1
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Liu Y, Li C, Shi X, Wu Z, Fan S, Wan Z, Han S. High-Sensitivity Graphene MOEMS Resonant Pressure Sensor. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023. [PMID: 37307273 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c04520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Nanomechanical resonators made from suspended graphene exhibit high sensitivity toward pressure variations. Nevertheless, these devices exhibit significant energy loss in nonvacuum environments due to air damping, as well as inevitably weak gas leakage within the reference cavity because of the slight permeation of graphene. We present a new type of graphene resonant pressure sensor utilizing micro-opto-electro-mechanical systems technology, which features a multilayer graphene membrane that is sealed in vacuum and adhered to pressure-sensitive silicon film with grooves. This approach innovatively employs an indirectly sensitive method, exhibiting 60 times smaller energy loss in atmosphere, and solving the long-standing issue of gas permeation between the substrate and graphene. Notably, the proposed sensor exhibits a high pressure sensitivity of 1.7 Hz/Pa, which is 5 times higher than the sensitivity of the silicon counterparts. Also, the all-optical encapsulating cavity structure contributes a high signal-to-noise ratio of 6.9 × 10-5 Pa-1 and a low temperature drift (0.014%/◦C). The proposed method offers a promising solution for long-term stability and energy loss suppression of pressure sensors using two-dimensional materials as the sensitive membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujian Liu
- School of Instrumentation and Optoelectronic Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Cheng Li
- School of Instrumentation and Optoelectronic Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China
- Shenzhen Institute of Beihang University, Shenzhen 518063, China
| | - Xiaodong Shi
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A★STAR), 138634 Singapore
| | - Zhengwei Wu
- Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Shangchun Fan
- School of Instrumentation and Optoelectronic Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Zhen Wan
- School of Instrumentation and Optoelectronic Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Song Han
- School of Innovation and Entrepreneurship, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
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2
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Baglioni G, Pezone R, Vollebregt S, Cvetanović Zobenica K, Spasenović M, Todorović D, Liu H, Verbiest GJ, van der Zant HSJ, Steeneken PG. Ultra-sensitive graphene membranes for microphone applications. NANOSCALE 2023; 15:6343-6352. [PMID: 36916300 DOI: 10.1039/d2nr05147h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Microphones exploit the motion of suspended membranes to detect sound waves. Since the microphone performance can be improved by reducing the thickness and mass of its sensing membrane, graphene-based microphones are expected to outperform state-of-the-art microelectromechanical (MEMS) microphones and allow further miniaturization of the device. Here, we present a laser vibrometry study of the acoustic response of suspended multilayer graphene membranes for microphone applications. We address performance parameters relevant for acoustic sensing, including mechanical sensitivity, limit of detection and nonlinear distortion, and discuss the trade-offs and limitations in the design of graphene microphones. We demonstrate superior mechanical sensitivities of the graphene membranes, reaching more than 2 orders of magnitude higher compliances than commercial MEMS devices, and report a limit of detection as low as 15 dBSPL, which is 10-15 dB lower than that featured by current MEMS microphones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriele Baglioni
- Kavli Institute of Nanoscience, Delft University of Technology, The Netherlands.
| | - Roberto Pezone
- Laboratory of Electronic Components, Technology and Materials, Delft University of Technology, The Netherlands
| | - Sten Vollebregt
- Laboratory of Electronic Components, Technology and Materials, Delft University of Technology, The Netherlands
| | - Katarina Cvetanović Zobenica
- Center for Microelectronic Technologies, Institute of Chemistry, Technology and Metallurgy, University of Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Marko Spasenović
- Center for Microelectronic Technologies, Institute of Chemistry, Technology and Metallurgy, University of Belgrade, Serbia
| | | | - Hanqing Liu
- Department of Precision and Microsystems Engineering, Delft University of Technology, The Netherlands
| | - Gerard J Verbiest
- Department of Precision and Microsystems Engineering, Delft University of Technology, The Netherlands
| | | | - Peter G Steeneken
- Kavli Institute of Nanoscience, Delft University of Technology, The Netherlands.
- Department of Precision and Microsystems Engineering, Delft University of Technology, The Netherlands
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3
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Chen Y, Liu S, Hong G, Zou M, Liu B, Luo J, Wang Y. Nano-optomechanical Resonators for Sensitive Pressure Sensing. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:39211-39219. [PMID: 35994410 PMCID: PMC9438774 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c09865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2022] [Accepted: 08/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Nanomechanical sensors made from suspended graphene are sensitive to pressure changes. However, these devices typically function by obtaining an electrical signal based on the static displacement of a suspended graphene membrane and so, in practice, have limited sensitivity and operational range. The present work demonstrates an optomechanical Au/graphene membrane-based gas pressure sensor with ultrahigh sensitivity. This sensor comprises a suspended Au/graphene membrane appended to a section of hollow-core fiber to form a sealed Fabry-Pérot cavity. In contrast to conventional nanomechanical pressure sensors, pressure changes are monitored via resonant sensing with an optical readout. A miniature pressure sensor based on this principle was able to detect an ultrasmall pressure difference of 1 × 10-7 mbar in the ultrahigh-vacuum region with a pressure range of 4.1 × 10-5 to 8.3 × 10-6 mbar. Furthermore, this pressure sensor can work over an extended pressure range of 7 × 10-6 mbar to 1000 mbar at room temperature, outperforming commercial pressure sensors. Similar results were obtained using both the fundamental and higher-order resonant frequencies but with the latter providing improved sensitivity. This sensor has a wide range of potential applications, including indoor navigation, altitude monitoring, and motion detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanping Chen
- Shenzhen
Key Laboratory of Photonic Devices and Sensing Systems for Internet
of Things, Guangdong and Hong Kong Joint Research Centre for Optical
Fiber Sensors, and Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems
of the Ministry of Education and Guangdong Province, College of Physics
and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen
University, Shenzhen 518060, People’s Republic
of China
| | - Shen Liu
- Shenzhen
Key Laboratory of Photonic Devices and Sensing Systems for Internet
of Things, Guangdong and Hong Kong Joint Research Centre for Optical
Fiber Sensors, and Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems
of the Ministry of Education and Guangdong Province, College of Physics
and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen
University, Shenzhen 518060, People’s Republic
of China
| | - Guiqing Hong
- Shenzhen
Key Laboratory of Photonic Devices and Sensing Systems for Internet
of Things, Guangdong and Hong Kong Joint Research Centre for Optical
Fiber Sensors, and Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems
of the Ministry of Education and Guangdong Province, College of Physics
and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen
University, Shenzhen 518060, People’s Republic
of China
| | - Mengqiang Zou
- Shenzhen
Key Laboratory of Photonic Devices and Sensing Systems for Internet
of Things, Guangdong and Hong Kong Joint Research Centre for Optical
Fiber Sensors, and Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems
of the Ministry of Education and Guangdong Province, College of Physics
and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen
University, Shenzhen 518060, People’s Republic
of China
| | - Bonan Liu
- Shenzhen
Key Laboratory of Photonic Devices and Sensing Systems for Internet
of Things, Guangdong and Hong Kong Joint Research Centre for Optical
Fiber Sensors, and Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems
of the Ministry of Education and Guangdong Province, College of Physics
and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen
University, Shenzhen 518060, People’s Republic
of China
| | - Junxian Luo
- Shenzhen
Key Laboratory of Photonic Devices and Sensing Systems for Internet
of Things, Guangdong and Hong Kong Joint Research Centre for Optical
Fiber Sensors, and Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems
of the Ministry of Education and Guangdong Province, College of Physics
and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen
University, Shenzhen 518060, People’s Republic
of China
| | - Yiping Wang
- Shenzhen
Key Laboratory of Photonic Devices and Sensing Systems for Internet
of Things, Guangdong and Hong Kong Joint Research Centre for Optical
Fiber Sensors, and Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems
of the Ministry of Education and Guangdong Province, College of Physics
and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen
University, Shenzhen 518060, People’s Republic
of China
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4
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Tan M, Xu Y, Gao Z, Yuan T, Liu Q, Yang R, Zhang B, Peng L. Recent Advances in Intelligent Wearable Medical Devices Integrating Biosensing and Drug Delivery. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2022; 34:e2108491. [PMID: 35008128 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202108491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2021] [Revised: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The primary roles of precision medicine are to perform real-time examination, administer on-demand medication, and apply instruments continuously. However, most current therapeutic systems implement these processes separately, leading to treatment interruption and limited recovery in patients. Personalized healthcare and smart medical treatment have greatly promoted research on and development of biosensing and drug-delivery integrated systems, with intelligent wearable medical devices (IWMDs) as typical systems, which have received increasing attention because of their non-invasive and customizable nature. Here, the latest progress in research on IWMDs is reviewed, including their mechanisms of integrating biosensing and on-demand drug delivery. The current challenges and future development directions of IWMDs are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minhong Tan
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, P. R. China
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, P. R. China
| | - Yang Xu
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, P. R. China
| | - Ziqi Gao
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, P. R. China
| | - Tiejun Yuan
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, P. R. China
| | - Qingjun Liu
- College of Biomedical Engineering and Instrument Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, P. R. China
| | - Rusen Yang
- School of Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, Xidian University, Xian, 710126, P. R. China
| | - Bin Zhang
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, P. R. China
| | - Lihua Peng
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, P. R. China
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5
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A Novel Crossbeam Structure with Graphene Sensing Element for N/MEMS Mechanical Sensors. NANOMATERIALS 2022; 12:nano12122101. [PMID: 35745440 PMCID: PMC9227024 DOI: 10.3390/nano12122101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Revised: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 06/16/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
A graphene membrane acts as a highly sensitive element in a nano/micro–electro–mechanical system (N/MEMS) due to its unique physical and chemical properties. Here, a novel crossbeam structure with a graphene varistor protected by Si3N4 is presented for N/MEMS mechanical sensors. It substantially overcomes the poor reliability of previous sensors with suspended graphene and exhibits excellent mechanoelectrical coupling performance, as graphene is placed on the root of the crossbeam. By performing basic mechanical electrical measurements, a preferable gauge factor of ~1.35 is obtained. The sensitivity of the graphene pressure sensor based on the crossbeam structure chip is 33.13 mV/V/MPa in a wide range of 0~20 MPa. Other static specifications, including hysteresis error, nonlinear error, and repeatability error, are 2.0119%, 3.3622%, and 4.0271%, respectively. We conclude that a crossbeam structure with a graphene sensing element can be an application for the N/MEMS mechanical sensor.
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6
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Lee M, Robin MP, Guis RH, Filippozzi U, Shin DH, van Thiel TC, Paardekooper SP, Renshof JR, van der Zant HSJ, Caviglia AD, Verbiest GJ, Steeneken PG. Self-Sealing Complex Oxide Resonators. NANO LETTERS 2022; 22:1475-1482. [PMID: 35119289 PMCID: PMC8880390 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.1c03498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2021] [Revised: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Although 2D materials hold great potential for next-generation pressure sensors, recent studies revealed that gases permeate along the membrane-surface interface, necessitating additional sealing procedures. In this work, we demonstrate the use of free-standing complex oxides as self-sealing membranes that allow the reference cavity beneath to be sealed by a simple anneal. To test the hermeticity, we study the gas permeation time constants in nanomechanical resonators made from SrRuO3 and SrTiO3 membranes suspended over SiO2/Si cavities which show an improvement up to 4 orders of magnitude in the permeation time constant after annealing the devices. Similar devices fabricated on Si3N4/Si do not show such improvements, suggesting that the adhesion increase over SiO2 is mediated by oxygen bonds that are formed at the SiO2/complex oxide interface during the self-sealing anneal. Picosecond ultrasonics measurements confirm the improvement in the adhesion by 70% after annealing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Lee
- Kavli
Institute of Nanoscience, Delft University
of Technology, Lorentzweg 1, 2628 CJ Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Martin P. Robin
- Department
of Precision and Microsystems Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Mekelweg 2, 2628 CD Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Ruben H. Guis
- Department
of Precision and Microsystems Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Mekelweg 2, 2628 CD Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Ulderico Filippozzi
- Kavli
Institute of Nanoscience, Delft University
of Technology, Lorentzweg 1, 2628 CJ Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Dong Hoon Shin
- Kavli
Institute of Nanoscience, Delft University
of Technology, Lorentzweg 1, 2628 CJ Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Thierry C. van Thiel
- Kavli
Institute of Nanoscience, Delft University
of Technology, Lorentzweg 1, 2628 CJ Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Stijn P. Paardekooper
- Department
of Precision and Microsystems Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Mekelweg 2, 2628 CD Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Johannes R. Renshof
- Kavli
Institute of Nanoscience, Delft University
of Technology, Lorentzweg 1, 2628 CJ Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Herre S. J. van der Zant
- Kavli
Institute of Nanoscience, Delft University
of Technology, Lorentzweg 1, 2628 CJ Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Andrea D. Caviglia
- Kavli
Institute of Nanoscience, Delft University
of Technology, Lorentzweg 1, 2628 CJ Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Gerard J. Verbiest
- Department
of Precision and Microsystems Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Mekelweg 2, 2628 CD Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Peter G. Steeneken
- Kavli
Institute of Nanoscience, Delft University
of Technology, Lorentzweg 1, 2628 CJ Delft, The Netherlands
- Department
of Precision and Microsystems Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Mekelweg 2, 2628 CD Delft, The Netherlands
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7
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Carvalho AF, Kulyk B, Fernandes AJS, Fortunato E, Costa FM. A Review on the Applications of Graphene in Mechanical Transduction. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2022; 34:e2101326. [PMID: 34288155 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202101326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2021] [Revised: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
A pressing need to develop low-cost, environmentally friendly, and sensitive sensors has arisen with the advent of the always-connected paradigm of the internet-of-things (IoT). In particular, mechanical sensors have been widely studied in recent years for applications ranging from health monitoring, through mechanical biosignals, to structure integrity analysis. On the other hand, innovative ways to implement mechanical actuation have also been the focus of intense research in an attempt to close the circle of human-machine interaction, and move toward applications in flexible electronics. Due to its potential scalability, disposability, and outstanding properties, graphene has been thoroughly studied in the field of mechanical transduction. The applications of graphene in mechanical transduction are reviewed here. An overview of sensor and actuator applications is provided, covering different transduction mechanisms such as piezoresistivity, capacitive sensing, optically interrogated displacement, piezoelectricity, triboelectricity, electrostatic actuation, chemomechanical and thermomechanical actuation, as well as thermoacoustic emission. A critical review of the main approaches is presented within the scope of a wider discussion on the future of this so-called wonder material in the field of mechanical transduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre F Carvalho
- I3N-Aveiro, Department of Physics, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, 3810-193, Portugal
| | - Bohdan Kulyk
- I3N-Aveiro, Department of Physics, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, 3810-193, Portugal
| | | | - Elvira Fortunato
- I3N/CENIMAT, Materials Science Department, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa and CEMOP/UNINOVA, Caparica, 2829-516, Portugal
| | - Florinda M Costa
- I3N-Aveiro, Department of Physics, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, 3810-193, Portugal
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8
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Šiškins M, Sokolovskaya E, Lee M, Mañas-Valero S, Davidovikj D, van der Zant HSJ, Steeneken PG. Tunable Strong Coupling of Mechanical Resonance between Spatially Separated FePS 3 Nanodrums. NANO LETTERS 2022; 22:36-42. [PMID: 34919402 PMCID: PMC8759088 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.1c03010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Revised: 12/03/2021] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Coupled nanomechanical resonators made of two-dimensional materials are promising for processing information with mechanical modes. However, the challenge for these systems is to control the coupling. Here, we demonstrate strong coupling of motion between two suspended membranes of the magnetic 2D material FePS3. We describe a tunable electromechanical mechanism for control over both the resonance frequency and the coupling strength using a gate voltage electrode under each membrane. We show that the coupling can be utilized for transferring data between drums by amplitude modulation. Finally, we also study the temperature dependence of the coupling and how it is affected by the antiferromagnetic phase transition characteristic of this material. The presented electrical coupling of resonant magnetic 2D membranes holds the promise of transferring mechanical energy over a distance at low electrical power, thus enabling novel data readout and information processing technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makars Šiškins
- Kavli
Institute of Nanoscience, Delft University
of Technology, Lorentzweg 1, 2628 CJ Delft, The Netherlands
- Email for M.Š.:
| | - Ekaterina Sokolovskaya
- Kavli
Institute of Nanoscience, Delft University
of Technology, Lorentzweg 1, 2628 CJ Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Martin Lee
- Kavli
Institute of Nanoscience, Delft University
of Technology, Lorentzweg 1, 2628 CJ Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Samuel Mañas-Valero
- Instituto
de Ciencia Molecular (ICMol), Universitat
de València, c/Catedrático
José Beltrán 2, 46980 Paterna, Spain
| | - Dejan Davidovikj
- Kavli
Institute of Nanoscience, Delft University
of Technology, Lorentzweg 1, 2628 CJ Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Herre S. J. van der Zant
- Kavli
Institute of Nanoscience, Delft University
of Technology, Lorentzweg 1, 2628 CJ Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Peter G. Steeneken
- Kavli
Institute of Nanoscience, Delft University
of Technology, Lorentzweg 1, 2628 CJ Delft, The Netherlands
- Department
of Precision and Microsystems Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Mekelweg 2, 2628
CD Delft, The Netherlands
- Email for P.G.S.:
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9
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Mechanical sensors based on two-dimensional materials: Sensing mechanisms, structural designs and wearable applications. iScience 2022; 25:103728. [PMID: 35072014 PMCID: PMC8762477 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2021.103728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Compared with bulk materials, atomically thin two-dimensional (2D) crystals possess a range of unique mechanical properties, including relatively high in-plane stiffness and large bending flexibility. The atomic 2D building blocks can be reassembled into precisely designed heterogeneous composite structures of various geometries with customized mechanical sensing behaviors. Due to their small specific density, high flexibility, and environmental adaptability, mechanical sensors based on 2D materials can conform to soft and curved surfaces, thus providing suitable solutions for functional applications in future wearable devices. In this review, we summarize the latest developments in mechanical sensors based on 2D materials from the perspective of function-oriented applications. First, typical mechanical sensing mechanisms are introduced. Second, we attempt to establish a correspondence between typical structure designs and the performance/multi-functions of the devices. Afterward, several particularly promising areas for potential applications are discussed, following which we present perspectives on current challenges and future opportunities
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10
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Cho JH, Cayll D, Behera D, Cullinan M. Towards Repeatable, Scalable Graphene Integrated Micro-Nano Electromechanical Systems (MEMS/NEMS). MICROMACHINES 2021; 13:27. [PMID: 35056192 PMCID: PMC8777989 DOI: 10.3390/mi13010027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2021] [Revised: 12/11/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The demand for graphene-based devices is rapidly growing but there are significant challenges for developing scalable and repeatable processes for the manufacturing of graphene devices. Basic research on understanding and controlling growth mechanisms have recently enabled various mass production approaches over the past decade. However, the integration of graphene with Micro-Nano Electromechanical Systems (MEMS/NEMS) has been especially challenging due to performance sensitivities of these systems to the production process. Therefore, ability to produce graphene-based devices on a large scale with high repeatability is still a major barrier to the commercialization of graphene. In this review article, we discuss the merits of integrating graphene into Micro-Nano Electromechanical Systems, current approaches for the mass production of graphene integrated devices, and propose solutions to overcome current manufacturing limits for the scalable and repeatable production of integrated graphene-based devices.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Michael Cullinan
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, 204 E Dean Keeton St, Austin, TX 78712, USA; (J.H.C.); (D.C.); (D.B.)
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11
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Xu Y, Li H, Zhang X, Liu W, Zhang Z, Qin S, Liu J. Single pixel wide gamut dynamic color modulation based on a graphene micromechanical system. OPTICS EXPRESS 2021; 29:32491-32504. [PMID: 34615318 DOI: 10.1364/oe.434381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Dynamic color modulation in the composite structure of a graphene microelectromechanical system (MEMS)-photonic crystal microcavity is investigated in this work. The designed photonic crystal microcavity has three resonant standing wave modes corresponding to the three primary colors of red (R), green (G) and blue (B), forming strong localization of light in three modes at different positions of the microcavity. Once graphene is added, it can govern the transmittance of three modes. When graphene is located in the antinode of the standing wave, it has strong light absorption and therefore the structure's transmittance is lower, and when graphene is located in the node of the standing wave, it has weak light absorption and therefore the structure's transmittance is higher. Therefore, the graphene absorption of different colors of light can be regulated dynamically by applying voltages to tune the equilibrium position of the graphene MEMS in the microcavity, consequently realizing the output of vivid monochromatic light or multiple mixed colors of light within a single pixel, thus greatly improving the resolution. Our work provides a route to dynamic color modulation with graphene and provides guidance for the design and manufacture of high resolution, fast modulation and wide color gamut interferometric modulator displays.
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12
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Dolleman R, Chakraborty D, Ladiges DR, van der Zant HSJ, Sader JE, Steeneken PG. Squeeze-Film Effect on Atomically Thin Resonators in the High-Pressure Limit. NANO LETTERS 2021; 21:7617-7624. [PMID: 34461013 PMCID: PMC8461654 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.1c02237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Revised: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The resonance frequency of membranes depends on the gas pressure due to the squeeze-film effect, induced by the compression of a thin gas film that is trapped underneath the resonator by the high-frequency motion. This effect is particularly large in low-mass graphene membranes, which makes them promising candidates for pressure-sensing applications. Here, we study the squeeze-film effect in single-layer graphene resonators and find that their resonance frequency is lower than expected from models assuming ideal compression. To understand this deviation, we perform Boltzmann and continuum finite-element simulations and propose an improved model that includes the effects of gas leakage and can account for the observed pressure dependence of the resonance frequency. Thus, this work provides further understanding of the squeeze-film effect and provides further directions into optimizing the design of squeeze-film pressure sensors from 2D materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin
J. Dolleman
- Kavli
Institute of Nanoscience, Delft University
of Technology, Lorentzweg 1, 2628CJ Delft, The Netherlands
- ARC
Centre of Excellence in Exciton Science, School of Mathematics and
Statistics, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Debadi Chakraborty
- ARC
Centre of Excellence in Exciton Science, School of Mathematics and
Statistics, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Daniel R. Ladiges
- ARC
Centre of Excellence in Exciton Science, School of Mathematics and
Statistics, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
- Center
for Computational Sciences and Engineering, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Herre S. J. van der Zant
- Kavli
Institute of Nanoscience, Delft University
of Technology, Lorentzweg 1, 2628CJ Delft, The Netherlands
| | - John E. Sader
- ARC
Centre of Excellence in Exciton Science, School of Mathematics and
Statistics, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Peter G. Steeneken
- Kavli
Institute of Nanoscience, Delft University
of Technology, Lorentzweg 1, 2628CJ Delft, The Netherlands
- Department
of Precision and Microsystems Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Mekelweg 2, 2628 CD Delft, The Netherlands
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13
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Esmenda JC, Aguila MAC, Wang J, Lee T, Yang C, Lin K, Chang‐Liao K, Katz N, Kafanov S, Pashkin YA, Chen C. Imaging Off-Resonance Nanomechanical Motion as Modal Superposition. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2021; 8:2005041. [PMID: 34258159 PMCID: PMC8261521 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202005041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2021] [Revised: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Observation of resonance modes is the most straightforward way of studying mechanical oscillations because these modes have maximum response to stimuli. However, a deeper understanding of mechanical motion can be obtained by also looking at modal responses at frequencies in between resonances. Here, an imaging of the modal responses for a nanomechanical drum driven off resonance is presented. By using the frequency modal analysis, these shapes are described as a superposition of resonance modes. It is found that the spatial distribution of the oscillating component of the driving force, which is affected by both the shape of the actuating electrode and inherent device properties such as asymmetry and initial slack, greatly influences the modal weight or participation. This modal superposition analysis elucidates the dynamics of any nanomechanical system through modal weights. This aids in optimizing mode-specific designs for force sensing and integration with other systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshoua Condicion Esmenda
- National Tsing Hua UniversityHsinchu30013Taiwan
- Nano Science and Technology Program, Taiwan International Graduate Program, Academia SinicaNational Taiwan University and National Tsing Hua University, Institute of Physics, Academia SinicaNangangTaipei11529Taiwan
| | - Myrron Albert Callera Aguila
- National Tsing Hua UniversityHsinchu30013Taiwan
- Nano Science and Technology Program, Taiwan International Graduate Program, Academia SinicaNational Taiwan University and National Tsing Hua University, Institute of Physics, Academia SinicaNangangTaipei11529Taiwan
| | - Jyh‐Yang Wang
- Institute of PhysicsAcademia SinicaNangangTaipei11529Taiwan
| | - Teik‐Hui Lee
- Institute of PhysicsAcademia SinicaNangangTaipei11529Taiwan
| | - Chi‐Yuan Yang
- Nano Science and Technology Program, Taiwan International Graduate Program, Academia SinicaNational Taiwan University and National Tsing Hua University, Institute of Physics, Academia SinicaNangangTaipei11529Taiwan
| | - Kung‐Hsuan Lin
- Institute of PhysicsAcademia SinicaNangangTaipei11529Taiwan
| | | | - Nadav Katz
- Racah Institute of PhysicsHebrew UniversityJerusalem91904Israel
| | - Sergey Kafanov
- Department of PhysicsLancaster UniversityLancaster LA1 4YBUnited Kingdom
| | - Yuri A. Pashkin
- Department of PhysicsLancaster UniversityLancaster LA1 4YBUnited Kingdom
| | - Chii‐Dong Chen
- Institute of PhysicsAcademia SinicaNangangTaipei11529Taiwan
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14
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Zhang X, Beyer A. Mechanics of free-standing inorganic and molecular 2D materials. NANOSCALE 2021; 13:1443-1484. [PMID: 33434243 DOI: 10.1039/d0nr07606f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The discovery of graphene has triggered a great interest in inorganic as well as molecular two-dimensional (2D) materials. In this review, we summarize recent progress in the mechanical characterization of free-standing 2D materials, such as graphene, hexagonal boron nitride (hBN), transition metal-dichalcogenides, MXenes, black phosphor, carbon nanomembranes (CNMs), 2D polymers, 2D metal organic frameworks (MOFs) and covalent organic frameworks (COFs). Elastic, fracture, bending and interfacial properties of these materials have been determined using a variety of experimental techniques including atomic force microscopy based nanoindentation, in situ tensile/fracture testing, bulge testing, Raman spectroscopy, Brillouin light scattering and buckling-based metrology. Additionally, we address recent advances of 2D materials in a variety of mechanical applications, including resonators, microphones and nanoelectromechanical sensors. With the emphasis on progress and challenges in the mechanical characterization of inorganic and molecular 2D materials, we expect a continuous growth of interest and more systematic experimental work on the mechanics of such ultrathin nanomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianghui Zhang
- Physics of Supramolecular Systems and Surfaces, Bielefeld University, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany.
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15
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Šiškins M, Lee M, Wehenkel D, van Rijn R, de Jong TW, Renshof JR, Hopman BC, Peters WSJM, Davidovikj D, van der Zant HSJ, Steeneken PG. Sensitive capacitive pressure sensors based on graphene membrane arrays. MICROSYSTEMS & NANOENGINEERING 2020; 6:102. [PMID: 34567711 PMCID: PMC8433463 DOI: 10.1038/s41378-020-00212-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2020] [Revised: 08/12/2020] [Accepted: 09/06/2020] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The high flexibility, impermeability and strength of graphene membranes are key properties that can enable the next generation of nanomechanical sensors. However, for capacitive pressure sensors, the sensitivity offered by a single suspended graphene membrane is too small to compete with commercial sensors. Here, we realize highly sensitive capacitive pressure sensors consisting of arrays of nearly ten thousand small, freestanding double-layer graphene membranes. We fabricate large arrays of small-diameter membranes using a procedure that maintains the superior material and mechanical properties of graphene, even after high-temperature annealing. These sensors are readout using a low-cost battery-powered circuit board, with a responsivity of up to 47.8 aF Pa-1 mm-2, thereby outperforming the commercial sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makars Šiškins
- Kavli Institute of Nanoscience, Delft University of Technology, Lorentzweg 1, 2628 CJ Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Martin Lee
- Kavli Institute of Nanoscience, Delft University of Technology, Lorentzweg 1, 2628 CJ Delft, The Netherlands
| | | | - Richard van Rijn
- Applied Nanolayers B.V., Feldmannweg 17, 2628 CT Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Tijmen W. de Jong
- Kavli Institute of Nanoscience, Delft University of Technology, Lorentzweg 1, 2628 CJ Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Johannes R. Renshof
- Kavli Institute of Nanoscience, Delft University of Technology, Lorentzweg 1, 2628 CJ Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Berend C. Hopman
- Kavli Institute of Nanoscience, Delft University of Technology, Lorentzweg 1, 2628 CJ Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Willemijn S. J. M. Peters
- Kavli Institute of Nanoscience, Delft University of Technology, Lorentzweg 1, 2628 CJ Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Dejan Davidovikj
- Kavli Institute of Nanoscience, Delft University of Technology, Lorentzweg 1, 2628 CJ Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Herre S. J. van der Zant
- Kavli Institute of Nanoscience, Delft University of Technology, Lorentzweg 1, 2628 CJ Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Peter G. Steeneken
- Kavli Institute of Nanoscience, Delft University of Technology, Lorentzweg 1, 2628 CJ Delft, The Netherlands
- Department of Precision and Microsystems Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Mekelweg 2, 2628 CD Delft, The Netherlands
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16
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Liu Y, Zhang Y, Lin X, Lv KH, Yang P, Qiu J, Liu GJ. Improved High-Yield PMMA/Graphene Pressure Sensor and Sealed Gas Effect Analysis. MICROMACHINES 2020; 11:mi11090786. [PMID: 32825062 PMCID: PMC7570378 DOI: 10.3390/mi11090786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Revised: 08/08/2020] [Accepted: 08/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
Graphene with atomic thickness possesses excellent mechanical and electrical properties, which hold great potential for high performance pressure sensing. The exposed electron of graphene is always cross-sensitive to any pollution absorbed or desorbed on the surface, from which the long-term stability of the graphene pressure sensor suffers a lot. This is one of the main obstacles towards graphene commercial applications. In this paper, we utilized polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA)/graphene heterostructure to isolate graphene from the ambient environment and enhance its strength simultaneously. PMMA/graphene pressure sensors, with the finite-depth cavities and the through-hole cavities separately, were made for comparative study. The through-hole device obtained a comparable sensitivity per unit area to the state of the art of the bare graphene pressure sensor, since there were no leaking cracks or defects. Both the sensitivity and stability of the through-hole sensor are better than those of the sensor with 285-nm-deep cavities, which is due to the sealed gas effect in the pressure cavity. A modified piezoresistive model was derived by considering the pressure change of the sealed gas in the pressure cavity. The calculated result of the new model is consistent with the experimental results. Our findings point out a promising route for performance optimization of graphene pressure sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Liu
- College of Intelligence Science and Technology, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410073, China; (Y.L.); (Y.Z.); (X.L.); (K.-h.L.); (P.Y.); (J.Q.)
- Science and Technology on Integrated Logistics Support Laboratory, Changsha 410073, China
| | - Yong Zhang
- College of Intelligence Science and Technology, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410073, China; (Y.L.); (Y.Z.); (X.L.); (K.-h.L.); (P.Y.); (J.Q.)
- Science and Technology on Integrated Logistics Support Laboratory, Changsha 410073, China
| | - Xin Lin
- College of Intelligence Science and Technology, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410073, China; (Y.L.); (Y.Z.); (X.L.); (K.-h.L.); (P.Y.); (J.Q.)
- Science and Technology on Integrated Logistics Support Laboratory, Changsha 410073, China
| | - Ke-hong Lv
- College of Intelligence Science and Technology, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410073, China; (Y.L.); (Y.Z.); (X.L.); (K.-h.L.); (P.Y.); (J.Q.)
- Science and Technology on Integrated Logistics Support Laboratory, Changsha 410073, China
| | - Peng Yang
- College of Intelligence Science and Technology, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410073, China; (Y.L.); (Y.Z.); (X.L.); (K.-h.L.); (P.Y.); (J.Q.)
- Science and Technology on Integrated Logistics Support Laboratory, Changsha 410073, China
| | - Jing Qiu
- College of Intelligence Science and Technology, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410073, China; (Y.L.); (Y.Z.); (X.L.); (K.-h.L.); (P.Y.); (J.Q.)
- Science and Technology on Integrated Logistics Support Laboratory, Changsha 410073, China
| | - Guan-jun Liu
- College of Intelligence Science and Technology, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410073, China; (Y.L.); (Y.Z.); (X.L.); (K.-h.L.); (P.Y.); (J.Q.)
- Science and Technology on Integrated Logistics Support Laboratory, Changsha 410073, China
- Correspondence:
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17
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Fan X, Smith AD, Forsberg F, Wagner S, Schröder S, Akbari SSA, Fischer AC, Villanueva LG, Östling M, Lemme MC, Niklaus F. Manufacture and characterization of graphene membranes with suspended silicon proof masses for MEMS and NEMS applications. MICROSYSTEMS & NANOENGINEERING 2020; 6:17. [PMID: 34567632 PMCID: PMC8433294 DOI: 10.1038/s41378-019-0128-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2019] [Revised: 10/18/2019] [Accepted: 11/28/2019] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Graphene's unparalleled strength, chemical stability, ultimate surface-to-volume ratio and excellent electronic properties make it an ideal candidate as a material for membranes in micro- and nanoelectromechanical systems (MEMS and NEMS). However, the integration of graphene into MEMS or NEMS devices and suspended structures such as proof masses on graphene membranes raises several technological challenges, including collapse and rupture of the graphene. We have developed a robust route for realizing membranes made of double-layer CVD graphene and suspending large silicon proof masses on membranes with high yields. We have demonstrated the manufacture of square graphene membranes with side lengths from 7 µm to 110 µm, and suspended proof masses consisting of solid silicon cubes that are from 5 µm × 5 µm × 16.4 µm to 100 µm × 100 µm × 16.4 µm in size. Our approach is compatible with wafer-scale MEMS and semiconductor manufacturing technologies, and the manufacturing yields of the graphene membranes with suspended proof masses were >90%, with >70% of the graphene membranes having >90% graphene area without visible defects. The measured resonance frequencies of the realized structures ranged from tens to hundreds of kHz, with quality factors ranging from 63 to 148. The graphene membranes with suspended proof masses were extremely robust, and were able to withstand indentation forces from an atomic force microscope (AFM) tip of up to ~7000 nN. The proposed approach for the reliable and large-scale manufacture of graphene membranes with suspended proof masses will enable the development and study of innovative NEMS devices with new functionalities and improved performances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuge Fan
- Division of Micro and Nanosystems, School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, SE-10044 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anderson D. Smith
- Division of Integrated Devices and Circuits, School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, SE-164 40 Kista, Sweden
| | - Fredrik Forsberg
- Division of Micro and Nanosystems, School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, SE-10044 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Stefan Wagner
- Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Information Technology, RWTH Aachen University, Otto-Blumenthal-Str. 25, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Stephan Schröder
- Division of Micro and Nanosystems, School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, SE-10044 Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Andreas C. Fischer
- Division of Micro and Nanosystems, School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, SE-10044 Stockholm, Sweden
- Silex Microsystems AB, 175 26 Järfälla, Sweden
| | | | - Mikael Östling
- Division of Integrated Devices and Circuits, School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, SE-164 40 Kista, Sweden
| | - Max C. Lemme
- Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Information Technology, RWTH Aachen University, Otto-Blumenthal-Str. 25, 52074 Aachen, Germany
- AMO GmbH, Advanced Microelectronic Center Aachen (AMICA), Otto-Blumnethal-Str. 25, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Frank Niklaus
- Division of Micro and Nanosystems, School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, SE-10044 Stockholm, Sweden
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18
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Lemme MC, Wagner S, Lee K, Fan X, Verbiest GJ, Wittmann S, Lukas S, Dolleman RJ, Niklaus F, van der Zant HSJ, Duesberg GS, Steeneken PG. Nanoelectromechanical Sensors Based on Suspended 2D Materials. RESEARCH (WASHINGTON, D.C.) 2020; 2020:8748602. [PMID: 32766550 PMCID: PMC7388062 DOI: 10.34133/2020/8748602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2020] [Accepted: 04/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The unique properties and atomic thickness of two-dimensional (2D) materials enable smaller and better nanoelectromechanical sensors with novel functionalities. During the last decade, many studies have successfully shown the feasibility of using suspended membranes of 2D materials in pressure sensors, microphones, accelerometers, and mass and gas sensors. In this review, we explain the different sensing concepts and give an overview of the relevant material properties, fabrication routes, and device operation principles. Finally, we discuss sensor readout and integration methods and provide comparisons against the state of the art to show both the challenges and promises of 2D material-based nanoelectromechanical sensing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Max C. Lemme
- Chair of Electronic Devices, RWTH Aachen University, Otto-Blumenthal-Str. 2, 52074 Aachen, Germany
- AMO GmbH, Advanced Microelectronic Center Aachen (AMICA), Otto-Blumenthal-Str. 25, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Stefan Wagner
- AMO GmbH, Advanced Microelectronic Center Aachen (AMICA), Otto-Blumenthal-Str. 25, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Kangho Lee
- Institute of Physics, Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Information Technology, Universität der Bundeswehr München, Werner-Heisenberg-Weg 39, 85577 Neubiberg, Germany
| | - Xuge Fan
- Division of Micro and Nanosystems, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Malvinas Väg 10, 10044 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Gerard J. Verbiest
- Department of Precision and Microsystems Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Mekelweg 2, 2628 CD Delft, Netherlands
| | | | - Sebastian Lukas
- Chair of Electronic Devices, RWTH Aachen University, Otto-Blumenthal-Str. 2, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Robin J. Dolleman
- 2nd Institute of Physics, RWTH Aachen University, Otto-Blumenthal-Str., 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Frank Niklaus
- Division of Micro and Nanosystems, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Malvinas Väg 10, 10044 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Herre S. J. van der Zant
- Kavli Institute of Nanoscience, Delft University of Technology, Lorentzweg 1, 2628 CJ Delft, Netherlands
| | - Georg S. Duesberg
- Institute of Physics, Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Information Technology, Universität der Bundeswehr München, Werner-Heisenberg-Weg 39, 85577 Neubiberg, Germany
| | - Peter G. Steeneken
- Department of Precision and Microsystems Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Mekelweg 2, 2628 CD Delft, Netherlands
- Kavli Institute of Nanoscience, Delft University of Technology, Lorentzweg 1, 2628 CJ Delft, Netherlands
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19
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Fan X, Forsberg F, Smith AD, Schröder S, Wagner S, Östling M, Lemme MC, Niklaus F. Suspended Graphene Membranes with Attached Silicon Proof Masses as Piezoresistive Nanoelectromechanical Systems Accelerometers. NANO LETTERS 2019; 19:6788-6799. [PMID: 31478660 PMCID: PMC6791286 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.9b01759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Graphene is an atomically thin material that features unique electrical and mechanical properties, which makes it an extremely promising material for future nanoelectromechanical systems (NEMS). Recently, basic NEMS accelerometer functionality has been demonstrated by utilizing piezoresistive graphene ribbons with suspended silicon proof masses. However, the proposed graphene ribbons have limitations regarding mechanical robustness, manufacturing yield, and the maximum measurement current that can be applied across the ribbons. Here, we report on suspended graphene membranes that are fully clamped at their circumference and have attached silicon proof masses. We demonstrate their utility as piezoresistive NEMS accelerometers, and they are found to be more robust, have longer life span and higher manufacturing yield, can withstand higher measurement currents, and are able to suspend larger silicon proof masses, as compared to the previous graphene ribbon devices. These findings are an important step toward bringing ultraminiaturized piezoresistive graphene NEMS closer toward deployment in emerging applications such as in wearable electronics, biomedical implants, and internet of things (IoT) devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuge Fan
- Department
of Micro and Nanosystems, School of Electrical Engineering and Computer
Science, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, SE-10044 Stockholm, Sweden
- E-mail: (X. F.)
| | | | - Anderson D. Smith
- Department
of Integrated Devices and Circuits, School of Electrical Engineering
and Computer Science, KTH Royal Institute
of Technology, SE-164 40 Kista, Sweden
| | - Stephan Schröder
- Department
of Micro and Nanosystems, School of Electrical Engineering and Computer
Science, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, SE-10044 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Stefan Wagner
- Faculty
of Electrical Engineering and Information Technology, RWTH Aachen University, Otto-Blumenthal-Strsse 25, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Mikael Östling
- Department
of Integrated Devices and Circuits, School of Electrical Engineering
and Computer Science, KTH Royal Institute
of Technology, SE-164 40 Kista, Sweden
| | - Max C. Lemme
- Faculty
of Electrical Engineering and Information Technology, RWTH Aachen University, Otto-Blumenthal-Strsse 25, 52074 Aachen, Germany
- Department
of Integrated Devices and Circuits, School of Electrical Engineering
and Computer Science, KTH Royal Institute
of Technology, SE-164 40 Kista, Sweden
- E-mail: (M.C.L.)
| | - Frank Niklaus
- Department
of Micro and Nanosystems, School of Electrical Engineering and Computer
Science, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, SE-10044 Stockholm, Sweden
- E-mail: (F.N.)
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20
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Lee M, Davidovikj D, Sajadi B, Šiškins M, Alijani F, van der Zant HSJ, Steeneken PG. Sealing Graphene Nanodrums. NANO LETTERS 2019; 19:5313-5318. [PMID: 31340117 PMCID: PMC6696884 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.9b01770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Despite theoretical predictions that graphene should be impermeable to all gases, practical experiments on sealed graphene nanodrums show small leak rates. Thus far, the exact mechanism for this permeation has remained unclear, because different potential leakage pathways have not been studied separately. Here, we demonstrate a sealing method that consists of depositing SiO2 across the edge of suspended multilayer graphene flakes using electron beam-induced deposition. By sealing, leakage along the graphene-SiO2 interface is blocked, which is observed to result in a reduction in permeation rate by a factor of 104. The experiments thus demonstrate that gas flow along the graphene-SiO2 interface tends to dominate the leak rate in unsealed graphene nanodrums. Moreover, the presented sealing method enables the study of intrinsic gas leakage through graphene membranes and can enable hermetic graphene membranes for pressure sensing applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Lee
- Kavli
Institute of Nanoscience, Delft University
of Technology, Lorentzweg 1, 2628 CJ Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Dejan Davidovikj
- Kavli
Institute of Nanoscience, Delft University
of Technology, Lorentzweg 1, 2628 CJ Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Banafsheh Sajadi
- Department
of Precision and Microsystems Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Mekelweg 2, 2628 CD Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Makars Šiškins
- Kavli
Institute of Nanoscience, Delft University
of Technology, Lorentzweg 1, 2628 CJ Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Farbod Alijani
- Department
of Precision and Microsystems Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Mekelweg 2, 2628 CD Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Herre S. J. van der Zant
- Kavli
Institute of Nanoscience, Delft University
of Technology, Lorentzweg 1, 2628 CJ Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Peter G. Steeneken
- Kavli
Institute of Nanoscience, Delft University
of Technology, Lorentzweg 1, 2628 CJ Delft, The Netherlands
- Department
of Precision and Microsystems Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Mekelweg 2, 2628 CD Delft, The Netherlands
- E-mail:
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21
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Tsai YJ, Wang CM, Chang TS, Sutradhar S, Chang CW, Chen CY, Hsieh CH, Liao WS. Multilayered Ag NP-PEDOT-Paper Composite Device for Human-Machine Interfacing. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:10380-10388. [PMID: 30761896 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b21390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Flexible pressure sensors have attracted increasing interest because of their potential applications on wearable sensing devices for human-machine interface connections, but challenges regarding material cost, fabrication robustness, signal transduction, sensitivity improvement, detection range, and operation convenience still need to be overcome. Herein, with a simple, low-cost, and scalable approach, a flexible and wearable pressure-sensing device fabricated by utilizing filter paper as the solid support, poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) to enhance conductivity, and silver nanoparticles to provide a rougher surface is introduced. Sandwiching and laminating composite material layers with two thermoplastic polypropylene films lead to robust integration of sensing devices, where assembling four layers of composite materials results in the best sensitivity toward applied pressure. This practical pressure-sensing device possessing properties such as high sensitivity of 0.119 kPa-1, high durability of 2000 operation cycles, and an ultralow energy consumption level of 10-5 W is a promising candidate for contriving point-of-care wearable electronic devices and applying it to human-machine interface connections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Jie Tsai
- Department of Chemistry , National Taiwan University , Taipei 10617 , Taiwan
| | - Chang-Ming Wang
- Department of Chemistry , National Taiwan University , Taipei 10617 , Taiwan
| | - Ta-Sheng Chang
- Department of Chemistry , National Taiwan University , Taipei 10617 , Taiwan
| | - Sanjeeb Sutradhar
- Department of Chemistry , National Taiwan University , Taipei 10617 , Taiwan
| | - Che-Wei Chang
- Department of Chemistry , National Taiwan University , Taipei 10617 , Taiwan
| | - Chong-You Chen
- Department of Chemistry , National Taiwan University , Taipei 10617 , Taiwan
| | - Chia-Han Hsieh
- Department of Chemistry , National Taiwan University , Taipei 10617 , Taiwan
| | - Wei-Ssu Liao
- Department of Chemistry , National Taiwan University , Taipei 10617 , Taiwan
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22
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Wang T, Green R, Guldiken R, Mohapatra S, Mohapatra S. Multiple-layer guided surface acoustic wave (SAW)-based pH sensing in longitudinal FiSS-tumoroid cultures. Biosens Bioelectron 2019; 124-125:244-252. [PMID: 30390467 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2018.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2018] [Revised: 09/25/2018] [Accepted: 10/08/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
A constitutively increased intracellular pH that is higher than the extracellular pH is emerging as a hallmark of cancer and determining pH could play a significant role in the measurement of drug responsiveness of tumor cells. However, a non-invasive, touch-free and real-time pH sensing as a research tool is lacking and remains a major unmet need. The purpose of the current study is to investigate a microfluidic surface acoustic wave (SAW) sensor platform capable of monitoring pH in cell and tumoroid cultures. A novel multi-layer guided SAW sensor integrated into a microfluidic channel was investigated theoretically and experimentally in detail for pH bio-sensing. Sensitivity and capability of the layer guided Love wave device was modeled using the finite element simulation. The model was verified experimentally, and a study monitoring pH of cell growth media is presented. This novel pH sensor is based on a 13.91 MHz center frequency SAW device coated with ZnO (500 nm) and IrO2 (30 nm) layers to increase the sensitivity. A change in mechanical and electrical properties of the conductive IrO2 layer was observed resulting from electrical corrosion induced by pH solutions affecting the charge distribution, SAW phase velocity and attenuation. By measuring the frequency shift induced by the change in SAW phase velocity between the test group and control group, the pH value of cell culture media from H460 cancer cell culture plates from day 0 to day 5 can easily be determined. To improve the sensitivity and stability of the sensor, a finite element method was used to optimize the layer thicknesses. Taken together, the results of experiments show the potential application of this device to be integrated with microfluidic channels and used in determining pH changes in longitudinal tumor cell cultures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Wang
- Center for Research and Education in Nanobioengineering, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA; Microfluidics and Acoustics Laboratory, Department of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA; Department of Internal Medicine, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA; James A Haley VA Hospital, Tampa, FL 33612, USA.
| | - Ryan Green
- Center for Research and Education in Nanobioengineering, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA; Department of Molecular Medicine, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA.
| | - Rasim Guldiken
- Center for Research and Education in Nanobioengineering, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA; Microfluidics and Acoustics Laboratory, Department of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA.
| | - Subhra Mohapatra
- Center for Research and Education in Nanobioengineering, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA; Department of Molecular Medicine, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA.
| | - Shyam Mohapatra
- Center for Research and Education in Nanobioengineering, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA; Department of Internal Medicine, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA; James A Haley VA Hospital, Tampa, FL 33612, USA; College of Pharmacy Graduate Programs, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA.
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He Z, Chen W, Liang B, Liu C, Yang L, Lu D, Mo Z, Zhu H, Tang Z, Gui X. Capacitive Pressure Sensor with High Sensitivity and Fast Response to Dynamic Interaction Based on Graphene and Porous Nylon Networks. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2018; 10:12816-12823. [PMID: 29582991 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b01050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Flexible pressure sensors are of great importance to be applied in artificial intelligence and wearable electronics. However, assembling a simple structure, high-performance capacitive pressure sensor, especially for monitoring the flow of liquids, is still a big challenge. Here, on the basis of a sandwich-like structure, we propose a facile capacitive pressure sensor optimized by a flexible, low-cost nylon netting, showing many merits including a high response sensitivity (0.33 kPa-1) in a low-pressure regime (<1 kPa), an ultralow detection limit as 3.3 Pa, excellent working stability after more than 1000 cycles, and synchronous monitoring for human pulses and clicks. More important, this sensor exhibits an ultrafast response speed (<20 ms), which enables its detection for the fast variations of a small applied pressure from the morphological changing processes of a droplet falling onto the sensor. Furthermore, a capacitive pressure sensor array is fabricated for demonstrating the ability to spatial pressure distribution. Our developed pressure sensors show great prospects in practical applications such as health monitoring, flexible tactile devices, and motion detection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Changyong Liu
- Additive Manufacturing Research Institute, College of Mechatronics and Control Engineering , Shenzhen University , Shenzhen 518060 , China
| | | | | | | | | | - Zikang Tang
- Institute of Applied Physics and Materials Engineering , University of Macau , Avenida da Universidade , Taipa , Macau 999078 , China
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