relevant mechanisms for the sensing performance improvement caused by noble metal decoration, including the electronic sensitization effect and the chemical sensitization effect, have also been summarized in detail. Finally, major challenges and future perspectives towards noble metal-decorated SMOs-based chemiresistive gas sensors are proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Yuan Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of ASIC and System, Shanghai Institute of Intelligent Electronics and Systems, School of Microelectronics, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, People's Republic of China
| | - Lang-Xi Ou
- State Key Laboratory of ASIC and System, Shanghai Institute of Intelligent Electronics and Systems, School of Microelectronics, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, People's Republic of China
| | - Li-Wen Mao
- School of Opto-Electronic Information and Computer Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200093, People's Republic of China
| | - Xue-Yan Wu
- State Key Laboratory of ASIC and System, Shanghai Institute of Intelligent Electronics and Systems, School of Microelectronics, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi-Ping Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, School of Material Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, People's Republic of China
| | - Hong-Liang Lu
- State Key Laboratory of ASIC and System, Shanghai Institute of Intelligent Electronics and Systems, School of Microelectronics, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, People's Republic of China.
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Marikutsa A, Khmelevsky N, Rumyantseva M. Synergistic Effect of Surface Acidity and PtO x Catalyst on the Sensitivity of Nanosized Metal-Oxide Semiconductors to Benzene. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 22:6520. [PMID: 36080979 PMCID: PMC9460263 DOI: 10.3390/s22176520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Revised: 08/24/2022] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Benzene is a potentially carcinogenic volatile organic compound (VOC) and its vapor must be strictly monitored in air. Metal-oxide semiconductors (MOS) functionalized by catalytic noble metals are promising materials for sensing VOC, but basic understanding of the relationships of materials composition and sensors behavior should be improved. In this work, the sensitivity to benzene was comparatively studied for nanocrystalline n-type MOS (ZnO, In2O3, SnO2, TiO2, and WO3) in pristine form and modified by catalytic PtOx nanoparticles. Active sites of materials were analyzed by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and temperature-programmed techniques using probe molecules. The sensing mechanism was studied by in situ diffuse-reflectance infrared (DRIFT) spectroscopy. Distinct trends were observed in the sensitivity to benzene for pristine MOS and nanocomposites MOS/PtOx. The higher sensitivity of pristine SnO2, TiO2, and WO3 was observed. This was attributed to higher total concentrations of oxidation sites and acid sites favoring target molecules' adsorption and redox conversion at the surface of MOS. The sensitivity of PtOx-modified sensors increased with the surface acidity of MOS and were superior for WO3/PtOx. It was deduced that this was due to stabilization of reduced Pt sites which catalyze deep oxidation of benzene molecules to carbonyl species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Artem Marikutsa
- Chemistry Department, Moscow State University, Vorobyovy Gory 1-3, 119234 Moscow, Russia
| | - Nikolay Khmelevsky
- LISM, Moscow State Technological University Stankin, Vadkovsky Ln. 1, 127055 Moscow, Russia
| | - Marina Rumyantseva
- Chemistry Department, Moscow State University, Vorobyovy Gory 1-3, 119234 Moscow, Russia
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Trioni MI, Cargnoni F, Americo S, Pargoletti E, Chiarello GL, Cappelletti G. Acetone and Toluene Gas Sensing by WO 3: Focusing on the Selectivity from First Principle Calculations. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 12:2696. [PMID: 35957127 PMCID: PMC9370314 DOI: 10.3390/nano12152696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Revised: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Sensitivity and selectivity are the two major parameters that should be optimized in chemiresistive devices with boosted performances towards Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs). Notwithstanding a plethora of metal oxides/VOCs combinations that have been investigated so far, a close inspection based on theoretical models to provide guidelines to enhance sensors features has been scarcely explored. In this work, we measured experimentally the sensor response of a WO3 chemiresistor towards gaseous acetone and toluene, observing a two orders of magnitude higher signal for the former. In order to gain insight on the observed selectivity, Density Functional Theory was then adopted to elucidate how acetone and toluene molecules adsorption may perturb the electronic structure of WO3 due to electrostatic interactions with the surface and hybridization with its electronic structure. The results of acetone adsorption suggest the activation of the carbonyl group for reactions, while an overall lower charge redistribution on the surface and the molecule was observed for toluene. This, combined with acetone's higher binding energy, justifies the difference in the final responses. Notably, the presence of surface oxygen vacancies, characterizing the nanostructure of the oxide, influences the sensing performances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Italo Trioni
- National Research Council of Italy, Institute of Chemical Sciences and Technologies “Giulio Natta”, Via Golgi 19, 20133 Milano, Italy
- Department of Chemistry, University of Milano, Via Golgi 19, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Fausto Cargnoni
- National Research Council of Italy, Institute of Chemical Sciences and Technologies “Giulio Natta”, Via Golgi 19, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Stefano Americo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Milano, Via Golgi 19, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Eleonora Pargoletti
- Department of Chemistry, University of Milano, Via Golgi 19, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Gian Luca Chiarello
- Department of Chemistry, University of Milano, Via Golgi 19, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Cappelletti
- Department of Chemistry, University of Milano, Via Golgi 19, 20133 Milano, Italy
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Abstract
There is an increasing need for the development of low-cost and highly sensitive gas sensors for environmental, commercial, and industrial applications in various areas, such as hazardous gas monitoring, safety, and emission control in combustion processes. Considering this, resistive-based gas sensors using metal oxide semiconductors (MOSs) have gained special attention owing to their high sensing performance, high stability, and low cost of synthesis and fabrication. The relatively low final costs of these gas sensors allow their commercialization; consequently, they are widely used and available at low prices. This review focuses on the important MOSs with different morphologies, including quantum dots, nanowires, nanofibers, nanotubes, hierarchical nanostructures, and other structures for the fabrication of resistive gas sensors.
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Lupan O, Santos-Carballal D, Magariu N, Mishra AK, Ababii N, Krüger H, Wolff N, Vahl A, Bodduluri MT, Kohlmann N, Kienle L, Adelung R, de Leeuw NH, Hansen S. Al 2O 3/ZnO Heterostructure-Based Sensors for Volatile Organic Compounds in Safety Applications. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:29331-29344. [PMID: 35704838 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c03704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Monitoring volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in harsh environments, especially for safety applications, is a growing field that requires specialized sensor structures. In this work, we demonstrate the sensing properties toward the most common VOCs of columnar Al2O3/ZnO heterolayer-based sensors. We have also developed an approach to tune the sensor selectivity by changing the thickness of the exposed amorphous Al2O3 layer from 5 to 18 nm. Columnar ZnO films are prepared by a chemical solution method, where the exposed surface is decorated with an Al2O3 nanolayer via thermal atomic layer deposition at 75 °C. We have investigated the structure and morphology as well as the vibrational, chemical, electronic, and sensor properties of the Al2O3/ZnO heterostructures. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) studies show that the upper layers consist of amorphous Al2O3 films. The heterostructures showed selectivity to 2-propanol vapors only within the range of 12-15 nm thicknesses of Al2O3, with the highest response value of ∼2000% reported for a thickness of 15 nm at the optimal working temperature of 350 °C. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations of the Al2O3/ZnO(1010) interface and its interaction with 2-propanol (2-C3H7OH), n-butanol (n-C4H9OH), ethanol (C2H5OH), acetone (CH3COCH3), hydrogen (H2), and ammonia (NH3) show that the molecular affinity for the Al2O3/ZnO(1010) interface decreases from 2-propanol (2-C3H7OH) ≈ n-butanol (n-C4H9OH) > ethanol (C2H5OH) > acetone (CH3COCH3) > hydrogen (H2), which is consistent with our gas response experiments for the VOCs. Charge transfers between the surface and the adsorbates, and local densities of states of the interacting atoms, support the calculated strength of the molecular preferences. Our findings are highly important for the development of 2-propanol sensors and to our understanding of the effect of the heterojunction and the thickness of the top nanolayer on the gas response, which thus far have not been reported in the literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oleg Lupan
- Department of Materials Science, Chair for Functional Nanomaterials, Faculty of Engineering, Christian-Albrechts Universität zu Kiel, Kiel, Kaiserstraße 2, D-24143 Kiel, Germany
- Center for Nanotechnology and Nanosensors, Department of Microelectronics and Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Computers, Informatics and Microelectronics, Technical University of Moldova, 168 Stefan cel Mare str., MD-2004 Chisinau, Republic of Moldova
- Department of Physics, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida 32816-2385, United States
| | | | - Nicolae Magariu
- Center for Nanotechnology and Nanosensors, Department of Microelectronics and Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Computers, Informatics and Microelectronics, Technical University of Moldova, 168 Stefan cel Mare str., MD-2004 Chisinau, Republic of Moldova
| | - Abhishek Kumar Mishra
- Department of Physics, School of Engineering, University of Petroleum and Energy Studies (UPES), Energy Acres Building, Bidholi, Dehradun 248007, Uttrakhand, India
| | - Nicolai Ababii
- Center for Nanotechnology and Nanosensors, Department of Microelectronics and Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Computers, Informatics and Microelectronics, Technical University of Moldova, 168 Stefan cel Mare str., MD-2004 Chisinau, Republic of Moldova
| | - Helge Krüger
- Department of Materials Science, Chair for Functional Nanomaterials, Faculty of Engineering, Christian-Albrechts Universität zu Kiel, Kiel, Kaiserstraße 2, D-24143 Kiel, Germany
| | - Niklas Wolff
- Department of Materials Science, Chair for Synthesis and Real Structure, Faculty of Engineering, Christian-Albrechts Universität zu Kiel, Kiel, Kaiserstraße 2, D-24143 Kiel, Germany
| | - Alexander Vahl
- Department of Materials Science, Chair for Multicomponent Materials, Faculty of Engineering, Christian-Albrechts Universität zu Kiel, Kiel, Kaiserstraße 2, D-24143 Kiel, Germany
| | - Mani Teja Bodduluri
- Fraunhofer Institute for Silicon Technology (ISIT), Itzehoe, Fraunhoferstraße 1, Itzehoe D-25524, Germany
| | - Niklas Kohlmann
- Department of Materials Science, Chair for Synthesis and Real Structure, Faculty of Engineering, Christian-Albrechts Universität zu Kiel, Kiel, Kaiserstraße 2, D-24143 Kiel, Germany
| | - Lorenz Kienle
- Department of Materials Science, Chair for Synthesis and Real Structure, Faculty of Engineering, Christian-Albrechts Universität zu Kiel, Kiel, Kaiserstraße 2, D-24143 Kiel, Germany
| | - Rainer Adelung
- Department of Materials Science, Chair for Functional Nanomaterials, Faculty of Engineering, Christian-Albrechts Universität zu Kiel, Kiel, Kaiserstraße 2, D-24143 Kiel, Germany
| | - Nora H de Leeuw
- School of Chemistry, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, United Kingdom
- Department of Earth Sciences, Utrecht University, Princetonlaan 8a, 3584 CB Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Sandra Hansen
- Department of Materials Science, Chair for Functional Nanomaterials, Faculty of Engineering, Christian-Albrechts Universität zu Kiel, Kiel, Kaiserstraße 2, D-24143 Kiel, Germany
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Moon YK, Kim KB, Jeong SY, Lee JH. Designing oxide chemiresistors for detecting volatile aromatic compounds: recent progresses and future perspectives. Chem Commun (Camb) 2022; 58:5439-5454. [PMID: 35415739 DOI: 10.1039/d2cc01563c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Oxide chemiresistors have mostly been used to detect reactive gases such as ethanol, acetone, formaldehyde, nitric dioxide, and carbon monoxide. However, the selective and sensitive detection of volatile aromatic compounds such as benzene, toluene, and xylene, which are extremely toxic and harmful, using oxide chemiresistors remains challenging because of the molecular stability of benzene rings containing chemicals. Moreover, the performance of the sensing materials is insufficient to detect trace concentration levels of volatile aromatic compounds, which lead to harmful effects on human beings. Here, the strategies for designing highly selective and sensitive volatile aromatic compound gas sensors using oxide chemiresistors were suggested and reviewed. Key approaches include the use of thermal activation, design of sensing materials with high catalytic activity, the utilization of catalytic microreactors and bilayer structures with catalytic overlayer, and the pretreatment of analyte gases or post analysis of sensing signals. In addition, future perspectives from the viewpoint of designing sensing materials and sensor structures for high-performance and robust volatile aromatic compounds gas sensors are provided. Finally, we discuss possible applications of the sensors and sensor arrays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young Kook Moon
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea.
| | - Ki Beom Kim
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea.
| | - Seong-Yong Jeong
- Department of Nanoengineering, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA.
| | - Jong-Heun Lee
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea.
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Au-Decorated 1D SnO2 Nanowire/2D WS2 Nanosheet Composite for CO Gas Sensing at Room Temperature in Self-Heating Mode. CHEMOSENSORS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/chemosensors10040132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
We have designed a new ternary structure to enhance the sensing properties of WS2 nanosheet (NS)-based gas sensors at room temperature (RT) in self-heating mode. SnO2 nanowires (NWs, 10–30 wt%) were added to WS2 NSs and then Au nanoparticles (NPs) were deposited on the surface of the resulting composites by UV irradiation. The Au-decorated 10 wt% SnO2–WS2 composition showed the highest gas sensing properties. The presence of SnO2 NWs on the WS2 NSs effectively enhanced the diffusion and adsorption of gas species into deeper parts of the gas sensor. Furthermore, the chemical sensitization of Au (increase in oxygen ionosorption; spillover effect and catalytic effect towards CO) contributed to an enhanced response to CO gas. Gas sensing tests performed in the self-heating mode demonstrated the possibility of realizing a low-voltage, low-power-consumption CO gas sensor based on the Au-decorated 10 wt% SnO2–WS2. The sensor response under 60% relative humidity (RH) conditions was 84% of that under dry conditions, which shows that CO sensing is possible in wet environments at room temperature operation.
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Kang M, Cho I, Park J, Jeong J, Lee K, Lee B, Del Orbe Henriquez D, Yoon K, Park I. High Accuracy Real-Time Multi-Gas Identification by a Batch-Uniform Gas Sensor Array and Deep Learning Algorithm. ACS Sens 2022; 7:430-440. [PMID: 35041384 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.1c01204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Semiconductor metal oxide (SMO) gas sensors are attracting great attention as next-generation environmental monitoring sensors. However, there are limitations to the actual application of SMO gas sensors due to their low selectivity. Although the electronic nose (E-nose) systems based on a sensor array are regarded as a solution for the selectivity issue, poor accuracy caused by the nonuniformity of the fabricated gas sensors and difficulty of real-time gas detection have yet to be resolved. In this study, these problems have been solved by fabricating uniform gas sensor arrays and applying the deep learning algorithm to the data from the sensor arrays. Nanocolumnar films of metal oxides (SnO2, In2O3, WO3, and CuO) with a high batch uniformity deposited through glancing angle deposition were used as the sensing materials. The convolutional neural network (CNN) using the input data as a matrix form was adopted as a learning algorithm, which could conduct pattern recognition of the sensor responses. Finally, real-time selective gas detection for CO, NH3, NO2, CH4, and acetone (C3H6O) gas was achieved (minimum response time of 1, 8, 5, 19, and 2 s, respectively) with an accuracy of 98% by applying preprocessed response data to the CNN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingu Kang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Incheol Cho
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaeho Park
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaeseok Jeong
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Kichul Lee
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Byeongju Lee
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Dionisio Del Orbe Henriquez
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Kukjin Yoon
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Inkyu Park
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
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11
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Navale S, Mirzaei A, Majhi SM, Kim HW, Kim SS. State-of-the-Art Research on Chemiresistive Gas Sensors in Korea: Emphasis on the Achievements of the Research Labs of Professors Hyoun Woo Kim and Sang Sub Kim. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 22:61. [PMID: 35009604 PMCID: PMC8747108 DOI: 10.3390/s22010061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Revised: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
This review presents the results of cutting-edge research on chemiresistive gas sensors in Korea with a focus on the research activities of the laboratories of Professors Sang Sub Kim and Hyoun Woo Kim. The advances in the synthesis techniques and various strategies to enhance the gas-sensing performances of metal-oxide-, sulfide-, and polymer-based nanomaterials are described. In particular, the gas-sensing characteristics of different types of sensors reported in recent years, including core-shell, self-heated, irradiated, flexible, Si-based, glass, and metal-organic framework sensors, have been reviewed. The most crucial achievements include the optimization of shell thickness in core-shell gas sensors, decrease in applied voltage in self-heated gas sensors to less than 5 V, optimization of irradiation dose to achieve the highest response to gases, and the design of selective and highly flexible gas sensors-based WS2 nanosheets. The underlying sensing mechanisms are discussed in detail. In summary, this review provides an overview of the chemiresistive gas-sensing research activities led by the corresponding authors of this manuscript.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sachin Navale
- Division of Materials Science and Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Korea; (S.N.); (S.M.M.)
- The Research Institute of Industrial Science, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Korea
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Inha University, Incheon 22212, Korea
| | - Ali Mirzaei
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Shiraz University of Technology, Shiraz 715557-13876, Iran;
| | - Sanjit Manohar Majhi
- Division of Materials Science and Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Korea; (S.N.); (S.M.M.)
- The Research Institute of Industrial Science, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Korea
| | - Hyoun Woo Kim
- Division of Materials Science and Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Korea; (S.N.); (S.M.M.)
- The Research Institute of Industrial Science, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Korea
| | - Sang Sub Kim
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Inha University, Incheon 22212, Korea
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12
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Chen Y, Luo N, Li Z, Dong J, Wang X, Cheng Z, Xu J. The growth behavior of brain-like SnO 2 microspheres under a solvothermal reaction with tetrahydrofuran as a solvent and their gas sensitivity. RSC Adv 2021; 11:37568-37574. [PMID: 35496432 PMCID: PMC9043803 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra06675g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2021] [Accepted: 11/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In this paper, the growth behavior of brain-like SnO2 microspheres synthesized by a tetrahydrofuran (THF) solvothermal method was studied. Unlike water or ethanol as the solvent, THF is a medium polar and aprotic solvent. Compared with other common polar solvents, the THF has no strong irregular effects on the growth process of SnO2. In addition, the viscosity of THF also helps the SnO2 to form a regular microstructure. The growth behavior of the brain-like SnO2 microspheres is controlled by changing the synthesis temperature of the reaction. The SEM and TEM results reveal that the SnO2 forms particles first (125 °C/3 h), and then these nanoparticles connect to each other forming nanowires and microspheres (diameter ≈ 1-2 μm) at 135 °C for 3 h; finally the microspheres further aggregate to form double or multi-sphere structures at 180 °C for 3 h. In this paper, the brain-like SnO2 microspheres obtained at 125 °C for 3 h were selected as sensitive materials to test their gas sensing performance at different operating temperature (50 °C and 350 °C). The H2S was tested at 50 °C which is the lowest operating temperature for the sensor. The combustible gas (H2/CH4/CO) was measured at 350 °C which is the highest temperature for the sensor. They all have extremely high sensitivity, but only H2S has excellent selectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Chen
- NEST Lab, Department of Physics, Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Shanghai University Shanghai 200444 PR China
| | - Na Luo
- NEST Lab, Department of Physics, Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Shanghai University Shanghai 200444 PR China
| | - Zhixin Li
- NEST Lab, Department of Physics, Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Shanghai University Shanghai 200444 PR China
| | - Junping Dong
- NEST Lab, Department of Physics, Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Shanghai University Shanghai 200444 PR China
| | - Xiaohong Wang
- NEST Lab, Department of Physics, Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Shanghai University Shanghai 200444 PR China
| | - Zhixuan Cheng
- NEST Lab, Department of Physics, Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Shanghai University Shanghai 200444 PR China
| | - Jiaqiang Xu
- NEST Lab, Department of Physics, Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Shanghai University Shanghai 200444 PR China
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13
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Improving Gas-Sensing Performance Based on MOS Nanomaterials: A Review. MATERIALS 2021; 14:ma14154263. [PMID: 34361460 PMCID: PMC8347970 DOI: 10.3390/ma14154263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2021] [Revised: 07/17/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
In order to solve issues of air pollution, to monitor human health, and to promote agricultural production, gas sensors have been used widely. Metal oxide semiconductor (MOS) gas sensors have become an important area of research in the field of gas sensing due to their high sensitivity, quick response time, and short recovery time for NO2, CO2, acetone, etc. In our article, we mainly focus on the gas-sensing properties of MOS gas sensors and summarize the methods that are based on the interface effect of MOS materials and micro–nanostructures to improve their performance. These methods include noble metal modification, doping, and core-shell (C-S) nanostructure. Moreover, we also describe the mechanism of these methods to analyze the advantages and disadvantages of energy barrier modulation and electron transfer for gas adsorption. Finally, we put forward a variety of research ideas based on the above methods to improve the gas-sensing properties. Some perspectives for the development of MOS gas sensors are also discussed.
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14
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A Comparative Study on the Structure and Catalytic Performance of UiO-66 Supported Pt Nanocatalysts Prepared by NaBH4 and H2 Reduction: Light-Off, Durability and Mechanism for CO Oxidation. J Inorg Organomet Polym Mater 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s10904-020-01597-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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15
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Gulevich D, Rumyantseva M, Gerasimov E, Khmelevsky N, Tsvetkova E, Gaskov A. Synergy Effect of Au and SiO 2 Modification on SnO 2 Sensor Properties in VOCs Detection in Humid Air. NANOMATERIALS 2020; 10:nano10040813. [PMID: 32340380 PMCID: PMC7221567 DOI: 10.3390/nano10040813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Revised: 04/16/2020] [Accepted: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Nanocomposites based on Au- and SiO2-modified SnO2 were studied as sensitive materials for ethanol and benzene detection in dry (RH = 1%) and humid (RH = 20%) air. Modification of SnO2 by amorphous SiO2 (13 mol.%) was effectuated by hydrothermal synthesis; modification by Au nanoparticles (1 wt.%) was carried out via impregnation by citrate-stabilized Au sol. The composition of the samples was determined by X-ray fluorescent spectroscopy and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. The microstructure was characterized by XRD, HRTEM, and low-temperature nitrogen adsorption. The surface groups were investigated by XPS, TPR-H2, and FTIR spectroscopy. DRIFT spectroscopy was performed to investigate the interaction between ethanol and the surface of the synthesized materials. Studies of the sensor properties have shown that in all cases the most sensitive is the SnO2/SiO2-Au nanocomposite. This material retains high sensitivity even in a humid atmosphere. The obtained results are discussed in terms of the synergistic effect of two modifiers (Au and SiO2) in the formation of sensor properties of SnO2/SiO2-Au nanocomposites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dayana Gulevich
- Chemistry Department, Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (D.G.); (A.G.)
| | - Marina Rumyantseva
- Chemistry Department, Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (D.G.); (A.G.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +7-495-939-5471
| | - Evgeny Gerasimov
- Boreskov Institute of Catalysis SB RAS, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia;
| | - Nikolay Khmelevsky
- LISM, Moscow State Technological University Stankin, 127055 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Elena Tsvetkova
- Bauman Moscow State Technical University, 105005 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Alexander Gaskov
- Chemistry Department, Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (D.G.); (A.G.)
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16
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Wang H, Chen M, Rong Q, Zhang Y, Hu J, Zhang D, Zhou S, Zhao X, Zhang J, Zhu Z, Liu Q. Ultrasensitive xylene gas sensor based on flower-like SnO 2/Co 3O 4 nanorods composites prepared by facile two-step synthesis method. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2020; 31:255501. [PMID: 31995528 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/ab70d1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Xylene is a volatile organic compound which is harmful to the human health and requires precise detection. The detection of xylene by an oxide semiconductor gas sensor is an important research direction. In this work, Co3O4 decorated flower-like SnO2 nanorods (SnO2/Co3O4 NRs) were synthesized by a simple and effective two-step method. The SnO2/Co3O4 NRs show high xylene response (R g/R a = 47.8 for 100 ppm) and selectivity at the operating temperature of 280 °C, and exhibit high stability in continuous testing. The resulting SnO2/Co3O4 NRs nanocomposites show superior sensing performance towards xylene in comparison with pure SnO2 nanorods. The remarkable enhancement in the gas-sensing properties of SnO2/Co3O4 NRs are attributed to larger specific surface area and the formation of p-n heterojunction between Co3O4 and SnO2. These results demonstrate that particular nanostructures and synergistic effect of SnO2 and Co3O4 enable gas sensors to selectively detect xylene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huapeng Wang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Yunnan Key Laboratory for Micro/nano Materials & Technology, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, People's Republic of China
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17
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Itoh T, Sato T, Akamatsu T, Shin W. Breath analysis using a spirometer and volatile organic compound sensor on driving simulator. J Breath Res 2019; 14:016003. [PMID: 31292283 DOI: 10.1088/1752-7163/ab30ee] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
In this study the correlation between the condition of drivers and their expiration was evaluated by analyzing the exhalation of car drivers in a simulation setting using a spirometer and a volatile organic compound (VOC) gas sensor. Participants wore exhalation masks and their expiration was monitored for fluctuations in breath measurements, including VOC concentration, oxygen intake, carbon dioxide excretion, and respiration rate. Participants used a driving simulator on four different courses of varying difficulty for approximately five min each, with the mean and standard deviation (SD) being calculated for each parameter during the cruising section of the course. After driving each course, participants assessed the 'enjoyment' and 'difficulty' of their experience. It was verified whether the state of the participants during driving can be determined from exhalation by comparing the questionnaire results. The mean and SD of all exhalation parameters were analyzed using box-and-whisker plots and any statistical significance between these parameters and driver experience was tested using the analysis of variance. There was no significant difference in the correlation between the questionnaire result of 'difficulty' and each exhalation parameter. By contrast, the low assessment group of 'enjoyment' showed large SDs in all parameters from both the VOC gas sensor and spirometer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshio Itoh
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Shimo-shidami, Moriyama-ku, Nagoya 463-8560, Japan
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18
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Kim JH, Lee JH, Kim JY, Mirzaei A, Kim HW, Kim SS. Enhancement of CO and NO 2 sensing in n-SnO 2-p-Cu 2O core-shell nanofibers by shell optimization. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2019; 376:68-82. [PMID: 31125941 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2019.05.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2019] [Revised: 05/02/2019] [Accepted: 05/11/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
SnO2-Cu2O core-shell nanofibers (C-S NFs) with various shell thicknesses (15-80 nm) were fabricated for gas (CO and NO2) sensing applications. SnO2 NFs were produced by electrospinning and then coated with Cu2O by atomic layer deposition, which allows control of the shell thickness. The role of the Cu2O shell thickness on the sensing characteristics was investigated systematically. The sensor responses to both CO and NO2 gases exhibited bell-shaped curves in the range of 15-80 nm, which was related to the radial modulation of the hole-accumulation layer (HAL) in the Cu2O and blocking of the expansion of the HAL because of the existence of the n-p heterojunction. In addition, the volume fraction of the shell relative to the total volume of C-S has a direct effect on the total degree of resistance modulation. Furthermore, the effects of SnO2 surface-Cu2O heterojunctions and Cu2O grain boundaries on the sensing behavior are explained. This study revealed an important aspect of C-S nanostructures for sensing studies, which is needed to optimize the shell thickness and obtain the strongest response towards specific hazardous gases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae-Hun Kim
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Inha University, Incheon, 22212, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Hyoung Lee
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Inha University, Incheon, 22212, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-Young Kim
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Inha University, Incheon, 22212, Republic of Korea
| | - Ali Mirzaei
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Shiraz University of Technology, Shiraz, Iran; Division of Materials Science and Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyoun Woo Kim
- Division of Materials Science and Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, 04763, Republic of Korea; The Research Institute of Industrial Science, Hanyang University, Seoul, 04763, Republic of Korea.
| | - Sang Sub Kim
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Inha University, Incheon, 22212, Republic of Korea.
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19
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Choi M, Na HG, Bang JH, Oum W, Choi SW, Kim SS, Kim HW, Jin C. Fast Semiconductor-Metal Bidirectional Transition by Flame Chemical Vapor Deposition. ACS OMEGA 2019; 4:11824-11831. [PMID: 31460291 PMCID: PMC6682083 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.9b01112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2019] [Accepted: 06/26/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
A simple yet powerful flame chemical vapor deposition technique is proposed that allows free control of the surface morphology, microstructure, and composition of existing materials with regard to various functionalities within a short process time (in seconds) at room temperature and atmospheric pressure as per the requirement. Since the heat energy is directly transferred to the material surface, the redox periodically converges to the energy dynamic equilibrium depending on the energy injection time; therefore, bidirectional transition between the semiconductor/metal is optionally available. To demonstrate this, a variety of Sn-based particles were created on preformed SnO2 nanowires, and this has been interpreted as a new mechanism for the response and response times of gas-sensing, which are representative indicators of the most surface-sensitive applications and show one-to-one correspondence between theoretical and experimental results. The detailed technologies derived herein are clearly influential in both research and industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myung
Sik Choi
- Division
of Materials Science and Engineering and The Research Institute of Industrial
Science, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Han Gil Na
- Division
of Materials Science and Engineering and The Research Institute of Industrial
Science, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Hoon Bang
- Division
of Materials Science and Engineering and The Research Institute of Industrial
Science, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Wansik Oum
- Division
of Materials Science and Engineering and The Research Institute of Industrial
Science, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun-Woo Choi
- Department
of Materials and Metallurgical Engineering, Kangwon National University, Samcheok 25913, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Sub Kim
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, Inha
University, Incheon 22212, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyoun Woo Kim
- Division
of Materials Science and Engineering and The Research Institute of Industrial
Science, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Changhyun Jin
- Division
of Materials Science and Engineering and The Research Institute of Industrial
Science, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea
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20
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Development of an Exhaled Breath Monitoring System with Semiconductive Gas Sensors, a Gas Condenser Unit, and Gas Chromatograph Columns. SENSORS 2016; 16:s16111891. [PMID: 27834896 PMCID: PMC5134550 DOI: 10.3390/s16111891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2016] [Revised: 11/02/2016] [Accepted: 11/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Various volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in breath exhaled by patients with lung cancer, healthy controls, and patients with lung cancer who underwent surgery for resection of cancer were analyzed by gas condenser-equipped gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC/MS) for development of an exhaled breath monitoring prototype system involving metal oxide gas sensors, a gas condenser, and gas chromatography columns. The gas condenser-GC/MS analysis identified concentrations of 56 VOCs in the breath exhaled by the test population of 136 volunteers (107 patients with lung cancer and 29 controls), and selected four target VOCs, nonanal, acetoin, acetic acid, and propanoic acid, for use with the condenser, GC, and sensor-type prototype system. The prototype system analyzed exhaled breath samples from 101 volunteers (74 patients with lung cancer and 27 controls). The prototype system exhibited a level of performance similar to that of the gas condenser-GC/MS system for breath analysis.
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21
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Kim JH, Abideen ZU, Zheng Y, Kim SS. Improvement of Toluene-Sensing Performance of SnO₂ Nanofibers by Pt Functionalization. SENSORS 2016; 16:s16111857. [PMID: 27827918 PMCID: PMC5134516 DOI: 10.3390/s16111857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2016] [Revised: 10/28/2016] [Accepted: 11/02/2016] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Functionalization of metal nanoparticles (NPs) on oxide materials is a commonly employed technique for enhancing the sensitivity and selectivity of materials for gas sensing applications. In this study, we functionalized electrospinning-synthesized SnO₂ nanofibers (NFs) with various amounts of Pt NPs to enhance the toluene-sensing properties. In particular, Pt NPs were prepared by deposition of Pt films by sputtering and subsequent heat treatment. Electronic and chemical sensitizations by the Pt NPs were responsible for the improved toluene sensitivity. The best sensing properties were achieved at an optimized amount of Pt NPs, showing a volcano shape in relation to the amount of Pt NPs. The method used in this study is useful for the development of toluene-sensitive and -selective chemiresistive NF-based gas sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae-Hun Kim
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Inha University, Incheon 402-751, Korea.
| | - Zain Ul Abideen
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Inha University, Incheon 402-751, Korea.
| | - Yifang Zheng
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Inha University, Incheon 402-751, Korea.
| | - Sang Sub Kim
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Inha University, Incheon 402-751, Korea.
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