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Mohamad Noh MF, Arzaee NA, Harif MN, Mat Teridi MA, Mohd Yusoff ARB, Mahmood Zuhdi AW. Defect Engineering at Buried Interface of Perovskite Solar Cells. SMALL METHODS 2024:e2400385. [PMID: 39031619 DOI: 10.1002/smtd.202400385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2024] [Revised: 05/31/2024] [Indexed: 07/22/2024]
Abstract
Perovskite solar cells (PSC) have developed rapidly since the past decade with the aim to produce highly efficient photovoltaic technology at a low cost. Recently, physical and chemical defects at the buried interface of PSC including vacancies, impurities, lattice strain, and voids are identified as the next formidable hurdle to the further advancement of the performance of devices. The presence of these defects has unfavorably impacted many optoelectronic properties in the PSC, such as band alignment, charge extraction/recombination dynamics, ion migration behavior, and hydrophobicity. Herein, a broad but critical discussion on various essential aspects related to defects at the buried interface is provided. In particular, the defects existing at the surface of the underlying charge transporting layer (CTL) and the bottom surface of the perovskite film are initially elaborated. In situ and ex situ characterization approaches adopted to unveil hidden defects are elucidated to determine their influence on the efficiency, operational stability, and photocurrent-voltage hysteresis of PSC. A myriad of innovative strategies including defect management in CTL, the introduction of passivation materials, strain engineering, and morphological control used to address defects are also systematically elucidated to catalyze the further development of more efficient, reliable, and commercially viable photovoltaic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamad Firdaus Mohamad Noh
- Institute of Sustainable Energy (ISE), Universiti Tenaga Nasional (UNITEN), Jalan IKRAM-UNITEN, Kajang, Selangor, 43000, Malaysia
| | - Nurul Affiqah Arzaee
- Institute of Sustainable Energy (ISE), Universiti Tenaga Nasional (UNITEN), Jalan IKRAM-UNITEN, Kajang, Selangor, 43000, Malaysia
| | - Muhammad Najib Harif
- Faculty of Applied Sciences, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), Cawangan Negeri Sembilan, Kuala Pilah, Negeri Sembilan, 72000, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Asri Mat Teridi
- Solar Energy Research Institute, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi, Selangor, 43600, Malaysia
| | - Abd Rashid Bin Mohd Yusoff
- Physics Department, Faculty of Science, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Johor Bahru, Johor, 81310, Malaysia
| | - Ahmad Wafi Mahmood Zuhdi
- Institute of Sustainable Energy (ISE), Universiti Tenaga Nasional (UNITEN), Jalan IKRAM-UNITEN, Kajang, Selangor, 43000, Malaysia
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2
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Zhang W, Yuan S, Zhang Y, Wang HY, Wang Y, Wang F, Zhang JP. Perovskite Solar Cell Performance Boosted by Regulating the Ion Migration and Charge Transport Dynamics via Dual-Interface Modification of Electron Transport Layer. J Phys Chem Lett 2023; 14:8620-8629. [PMID: 37728520 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.3c02356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/21/2023]
Abstract
Engineering the buried interfaces of perovskite solar cells (PSCs) is crucial for optimizing the device performance. We herein report a novel strategy by modifying the ETL-FTO interface with MgO, as well as the interface between the perovskite layer (PVKL) and the SnO2 electron transfer layer (ETL) with formamidine bromide (FABr). The dual-interface ETL engineering substantially improved the photoelectric conversion efficiency (19.62 → 22.04%) and suppressed the hysteresis index (14.98 → 1.09%). The structure-activity relationship was explored by using transient photoelectric and time-of-flight secondary-ion mass spectroscopic analyses. It was found that the FABr treatment enhanced the PVKL crystallinity and the PVKL-ETL interaction and that the MgO modification dramatically retarded the ion migration, which together optimized the ETL function. The mechanism underlying the influence of ion distribution on the dynamics of ions and free carriers is discussed, which may be helpful for the rational design of high-performance PSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenqi Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Light Conversion Materials and Biophotonics, Department of Chemistry, Renmin University of China, Beijing 100872, P. R. China
| | - Shuai Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Light Conversion Materials and Biophotonics, Department of Chemistry, Renmin University of China, Beijing 100872, P. R. China
| | - Yanyan Zhang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
| | - Hao-Yi Wang
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Light Conversion Materials and Biophotonics, Department of Chemistry, Renmin University of China, Beijing 100872, P. R. China
| | - Yi Wang
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Light Conversion Materials and Biophotonics, Department of Chemistry, Renmin University of China, Beijing 100872, P. R. China
| | - Fuyi Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
| | - Jian-Ping Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Light Conversion Materials and Biophotonics, Department of Chemistry, Renmin University of China, Beijing 100872, P. R. China
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3
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Park SM, Wei M, Xu J, Atapattu HR, Eickemeyer FT, Darabi K, Grater L, Yang Y, Liu C, Teale S, Chen B, Chen H, Wang T, Zeng L, Maxwell A, Wang Z, Rao KR, Cai Z, Zakeeruddin SM, Pham JT, Risko CM, Amassian A, Kanatzidis MG, Graham KR, Grätzel M, Sargent EH. Engineering ligand reactivity enables high-temperature operation of stable perovskite solar cells. Science 2023; 381:209-215. [PMID: 37440655 DOI: 10.1126/science.adi4107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023]
Abstract
Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) consisting of interfacial two- and three-dimensional heterostructures that incorporate ammonium ligand intercalation have enabled rapid progress toward the goal of uniting performance with stability. However, as the field continues to seek ever-higher durability, additional tools that avoid progressive ligand intercalation are needed to minimize degradation at high temperatures. We used ammonium ligands that are nonreactive with the bulk of perovskites and investigated a library that varies ligand molecular structure systematically. We found that fluorinated aniliniums offer interfacial passivation and simultaneously minimize reactivity with perovskites. Using this approach, we report a certified quasi-steady-state power-conversion efficiency of 24.09% for inverted-structure PSCs. In an encapsulated device operating at 85°C and 50% relative humidity, we document a 1560-hour T85 at maximum power point under 1-sun illumination.
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Affiliation(s)
- So Min Park
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Toronto, 10 King's College Road, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3G4, Canada
| | - Mingyang Wei
- Laboratory of Photonics and Interfaces, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Jian Xu
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Toronto, 10 King's College Road, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3G4, Canada
| | - Harindi R Atapattu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506, USA
| | - Felix T Eickemeyer
- Laboratory of Photonics and Interfaces, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Kasra Darabi
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, and Organic and Carbon Electronics Laboratories (ORaCEL), North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
| | - Luke Grater
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Toronto, 10 King's College Road, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3G4, Canada
| | - Yi Yang
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Cheng Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Sam Teale
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Toronto, 10 King's College Road, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3G4, Canada
| | - Bin Chen
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Toronto, 10 King's College Road, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3G4, Canada
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Hao Chen
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Toronto, 10 King's College Road, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3G4, Canada
| | - Tonghui Wang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, and Organic and Carbon Electronics Laboratories (ORaCEL), North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
| | - Lewei Zeng
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Toronto, 10 King's College Road, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3G4, Canada
| | - Aidan Maxwell
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Toronto, 10 King's College Road, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3G4, Canada
| | - Zaiwei Wang
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Toronto, 10 King's College Road, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3G4, Canada
| | - Keerthan R Rao
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506, USA
| | - Zhuoyun Cai
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506, USA
| | - Shaik M Zakeeruddin
- Laboratory of Photonics and Interfaces, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Jonathan T Pham
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506, USA
| | - Chad M Risko
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506, USA
| | - Aram Amassian
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, and Organic and Carbon Electronics Laboratories (ORaCEL), North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
| | | | - Kenneth R Graham
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506, USA
| | - Michael Grätzel
- Laboratory of Photonics and Interfaces, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Edward H Sargent
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Toronto, 10 King's College Road, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3G4, Canada
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
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Ghasemi M, Guo B, Darabi K, Wang T, Wang K, Huang CW, Lefler BM, Taussig L, Chauhan M, Baucom G, Kim T, Gomez ED, Atkin JM, Priya S, Amassian A. A multiscale ion diffusion framework sheds light on the diffusion-stability-hysteresis nexus in metal halide perovskites. NATURE MATERIALS 2023; 22:329-337. [PMID: 36849816 DOI: 10.1038/s41563-023-01488-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Stability and current-voltage hysteresis stand as major obstacles to the commercialization of metal halide perovskites. Both phenomena have been associated with ion migration, with anecdotal evidence that stable devices yield low hysteresis. However, the underlying mechanisms of the complex stability-hysteresis link remain elusive. Here we present a multiscale diffusion framework that describes vacancy-mediated halide diffusion in polycrystalline metal halide perovskites, differentiating fast grain boundary diffusivity from volume diffusivity that is two to four orders of magnitude slower. Our results reveal an inverse relationship between the activation energies of grain boundary and volume diffusions, such that stable metal halide perovskites exhibiting smaller volume diffusivities are associated with larger grain boundary diffusivities and reduced hysteresis. The elucidation of multiscale halide diffusion in metal halide perovskites reveals complex inner couplings between ion migration in the volume of grains versus grain boundaries, which in turn can predict the stability and hysteresis of metal halide perovskites, providing a clearer path to addressing the outstanding challenges of the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masoud Ghasemi
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, and Organic and Carbon Electronics Laboratories (ORaCEL), North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA.
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA.
| | - Boyu Guo
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, and Organic and Carbon Electronics Laboratories (ORaCEL), North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Kasra Darabi
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, and Organic and Carbon Electronics Laboratories (ORaCEL), North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Tonghui Wang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, and Organic and Carbon Electronics Laboratories (ORaCEL), North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Kai Wang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Chiung-Wei Huang
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Benjamin M Lefler
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, and Organic and Carbon Electronics Laboratories (ORaCEL), North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Laine Taussig
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, and Organic and Carbon Electronics Laboratories (ORaCEL), North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Mihirsinh Chauhan
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, and Organic and Carbon Electronics Laboratories (ORaCEL), North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Garrett Baucom
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, and Organic and Carbon Electronics Laboratories (ORaCEL), North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Taesoo Kim
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, and Organic and Carbon Electronics Laboratories (ORaCEL), North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Enrique D Gomez
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Joanna M Atkin
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Shashank Priya
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Aram Amassian
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, and Organic and Carbon Electronics Laboratories (ORaCEL), North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA.
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5
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Zhang Y, Xing Z, Fan B, Ni Z, Wang F, Hu X, Chen Y. Uncovering Aging Chemistry of Perovskite Precursor Solutions and Anti-aging Mechanism of Additives. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202215799. [PMID: 36575131 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202215799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Revised: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 12/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The aging of precursor solutions is the major stumbling block for the commercialization of perovskite solar cells (PSCs). Herein, for the first time we used the state-of-the-art in situ liquid time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry to molecularly explore the perovskite precursor solution chemistry. We identified that the methylammonium and formamidinium cations and the I- anion are the motivators of the aging chemistry. Further, we introduced two kinds of Lewis bases, triethyl phosphate (TP) and ethyl ethanesulfonate (EE), as new additives in the solution and unraveled that both of them can protect the reactive cations from aging through weak interactions. Significantly, TP is superior to EE in enhancing long-term solution stability as it can well-maintain the internal interaction structures within the solution phase. The PSC derived from a fresh TP-doped solution delivered a high power conversion efficiency of 23.06 %, 92.23 % of which remained in that from a 21-day-old solution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanyan Zhang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Zhi Xing
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Institute of Polymers and Energy Chemistry, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330031, China
| | - Baojin Fan
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Institute of Polymers and Energy Chemistry, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330031, China
| | - Zhigang Ni
- College of Materials, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology of Ministry of Education, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 311121, China
| | - Fuyi Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Xiaotian Hu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Institute of Polymers and Energy Chemistry, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330031, China
| | - Yiwang Chen
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Institute of Polymers and Energy Chemistry, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330031, China.,National Engineering Research Center for Carbohydrate Synthesis/Key Lab of Fluorine and Silicon for Energy Materials and Chemistry of Ministry of Education, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang, 330032, China
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6
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Ekar J, Kovač J. AFM Study of Roughness Development during ToF-SIMS Depth Profiling of Multilayers with a Cs + Ion Beam in a H 2 Atmosphere. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2022; 38:12871-12880. [PMID: 36239688 PMCID: PMC9609309 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.2c01837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Revised: 10/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The influence of H2 flooding on the development of surface roughness during time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF-SIMS) depth profiling was studied to evaluate the different aspects of a H2 atmosphere in comparison to an ultrahigh vacuum (UHV) environment. Multilayer samples, consisting of different combinations of metal, metal oxide, and alloy layers of different elements, were bombarded with 1 and 2 keV Cs+ ion beams in UHV and a H2 atmosphere of 7 × 10-7 mbar. The surface roughness Sa was measured with atomic force microscopy (AFM) on the initial surface and in the craters formed while sputtering, either in the middle of the layers or at the interfaces. We found that the roughness after Cs+ sputtering depends on the chemical composition/structure of the individual layers, and it increases with the sputtering depth. However, the increase in the roughness was, in specific cases, approximately a few tens of percent lower when sputtering in the H2 atmosphere compared to the UHV. In the other cases, the average surface roughness was generally still lower when H2 flooding was applied, but the differences were statistically insignificant. Additionally, we observed that for the initially rough surfaces with an Sa of about 5 nm, sputtering with the 1 keV Cs+ beam might have a smoothing effect, thereby reducing the initial roughness. Our observations also indicate that Cs+ sputtering with ion energies of 1 and 2 keV has a similar effect on roughness development, except for the cases with initially very smooth samples. The results show the beneficial effect of H2 flooding on surface roughness development during the ToF-SIMS depth profiling in addition to a reduction of the matrix effect and an improved identification of thin layers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jernej Ekar
- Jožef
Stefan Institute, Jamova Cesta 39, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Jožef
Stefan International Postgraduate School, Jamova Cesta 39, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Janez Kovač
- Jožef
Stefan Institute, Jamova Cesta 39, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
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7
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Zheng J, Li F, Chen C, Du Q, Jin M, Li H, Ji M, Shen Z. Perovskite Solar Cells Employing a PbSO 4(PbO) 4 Quantum Dot-Doped Spiro-OMeTAD Hole Transport Layer with an Efficiency over 22. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:2989-2999. [PMID: 34981934 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c23118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
2,2',7,7'-Tetrakis(N,N-di-p-methoxyphenyl-amine)-9,9'-spirobifluorene (spiro-OMeTAD), the most widely used hole transport material in high-efficiency perovskite solar cells (PSCs), still has serious defects, such as moisture absorption and poor long-term conductivity, which seriously restrict further improvement of the power conversion efficiency (PCE) and stability of the cell. Herein, to overcome these problems, inorganic salt PbSO4(PbO)4 quantum dots (QDs) are incorporated into spiro-OMeTAD as the hole transport layer (HTL) for the first time. The incorporated PbSO4(PbO)4 QDs significantly hinder the agglomeration of lithium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)-imide and improve the long-term conductivity through the oxidative interaction between PbSO4(PbO)4 QDs and spiro-OMeTAD and hydrophobicity of the HTL. Furthermore, the spiro-OMeTAD:PbSO4(PbO)4 composite film can effectively passivate perovskite defects at the perovskite/HTL interface, resulting in suppressed interfacial recombination. As a result, the PSC based on the spiro-OMeTAD:PbSO4(PbO)4 HTL shows an improved PCE of 22.66%, which is much higher than that (18.89%) of the control device. PbSO4(PbO)4 also significantly improves the moisture stability for 50 days at room temperature (at RH ∼ 40-50%) without encapsulation. This work indicates that inorganic PbSO4(PbO)4 QDs are crucial materials that can be employed as an additive in spiro-OMeTAD to enhance the efficiency and stability of PSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jihong Zheng
- Henan Key Laboratory of Photovoltaic Materials, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, P. R. China
| | - Fumin Li
- Henan Key Laboratory of Photovoltaic Materials, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, P. R. China
| | - Chong Chen
- Henan Key Laboratory of Photovoltaic Materials, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, P. R. China
| | - Qing Du
- Henan Key Laboratory of Photovoltaic Materials, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, P. R. China
| | - Mengqi Jin
- Henan Key Laboratory of Photovoltaic Materials, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, P. R. China
| | - Huilin Li
- Henan Key Laboratory of Photovoltaic Materials, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, P. R. China
| | - Mingxing Ji
- Henan Key Laboratory of Photovoltaic Materials, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, P. R. China
| | - Zhitao Shen
- Henan Key Laboratory of Photovoltaic Materials, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, P. R. China
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8
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Probing Surface Information of Alloy by Time of Flight-Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometer. CRYSTALS 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/cryst11121465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, time of flight-secondary ion mass spectrometer (ToF-SIMS) has been widely employed to acquire surface information of materials. Here, we investigated the alloy surface by combining the mass spectra and 2D mapping images of ToF-SIMS. We found by surprise that these two results seem to be inconsistent with each other. Therefore, other surface characteristic tools such as SEM-EDS were further used to provide additional supports. The results indicated that such differences may originate from the variance of secondary ion yields, which might be affected by crystal orientation.
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9
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Yang X, Luo D, Xiang Y, Zhao L, Anaya M, Shen Y, Wu J, Yang W, Chiang YH, Tu Y, Su R, Hu Q, Yu H, Shao G, Huang W, Russell TP, Gong Q, Stranks SD, Zhang W, Zhu R. Buried Interfaces in Halide Perovskite Photovoltaics. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2021; 33:e2006435. [PMID: 33393159 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202006435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Revised: 11/15/2020] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the fundamental properties of buried interfaces in perovskite photovoltaics is of paramount importance to the enhancement of device efficiency and stability. Nevertheless, accessing buried interfaces poses a sizeable challenge because of their non-exposed feature. Herein, the mystery of the buried interface in full device stacks is deciphered by combining advanced in situ spectroscopy techniques with a facile lift-off strategy. By establishing the microstructure-property relations, the basic losses at the contact interfaces are systematically presented, and it is found that the buried interface losses induced by both the sub-microscale extended imperfections and lead-halide inhomogeneities are major roadblocks toward improvement of device performance. The losses can be considerably mitigated by the use of a passivation-molecule-assisted microstructural reconstruction, which unlocks the full potential for improving device performance. The findings open a new avenue to understanding performance losses and thus the design of new passivation strategies to remove imperfections at the top surfaces and buried interfaces of perovskite photovoltaics, resulting in substantial enhancement in device performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyu Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Artificial Microstructure and Mesoscopic Physics, School of Physics, Frontiers Science Center for Nano-optoelectronics, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Quantum Matter, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Deying Luo
- State Key Laboratory for Artificial Microstructure and Mesoscopic Physics, School of Physics, Frontiers Science Center for Nano-optoelectronics, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Quantum Matter, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
- School of Microelectronics, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Yuren Xiang
- Advanced Technology Institute, University of Surrey, Guildford, GU2 7XH, UK
| | - Lichen Zhao
- State Key Laboratory for Artificial Microstructure and Mesoscopic Physics, School of Physics, Frontiers Science Center for Nano-optoelectronics, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Quantum Matter, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Miguel Anaya
- Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB3 0HE, UK
| | - Yonglong Shen
- State Centre for International Cooperation on Designer Low-Carbon and Environmental Material (SCICDLCEM), School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Jiang Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Artificial Microstructure and Mesoscopic Physics, School of Physics, Frontiers Science Center for Nano-optoelectronics, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Quantum Matter, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Wenqiang Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Artificial Microstructure and Mesoscopic Physics, School of Physics, Frontiers Science Center for Nano-optoelectronics, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Quantum Matter, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Yu-Hsien Chiang
- Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB3 0HE, UK
| | - Yongguang Tu
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics, Xi'an Institute of Flexible Electronics (IFE), Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710072, China
| | - Rui Su
- State Key Laboratory for Artificial Microstructure and Mesoscopic Physics, School of Physics, Frontiers Science Center for Nano-optoelectronics, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Quantum Matter, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Qin Hu
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, 01003, USA
| | - Hongyu Yu
- School of Microelectronics, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Guosheng Shao
- State Centre for International Cooperation on Designer Low-Carbon and Environmental Material (SCICDLCEM), School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Wei Huang
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics, Xi'an Institute of Flexible Electronics (IFE), Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710072, China
| | - Thomas P Russell
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, 01003, USA
| | - Qihuang Gong
- State Key Laboratory for Artificial Microstructure and Mesoscopic Physics, School of Physics, Frontiers Science Center for Nano-optoelectronics, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Quantum Matter, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Extreme Optics, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, 030006, China
- Peking University Yangtze Delta Institute of Optoelectronics, Nantong, Jiangsu, 226010, China
| | - Samuel D Stranks
- Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB3 0HE, UK
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB3 0AS, UK
| | - Wei Zhang
- Advanced Technology Institute, University of Surrey, Guildford, GU2 7XH, UK
| | - Rui Zhu
- State Key Laboratory for Artificial Microstructure and Mesoscopic Physics, School of Physics, Frontiers Science Center for Nano-optoelectronics, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Quantum Matter, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Extreme Optics, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, 030006, China
- Peking University Yangtze Delta Institute of Optoelectronics, Nantong, Jiangsu, 226010, China
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10
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Hou CH, Hung SH, Jhang LJ, Chou KJ, Hu YK, Chou PT, Su WF, Tsai FY, Shieh J, Shyue JJ. Validated Analysis of Component Distribution Inside Perovskite Solar Cells and Its Utility in Unveiling Factors of Device Performance and Degradation. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:22730-22740. [PMID: 32357293 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b22492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Time-of-flight secondary-ion mass spectrometry (ToF-SIMS) has been used for gaining insights into perovskite solar cells (PSCs). However, the importance of selecting ion beam parameters to eliminate artifacts in the resulting depth profile is often overlooked. In this work, significant artifacts were identified with commonly applied sputter sources, i.e., an O2+ beam and an Ar-gas cluster ion beam (Ar-GCIB), which could lead to misinterpretation of the PSC structure. On the other hand, polyatomic C60+ and Ar+ ion beams were found to be able to produce depth profiles that properly reflect the distribution of the components. On the basis of this validated method, differences in component distribution, depending on the fabrication processes, were identified and discussed. The solvent-engineering process yielded a homogeneous film with higher device performance, but sequential deposition led to a perovskite layer sandwiched by methylammonium-deficient layers that impeded the performance. For device degradation, it was found that most components remained intact at their original position except for iodide. This result unambiguously indicated that iodide diffusion was one of the key factors governing the device lifetime. With the validated parameters provided, ToF-SIMS was demonstrated as a powerful tool to unveil the structure variation amid device performance and during degradation, which are crucial for the future development of PSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Hung Hou
- Research Center for Applied Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - Shu-Han Hung
- Research Center for Applied Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - Li-Ji Jhang
- Research Center for Applied Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - Keh-Jiunh Chou
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Kai Hu
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Pi-Tai Chou
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Fang Su
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Feng-Yu Tsai
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Jay Shieh
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Jing-Jong Shyue
- Research Center for Applied Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
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11
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Li N, Song L, Jia Y, Dong Y, Xie F, Wang L, Tao S, Zhao N. Stabilizing Perovskite Light-Emitting Diodes by Incorporation of Binary Alkali Cations. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2020; 32:e1907786. [PMID: 32147854 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201907786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2019] [Revised: 01/31/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The poor stability of perovskite light-emitting diodes (PeLEDs) is a key bottleneck that hinders commercialization of this technology. Here, the degradation process of formamidinium lead iodide (FAPbI3 )-based PeLEDs is carefully investigated and the device stability is improved through binary-alkalication incorporation. Using time-of-flight secondary-ion mass spectrometry, it is found that the degradation of FAPbI3 -based PeLEDs during operation is directly associated with ion migration, and incorporation of binary alkali cations, i.e., Cs+ and Rb+ , in FAPbI3 can suppress ion migration and significantly enhance the lifetime of PeLEDs. Combining experimental and theoretical approaches, it is further revealed that Cs+ and Rb+ ions stabilize the perovskite films by locating at different lattice positions, with Cs+ ions present relatively uniformly throughout the bulk perovskite, while Rb+ ions are found preferentially on the surface and grain boundaries. Further chemical bonding analysis shows that both Cs+ and Rb+ ions raise the net atomic charge of the surrounding I anions, leading to stronger Coulomb interactions between the cations and the inorganic framework. As a result, the Cs+ -Rb+ -incorporated PeLEDs exhibit an external quantum efficiency of 15.84%, the highest among alkali cation-incorporated FAPbI3 devices. More importantly, the PeLEDs show significantly enhanced operation stability, achieving a half-lifetime over 3600 min.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Li
- Department of Electronic Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, New Territories, Hong Kong
| | - Lei Song
- Center for Computational Energy Research, Department of Applied Physics, Eindhoven University of Technology, 5600, MB, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Yongheng Jia
- Department of Electronic Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, New Territories, Hong Kong
| | - Yifan Dong
- Department of Electronic Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, New Territories, Hong Kong
| | - Fangyan Xie
- Instrumental Analysis and Research Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Liduo Wang
- Key Lab of Organic Optoelectronics & Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Shuxia Tao
- Center for Computational Energy Research, Department of Applied Physics, Eindhoven University of Technology, 5600, MB, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Ni Zhao
- Department of Electronic Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, New Territories, Hong Kong
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12
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Xu J, Boyd CC, Yu ZJ, Palmstrom AF, Witter DJ, Larson BW, France RM, Werner J, Harvey SP, Wolf EJ, Weigand W, Manzoor S, van Hest MFAM, Berry JJ, Luther JM, Holman ZC, McGehee MD. Triple-halide wide-band gap perovskites with suppressed phase segregation for efficient tandems. Science 2020; 367:1097-1104. [PMID: 32139537 DOI: 10.1126/science.aaz5074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 230] [Impact Index Per Article: 57.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2019] [Revised: 12/05/2019] [Accepted: 01/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Wide-band gap metal halide perovskites are promising semiconductors to pair with silicon in tandem solar cells to pursue the goal of achieving power conversion efficiency (PCE) greater than 30% at low cost. However, wide-band gap perovskite solar cells have been fundamentally limited by photoinduced phase segregation and low open-circuit voltage. We report efficient 1.67-electron volt wide-band gap perovskite top cells using triple-halide alloys (chlorine, bromine, iodine) to tailor the band gap and stabilize the semiconductor under illumination. We show a factor of 2 increase in photocarrier lifetime and charge-carrier mobility that resulted from enhancing the solubility of chlorine by replacing some of the iodine with bromine to shrink the lattice parameter. We observed a suppression of light-induced phase segregation in films even at 100-sun illumination intensity and less than 4% degradation in semitransparent top cells after 1000 hours of maximum power point (MPP) operation at 60°C. By integrating these top cells with silicon bottom cells, we achieved a PCE of 27% in two-terminal monolithic tandems with an area of 1 square centimeter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jixian Xu
- Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA. .,National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO 80401, USA.,CAS Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Caleb C Boyd
- National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO 80401, USA.,Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Zhengshan J Yu
- School of Electrical, Computer, and Energy Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85281, USA
| | | | - Daniel J Witter
- Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA.,National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO 80401, USA
| | - Bryon W Larson
- National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO 80401, USA
| | - Ryan M France
- National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO 80401, USA
| | - Jérémie Werner
- Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA.,National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO 80401, USA
| | | | - Eli J Wolf
- National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO 80401, USA.,Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - William Weigand
- School of Electrical, Computer, and Energy Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85281, USA
| | - Salman Manzoor
- School of Electrical, Computer, and Energy Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85281, USA
| | | | - Joseph J Berry
- National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO 80401, USA
| | | | - Zachary C Holman
- School of Electrical, Computer, and Energy Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85281, USA
| | - Michael D McGehee
- Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA. .,National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO 80401, USA.,Materials Science and Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
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13
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Song Y, Bi W, Wang A, Liu X, Kang Y, Dong Q. Efficient lateral-structure perovskite single crystal solar cells with high operational stability. Nat Commun 2020; 11:274. [PMID: 31937785 PMCID: PMC6959261 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-13998-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2019] [Accepted: 12/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The power conversion efficiency of perovskite polycrystalline thin film solar cells has rapidly increased in recent years, while the stability still lags behind due to its low thermal stability as well as the fast ion migration along the massive grain boundaries. Here, stable and efficient lateral-structure perovskite solar cells (PSCs) are achieved based on perovskite single crystals. By optimizing anode contact with a simple surface treatment, the open circuit voltage and fill factor dramatically increase and promote the efficiency of the devices exceeding 11% (0.05 to 1 Sun) compared to that of 5.9% (0.25 Sun) of the best lateral-structure single crystal PSCs previously reported. Devices show excellent operational stability and no degradation observed after 200 h continuous operation at maximum power point under 1 Sun illumination. Devices with scalable architectures are investigated by utilizing interdigital electrodes, which show huge potential to realize low cost and highly efficient perovskite photovoltaic devices. Lateral-structured perovskite solar cells are easily integratable for large modules but suffer from less impressive efficiency compared to the sandwich-structured counterparts. Here Song et al. demonstrate stable and 11% efficiency devices under 1 Sun illumination by anode contact treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yilong Song
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Weihui Bi
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Anran Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Xiaoting Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yifei Kang
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Qingfeng Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, China.
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