1
|
Ji J, Kwak HM, Yu J, Park S, Park JH, Kim H, Kim S, Kim S, Lee DS, Kum HS. Understanding the 2D-material and substrate interaction during epitaxial growth towards successful remote epitaxy: a review. NANO CONVERGENCE 2023; 10:19. [PMID: 37115353 PMCID: PMC10147895 DOI: 10.1186/s40580-023-00368-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Accepted: 04/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Remote epitaxy, which was discovered and reported in 2017, has seen a surge of interest in recent years. Although the technology seemed to be difficult to reproduce by other labs at first, remote epitaxy has come a long way and many groups are able to consistently reproduce the results with a wide range of material systems including III-V, III-N, wide band-gap semiconductors, complex-oxides, and even elementary semiconductors such as Ge. As with any nascent technology, there are critical parameters which must be carefully studied and understood to allow wide-spread adoption of the new technology. For remote epitaxy, the critical parameters are the (1) quality of two-dimensional (2D) materials, (2) transfer or growth of 2D materials on the substrate, (3) epitaxial growth method and condition. In this review, we will give an in-depth overview of the different types of 2D materials used for remote epitaxy reported thus far, and the importance of the growth and transfer method used for the 2D materials. Then, we will introduce the various growth methods for remote epitaxy and highlight the important points in growth condition for each growth method that enables successful epitaxial growth on 2D-coated single-crystalline substrates. We hope this review will give a focused overview of the 2D-material and substrate interaction at the sample preparation stage for remote epitaxy and during growth, which have not been covered in any other review to date.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jongho Ji
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hoe-Min Kwak
- School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Gwnagju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, South Korea
| | - Jimyeong Yu
- Department of Nanotechnology and Advanced Materials Engineering, Sejong University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Sangwoo Park
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jeong-Hwan Park
- Venture Business Laboratory, Nagoya University, Furo-Cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, 464-8603, Japan
| | - Hyunsoo Kim
- Department of Nanotechnology and Advanced Materials Engineering, Sejong University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Seokgi Kim
- Department of Nanotechnology and Advanced Materials Engineering, Sejong University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Sungkyu Kim
- Department of Nanotechnology and Advanced Materials Engineering, Sejong University, Seoul, South Korea.
| | - Dong-Seon Lee
- School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Gwnagju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, South Korea.
| | - Hyun S Kum
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Senger C, Fan X, Pagaduan JN, Zhang X, Ping J, Katsumata R. Defect Healing in Graphene via Rapid Thermal Annealing with Polymeric "Nanobandage". SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2023; 19:e2206295. [PMID: 36549897 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202206295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Revised: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Overcoming throughput challenges in current graphene defect healing processes, such as conventional thermal annealing, is crucial for realizing post-silicon device fabrication. Herein, a new time- and energy-efficient method for defect healing in graphene is reported, utilizing polymer-assisted rapid thermal annealing (RTA). In this method, a nitrogen-rich, polymeric "nanobandage" is coated directly onto graphene and processed via RTA at 800 °C for 15 s. During this process, the polymer matrix is cleanly degraded, while nitrogen released from the nanobandage can diffuse into graphene, forming nitrogen-doped healed graphene. To study the influence of pre-existing defects on graphene healing, lattice defects are purposefully introduced via electron beam irradiation and investigated by Raman microscopy. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy reveals successful healing of graphene, observing a maximum doping level of 3 atomic nitrogen % in nanobandage-treated samples from a baseline of 0-1 atomic % in non-nanobandage treated samples. Electrical transport measurements further indicate that the nanobandage treatment recovers the conductivity of scanning electron microscope-treated defective graphene at ≈85%. The reported polymer-assisted RTA defect healing method shows promise for healing other 2D materials with other dopants by simply changing the chemistry of the polymeric nanobandage.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Claire Senger
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA, 01003, USA
| | - Xiao Fan
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA, 01003, USA
| | - James Nicolas Pagaduan
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA, 01003, USA
| | - Xiaoyu Zhang
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA, 01003, USA
| | - Jinglei Ping
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA, 01003, USA
- Institute of Applied Life Sciences, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA, 01003, USA
| | - Reika Katsumata
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA, 01003, USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Chaolumen, Stepek IA, Yamada KE, Ito H, Itami K. Construction of Heptagon-Containing Molecular Nanocarbons. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:23508-23532. [PMID: 33547701 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202100260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Molecular nanocarbons containing heptagonal rings have attracted increasing interest due to their dynamic behavior, electronic properties, aromaticity, and solid-state packing. Heptagon incorporation can not only induce negative curvature within nanocarbon scaffolds, but also confer significantly altered properties through interaction with adjacent non-hexagonal rings. Despite the disclosure of several beautiful examples in recent years, synthetic strategies toward heptagon-embedded molecular nanocarbons remain relatively limited due to the intrinsic challenges of heptagon formation and incorporation into polyarene frameworks. In this Review, recent advances in solution-mediated and surface-assisted synthesis of heptagon-containing molecular nanocarbons, as well as the intriguing properties of these frameworks, will be discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chaolumen
- Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules (WPI-ITbM), Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya, 464-8602, Japan
| | - Iain A Stepek
- Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules (WPI-ITbM), Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya, 464-8602, Japan
| | - Keigo E Yamada
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya, 464-8602, Japan
| | - Hideto Ito
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya, 464-8602, Japan
| | - Kenichiro Itami
- Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules (WPI-ITbM), Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya, 464-8602, Japan.,Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya, 464-8602, Japan.,Institute of Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Nankang, Taipei, 115, Taiwan, R.O.C
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Zhou C, Wang C, Fan G, Deng L. DFT Study on Capacitive Property of Composites Built by Phosphomolybdic Acid with Nitrogen-Doped Graphene. J Inorg Organomet Polym Mater 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s10904-021-02081-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
5
|
|
6
|
Wu Y, Ye J, Jiang G, Ni K, Shu N, Taberna P, Zhu Y, Simon P. Electrochemical Characterization of Single Layer Graphene/Electrolyte Interface: Effect of Solvent on the Interfacial Capacitance. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:13317-13322. [PMID: 33555100 PMCID: PMC8252098 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202017057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The development of the basic understanding of the charge storage mechanisms in electrodes for energy storage applications needs deep characterization of the electrode/electrolyte interface. In this work, we studied the charge of the double layer capacitance at single layer graphene (SLG) electrode used as a model material, in neat (EMIm-TFSI) and solvated (with acetonitrile) ionic liquid electrodes. The combination of electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and gravimetric electrochemical quartz crystal microbalance (EQCM) measurements evidence that the presence of solvent drastically increases the charge carrier density at the SLG/ionic liquid interface. The capacitance is thus governed not only by the electronic properties of the graphene, but also by the specific organization of the electrolyte side at the SLG surface originating from the strong interactions existing between the EMIm+ cations and SLG surface. EQCM measurements also show that the carbon structure, with the presence of sp2 carbons, affects the charge storage mechanism by favoring counter-ion adsorption on SLG electrode versus ion exchange mechanism in amorphous porous carbons.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yih‐Chyng Wu
- Université Paul SabatierCIRIMAT UMR CNRS 5085118 route de Narbonne31062ToulouseFrance
- Réseau sur le Stockage Electrochimique de l'Energie (RS2E)FR CNRS 3459France
| | - Jianglin Ye
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, &CAS Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion, &Department of Materials Science and Engineering, &iChEMUniversity of Science and Technology of ChinaHefeiAnhui230026China
| | - Gengping Jiang
- College of ScienceWuhan University of Science and TechnologyWuhan430080China
| | - Kun Ni
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, &CAS Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion, &Department of Materials Science and Engineering, &iChEMUniversity of Science and Technology of ChinaHefeiAnhui230026China
| | - Na Shu
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, &CAS Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion, &Department of Materials Science and Engineering, &iChEMUniversity of Science and Technology of ChinaHefeiAnhui230026China
| | - Pierre‐Louis Taberna
- Université Paul SabatierCIRIMAT UMR CNRS 5085118 route de Narbonne31062ToulouseFrance
- Réseau sur le Stockage Electrochimique de l'Energie (RS2E)FR CNRS 3459France
| | - Yanwu Zhu
- Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, &CAS Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion, &Department of Materials Science and Engineering, &iChEMUniversity of Science and Technology of ChinaHefeiAnhui230026China
| | - Patrice Simon
- Université Paul SabatierCIRIMAT UMR CNRS 5085118 route de Narbonne31062ToulouseFrance
- Réseau sur le Stockage Electrochimique de l'Energie (RS2E)FR CNRS 3459France
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Park JH, Yang X, Lee JY, Park MD, Bae SY, Pristovsek M, Amano H, Lee DS. The stability of graphene and boron nitride for III-nitride epitaxy and post-growth exfoliation. Chem Sci 2021; 12:7713-7719. [PMID: 34168823 PMCID: PMC8188504 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc01642c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
A challenging approach, but one providing a key solution to material growth, remote epitaxy (RE)-a novel concept related to van der Waals epitaxy (vdWE)-requires the stability of a two-dimensional (2-D) material. However, when graphene, a representative 2-D material, is present on substrates that have a nitrogen atom, graphene loss occurs. Although this phenomenon has remained a hurdle for over a decade, restricting the advantages of applying graphene in the growth of III-nitride materials, few previous studies have been conducted. Here, we report the stability of graphene on substrates containing oxygen or nitrogen atoms. Graphene has been observed on highly decomposed Al2O3; however, graphene loss occurred on decomposed AlN at temperatures over 1300 °C. To overcome graphene loss, we investigated 2-D hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN) as an alternative. Unlike graphene on AlN, it was confirmed that h-BN on AlN was intact after the same high-temperature process. Moreover, the overgrown AlN layers on both h-BN/AlN and h-BN/Al2O3 could be successfully exfoliated, which indicates that 2-D h-BN survived after AlN growth and underlines its availability for the vdWE/RE of III-nitrides with further mechanical transfer. By enhancing the stability of the 2-D material on the substrate, our study provides insights into the realization of a novel epitaxy concept.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jeong-Hwan Park
- Department of Electronics, Nagoya University Nagoya 464-8603 Japan
- School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science (EECS), Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST) Gwangju 61005 Republic of Korea
| | - Xu Yang
- Institute of Materials and Systems for Sustainability (IMaSS), Nagoya University Nagoya 464-8601 Japan
| | - Jun-Yeob Lee
- School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science (EECS), Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST) Gwangju 61005 Republic of Korea
| | - Mun-Do Park
- School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science (EECS), Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST) Gwangju 61005 Republic of Korea
| | - Si-Young Bae
- Energy Materials Center, Korea Institute of Ceramic Engineering and Technology (KICET) Jinju 52851 Republic of Korea
| | - Markus Pristovsek
- Institute of Materials and Systems for Sustainability (IMaSS), Nagoya University Nagoya 464-8601 Japan
| | - Hiroshi Amano
- Institute of Materials and Systems for Sustainability (IMaSS), Nagoya University Nagoya 464-8601 Japan
| | - Dong-Seon Lee
- School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science (EECS), Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST) Gwangju 61005 Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Electrochemical Characterization of Single Layer Graphene/Electrolyte Interface: Effect of Solvent on the Interfacial Capacitance. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202017057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
|
9
|
Feng Y, Yang X, Zhang Z, Zhang J, Wei J, Zhou L, Liu K, Xu F, Ge W, Shen B. Epitaxial growth mechanisms of single-crystalline GaN on single-crystalline graphene. CrystEngComm 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1ce00489a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Dangling bonds, an AlN nucleation layer and high selectivity of AlN nucleation are prerequisites for the epitaxy of single-crystalline GaN on a single-crystalline graphene template.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuxia Feng
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronics Technology, Beijing University of Technology, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100124, China
| | - Xuelin Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Artificial Microstructure and Mesoscopic Physics, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, P. R. China
| | - Zhihong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Artificial Microstructure and Mesoscopic Physics, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, P. R. China
| | - Jie Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Artificial Microstructure and Mesoscopic Physics, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, P. R. China
| | - Jiaqi Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Artificial Microstructure and Mesoscopic Physics, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, P. R. China
| | - Lixing Zhou
- Faculty of Information Technology, School of Microelectronics, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China
| | - Kaihui Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Artificial Microstructure and Mesoscopic Physics, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, P. R. China
| | - Fujun Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Artificial Microstructure and Mesoscopic Physics, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, P. R. China
| | - Weikun Ge
- State Key Laboratory of Artificial Microstructure and Mesoscopic Physics, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, P. R. China
| | - Bo Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Artificial Microstructure and Mesoscopic Physics, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, P. R. China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Quantum Matter, Beijing 100871, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Kakanakova-Georgieva A, Ivanov IG, Suwannaharn N, Hsu CW, Cora I, Pécz B, Giannazzo F, Sangiovanni DG, Gueorguiev GK. MOCVD of AlN on epitaxial graphene at extreme temperatures. CrystEngComm 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d0ce01426e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Appearance of luminescent centers with narrow spectral emission at room temperature in nanometer thin AlN is reported.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Ivan G. Ivanov
- Department of Physics
- Chemistry and Biology (IFM)
- Linköping University
- 581 83 Linköping
- Sweden
| | - Nattamon Suwannaharn
- Department of Physics
- Chemistry and Biology (IFM)
- Linköping University
- 581 83 Linköping
- Sweden
| | - Chih-Wei Hsu
- Department of Physics
- Chemistry and Biology (IFM)
- Linköping University
- 581 83 Linköping
- Sweden
| | - Ildikó Cora
- Centre for Energy Research
- Institute of Technical Physics and Materials Science
- Budapest
- Hungary
| | - Béla Pécz
- Centre for Energy Research
- Institute of Technical Physics and Materials Science
- Budapest
- Hungary
| | - Filippo Giannazzo
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche
- Istituto per la Microelettronica e Microsistemi
- Catania
- Italy
| | - Davide G. Sangiovanni
- Department of Physics
- Chemistry and Biology (IFM)
- Linköping University
- 581 83 Linköping
- Sweden
| | - Gueorgui K. Gueorguiev
- Department of Physics
- Chemistry and Biology (IFM)
- Linköping University
- 581 83 Linköping
- Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Paillet C, Vézian S, Matei C, Michon A, Damilano B, Dussaigne A, Hyot B. InGaN islands and thin films grown on epitaxial graphene. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2020; 31:405601. [PMID: 32485697 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/ab98bd] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In this work, the growth of InGaN on epitaxial graphene by molecular beam epitaxy is studied. The nucleation of the alloy follows a three-dimensional (3D) growth mode in the observed temperature range of 515 °C-765 °C, leading to the formation of dendrite-like islands. Careful Raman scattering experiments show that the graphene underneath is not degraded by the InGaN growth. Moreover, lateral displacement of the nuclei during an atomic force microscopy (AFM) scan demonstrates weak bonding interactions between the InGaN and the graphene. Finally, a longer growth time of the alloy gives rise to a compact thin film in a partial epitaxial relationship with the SiC underneath the graphene.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C Paillet
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CEA-LETI, 17 Avenue des Martyrs, F-38054 Grenoble, France. Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS-CRHEA, rue Bernard Gregory, 06560 Valbonne, France
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Sarau G, Kling L, Oßmann BE, Unger AK, Vogler F, Christiansen SH. Correlative Microscopy and Spectroscopy Workflow for Microplastics. APPLIED SPECTROSCOPY 2020; 74:1155-1160. [PMID: 32186214 DOI: 10.1177/0003702820916250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Microplastics (MPs) have been reported in various environmental compartments and their number is continuously increasing because of degradation into smaller fragments down to nanoplastics. Humans are exposed to these small-sized MPs through food and air with potential health consequences that still need to be determined. This requires, in the first place, efficient and detailed visualization, relocalization, and characterization of the same MPs with complementary analytical methods. Here, we show the first application of a correlative microscopy and spectroscopy workflow to MPs that meets these demands. For this purpose, standard MP particles on aluminum-coated polycarbonate membrane filters were investigated by an optical zoom microscope and a hyphenated scanning electron microscopy (SEM)-Raman system. By merging the obtained data in one software, it is possible to navigate on the entire filters' surface and correlate at identical locations MP morphology at the spatial resolutions of electron (1.6 nm at 1 kV for the used SEM, ∼100 nm minimum MP size in this study) and optical (∼1-10 µm) microscopies with chemical identification by micro-Raman spectroscopy. Moreover, we observed that low-voltage SEM works without a conductive coating of MPs, causes no detectable charging and structural changes, and provides high-resolution surface imaging of single and clustered MP particles, thus enabling subsequent Raman measurements. We believe that further work on the accurate identification and quantification of micro- and nanoplastics in real samples can potentially profit from this workflow.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- George Sarau
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie, Berlin, Germany
- 130458Max Planck Institute for the Science of Light, Erlangen, Germany
- 28434Fraunhofer Institute for Ceramic Technologies and Systems IKTS, Dresden, Germany
- Institute for Nanotechnology and Correlative Microscopy e. V. INAM, Forchheim, Germany
| | - Lasse Kling
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie, Berlin, Germany
- 130458Max Planck Institute for the Science of Light, Erlangen, Germany
- Institute for Nanotechnology and Correlative Microscopy e. V. INAM, Forchheim, Germany
| | - Barbara E Oßmann
- 130458Max Planck Institute for the Science of Light, Erlangen, Germany
- 39444Bavarian Health and Food Safety Authority, Erlangen, Germany
- Food Chemistry Unit, Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy - Emil Fischer Center, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | | | - Frank Vogler
- ZEISS Research Microscopy Solutions, Oberkochen, Germany
| | - Silke H Christiansen
- 130458Max Planck Institute for the Science of Light, Erlangen, Germany
- 28434Fraunhofer Institute for Ceramic Technologies and Systems IKTS, Dresden, Germany
- Institute for Nanotechnology and Correlative Microscopy e. V. INAM, Forchheim, Germany
- Physics Department, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Zhao Y, Zhou S, Zhao J. Selective C-C Coupling by Spatially Confined Dimeric Metal Centers. iScience 2020; 23:101051. [PMID: 32335361 PMCID: PMC7183208 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2020.101051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2020] [Revised: 03/14/2020] [Accepted: 04/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Direct conversion of carbon dioxide (CO2) to high-energy fuels and high-value chemicals is a fascinating sustainable strategy. For most of the current electrocatalysts for CO2 reduction, however, multi-carbon products are inhibited by large overpotentials and low selectivity. Herein, we exploit dispersed 3d transition metal dimers as spatially confined dual reaction centers for selective reduction of CO2 to liquid fuels. Various nitrogenated holey carbon monolayers are shown to be promising templates to stabilize these metal dimers and dictate their electronic structures, allowing precise control of the catalytic activity and product selectivity. By comprehensive first-principles calculations, we screen the suitable transition metal dimers that universally have high activity for ethanol (C2H5OH). Furthermore, remarkable selectivity for C2H5OH against other C1 and C2 products is found for Fe2 dimer anchored on C2N monolayer. The role of electronic coupling between the metal dimer and the carbon substrates is thoroughly elucidated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yanyan Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Materials Modification by Laser, Ion and Electron Beams (Dalian University of Technology), Ministry of Education, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Si Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Materials Modification by Laser, Ion and Electron Beams (Dalian University of Technology), Ministry of Education, Dalian 116024, China.
| | - Jijun Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Materials Modification by Laser, Ion and Electron Beams (Dalian University of Technology), Ministry of Education, Dalian 116024, China
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Kawahara KP, Matsuoka W, Ito H, Itami K. Synthesis of Nitrogen-Containing Polyaromatics by Aza-Annulative π-Extension of Unfunctionalized Aromatics. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:6383-6388. [PMID: 32011794 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201913394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2019] [Revised: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Nitrogen-containing polycyclic aromatic compounds (N-PACs) are an important class of compounds in materials science. Reported here is a new aza-annulative π-extension (aza-APEX) reaction that allows rapid access to a range of N-PACs in 11-84 % yields from readily available unfunctionalized aromatics and imidoyl chlorides. In the presence of silver hexafluorophosphate, arenes and imidoyl chlorides couple in a regioselective fashion. The follow-up oxidative treatment with p-chloranil affords structurally diverse N-PACs, which are very difficult to synthesize. DFT calculations reveal that the aza-APEX reaction proceeds through the formal [4+2] cycloaddition of an arene and an in situ generated diarylnitrilium salt, with sequential aromatizations having relatively low activation energies. Transformation of N-PACs into nitrogen-doped nanographenes and their photophysical properties are also described.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kou P Kawahara
- Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya, 464-8602, Japan
| | - Wataru Matsuoka
- Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya, 464-8602, Japan
| | - Hideto Ito
- Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya, 464-8602, Japan.,JST-ERATO, Itami Molecular Nanocarbon Project, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya, 464-8602, Japan
| | - Kenichiro Itami
- Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya, 464-8602, Japan.,JST-ERATO, Itami Molecular Nanocarbon Project, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya, 464-8602, Japan.,Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules (WPI-ITbM), Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya, 464-8601, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Kawahara KP, Matsuoka W, Ito H, Itami K. Synthesis of Nitrogen‐Containing Polyaromatics by Aza‐Annulative π‐Extension of Unfunctionalized Aromatics. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201913394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kou P. Kawahara
- Graduate School of ScienceNagoya University Chikusa Nagoya 464-8602 Japan
| | - Wataru Matsuoka
- Graduate School of ScienceNagoya University Chikusa Nagoya 464-8602 Japan
| | - Hideto Ito
- Graduate School of ScienceNagoya University Chikusa Nagoya 464-8602 Japan
- JST-ERATOItami Molecular Nanocarbon ProjectNagoya University Chikusa Nagoya 464-8602 Japan
| | - Kenichiro Itami
- Graduate School of ScienceNagoya University Chikusa Nagoya 464-8602 Japan
- JST-ERATOItami Molecular Nanocarbon ProjectNagoya University Chikusa Nagoya 464-8602 Japan
- Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules (WPI-ITbM)Nagoya University Chikusa Nagoya 464-8601 Japan
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Heilmann M, Prikhodko AS, Hanke M, Sabelfeld A, Borgardt NI, Lopes JMJ. Influence of Proximity to Supporting Substrate on van der Waals Epitaxy of Atomically Thin Graphene/Hexagonal Boron Nitride Heterostructures. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:8897-8907. [PMID: 31971775 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b21490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Combining graphene and the insulating hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN) into two-dimensional heterostructures is promising for novel, atomically thin electronic nanodevices. A heteroepitaxial growth, in which these materials are grown on top of each other, will be crucial for their scalable device integration. However, during this so-called van der Waals epitaxy, not only the atomically thin substrate itself must be considered but also the influences from the supporting substrate below it. Here, we report not only a substantial difference between the formation of h-BN on single- (SLG) and on bi-layer epitaxial graphene (BLG) on SiC, but also vice versa, that the van der Waals epitaxy of h-BN at growth temperatures well below 1000 °C affects the varying number of graphene layers differently. Our results clearly demonstrate that the additional graphene layer in BLG enhances the distance to the corrugated, carbon-rich interface of the supporting SiC substrate and thereby diminishes its influence on the van der Waals epitaxy, leading to a homogeneous formation of a smooth, atomically thin heterostructure, which will be required for a scalable device integration of 2D heterostructures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Martin Heilmann
- Leibniz-Institut im Forschungsverbund Berlin e.V. , Paul-Drude-Institut für Festkörperelektronik , Hausvogteiplatz 5-7 , 10117 Berlin , Germany
| | - Alexander S Prikhodko
- National Research University of Electronic Technology (MIET) , Zelenograd 124498 , Moscow , Russia
| | - Michael Hanke
- Leibniz-Institut im Forschungsverbund Berlin e.V. , Paul-Drude-Institut für Festkörperelektronik , Hausvogteiplatz 5-7 , 10117 Berlin , Germany
| | - Alexander Sabelfeld
- Leibniz-Institut im Forschungsverbund Berlin e.V. , Paul-Drude-Institut für Festkörperelektronik , Hausvogteiplatz 5-7 , 10117 Berlin , Germany
| | - Nikolai I Borgardt
- National Research University of Electronic Technology (MIET) , Zelenograd 124498 , Moscow , Russia
| | - J Marcelo J Lopes
- Leibniz-Institut im Forschungsverbund Berlin e.V. , Paul-Drude-Institut für Festkörperelektronik , Hausvogteiplatz 5-7 , 10117 Berlin , Germany
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Liudi Mulyo A, Rajpalke MK, Vullum PE, Weman H, Kishino K, Fimland BO. The influence of AlN buffer layer on the growth of self-assembled GaN nanocolumns on graphene. Sci Rep 2020; 10:853. [PMID: 31964934 PMCID: PMC6972738 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-55424-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2019] [Accepted: 11/18/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
GaN nanocolumns were synthesized on single-layer graphene via radio-frequency plasma-assisted molecular beam epitaxy, using a thin migration-enhanced epitaxy (MEE) AlN buffer layer as nucleation sites. Due to the weak nucleation on graphene, instead of an AlN thin-film we observe two distinguished AlN formations which affect the subsequent GaN nanocolumn growth: (i) AlN islands and (ii) AlN nanostructures grown along line defects (grain boundaries or wrinkles) of graphene. Structure (i) leads to the formation of vertical GaN nanocolumns regardless of the number of AlN MEE cycles, whereas (ii) can result in random orientation of the nanocolumns depending on the AlN morphology. Additionally, there is a limited amount of direct GaN nucleation on graphene, which induces non-vertical GaN nanocolumn growth. The GaN nanocolumn samples were characterized by means of scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, high-resolution X-ray diffraction, room temperature micro-photoluminescence, and micro-Raman measurements. Surprisingly, the graphene with AlN buffer layer formed using less MEE cycles, thus resulting in lower AlN coverage, has a lower level of nitrogen plasma damage. The AlN buffer layer with lowest AlN coverage also provides the best result with respect to high-quality and vertically-aligned GaN nanocolumns.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Liudi Mulyo
- Department of Electronic Systems, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), NO-7491, Trondheim, Norway.,Department of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Sophia University, 102-8554, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mohana K Rajpalke
- Department of Electronic Systems, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), NO-7491, Trondheim, Norway.,Microsoft Quantum Materials Lab, Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Helge Weman
- Department of Electronic Systems, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), NO-7491, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Katsumi Kishino
- Department of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Sophia University, 102-8554, Tokyo, Japan. .,Sophia Nanotechnology Research Center, Sophia University, 102-8554, Tokyo, Japan. .,Sophia University, 102-8554, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Bjørn-Ove Fimland
- Department of Electronic Systems, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), NO-7491, Trondheim, Norway.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Mo R, Li F, Tan X, Xu P, Tao R, Shen G, Lu X, Liu F, Shen L, Xu B, Xiao Q, Wang X, Wang C, Li J, Wang G, Lu Y. High-quality mesoporous graphene particles as high-energy and fast-charging anodes for lithium-ion batteries. Nat Commun 2019; 10:1474. [PMID: 30931924 PMCID: PMC6443805 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-09274-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2018] [Accepted: 02/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The application of graphene for electrochemical energy storage has received tremendous attention; however, challenges remain in synthesis and other aspects. Here we report the synthesis of high-quality, nitrogen-doped, mesoporous graphene particles through chemical vapor deposition with magnesium-oxide particles as the catalyst and template. Such particles possess excellent structural and electrochemical stability, electronic and ionic conductivity, enabling their use as high-performance anodes with high reversible capacity, outstanding rate performance (e.g., 1,138 mA h g-1 at 0.2 C or 440 mA h g-1 at 60 C with a mass loading of 1 mg cm-2), and excellent cycling stability (e.g., >99% capacity retention for 500 cycles at 2 C with a mass loading of 1 mg cm-2). Interestingly, thick electrodes could be fabricated with high areal capacity and current density (e.g., 6.1 mA h cm-2 at 0.9 mA cm-2), providing an intriguing class of materials for lithium-ion batteries with high energy and power performance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Runwei Mo
- Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Fan Li
- Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Xinyi Tan
- Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Pengcheng Xu
- Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Ran Tao
- Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Gurong Shen
- Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Xing Lu
- Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Fang Liu
- Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Li Shen
- Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Bin Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, China
| | - Qiangfeng Xiao
- General Motors Research and Development Center, 30500 Mound Road, Warren, MI, 48090, USA
| | - Xiang Wang
- Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, 99352, USA
| | - Chongmin Wang
- Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, 99352, USA
| | - Jinlai Li
- ENN Group, Langfang, Hebei, 065001, China.
| | - Ge Wang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Materials Genome Engineering, Beijing Key Laboratory of Function Materials for Molecule & Structure Construction, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, China.
| | - Yunfeng Lu
- Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Høiaas IM, Liudi Mulyo A, Vullum PE, Kim DC, Ahtapodov L, Fimland BO, Kishino K, Weman H. GaN/AlGaN Nanocolumn Ultraviolet Light-Emitting Diode Using Double-Layer Graphene as Substrate and Transparent Electrode. NANO LETTERS 2019; 19:1649-1658. [PMID: 30702300 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.8b04607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The many outstanding properties of graphene have impressed and intrigued scientists for the last few decades. Its transparency to light of all wavelengths combined with a low sheet resistance makes it a promising electrode material for novel optoelectronics. So far, no one has utilized graphene as both the substrate and transparent electrode of a functional optoelectronic device. Here, we demonstrate the use of double-layer graphene as a growth substrate and transparent conductive electrode for an ultraviolet light-emitting diode in a flip-chip configuration, where GaN/AlGaN nanocolumns are grown as the light-emitting structure using plasma-assisted molecular beam epitaxy. Although the sheet resistance is increased after nanocolumn growth compared with pristine double-layer graphene, our experiments show that the double-layer graphene functions adequately as an electrode. The GaN/AlGaN nanocolumns are found to exhibit a high crystal quality with no observable defects or stacking faults. Room-temperature electroluminescence measurements show a GaN related near bandgap emission peak at 365 nm and no defect-related yellow emission.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ida Marie Høiaas
- Department of Electronic Systems , Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU) , NO-7491 Trondheim , Norway
| | - Andreas Liudi Mulyo
- Department of Electronic Systems , Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU) , NO-7491 Trondheim , Norway
- Department of Engineering and Applied Sciences , Sophia University , 102-8554 Tokyo , Japan
| | | | - Dong-Chul Kim
- Department of Electronic Systems , Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU) , NO-7491 Trondheim , Norway
| | - Lyubomir Ahtapodov
- Department of Electronic Systems , Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU) , NO-7491 Trondheim , Norway
| | - Bjørn-Ove Fimland
- Department of Electronic Systems , Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU) , NO-7491 Trondheim , Norway
| | - Katsumi Kishino
- Department of Engineering and Applied Sciences , Sophia University , 102-8554 Tokyo , Japan
- Sophia Nanotechnology Research Center , Sophia University , 102-8554 , Tokyo , Japan
| | - Helge Weman
- Department of Electronic Systems , Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU) , NO-7491 Trondheim , Norway
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Liudi Mulyo A, Rajpalke MK, Kuroe H, Vullum PE, Weman H, Fimland BO, Kishino K. Vertical GaN nanocolumns grown on graphene intermediated with a thin AlN buffer layer. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2019; 30:015604. [PMID: 30375368 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/aae76b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
We report on the self-assembled growth of high-density and vertically-oriented n-doped GaN nanocolumns on graphene by radio-frequency plasma-assisted molecular beam epitaxy. Graphene was transferred to silica glass, which was used as the substrate carrier. Using a migration enhanced epitaxy grown AlN buffer layer for the nucleation is found to enable a high density of vertical GaN nanocolumns with c-axis growth orientation on graphene. Furthermore, micro-Raman spectroscopy indicates that the AlN buffer reduces damage on the graphene caused by impinging active N species generated by the radio-frequency plasma source during the initial growth stage and nucleation of GaN. In addition, the grown GaN nanocolumns on graphene are found to be virtually stress-free. Micro-photoluminescence measurements show near band-edge emission from wurtzite GaN, exhibiting higher GaN bandgap related photoluminescence intensity relative to a reference GaN bulk substrate and the absence of both yellow luminescence and excitonic defect emission. Transmission electron microscopy reveals the interface of GaN nanocolumns on graphene via a thin AlN buffer layer. Even though the first few monolayers of AlN on top of graphene are strained due to in-plane lattice mismatch between AlN and graphene, the grown GaN nanocolumns have a wurtzite crystal structure without observable defects. The results of this initial work pave the way towards realizing low-cost and high-performance electronic and optoelectronic devices based on III-N semiconductors grown on graphene.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Liudi Mulyo
- Department of Electronic Systems, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), NO-7491 Trondheim, Norway. Department of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Sophia University, 102-8554, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Ishaq M, Jabeen M, Song W, Xu L, Deng Q. 3D hierarchical Ni2+/Mn2+/Al3+ layered triple hydroxide @ nitrogen-doped graphene wrapped hybrids on nickel foam for supercapacitor applications. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2017.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
|
22
|
Liu B, Yang CM, Liu Z, Lai CS. N-Doped Graphene with Low Intrinsic Defect Densities via a Solid Source Doping Technique. NANOMATERIALS 2017; 7:nano7100302. [PMID: 28973982 PMCID: PMC5666467 DOI: 10.3390/nano7100302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2017] [Revised: 09/19/2017] [Accepted: 09/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
N-doped graphene with low intrinsic defect densities was obtained by combining a solid source doping technique and chemical vapor deposition (CVD). The solid source for N-doping was embedded into the copper substrate by NH₃ plasma immersion. During the treatment, NH₃ plasma radicals not only flattened the Cu substrate such that the root-mean-square roughness value gradually decreased from 51.9 nm to 15.5 nm but also enhanced the nitrogen content in the Cu substrate. The smooth surface of copper enables good control of graphene growth and the decoupling of height fluctuations and ripple effects, which compensate for the Coulomb scattering by nitrogen incorporation. On the other hand, the nitrogen atoms on the pre-treated Cu surface enable nitrogen incorporation with low defect densities, causing less damage to the graphene structure during the process. Most incorporated nitrogen atoms are found in the pyrrolic configuration, with the nitrogen fraction ranging from 1.64% to 3.05%, while the samples exhibit low defect densities, as revealed by Raman spectroscopy. In the top-gated graphene transistor measurement, N-doped graphene exhibits n-type behavior, and the obtained carrier mobilities are greater than 1100 cm²·V-1·s-1. In this study, an efficient and minimally damaging n-doping approach was proposed for graphene nanoelectronic applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bo Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Electronic Thin Films and Integrate Devices, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, China.
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan.
| | - Chia-Ming Yang
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan.
- Institute of Electro-Optical Engineering, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan.
- Biosensor Group, Biomedical Engineering Research Center, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan.
- Department of General Surgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou 33305, Taiwan.
| | - Zhiwei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Electronic Thin Films and Integrate Devices, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, China.
| | - Chao-Sung Lai
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan.
- Biosensor Group, Biomedical Engineering Research Center, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan.
- Department of Nephrology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou 33305, Taiwan.
- Department of Materials Engineering, Ming Chi University of Technology, New Taipei City 24301, Taiwan.
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Fernández-Garrido S, Ramsteiner M, Gao G, Galves LA, Sharma B, Corfdir P, Calabrese G, de Souza Schiaber Z, Pfüller C, Trampert A, Lopes JMJ, Brandt O, Geelhaar L. Molecular Beam Epitaxy of GaN Nanowires on Epitaxial Graphene. NANO LETTERS 2017; 17:5213-5221. [PMID: 28654280 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.7b01196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate an all-epitaxial and scalable growth approach to fabricate single-crystalline GaN nanowires on graphene by plasma-assisted molecular beam epitaxy. As substrate, we explore several types of epitaxial graphene layer structures synthesized on SiC. The different structures differ mainly in their total number of graphene layers. Because graphene is found to be etched under active N exposure, the direct growth of GaN nanowires on graphene is only achieved on multilayer graphene structures. The analysis of the nanowire ensembles prepared on multilayer graphene by Raman spectroscopy and transmission electron microscopy reveals the presence of graphene underneath as well as in between nanowires, as desired for the use of this material as contact layer in nanowire-based devices. The nanowires nucleate preferentially at step edges, are vertical, well aligned, epitaxial, and of comparable structural quality as similar structures fabricated on conventional substrates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Manfred Ramsteiner
- Paul-Drude-Institut für Festkörperelektronik , Hausvogteiplatz 5-7, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Guanhui Gao
- Paul-Drude-Institut für Festkörperelektronik , Hausvogteiplatz 5-7, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Lauren A Galves
- Paul-Drude-Institut für Festkörperelektronik , Hausvogteiplatz 5-7, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Bharat Sharma
- Paul-Drude-Institut für Festkörperelektronik , Hausvogteiplatz 5-7, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Pierre Corfdir
- Paul-Drude-Institut für Festkörperelektronik , Hausvogteiplatz 5-7, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Gabriele Calabrese
- Paul-Drude-Institut für Festkörperelektronik , Hausvogteiplatz 5-7, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Ziani de Souza Schiaber
- Laboratório de Filmes Semicondutores, Universidade Estadual Paulista Bauru , 17033-360 São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Carsten Pfüller
- Paul-Drude-Institut für Festkörperelektronik , Hausvogteiplatz 5-7, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Achim Trampert
- Paul-Drude-Institut für Festkörperelektronik , Hausvogteiplatz 5-7, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - João Marcelo J Lopes
- Paul-Drude-Institut für Festkörperelektronik , Hausvogteiplatz 5-7, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Oliver Brandt
- Paul-Drude-Institut für Festkörperelektronik , Hausvogteiplatz 5-7, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Lutz Geelhaar
- Paul-Drude-Institut für Festkörperelektronik , Hausvogteiplatz 5-7, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| |
Collapse
|