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Guan A, He Z, Wang X, Jia ZJ, Qin J. Engineering the next-generation synthetic cell factory driven by protein engineering. Biotechnol Adv 2024; 73:108366. [PMID: 38663492 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2024.108366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2023] [Revised: 03/21/2024] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/09/2024]
Abstract
Synthetic cell factory offers substantial advantages in economically efficient production of biofuels, chemicals, and pharmaceutical compounds. However, to create a high-performance synthetic cell factory, precise regulation of cellular material and energy flux is essential. In this context, protein components including enzymes, transcription factor-based biosensors and transporters play pivotal roles. Protein engineering aims to create novel protein variants with desired properties by modifying or designing protein sequences. This review focuses on summarizing the latest advancements of protein engineering in optimizing various aspects of synthetic cell factory, including: enhancing enzyme activity to eliminate production bottlenecks, altering enzyme selectivity to steer metabolic pathways towards desired products, modifying enzyme promiscuity to explore innovative routes, and improving the efficiency of transporters. Furthermore, the utilization of protein engineering to modify protein-based biosensors accelerates evolutionary process and optimizes the regulation of metabolic pathways. The remaining challenges and future opportunities in this field are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ailin Guan
- College of Biomass Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Zixi He
- College of Biomass Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Xin Wang
- West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Zhi-Jun Jia
- West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Jiufu Qin
- College of Biomass Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China.
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Tu DZ, Liu PQ, Zhu GH, Zeng HR, Deng YY, Huang J, Niu XT, Liu YF, Hu J, Liang XM, Finel M, Wang P, Ge GB. Human UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1As catalyze aristolochic acid D O-glucuronidation to form a lesser nephrotoxic glucuronide. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2024; 328:118116. [PMID: 38548118 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2024.118116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2024] [Revised: 03/17/2024] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/08/2024]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Aristolochic acids (AAs) are naturally occurring nitro phenanthrene carboxylic acids primarily found in plants of the Aristolochiaceae family. Aristolochic acid D (AAD) is a major constituent in the roots and rhizomes of the Chinese herb Xixin (the roots and rhizomes of Asarum heterotropoides F. Schmidt), which is a key material for preparing a suite of marketed Chinese medicines. Structurally, AAD is nearly identical to the nephrotoxic aristolochic acid I (AAI), with an additional phenolic group at the C-6 site. Although the nephrotoxicity and metabolic pathways of AAI have been well-investigated, the metabolic pathway(s) of AAD in humans and the influence of AAD metabolism on its nephrotoxicity has not been investigated yet. AIM OF THE STUDY To identify the major metabolites of AAD in human tissues and to characterize AAD O-glucuronidation kinetics in different enzyme sources, as well as to explore the influence of AAD O-glucuronidation on its nephrotoxicity. MATERIALS AND METHODS The O-glucuronide of AAD was biosynthesized and its chemical structure was fully characterized by both 1H-NMR and 13C-NMR. Reaction phenotyping assays, chemical inhibition assays, and enzyme kinetics analyses were conducted to assess the crucial enzymes involved in AAD O-glucuronidation in humans. Docking simulations were performed to mimic the catalytic conformations of AAD in human UDP-glucuronosyltransferases (UGTs), while the predicted binding energies and distances between the deprotonated C-6 phenolic group of AAD and the glucuronyl moiety of UDPGA in each tested human UGT isoenzyme were measured. The mitochondrial membrane potentials (MMP) and reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels in HK-2 cells treated with either AAI, or AAD, or AAD O-glucuronide were tested, to elucidate the impact of O-glucuronidation on the nephrotoxicity of AAD. RESULTS AAD could be rapidly metabolized in human liver and intestinal microsomes (HLM and HIM, respectively) to form a mono-glucuronide, which was purified and fully characterized as AAD-6-O-β-D-glucuronide (AADG) by NMR. UGT1A1 was the predominant enzyme responsible for AAD-6-O-glucuronidation, while UGT1A9 contributed to a lesser extent. AAD-6-O-glucuronidation in HLM, HIM, UGT1A1 and UGT1A9 followed Michaelis-Menten kinetics, with the Km values of 4.27 μM, 9.05 μM, 3.87 μM, and 7.00 μM, respectively. Docking simulations suggested that AAD was accessible to the catalytic cavity of UGT1A1 or UGT1A9 and formed catalytic conformations. Further investigations showed that both AAI and AAD could trigger the elevated intracellular ROS levels and induce mitochondrial dysfunction and in HK-2 cells, but AADG was hardly to trigger ROS accumulation and mitochondrial dysfunction. CONCLUSION Collectively, UGT1A-catalyzed AAD 6-O-glucuronidation represents a crucial detoxification pathway of this naturally occurring AAI analogs in humans, which is very different from that of AAI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Zhu Tu
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of TCM Chemical Biology, Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Pei-Qi Liu
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of TCM Chemical Biology, Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Guang-Hao Zhu
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of TCM Chemical Biology, Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Hai-Rong Zeng
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of TCM Chemical Biology, Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Yan-Yan Deng
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of TCM Chemical Biology, Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Jian Huang
- Pharmacology and Toxicology Division, Shanghai Institute of Food and Drug Control, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Xiao-Ting Niu
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of TCM Chemical Biology, Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Yan-Fang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Jing Hu
- Department of Nephrology, The Seventh People's Hospital of Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 200137, China
| | - Xin-Miao Liang
- Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Moshe Finel
- Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, 00014, Finland
| | - Ping Wang
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of TCM Chemical Biology, Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Guang-Bo Ge
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of TCM Chemical Biology, Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China.
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Li J, Li R, Shang N, Men Y, Cai Y, Zeng Y, Liu W, Yang J, Sun Y. Enzymatic Synthesis of Novel Terpenoid Glycoside Derivatives Decorated with N-Acetylglucosamine Catalyzed by UGT74AC1. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2024; 72:14255-14263. [PMID: 38867497 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.4c02832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2024]
Abstract
The addition of the O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) is a significant modification for active molecules, such as proteins, carbohydrates, and natural products. However, the synthesis of terpenoid glycoside derivatives decorated with GlcNAc remains a challenging task due to the absence of glycosyltransferases, key enzymes for catalyzing the transfer of GlcNAc to terpenoids. In this study, we demonstrated that the enzyme mutant UGT74AC1T79Y/L48M/R28H/L109I/S15A/M76L/H47R efficiently transferred GlcNAc from uridine diphosphate (UDP)-GlcNAc to a variety of terpenoids. This powerful enzyme was employed to synthesize GlcNAc-decorated derivatives of terpenoids, including mogrol, steviol, andrographolide, protopanaxadiol, glycyrrhetinic acid, ursolic acid, and betulinic acid for the first time. To unravel the mechanism of UDP-GlcNAc recognition, we determined the X-ray crystal structure of the inactivated mutant UGT74AC1His18A/Asp111A in complex with UDP-GlcNAc at a resolution of 1.66 Å. Through molecular dynamic simulation and activity analysis, we revealed the molecular mechanism and catalytically important amino acids directly involved in the recognition of UDP-GlcNAc. Overall, this study not only provided a potent biocatalyst capable of glycodiversifying natural products but also elucidated the structural basis for UDP-GlcNAc recognition by glycosyltransferases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiao Li
- National Engineering Laboratory for Industrial Enzymes, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin 300308, China
- National Center of Technology Innovation for Synthetic Biology, Tianjin 300308, China
| | - Ruiyang Li
- National Engineering Laboratory for Industrial Enzymes, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin 300308, China
| | - Na Shang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Industrial Enzymes, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin 300308, China
| | - Yan Men
- National Engineering Laboratory for Industrial Enzymes, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin 300308, China
| | - Yi Cai
- National Engineering Laboratory for Industrial Enzymes, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin 300308, China
| | - Yan Zeng
- National Engineering Laboratory for Industrial Enzymes, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin 300308, China
| | - Weidong Liu
- National Engineering Laboratory for Industrial Enzymes, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin 300308, China
| | - Jiangang Yang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Industrial Enzymes, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin 300308, China
| | - Yuanxia Sun
- National Engineering Laboratory for Industrial Enzymes, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin 300308, China
- National Center of Technology Innovation for Synthetic Biology, Tianjin 300308, China
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Gharabli H, Welner DH. The sugar donor specificity of plant family 1 glycosyltransferases. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2024; 12:1396268. [PMID: 38756413 PMCID: PMC11096472 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2024.1396268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2024] [Accepted: 04/19/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Plant family 1 glycosyltransferases (UGTs) represent a formidable tool to produce valuable natural and novel glycosides. Their regio- and stereo-specific one-step glycosylation mechanism along with their inherent wide acceptor scope are desirable traits in biotechnology. However, their donor scope and specificity are not well understood. Since different sugars have different properties in vivo and in vitro, the ability to easily glycodiversify target acceptors is desired, and this depends on our improved understanding of the donor binding site. In the aim to unlock the full potential of UGTs, studies have attempted to elucidate the structure-function relationship governing their donor specificity. These efforts have revealed a complex phenomenon, and general principles valid for multiple enzymes are elusive. Here, we review the studies of UGT donor specificity, and attempt to group the information into key concepts which can help shape future research. We zoom in on the family-defining PSPG motif, on two loop residues reported to interact with the C6 position of the sugar, and on the role of active site arginines in donor specificity. We continue to discuss attempts to alter and expand the donor specificity by enzyme engineering, and finally discuss future research directions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ditte Hededam Welner
- The Novo Nordisk Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
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Liu X, Liu Y, Xu X, Huang W, Yan Y, Wang Y, Tian W, Mo T, Cui X, Li J, Shi SP, Tu P. Molecular characterization and structure basis of a malonyltransferase with both substrate promiscuity and catalytic regiospecificity from Cistanche tubulosa. Acta Pharm Sin B 2024; 14:2333-2348. [PMID: 38799633 PMCID: PMC11121200 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2024.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2023] [Revised: 01/24/2024] [Accepted: 02/04/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Enzymatic malonylation of natural glycosides provides a promising alternative method for drug-like malonylated glycosides supply. However, the catalytic potential and structural basis of plant malonyltransferase are far from being fully elucidated. This work identified a new malonyltransferase CtMaT1 from Cistanche tubulosa. It displayed unprecedented mono- and/or di-malonylation activity toward diverse glucosides with different aglycons. A "one-pot" system by CtMaT1 and a malonyl-CoA synthetase was established to biosynthesize nine new malonylated glucosides. Structural investigations revealed that CtMaT1 possesses an adequately spacious acyl-acceptor pocket capable of accommodating diverse glucosides. Additionally, it recognizes malonyl-CoA through strong electrotactic and hydrogen interactions. QM/MM calculation revealed the H167-mediated SN2 reaction mechanism of CtMaT1, while dynamic simulations detected the formation of stable hydrogen bonds between the glucose-6-OH group and H167, resulting in its high malonylation regiospecificity. Calculated energy profiles of two isomeric glycosides highlighted lower reaction energy barriers towards glucoside substrates, emphasizing CtMaT1's preference for glucosides. Furthermore, a mutant CtMaT1H36A with notably increased di-malonylation activity was obtained. The underlying molecular mechanism was illuminated through MM/GBSA binding free energy calculation. This study significantly advances the understanding of plant acyltransferases from both functional and protein structural perspectives, while also providing a versatile tool for enzymatic malonylation applications in pharmacology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Liu
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing Research Institute of Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Yuyu Liu
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing Research Institute of Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Xiping Xu
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing Research Institute of Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Wenqian Huang
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing Research Institute of Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Yaru Yan
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing Research Institute of Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Yingxia Wang
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing Research Institute of Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Weisheng Tian
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing Research Institute of Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Ting Mo
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing Research Institute of Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Xiaoxue Cui
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing Research Institute of Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Jun Li
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing Research Institute of Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
| | - She-Po Shi
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing Research Institute of Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Pengfei Tu
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing Research Institute of Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
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Chen B, Wang X, Yu H, Dong N, Li J, Chang X, Wang J, Jiang C, Liu J, Chi X, Zha L, Gui S. Genome-wide analysis of UDP-glycosyltransferases family and identification of UGT genes involved in drought stress of Platycodon grandiflorus. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2024; 15:1363251. [PMID: 38742211 PMCID: PMC11089202 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2024.1363251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2023] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
Introduction The uridine diphosphate (UDP)-glycosyltransferase (UGT) family is the largest glycosyltransferase family, which is involved in the biosynthesis of natural plant products and response to abiotic stress. UGT has been studied in many medicinal plants, but there are few reports on Platycodon grandiflorus. This study is devoted to genome-wide analysis of UGT family and identification of UGT genes involved in drought stress of Platycodon grandiflorus (PgUGTs). Methods The genome data of Platycodon grandiflorus was used for genome-wide identification of PgUGTs, online website and bioinformatics analysis software was used to conduct bioinformatics analysis of PgUGT genes and the genes highly responsive to drought stress were screened out by qRT-PCR, these genes were cloned and conducted bioinformatics analysis. Results A total of 75 PgUGT genes were identified in P.grandiflorus genome and clustered into 14 subgroups. The PgUGTs were distributed on nine chromosomes, containing multiple cis-acting elements and 22 pairs of duplicate genes were identified. Protein-protein interaction analysis was performed to predict the interaction between PgUGT proteins. Additionally, six genes were upregulated after 3d under drought stress and three genes (PGrchr09G0563, PGrchr06G0523, PGrchr06G1266) responded significantly to drought stress, as confirmed by qRT-PCR. This was especially true for PGrchr06G1266, the expression of which increased 16.21-fold after 3d of treatment. We cloned and conducted bioinformatics analysis of three candidate genes, both of which contained conserved motifs and several cis-acting elements related to stress response, PGrchr06G1266 contained the most elements. Discussion PgGT1 was confirmed to catalyze the C-3 position of platycodin D and only eight amino acids showed differences between gene PGr008G1527 and PgGT1, which means PGr008G1527 may be able to catalyze the C-3 position of platycodin D in the same manner as PgGT1. Seven genes were highly expressed in the roots, stems, and leaves, these genes may play important roles in the development of the roots, stems, and leaves of P. grandiflorus. Three genes were highly responsive to drought stress, among which the expression of PGrchr06G1266 was increased 16.21-fold after 3d of drought stress treatment, indicating that PGrchr06G1266 plays an important role in drought stress tolerance. To summarize, this study laied the foundation to better understand the molecular bases of responses to drought stress and the biosynthesis of platycodin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bowen Chen
- College of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
- Center for Xin’an Medicine and Modernization of Traditional Chinese Medicine of IHM, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
| | - Xinrui Wang
- College of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
- Center for Xin’an Medicine and Modernization of Traditional Chinese Medicine of IHM, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
| | - Hanwen Yu
- College of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
- Center for Xin’an Medicine and Modernization of Traditional Chinese Medicine of IHM, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
| | - Nan Dong
- College of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
- Center for Xin’an Medicine and Modernization of Traditional Chinese Medicine of IHM, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
| | - Jing Li
- College of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
| | - Xiangwei Chang
- College of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
| | - Jutao Wang
- College of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
| | - Chao Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Dao-Di Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Research Unit (No. 2019RU057), National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Juan Liu
- Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Research Unit (No. 2019RU057), National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiulian Chi
- Center for Xin’an Medicine and Modernization of Traditional Chinese Medicine of IHM, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
| | - Liangping Zha
- College of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
- Center for Xin’an Medicine and Modernization of Traditional Chinese Medicine of IHM, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
- Institute of Conservation and Development of Traditional Chinese Medicine Resources, Anhui Academy of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Research and Development of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
| | - Shuangying Gui
- College of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
- Center for Xin’an Medicine and Modernization of Traditional Chinese Medicine of IHM, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
- Institute of Pharmaceutics, Anhui Academy of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology and Application Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
- MOE-Anhui Joint Collaborative Innovation Center for Quality Improvement of Anhui Genuine Chinese Medicinal Materials, Hefei, China
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Sun X, Ke Z, Zheng D, She M, Wu Z, Li QX, Zhang Z. Cloning, Expression, and Functional Characterization of Two Highly Efficient Flavonoid-di- O-glycosyltransferases ZmUGT84A1 and ZmUGT84A2 from Maize ( Zea mays L.). JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2024; 72:7354-7363. [PMID: 38511857 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c06327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/22/2024]
Abstract
The maize (Zea mays L.) glycosyltransferase family 1 comprises many uridine diphosphate glycosyltransferase (UGT) members. However, UGT activities and biochemical functions have seldom been revealed. In this study, the genes of two flavonoid di-O-glycosyltransferases ZmUGT84A1 and ZmUGT84A2 were cloned from maize plant and expressed in Escherichia coli. Phylogenetic analysis showed that the two enzymes were homologous to AtUGT84A1 and AtUGT84A3. The two recombinant enzymes showed a high conversion rate of luteolin to its glucosides, mainly 4',7-di-O-glucoside and minorly 3',7-di-O-glucoside in two-step glycosylation reactions in vitro. Moreover, the recombinant ZmUGT84A1 and ZmUGT84A2 had a broad substrate spectrum, converting eriodictyol, naringenin, apigenin, quercetin, and kaempferol to monoglucosides and diglucosides. The highly efficient ZmUGT84A1 and ZmUGT84A2 may be used as a tool for the effective synthesis of various flavonoid O-glycosides and as markers for crop breeding to increase O-glycosyl flavonoid content in food.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaorong Sun
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genetic Resources and Biotechnology, Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100097, China
| | - Zhao Ke
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genetic Resources and Biotechnology, Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100097, China
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing 100096, China
| | - Dengyu Zheng
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genetic Resources and Biotechnology, Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100097, China
| | - Meng She
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genetic Resources and Biotechnology, Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100097, China
- College of Agriculture, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, Hubei 434022, China
| | - Zhongyi Wu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genetic Resources and Biotechnology, Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100097, China
| | - Qing X Li
- Department of Molecular Biosciences and Bioengineering, University of Hawaii at Manoa, 1955 East-West Road, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, United States
| | - Zhongbao Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genetic Resources and Biotechnology, Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100097, China
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8
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Ji Q, Liu Y, Chen C, Zhang H, Wang J, Mei K. Expression, purification, characterization and crystallization of Panax quinquefolius ginsenoside glycosyltransferase Pq3-O-UGT2. Protein Expr Purif 2024; 216:106430. [PMID: 38184160 DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2024.106430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2023] [Revised: 01/01/2024] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 01/08/2024]
Abstract
Pq3-O-UGT2, derived from Panax quinquefolius, functions as a ginsenoside glucosyltransferase, utilizing UDP-glucose (UDPG) as the sugar donor to catalyze the glycosylation of Rh2 and F2. An essential step in comprehending its catalytic mechanism involves structural analysis. In preparation for structural analysis, we expressed Pq3-O-UGT2 in the Escherichia coli (E. coli) strain Rosetta (DE3). The recombinant Pq3-O-UGT2 was purified through Ni-NTA affinity purification, a two-step ion exchange chromatography, and subsequently size-exclusion chromatography (SEC). Notably, the purified Pq3-O-UGT2 showed substantial activity toward Rh2 and F2, catalyzing the formation of Rg3 and Rd, respectively. This activity was discernible within a pH range of 4.0-9.0 and temperature range of 30-55 °C, with optimal conditions observed at pH 7.0-8.0 and 37 °C. The catalytic efficiency of Pq3-O-UGT2 toward Rh2 and F2 was 31.43 s-1 mΜ-1 and 169.31 s-1 mΜ-1, respectively. We further crystalized Pq3-O-UGT2 in both its apo form and co-crystalized forms with UDPG, Rh2 and F2, respectively. High-quality crystals were obtained and X-ray diffraction data was collected for all co-crystalized samples. Analysis of the diffraction data revealed that the crystal of Pq3-O-UGT2 co-crystalized with UDP-Glc belonged to space group P1, while the other two crystals belonged to space group P212121. Together, this study has laid a robust foundation for subsequent structural analysis of Pq3-O-UGT2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiushuang Ji
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China.
| | - Yirong Liu
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China.
| | - Cheng Chen
- School of Life Sciences, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China.
| | - Huanyu Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China.
| | - Juan Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China.
| | - Kunrong Mei
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China.
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Yuan X, Li R, He W, Xu W, Xu W, Yan G, Xu S, Chen L, Feng Y, Li H. Progress in Identification of UDP-Glycosyltransferases for Ginsenoside Biosynthesis. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2024. [PMID: 38449105 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.3c00630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/08/2024]
Abstract
Ginsenosides, the primary pharmacologically active constituents of the Panax genus, have demonstrated a variety of medicinal properties, including anticardiovascular disease, cytotoxic, antiaging, and antidiabetes effects. However, the low concentration of ginsenosides in plants and the challenges associated with their extraction impede the advancement and application of ginsenosides. Heterologous biosynthesis represents a promising strategy for the targeted production of these natural active compounds. As representative triterpenoids, the biosynthetic pathway of the aglycone skeletons of ginsenosides has been successfully decoded. While the sugar moiety is vital for the structural diversity and pharmacological activity of ginsenosides, the mining of uridine diphosphate-dependent glycosyltransferases (UGTs) involved in ginsenoside biosynthesis has attracted a lot of attention and made great progress in recent years. In this paper, we summarize the identification and functional study of UGTs responsible for ginsenoside synthesis in both plants, such as Panax ginseng and Gynostemma pentaphyllum, and microorganisms including Bacillus subtilis and Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The UGT-related microbial cell factories for large-scale ginsenoside production are also mentioned. Additionally, we delve into strategies for UGT mining, particularly potential rapid screening or identification methods, providing insights and prospects. This review provides insights into the study of other unknown glycosyltransferases as candidate genetic elements for the heterologous biosynthesis of rare ginsenosides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxuan Yuan
- Institute of Structural Pharmacology & TCM Chemical Biology, College of Pharmacy, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, Fujian 350122, China
| | - Ruiqiong Li
- College of Integrative Medicine, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, Fujian 350122, China
| | - Weishen He
- Department of Biology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
| | - Wei Xu
- Institute of Structural Pharmacology & TCM Chemical Biology, College of Pharmacy, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, Fujian 350122, China
| | - Wen Xu
- Innovation and Transformation Center, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, Fujian 350122, China
| | - Guohong Yan
- Pharmacy Department, People's Hospital Affiliated to Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, Fujian 350004, China
| | - Shaohua Xu
- Institute of Structural Pharmacology & TCM Chemical Biology, College of Pharmacy, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, Fujian 350122, China
- State Key Laboratory of Dao-di Herbs, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Lixia Chen
- Institute of Structural Pharmacology & TCM Chemical Biology, College of Pharmacy, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, Fujian 350122, China
- Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110016, China
| | - Yaqian Feng
- Innovation and Transformation Center, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, Fujian 350122, China
| | - Hua Li
- Institute of Structural Pharmacology & TCM Chemical Biology, College of Pharmacy, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, Fujian 350122, China
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Chu J, Zhao L, Xu X, Li Y, Wu B, Qin S, He B. Evolving the 3-O/6-O regiospecificity of a microbial glycosyltransferase for efficient production of ginsenoside Rh1 and unnatural ginsenoside. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 261:129678. [PMID: 38280704 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.129678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2023] [Revised: 01/16/2024] [Accepted: 01/21/2024] [Indexed: 01/29/2024]
Abstract
Glycosyltransferase is a popular and promising enzyme to produce high-value-added natural products. Rare ginsenoside Rh1 and unnatural ginsenoside 3β-O-Glc-PPT are promising candidates for drugs. Herein, the microbial glycosyltransferase UGTBL1 was able to catalyze the 20(S)-protopanaxatriol (PPT) 3-O/6-O-glycosylation with poor 6-O-regiospecificity. A structure-guided strategy of mutations involving loop engineering, PSPG motif evolution, and access tunnel engineering was proposed to engineer the enzyme UGTBL1. The variant I62R/M320H/P321Y/N170A from protein engineering achieved a great improvement in 6-O regioselectivity which increased from 10.98 % (WT) to 96.26 % and a booming conversion of 95.57 % for ginsenoside Rh1. A single mutant M320W showed an improved 3-O regioselectivity of 84.83 % and an increased conversion of 98.13 % for the 3β-O-glc-PPT product. Molecular docking and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations were performed to elucidate the possible molecular basis of the regiospecificity and catalytic activity. The unprecedented high titer of ginsenoside Rh1 (20.48 g/L) and 3β-O-Glc-PPT (18.04 g/L) was attained with high regioselectivity and yields using fed-batch cascade reactions from UDPG recycle, which was the highest yield reported to date. This work could provide an efficient and cost-effective approach to the valuable ginsenosides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianlin Chu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nanjing Tech University, 30 Puzhunan Road, Jiangbei New Area, Nanjing 211800, China
| | - Lu Zhao
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, 30 Puzhunan Road, Jiangbei New Area, Nanjing 211800, China
| | - Xiaoli Xu
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, 30 Puzhunan Road, Jiangbei New Area, Nanjing 211800, China
| | - Yuting Li
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, 30 Puzhunan Road, Jiangbei New Area, Nanjing 211800, China
| | - Bin Wu
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, 30 Puzhunan Road, Jiangbei New Area, Nanjing 211800, China
| | - Song Qin
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nanjing Tech University, 30 Puzhunan Road, Jiangbei New Area, Nanjing 211800, China.
| | - Bingfang He
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nanjing Tech University, 30 Puzhunan Road, Jiangbei New Area, Nanjing 211800, China; College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, 30 Puzhunan Road, Jiangbei New Area, Nanjing 211800, China.
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11
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Yang L, Yang M, Deng Z, Hou X, Zheng X, Ping Q, Rao Y, Shi J, Zhang Y. Selective synthesis of rebaudioside M2 through structure-guided engineering of glycosyltransferase UGT94D1. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2024; 12:1334427. [PMID: 38375456 PMCID: PMC10875103 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2024.1334427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 02/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Rebaudioside M2 (Reb M2), a novel steviol glycoside derivative, has limited industrial applications due to its low synthetic yield and selectivity. Herein, we identify UGT94D1 as a selective glycosyltransferase for rebaudioside D (Reb D), leading to the production of a mono β-1,6-glycosylated derivative, Reb M2. A variant UGT94D1-F119I/D188P was developed through protein engineering. This mutant exhibited a 6.33-fold improvement in catalytic efficiency, and produced Reb M2 with 92% yield. Moreover, molecular dynamics simulations demonstrated that UGT94D1-F119I/D188P exhibited a shorter distance between the nucleophilic oxygen (OH6) of the substrate Reb D and uridine diphosphate glucose, along with an increased Ophosphate-C1-Oacceptor angle, thus improving the catalytic activity of the enzyme. Therefore, this study provides an efficient method for the selective synthesis of Reb M2 and paves the way for its applications in various fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lifeng Yang
- School of Life Sciences and Health Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
- School of Chemical and Material Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Mengliang Yang
- School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Zhiwei Deng
- School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Xiaodong Hou
- School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Xiangting Zheng
- School of Life Sciences and Health Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Qian Ping
- School of Life Sciences and Health Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Yijian Rao
- School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Jinsong Shi
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences and Health Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- School of Life Sciences and Health Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
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12
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Liu P, Li Q, Zhu G, Zhang T, Tu D, Zhang F, Finel M, He Y, Ge G. Characterization of the glucuronidating pathway of pectolinarigenin, the major active constituent of the Chinese medicine Daji, in humans and its influence on biological activities. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2024; 319:117280. [PMID: 37797876 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2023.117280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2023] [Revised: 09/13/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 10/07/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE The Chinese medicine Daji (the aerial part of Cirsium japonicum DC.) and its charred product (Cirsii Japonici Herba Carbonisata) have been widely used as hemostatic agents or diuretic agents to prepare a variety of Chinese herbal formula. Pectolinarigenin (PEC), one of the most abundant constituents in both Daji and its charred product, has been considered as the key effective substance responsible for the major pharmacological activities of Daji, including hemostasis, hepatoprotective, anti-tumor and anti-osteoporosis effects. However, the major metabolic pathways of PEC in humans and the influence of PEC metabolism on its biological activities are poorly understood. AIM OF THE STUDY To characterize the main metabolic pathway(s) and key enzymes of PEC in human biological systems, as well as to reveal the influence of PEC metabolism on its biological activities. MATERIALS AND METHODS The metabolic stability assays of PEC were investigated in human liver microsomes (HLM). The O-glucuronide of PEC was biosynthesized and characterized by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. The key enzymes responsible for O-glucuronidation of PEC in humans were assigned by performing UGT reaction phenotyping, chemical inhibition and enzymatic kinetic assays. The agonist effects of PEC and its O-glucuronide on nuclear factor erythroid2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), Peroxisome proliferator activated receptors (PPARα and PPARβ) were tested at the cellular level. RESULTS PEC could be readily metabolized to form a mono-O-glucuronide in both human liver microsome (HLM) and human intestinal microsome (HIM). The mono-O-glucuronide was bio-synthesized by mouse liver S9 and its structure was fully characterized as PEC-7-O-β-D-glucuronide (PEC-O-7-G). UGT1A1, UGT1A3 and UGT1A9 are key enzymes responsible for PEC-7-O-glucuronidation in HLM, while UGT1A1, UGT1A9 and 1A10 may play key roles in this reaction in HIM. Biological tests revealed that PEC displayed strong agonist effects on Nrf2, PPARα and PPARβ, whereas PEC-7-O-glucuronide showed relatively weak Nrf2 agonist effect and very weak PPAR agonist effects, indicating that PEC-7-O-glucuronidation strongly weaken its agonist effects on Nrf2 and PPAR. CONCLUSIONS Our results demonstrate that 7-O-glucuronidation is the major metabolic pathway of PEC in human tissues, while UGT1A1, 1A3 and 1A9 are key contributing enzymes responsible for PEC-7-O-glucuronidation in human liver. It is also found that PEC 7-O-glucuronidation significantly weakens the Nrf2 and PPAR agonist effects. All these findings are very helpful for the pharmacologists to deep understand the metabolic rates of PEC in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peiqi Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou, China; Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of TCM Chemical Biology, Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Qian Li
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of TCM Chemical Biology, Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Guanghao Zhu
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of TCM Chemical Biology, Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Tiantian Zhang
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of TCM Chemical Biology, Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Dongzhu Tu
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of TCM Chemical Biology, Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Feng Zhang
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of TCM Chemical Biology, Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Moshe Finel
- Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, 00014, Finland
| | - Yuqi He
- School of Pharmacy, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou, China.
| | - Guangbo Ge
- School of Pharmacy, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou, China; Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of TCM Chemical Biology, Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China.
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13
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Dinday S, Ghosh S. Recent advances in triterpenoid pathway elucidation and engineering. Biotechnol Adv 2023; 68:108214. [PMID: 37478981 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2023.108214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2023] [Revised: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 07/23/2023]
Abstract
Triterpenoids are among the most assorted class of specialized metabolites found in all the taxa of living organisms. Triterpenoids are the leading active ingredients sourced from plant species and are utilized in pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries. The triterpenoid precursor 2,3-oxidosqualene, which is biosynthesized via the mevalonate (MVA) pathway is structurally diversified by the oxidosqualene cyclases (OSCs) and other scaffold-decorating enzymes such as cytochrome P450 monooxygenases (P450s), UDP-glycosyltransferases (UGTs) and acyltransferases (ATs). A majority of the bioactive triterpenoids are harvested from the native hosts using the traditional methods of extraction and occasionally semi-synthesized. These methods of supply are time-consuming and do not often align with sustainability goals. Recent advancements in metabolic engineering and synthetic biology have shown prospects for the green routes of triterpenoid pathway reconstruction in heterologous hosts such as Escherichia coli, Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Nicotiana benthamiana, which appear to be quite promising and might lead to the development of alternative source of triterpenoids. The present review describes the biotechnological strategies used to elucidate complex biosynthetic pathways and to understand their regulation and also discusses how the advances in triterpenoid pathway engineering might aid in the scale-up of triterpenoid production in engineered hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandeep Dinday
- CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Lucknow 226015, Uttar Pradesh, India; School of Agricultural Biotechnology, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana 141004, Punjab, India
| | - Sumit Ghosh
- CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Lucknow 226015, Uttar Pradesh, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, Ghaziabad 201002, Uttar Pradesh, India.
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14
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Wang M, Ji Q, Lai B, Liu Y, Mei K. Structure-function and engineering of plant UDP-glycosyltransferase. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2023; 21:5358-5371. [PMID: 37965058 PMCID: PMC10641439 DOI: 10.1016/j.csbj.2023.10.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 10/23/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 11/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Natural products synthesized by plants have substantial industrial and medicinal values and are therefore attracting increasing interest in various related industries. Among the key enzyme families involved in the biosynthesis of natural products, uridine diphosphate-dependent glycosyltransferases (UGTs) play a crucial role in plants. In recent years, significant efforts have been made to elucidate the catalytic mechanisms and substrate recognition of plant UGTs and to improve them for desired functions. In this review, we presented a comprehensive overview of all currently published structures of plant UGTs, along with in-depth analyses of the corresponding catalytic and substrate recognition mechanisms. In addition, we summarized and evaluated the protein engineering strategies applied to improve the catalytic activities of plant UGTs, with a particular focus on high-throughput screening methods. The primary objective of this review is to provide readers with a comprehensive understanding of plant UGTs and to serve as a valuable reference for the latest techniques used to improve their activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengya Wang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory for Modern Drug Delivery and High Efficiency, School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
- Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Qiushuang Ji
- Tianjin Key Laboratory for Modern Drug Delivery and High Efficiency, School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
- Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Bin Lai
- BMBF junior research group Biophotovoltaics, Department of Environmental Microbiology, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Leipzig 04318, Germany
| | - Yirong Liu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory for Modern Drug Delivery and High Efficiency, School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
- Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Kunrong Mei
- Tianjin Key Laboratory for Modern Drug Delivery and High Efficiency, School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
- Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
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15
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Zhao L, Xu Y, Chen M, Wu L, Li M, Lu Y, Lu M, Chen Y, Wu X. Design of a chimeric glycosyltransferase OleD for the site-specific O-monoglycosylation of 3-hydroxypyridine in nosiheptide. Microb Biotechnol 2023; 16:1971-1984. [PMID: 37606280 PMCID: PMC10527214 DOI: 10.1111/1751-7915.14332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Revised: 08/03/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/23/2023] Open
Abstract
To identify the potential role of the 3-hydroxyl group of the pyridine ring in nosiheptide (NOS) for its antibacterial activity against Gram-positive pathogens, enzymatic glycosylation was utilized to regio-selectively create a monoglycosyl NOS derivative, NOS-G. For this purpose, we selected OleD, a UDP glycosyltransferase from Streptomyces antibioticus that has a low productivity for NOS-G. Activity of the enzyme was increased by swapping domains derived from OleI, both single and in combination. Activity enhancement was best in mutant OleD-10 that contained four OleI domains. This chimer was engineered by site-directed mutagenesis (single and in combination) to increase its activity further, whereby variants were screened using a newly-established colorimetric assay. OleD-10 with I117F and T118G substitutions (FG) had an increased NOS-G productivity of 56%, approximately 70 times higher than that of wild-type OleD. The reason for improved activity of FG towards NOS was structurally attributed to a closer distance (<3 Å) between NOS/sugar donor and the catalytic amino acid H25. The engineered enzyme allowed sufficient activity to demonstrate that the produced NOS-G had enhanced stability and aqueous solubility compared to NOS. Using a murine MRSA infection model, it was established that NOS-G resulted in partial protection within 20 h of administration and delayed the death of infected mice. We conclude that 3-hydroxypyridine is a promising site for structural modification of NOS, which may pave the way for producing nosiheptide derivatives as a potential antibiotic for application in clinical treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Zhao
- Laboratory of Chemical BiologyCollege of Life Sciences and Technology, China Pharmaceutical UniversityNanjingJiangsu ProvincePR China
| | - Yuncong Xu
- Department of BiochemistryCollege of Life Sciences and Technology, China Pharmaceutical UniversityNanjingJiangsu ProvincePR China
| | - Manting Chen
- Department of BiochemistryCollege of Life Sciences and Technology, China Pharmaceutical UniversityNanjingJiangsu ProvincePR China
| | - Lingrui Wu
- Department of BiochemistryCollege of Life Sciences and Technology, China Pharmaceutical UniversityNanjingJiangsu ProvincePR China
| | - Meng Li
- Laboratory of Chemical BiologyCollege of Life Sciences and Technology, China Pharmaceutical UniversityNanjingJiangsu ProvincePR China
| | - Yuanyuan Lu
- Department of Marine PharmacyCollege of Life Sciences and Technology, China Pharmaceutical UniversityNanjingJiangsu ProvincePR China
| | - Meiling Lu
- Department of BiochemistryCollege of Life Sciences and Technology, China Pharmaceutical UniversityNanjingJiangsu ProvincePR China
| | - Yijun Chen
- Laboratory of Chemical BiologyCollege of Life Sciences and Technology, China Pharmaceutical UniversityNanjingJiangsu ProvincePR China
| | - Xuri Wu
- Department of BiochemistryCollege of Life Sciences and Technology, China Pharmaceutical UniversityNanjingJiangsu ProvincePR China
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Zhang H, Guo L, Su Y, Wang R, Yang W, Mu W, Xuan L, Huang L, Wang J, Gao W. Hosts engineering and in vitro enzymatic synthesis for the discovery of novel natural products and their derivatives. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2023:1-19. [PMID: 37574211 DOI: 10.1080/07388551.2023.2236787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2022] [Revised: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 06/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023]
Abstract
Novel natural products (NPs) and their derivatives are important sources for drug discovery, which have been broadly applied in the fields of agriculture, livestock, and medicine, making the synthesis of NPs and their derivatives necessarily important. In recent years, biosynthesis technology has received increasing attention due to its high efficiency in the synthesis of high value-added novel products and its advantages of green, environmental protection, and controllability. In this review, the technological advances of biosynthesis strategies in the discovery of novel NPs and their derivatives are outlined, with an emphasis on two areas of host engineering and in vitro enzymatic synthesis. In terms of hosts engineering, multiple microorganisms, including Streptomyces, Aspergillus, and Penicillium, have been used as the biosynthetic gene clusters (BGCs) provider and host strain for the expression of BGCs to discover new compounds over the past years. In addition, the use of in vitro enzymatic synthesis strategy to generate novel compounds such as triterpenoid saponins and flavonoids is also hereby described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huanyu Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, P.R. China
- Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Tianjin University, Tianjin, P.R. China
| | - Lanping Guo
- National Resource Center for Chinese Meteria Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Yaowu Su
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, P.R. China
- Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Tianjin University, Tianjin, P.R. China
| | - Rubing Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, P.R. China
- Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Tianjin University, Tianjin, P.R. China
| | - Wenqi Yang
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, P.R. China
- Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Tianjin University, Tianjin, P.R. China
| | - Wenrong Mu
- College of Pharmacy, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, P.R. China
| | - Liangshuang Xuan
- College of Pharmacy, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, P.R. China
| | - Luqi Huang
- National Resource Center for Chinese Meteria Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Juan Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, P.R. China
- Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Tianjin University, Tianjin, P.R. China
| | - Wenyuan Gao
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, P.R. China
- Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Tianjin University, Tianjin, P.R. China
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17
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Huang Z, Ni D, Chen Z, Zhu Y, Zhang W, Mu W. Application of molecular dynamics simulation in the field of food enzymes: improving the thermal-stability and catalytic ability. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2023:1-13. [PMID: 37485919 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2023.2238054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/25/2023]
Abstract
Enzymes can produce high-quality food with low pollution, high function, high acceptability, and medical aid. However, most enzymes, in their native form, do not meet the industrial requirements. Sequence-based and structure-based methods are the two main strategies used for enzyme modification. Molecular Dynamics (MD) simulation is a sufficiently comprehensive technology, from a molecular perspective, which has been widely used for structure information analysis and enzyme modification. In this review, we summarize the progress and development of MD simulation, particularly for software, force fields, and a standard procedure. Subsequently, we review the application of MD simulation in various food enzymes for thermostability and catalytic improvement was reviewed in depth. Finally, the limitations and prospects of MD simulation in food enzyme modification research are discussed. This review highlights the significance of MD simulation and its prospects in food enzyme modification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaolin Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - Dawei Ni
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ziwei Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yingying Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - Wenli Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - Wanmeng Mu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
- International Joint Laboratory on Food Safety, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
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18
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Jeong E, Kim W, Son S, Yang S, Gwon D, Hong J, Cho Y, Jang CY, Steinegger M, Lim YW, Kang KB. Qualitative metabolomics-based characterization of a phenolic UDP-xylosyltransferase with a broad substrate spectrum from Lentinus brumalis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2301007120. [PMID: 37399371 PMCID: PMC10334773 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2301007120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Wood-decaying fungi are the major decomposers of plant litter. Heavy sequencing efforts on genomes of wood-decaying fungi have recently been made due to the interest in their lignocellulolytic enzymes; however, most parts of their proteomes remain uncharted. We hypothesized that wood-decaying fungi would possess promiscuous enzymes for detoxifying antifungal phytochemicals remaining in the dead plant bodies, which can be useful biocatalysts. We designed a computational mass spectrometry-based untargeted metabolomics pipeline for the phenotyping of biotransformation and applied it to 264 fungal cultures supplemented with antifungal plant phenolics. The analysis identified the occurrence of diverse reactivities by the tested fungal species. Among those, we focused on O-xylosylation of multiple phenolics by one of the species tested, Lentinus brumalis. By integrating the metabolic phenotyping results with publicly available genome sequences and transcriptome analysis, a UDP-glycosyltransferase designated UGT66A1 was identified and validated as an enzyme catalyzing O-xylosylation with broad substrate specificity. We anticipate that our analytical workflow will accelerate the further characterization of fungal enzymes as promising biocatalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eunah Jeong
- College of Pharmacy, Sookmyung Women’s University, Seoul04310, Korea
- Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Muscle Physiome Research Center, Sookmyung Women’s University, Seoul04310, Korea
| | - Wonyong Kim
- Korean Lichen Research Institute, Sunchon National University, Suncheon57922, Korea
| | - Seungju Son
- College of Pharmacy, Sookmyung Women’s University, Seoul04310, Korea
| | - Sungyeon Yang
- College of Pharmacy, Sookmyung Women’s University, Seoul04310, Korea
| | - Dasom Gwon
- College of Pharmacy, Sookmyung Women’s University, Seoul04310, Korea
- Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Muscle Physiome Research Center, Sookmyung Women’s University, Seoul04310, Korea
| | - Jihee Hong
- College of Pharmacy, Sookmyung Women’s University, Seoul04310, Korea
- Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Muscle Physiome Research Center, Sookmyung Women’s University, Seoul04310, Korea
| | - Yoonhee Cho
- School of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul08826, Korea
| | - Chang-Young Jang
- College of Pharmacy, Sookmyung Women’s University, Seoul04310, Korea
- Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Muscle Physiome Research Center, Sookmyung Women’s University, Seoul04310, Korea
| | - Martin Steinegger
- School of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul08826, Korea
- Artificial Intelligence Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul08826, Korea
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Seoul National University, Seoul08826, Korea
| | - Young Woon Lim
- School of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul08826, Korea
- Institute of Microbiology, Seoul National University, Seoul08826, Korea
| | - Kyo Bin Kang
- College of Pharmacy, Sookmyung Women’s University, Seoul04310, Korea
- Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Muscle Physiome Research Center, Sookmyung Women’s University, Seoul04310, Korea
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19
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Ren J, Barton CD, Zhan J. Engineered production of bioactive polyphenolic O-glycosides. Biotechnol Adv 2023; 65:108146. [PMID: 37028465 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2023.108146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2022] [Revised: 03/04/2023] [Accepted: 04/02/2023] [Indexed: 04/09/2023]
Abstract
Polyphenolic compounds (such as quercetin and resveratrol) possess potential medicinal values due to their various bioactivities, but poor water solubility hinders their health benefits to humankind. Glycosylation is a well-known post-modification method to biosynthesize natural product glycosides with improved hydrophilicity. Glycosylation has profound effects on decreasing toxicity, increasing bioavailability and stability, together with changing bioactivity of polyphenolic compounds. Therefore, polyphenolic glycosides can be used as food additives, therapeutics, and nutraceuticals. Engineered biosynthesis provides an environmentally friendly and cost-effective approach to generate polyphenolic glycosides through the use of various glycosyltransferases (GTs) and sugar biosynthetic enzymes. GTs transfer the sugar moieties from nucleotide-activated diphosphate sugar (NDP-sugar) donors to sugar acceptors such as polyphenolic compounds. In this review, we systematically review and summarize the representative polyphenolic O-glycosides with various bioactivities and their engineered biosynthesis in microbes with different biotechnological strategies. We also review the major routes towards NDP-sugar formation in microbes, which is significant for producing unusual or novel glycosides. Finally, we discuss the trends in NDP-sugar based glycosylation research to promote the development of prodrugs that positively impact human health and wellness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Ren
- Department of Biological Engineering, Utah State University, 4105 Old Main Hill, Logan, UT 84322-4105, USA
| | - Caleb Don Barton
- Department of Biological Engineering, Utah State University, 4105 Old Main Hill, Logan, UT 84322-4105, USA
| | - Jixun Zhan
- Department of Biological Engineering, Utah State University, 4105 Old Main Hill, Logan, UT 84322-4105, USA.
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20
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Han R, Fang H, Fan Z, Ji Y, Schwaneberg U, Ni Y. Coupled reaction of glycosyltransferase and sucrose synthase for high-yielding and cost-effective synthesis of rosin. MOLECULAR CATALYSIS 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mcat.2023.113035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/09/2023]
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21
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Chen K, Zhang M, Gao B, Hasan A, Li J, Bao Y, Fan J, Yu R, Yi Y, Ågren H, Wang Z, Liu H, Ye M, Qiao X. Characterization and protein engineering of glycosyltransferases for the biosynthesis of diverse hepatoprotective cycloartane-type saponins in Astragalus membranaceus. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2023; 21:698-710. [PMID: 36529909 PMCID: PMC10037152 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.13983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2022] [Revised: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 12/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Although plant secondary metabolites are important source of new drugs, obtaining these compounds is challenging due to their high structural diversity and low abundance. The roots of Astragalus membranaceus are a popular herbal medicine worldwide. It contains a series of cycloartane-type saponins (astragalosides) as hepatoprotective and antivirus components. However, astragalosides exhibit complex sugar substitution patterns which hindered their purification and bioactivity investigation. In this work, glycosyltransferases (GT) from A. membranaceus were studied to synthesize structurally diverse astragalosides. Three new GTs, AmGT1/5 and AmGT9, were characterized as 3-O-glycosyltransferase and 25-O-glycosyltransferase of cycloastragenol respectively. AmGT1G146V/I variants were obtained as specific 3-O-xylosyltransferases by sequence alignment, molecular modelling and site-directed mutagenesis. A combinatorial synthesis system was established using AmGT1/5/9, AmGT1G146V/S and the reported AmGT8 and AmGT8A394F . The system allowed the synthesis of 13 astragalosides in Astragalus root with conversion rates from 22.6% to 98.7%, covering most of the sugar-substitution patterns for astragalosides. In addition, AmGT1 exhibited remarkable sugar donor promiscuity to use 10 different donors, and was used to synthesize three novel astragalosides and ginsenosides. Glycosylation remarkably improved the hepatoprotective and SARS-CoV-2 inhibition activities for triterpenoids. This is one of the first attempts to produce a series of herbal constituents via combinatorial synthesis. The results provided new biocatalytic tools for saponin biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical SciencesPeking UniversityBeijingChina
- Beijing Institute of Clinical Pharmacy, Beijing Friendship HospitalCapital Medical UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Meng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical SciencesPeking UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Baihan Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical SciencesPeking UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Aobulikasimu Hasan
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical SciencesPeking UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Junhao Li
- Department of Physics and AstronomyUppsala UniversityUppsalaSweden
| | - Yang'oujie Bao
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical SciencesPeking UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Jingjing Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical SciencesPeking UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Rong Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical SciencesPeking UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Yang Yi
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical SciencesPeking UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Hans Ågren
- Department of Physics and AstronomyUppsala UniversityUppsalaSweden
| | - Zilong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical SciencesPeking UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Haiyang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China and Yunnan Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry, Kunming Institute of BotanyChinese Academy of SciencesKunmingChina
| | - Min Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical SciencesPeking UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Xue Qiao
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical SciencesPeking UniversityBeijingChina
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22
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UDP-Glycosyltransferases in Edible Fungi: Function, Structure, and Catalytic Mechanism. FERMENTATION-BASEL 2023. [DOI: 10.3390/fermentation9020164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/12/2023]
Abstract
UDP-glycosyltransferases (UGTs) are the most studied glycosyltransferases, and belong to large GT1 family performing the key roles in antibiotic synthesis, the development of bacterial glycosyltransferase inhibitors, and in animal inflammation. They transfer the glycosyl groups from nucleotide UDP-sugars (UDP-glucose, UDP-galactose, UDP-xylose, and UDP-rhamnose) to the acceptors including saccharides, proteins, lipids, and secondary metabolites. The present review summarized the recent of UDP-glycosyltransferases, including their structures, functions, and catalytic mechanism, especially in edible fungi. The future perspectives and new challenges were also summarized to understand of their structure–function relationships in the future. The outputs in this field could provide a reference to recognize function, structure, and catalytic mechanism of UDP-glycosyltransferases for understanding the biosynthesis pathways of secondary metabolites, such as hydrocarbons, monoterpenes, sesquiterpene, and polysaccharides in edible fungi.
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Liu W, Tang S, Peng J, Zhu Y, Pan L, Wang J, Peng X, Cheng H, Chen Z, Wang Y, Zhou H. Enhancing lactose recognition of a key enzyme in 2'-fucosyllactose synthesis: α-1,2-fucosyltransferase. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2023; 103:1303-1314. [PMID: 36116126 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.12224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Revised: 09/12/2022] [Accepted: 09/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND 2'-Fucosyllactose, a representative oligosaccharide in human milk, is an emerging and promising food and pharmaceutical ingredient due to its powerful health benefits, such as participating in immune regulation, regulation of intestinal flora, etc. To enable economically viable production of 2'-fucosyllactose, different biosynthesis strategies using precursors and pathway enzymes have been developed. The α-1,2-fucosyltransferases are an essential part involved in these strategies, but their strict substrate selectivity and unsatisfactory substrate tolerance are one of the key roadblocks limiting biosynthesis. RESULTS To tackle this issue, a semi-rational manipulation combining computer-aided designing and screening with biochemical experiments were adopted. The mutant had a 100-fold increase in catalytic efficiency compared to the wild-type. The highest 2'-fucosyllactose yield was up to 0.65 mol mol-1 lactose with a productivity of 2.56 g mL-1 h-1 performed by enzymatic catalysis in vitro. Further analysis revealed that the interactions between the mutant and substrates were reduced. The crucial contributions of wild-type and mutant to substrate recognition ability were closely related to their distinct phylotypes in terms of amino acid preference. CONCLUSION It is envisioned that the engineered α-1,2-fucosyltransferase could be harnessed to relieve constraints imposed on the bioproduction of 2'-fucosyllactose and lay a theoretical foundation for elucidating the substrate recognition mechanisms of fucosyltransferases. © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenxian Liu
- School of Minerals Processing and Bioengineering, Central South University, Changsha, P. R. China
| | - Shizhe Tang
- School of Minerals Processing and Bioengineering, Central South University, Changsha, P. R. China
| | - Jing Peng
- School of Minerals Processing and Bioengineering, Central South University, Changsha, P. R. China
| | - Yuling Zhu
- Changsha Yunkang Biotechnology Co Ltd, Changsha, P. R. China
| | - Lina Pan
- Ausnutria Institute Food & Nutrition, Ausnutria Dairy China Co Ltd, Changsha, P. R. China
| | - Jiaqi Wang
- Ausnutria Institute Food & Nutrition, Ausnutria Dairy China Co Ltd, Changsha, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoyu Peng
- Ausnutria Institute Food & Nutrition, Ausnutria Dairy China Co Ltd, Changsha, P. R. China
| | - Haina Cheng
- School of Minerals Processing and Bioengineering, Central South University, Changsha, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Biometallurgy of Ministry of Education, Central South University, Changsha, P. R. China
| | - Zhu Chen
- School of Minerals Processing and Bioengineering, Central South University, Changsha, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Biometallurgy of Ministry of Education, Central South University, Changsha, P. R. China
| | - Yuguang Wang
- School of Minerals Processing and Bioengineering, Central South University, Changsha, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Biometallurgy of Ministry of Education, Central South University, Changsha, P. R. China
| | - Hongbo Zhou
- School of Minerals Processing and Bioengineering, Central South University, Changsha, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Biometallurgy of Ministry of Education, Central South University, Changsha, P. R. China
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24
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Ouadhi S, López DMV, Mohideen FI, Kwan DH. Engineering the enzyme toolbox to tailor glycosylation in small molecule natural products and protein biologics. Protein Eng Des Sel 2023; 36:gzac010. [PMID: 36444941 DOI: 10.1093/protein/gzac010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2022] [Revised: 07/11/2022] [Accepted: 10/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Many glycosylated small molecule natural products and glycoprotein biologics are important in a broad range of therapeutic and industrial applications. The sugar moieties that decorate these compounds often show a profound impact on their biological functions, thus biocatalytic methods for controlling their glycosylation are valuable. Enzymes from nature are useful tools to tailor bioproduct glycosylation but these sometimes have limitations in their catalytic efficiency, substrate specificity, regiospecificity, stereospecificity, or stability. Enzyme engineering strategies such as directed evolution or semi-rational and rational design have addressed some of the challenges presented by these limitations. In this review, we highlight some of the recent research on engineering enzymes to tailor the glycosylation of small molecule natural products (including alkaloids, terpenoids, polyketides, and peptides), as well as the glycosylation of protein biologics (including hormones, enzyme-replacement therapies, enzyme inhibitors, vaccines, and antibodies).
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Ouadhi
- Centre for Applied Synthetic Biology, Concordia University, Montreal, QC H4B 2A6, Canada
- PROTEO, Quebec Network for Research on Protein Function, Structure, and Engineering, Quebec City, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Dulce María Valdez López
- Centre for Applied Synthetic Biology, Concordia University, Montreal, QC H4B 2A6, Canada
- PROTEO, Quebec Network for Research on Protein Function, Structure, and Engineering, Quebec City, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - F Ifthiha Mohideen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - David H Kwan
- Centre for Applied Synthetic Biology, Concordia University, Montreal, QC H4B 2A6, Canada
- PROTEO, Quebec Network for Research on Protein Function, Structure, and Engineering, Quebec City, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
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25
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Hou M, Nie F, Zhao J, Ju Z, Yang L, Wang Q, Zhao S, Wang Z. New Glycosyltransferases in Panax notoginseng Perfect Main Ginsenosides Biosynthetic Pathways. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2023; 71:963-973. [PMID: 36548634 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.2c05601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Ginsenosides, the main bioactive ingredients of the Panax genus, are dammarane or oleanane triterpenoids with glycosylated modifications at C3/C6/C20 hydroxyls or C28 carboxyl, and their diverse glycosylation pattern has attracted great attention. However, the biosynthesis of some important saponins is still unclear. In this study, six UGTs were characterized, two of which were novel. PnUGT71A3 catalyzes not only the C6 hydroxyl glycosylation of protopanaxatriol (PPT) and F1 to form Rh1 and Rg1, respectively, but also the C20 hydroxyl glycosylation of protopanaxadiol (PPD)-type Rg3 to generate Rd. Especially, PnUGT94M1 is UDP-β-l-rhamnose (UDP-Rha)-dependent, regioselectively catalyzing the C2' hydroxyl rhamnosylation of C6 glucose of the PPT-type ginsenosides Rg1 and Rh1 to generate ginsenosides Re and Rg2, respectively. Site-directed mutagenesis showed that His21, Asp120, Ser363, and Pro372 are key residues, and the triple mutant (G344S/G345S/L346T) highly improved the activity toward Rg1 and Rh1. The findings in this study, perfect main ginsenosides biosynthetic pathways in the Panax genus, expand the biocatalyst toolbox for ginsenoside production and show that the PSPG motif is one of the options to modify UGTs to improve their activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maoqi Hou
- The SATCM Key Laboratory for New Resources & Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicine, The MOE Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Compound Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Feng Nie
- The SATCM Key Laboratory for New Resources & Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicine, The MOE Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Compound Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Jianing Zhao
- The SATCM Key Laboratory for New Resources & Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicine, The MOE Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Compound Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Zhengcai Ju
- The SATCM Key Laboratory for New Resources & Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicine, The MOE Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Compound Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Li Yang
- The SATCM Key Laboratory for New Resources & Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicine, The MOE Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Compound Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Qingzhong Wang
- The SATCM Key Laboratory for New Resources & Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicine, The MOE Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Compound Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Shujuan Zhao
- The SATCM Key Laboratory for New Resources & Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicine, The MOE Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Compound Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Zhengtao Wang
- The SATCM Key Laboratory for New Resources & Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicine, The MOE Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Compound Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
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26
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Multienzyme Synthesis of Glycyrrhetic Acid 3-O-mono-β-d-glucuronide by Coupling UGT73F15 to UDP-Glucuronic Acid Regeneration Module. Catalysts 2023. [DOI: 10.3390/catal13010104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Glycyrrhetic acid 3-O-mono-β-d-glucuronide (GAMG), a rare and innovative compound in licorice, exhibits high-potency sweetness and improved physiological activities. However, low amounts of GAMG from plants cannot meet the demands of growing markets. In this study, an efficient one-pot multienzyme cascade reaction for GAMG biosynthesis was constructed using a coupled catalysis of glycosyltransferase and uridine 5′-diphosphate (UDP) glucuronic acid (GlcA) regeneration system. The Glycyrrhiza uralensis glycosyltransferase UGT73F15 was expressed in Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3). The optimal reaction conditions of UGT73F15 were found to be pH 7.5 and 35 °C. The catalytic efficiency (kcat/Km) for glycyrrhetic acid (GA) was 2.14 min−1 mM−1 when using UDP-GlcA as sugar donor. To regenerate costly UDP-GlcA, the one-pot multienzyme cascade reaction including UGT73F15, sucrose synthase, UDP-glucose dehydrogenase, and lactate dehydrogenase was adopted to synthesize GAMG from GA on the basis of the UDP-GlcA regeneration system. By optimizing the cascade reaction conditions, the GAMG production successfully achieved 226.38 mg/L. Our study developed an economical and efficient one-pot multienzyme cascade method for facile synthesis of GAMG and other bioactive glucuronosides.
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27
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Zhang T, Liu P, Wei H, Sun X, Zeng Y, Zhang X, Cai Y, Cui M, Ma H, Liu W, Sun Y, Yang J. Protein Engineering of Glucosylglycerol Phosphorylase Facilitating Efficient and Highly Regio- and Stereoselective Glycosylation of Polyols in a Synthetic System. ACS Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.2c05232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tong Zhang
- National Technology Innovation Center of Synthetic Biology, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin 300308, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Pi Liu
- National Technology Innovation Center of Synthetic Biology, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin 300308, China
- Biodesign Center, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin 300308, China
| | - Hongli Wei
- National Technology Innovation Center of Synthetic Biology, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin 300308, China
| | - Xinming Sun
- National Technology Innovation Center of Synthetic Biology, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin 300308, China
| | - Yan Zeng
- National Technology Innovation Center of Synthetic Biology, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin 300308, China
| | - Xuewen Zhang
- National Technology Innovation Center of Synthetic Biology, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin 300308, China
| | - Yi Cai
- National Technology Innovation Center of Synthetic Biology, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin 300308, China
| | - Mengfei Cui
- National Technology Innovation Center of Synthetic Biology, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin 300308, China
- Biodesign Center, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin 300308, China
| | - Hongwu Ma
- National Technology Innovation Center of Synthetic Biology, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin 300308, China
- Biodesign Center, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin 300308, China
| | - Weidong Liu
- National Technology Innovation Center of Synthetic Biology, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin 300308, China
| | - Yuanxia Sun
- National Technology Innovation Center of Synthetic Biology, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin 300308, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jiangang Yang
- National Technology Innovation Center of Synthetic Biology, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin 300308, China
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28
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Cai Q, Liu C, Liu L, Ge Y, Cheng X, Luo B, Zhou L, Yang Q. Molecular identification and functional characterization of two glycosyltransferases genes from Fallopia multiflora. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:1017122. [PMID: 36561458 PMCID: PMC9765892 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1017122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The traditional Chinese medicine plant Fallopia multiflora (Thunb.) Harald. contains various pharmacodynamically active glycosides, such as stilbene glycosides, anthraquinone (AQ) glycosides, and flavonoid glycosides. Glycosylation is an important reaction in plant metabolism that is generally completed by glycosyltransferase in the last step of the secondary metabolite biosynthesis pathway, and it can improve the beneficial properties of many natural products. In this study, based on the transcriptome data of F. multiflora, we cloned two Uridine-diphosphate-dependent glycosyltransferases (UGTs) from the cDNA of F. multiflora (FmUGT1 and FmUGT2). Their full-length sequences were 1602 and 1449 bp, encoding 533 and 482 amino acids, respectively. In vitro enzymatic reaction results showed that FmUGT1 and FmUGT2 were promiscuous and could catalyze the glycosylation of 12 compounds, including stilbenes, anthraquinones, flavonoids, phloretin, and curcumin, and we also obtained and structurally identified 13 glycosylated products from both of them. Further experiments on the in vivo function of FmUGT1 and FmUGT2 showed that 2, 3, 5, 4'- tetrahydroxy stilbene-2-O-β-d-glucoside (THSG) content in hairy roots was elevated significantly when FmUGT1 and FmUGT2 were overexpressed and decreased accordingly in the RNA interference (RNAi) groups. These results indicate that FmUGT1 and FmUGT2 were able to glycosylate a total of 12 structurally diverse types of acceptors and to generate O-glycosides. In addition, FmUGT1 and FmUGT2 efficiently catalyzed the biosynthesis of THSG, and promoted the production of AQs in transgenic hairy roots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qizhong Cai
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangdong Provincial Research Center on Good AgriculturalPractice and Comprehensive Agricultural Development Engineering Technology of Cantonese Medicinal Materials, Comprehensive Experimental Station of Guangzhou, Chinese Material Medica, China Agriculture Research System (CARS-21-16), Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine for Production & Development of Cantonese Medicinal Materials, Guangzhou, China
| | - Changzheng Liu
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Dao-di Herbs, National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Lu Liu
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangdong Provincial Research Center on Good AgriculturalPractice and Comprehensive Agricultural Development Engineering Technology of Cantonese Medicinal Materials, Comprehensive Experimental Station of Guangzhou, Chinese Material Medica, China Agriculture Research System (CARS-21-16), Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine for Production & Development of Cantonese Medicinal Materials, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuewei Ge
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xuanxuan Cheng
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangdong Provincial Research Center on Good AgriculturalPractice and Comprehensive Agricultural Development Engineering Technology of Cantonese Medicinal Materials, Comprehensive Experimental Station of Guangzhou, Chinese Material Medica, China Agriculture Research System (CARS-21-16), Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine for Production & Development of Cantonese Medicinal Materials, Guangzhou, China
| | - Bi Luo
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangdong Provincial Research Center on Good AgriculturalPractice and Comprehensive Agricultural Development Engineering Technology of Cantonese Medicinal Materials, Comprehensive Experimental Station of Guangzhou, Chinese Material Medica, China Agriculture Research System (CARS-21-16), Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine for Production & Development of Cantonese Medicinal Materials, Guangzhou, China
| | - Liangyun Zhou
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangdong Provincial Research Center on Good AgriculturalPractice and Comprehensive Agricultural Development Engineering Technology of Cantonese Medicinal Materials, Comprehensive Experimental Station of Guangzhou, Chinese Material Medica, China Agriculture Research System (CARS-21-16), Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine for Production & Development of Cantonese Medicinal Materials, Guangzhou, China
| | - Quan Yang
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangdong Provincial Research Center on Good AgriculturalPractice and Comprehensive Agricultural Development Engineering Technology of Cantonese Medicinal Materials, Comprehensive Experimental Station of Guangzhou, Chinese Material Medica, China Agriculture Research System (CARS-21-16), Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine for Production & Development of Cantonese Medicinal Materials, Guangzhou, China
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Franceus J, Lormans J, Desmet T. Building mutational bridges between carbohydrate-active enzymes. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2022; 78:102804. [PMID: 36156353 DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2022.102804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Revised: 08/12/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The commercial value of specialty carbohydrates and glycosylated compounds has sparked considerable interest in the synthetic potential of carbohydrate-active enzymes (CAZymes). Protein engineering methods have proven to be highly successful in expanding the range of glycosylation reactions that these enzymes can perform efficiently and cost-effectively. The past few years have witnessed meaningful progress in this area, largely due to a sharper focus on the understanding of structure-function relationships and mechanistic intricacies. Here, we summarize recent studies that demonstrate how protein engineers have become much better at traversing the fitness landscape of CAZymes through mutational bridges that connect the different activity types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorick Franceus
- Centre for Synthetic Biology (CSB), Department of Biotechnology, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Jolien Lormans
- Centre for Synthetic Biology (CSB), Department of Biotechnology, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Tom Desmet
- Centre for Synthetic Biology (CSB), Department of Biotechnology, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.
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Luo Y, Jiang Y, Chen L, Li C, Wang Y. Applications of protein engineering in the microbial synthesis of plant triterpenoids. Synth Syst Biotechnol 2022; 8:20-32. [PMID: 36381964 PMCID: PMC9634032 DOI: 10.1016/j.synbio.2022.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2022] [Revised: 10/03/2022] [Accepted: 10/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Triterpenoids are a class of natural products widely used in fields related to medicine and health due to their biological activities such as hepatoprotection, anti-inflammation, anti-viral, and anti-tumor. With the advancement in biotechnology, microorganisms have been used as cell factories to produce diverse natural products. Despite the significant progress that has been made in the construction of microbial cell factories for the heterogeneous biosynthesis of triterpenoids, the industrial production of triterpenoids employing microorganisms has been stymied due to the shortage of efficient enzymes as well as the low expression and low catalytic activity of heterologous proteins in microbes. Protein engineering has been demonstrated as an effective way for improving the specificity, catalytic activity, and stability of the enzyme, which can be employed to overcome these challenges. This review summarizes the current progress in the studies of Oxidosqualene cyclases (OSCs), cytochrome P450s (P450s), and UDP-glycosyltransferases (UGTs), the key enzymes in the triterpenoids synthetic pathway. The main obstacles restricting the efficient catalysis of these key enzymes are analyzed, the applications of protein engineering for the three key enzymes in the microbial synthesis of triterpenoids are systematically reviewed, and the challenges and prospects of protein engineering are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Luo
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecule Science and Pharmaceutics Engineering, Institute of Biochemical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Yaozhu Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecule Science and Pharmaceutics Engineering, Institute of Biochemical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Linhao Chen
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecule Science and Pharmaceutics Engineering, Institute of Biochemical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Chun Li
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecule Science and Pharmaceutics Engineering, Institute of Biochemical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China,Key Laboratory for Industrial Biocatalysis, Ministry of Education, Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Ying Wang
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecule Science and Pharmaceutics Engineering, Institute of Biochemical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China,Corresponding author.
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Diversification of phenolic glucosides by two UDP-glucosyltransferases featuring complementary regioselectivity. Microb Cell Fact 2022; 21:208. [PMID: 36217200 PMCID: PMC9549646 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-022-01935-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 10/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Glucoside natural products have been showing great medicinal values and potentials. However, the production of glucosides by plant extraction, chemical synthesis, and traditional biotransformation is insufficient to meet the fast-growing pharmaceutical demands. Microbial synthetic biology offers promising strategies for synthesis and diversification of plant glycosides. RESULTS In this study, the two efficient UDP-glucosyltransferases (UGTs) (UGT85A1 and RrUGT3) of plant origin, that are capable of recognizing phenolic aglycons, are characterized in vitro. The two UGTs show complementary regioselectivity towards the alcoholic and phenolic hydroxyl groups on phenolic substrates. By combining a developed alkylphenol bio-oxidation system and these UGTs, twenty-four phenolic glucosides are enzymatically synthesized from readily accessible alkylphenol substrates. Based on the bio-oxidation and glycosylation systems, a number of microbial cell factories are constructed and applied to biotransformation, giving rise to a variety of plant and plant-like O-glucosides. Remarkably, several unnatural O-glucosides prepared by the two UGTs demonstrate better prolyl endopeptidase inhibitory and/or anti-inflammatory activities than those of the clinically used glucosidic drugs including gastrodin, salidroside and helicid. Furthermore, the two UGTs are also able to catalyze the formation of N- and S-glucosidic bonds to produce N- and S-glucosides. CONCLUSIONS Two highly efficient UGTs, UGT85A1 and RrUGT3, with distinct regioselectivity were characterized in this study. A group of plant and plant-like glucosides were efficiently synthesized by cell-based biotransformation using a developed alkylphenol bio-oxidation system and these two UGTs. Many of the O-glucosides exhibited better PEP inhibitory or anti-inflammatory activities than plant-origin glucoside drugs, showing significant potentials for new glucosidic drug development.
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Yao L, Zhang H, Liu Y, Ji Q, Xie J, Zhang R, Huang L, Mei K, Wang J, Gao W. Engineering of triterpene metabolism and overexpression of the lignin biosynthesis gene PAL promotes ginsenoside Rg 3 accumulation in ginseng plant chassis. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2022; 64:1739-1754. [PMID: 35731022 DOI: 10.1111/jipb.13315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The ginsenoside Rg3 found in Panax species has extensive pharmacological properties, in particular anti-cancer effects. However, its natural yield in Panax plants is limited. Here, we report a multi-modular strategy to improve yields of Rg3 in a Panax ginseng chassis, combining engineering of triterpene metabolism and overexpression of a lignin biosynthesis gene, phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL). We first performed semi-rational design and site mutagenesis to improve the enzymatic efficiency of Pq3-O-UGT2, a glycosyltransferase that directly catalyzes the biosynthesis of Rg3 from Rh2 . Next, we used clustered regularly interspaced palindromic repeats (CRISPR)/CRISPR-associated protein 9 (Cas9) gene editing to knock down the branch pathway of protopanaxatriol-type ginsenoside biosynthesis to enhance the metabolic flux of the protopanaxadiol-type ginsenoside Rg3 . Overexpression of PAL accelerated the formation of the xylem structure, significantly improving ginsenoside Rg3 accumulation (to 6.19-fold higher than in the control). We combined overexpression of the ginsenoside aglycon synthetic genes squalene epoxidase, Pq3-O-UGT2, and PAL with CRISPR/Cas9-based knockdown of CYP716A53v2 to improve ginsenoside Rg3 accumulation. Finally, we produced ginsenoside Rg3 at a yield of 83.6 mg/L in a shake flask (7.0 mg/g dry weight, 21.12-fold higher than with wild-type cultures). The high-production system established in this study could be a potential platform to produce the ginsenoside Rg3 commercially for pharmaceutical use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Yao
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
- Wenzhou Safety (Emergency) Institute of Tianjin University, Wenzhou, 325000, China
- Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Huanyu Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
- Wenzhou Safety (Emergency) Institute of Tianjin University, Wenzhou, 325000, China
- Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Yirong Liu
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Qiushuang Ji
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Jing Xie
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Ru Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Luqi Huang
- National Resource Center for Chinese Meteria Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700, China
| | - Kunrong Mei
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Juan Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
- Wenzhou Safety (Emergency) Institute of Tianjin University, Wenzhou, 325000, China
- Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Wenyuan Gao
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
- Wenzhou Safety (Emergency) Institute of Tianjin University, Wenzhou, 325000, China
- Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
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Subedi P, Kim MS, Lee JH, Park JK, Oh TJ. Insight into glucocorticoids glucosylation by glucosyltransferase: A combined experimental and in-silico approach. Biophys Chem 2022; 289:106875. [PMID: 35987098 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpc.2022.106875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2022] [Revised: 08/06/2022] [Accepted: 08/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Glucosyltransferases catalyze the glucosidic bond formation by transferring a glucose molecule from an activated sugar donor to an acceptor substrate. Glucocorticoids (GCs) are adrenal-derived steroid hormones most widely used for anti-inflammatory treatments. In this study, we biotransformed two selected GCs, cortisone and prednisone, into their O-glucoside derivatives using a versatile UDP-glycosyltransferase UGT-1. Complete structural assignment of glucosylated products revealed that the bioconversion by regio-selective glucosylation of cortisone and prednisone produced cortisone 21-glucoside and prednisone 21-glucoside, respectively. We also combined molecular dynamics (MD) simulation to study the binding feature and mechanism of glucosylation. MD simulation studies showed the formation of a stable complex between protein, glucose donor, and substrate, stabilized by hydrogen bonds. Overall, we were able to provide explanations for the experimentally observed selectivity for glucosylation by integrating experimental and computational techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pradeep Subedi
- Department of Life Science and Biochemical Engineering, Sunmoon University, 70 Sunmoon-ro 221, Tangjeong-myeon, Asan-si, Chungnam 31460, Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Su Kim
- Department of Life Science and Biochemical Engineering, Sunmoon University, 70 Sunmoon-ro 221, Tangjeong-myeon, Asan-si, Chungnam 31460, Republic of Korea
| | - Joo-Ho Lee
- Genome-based BioIT Convergence Institute, 70 Sunmoon-ro 221, Tangjeong-myeon, Asan-si, Chungnam 31460, Republic of Korea; Department of BT-Convergent Pharmaceutical Engineering, Sunmoon University, 70 Sunmoon-ro 221, Tangjeong-myeon, Asan-si, Chungnam 31460, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Kook Park
- Department of Biomedical Science and Research Institute for Bioscience & Biotechnology, Hallym University, 1 Hallymdaehak-gil, Chuncheon, Gangwon-do 24252, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae-Jin Oh
- Department of Life Science and Biochemical Engineering, Sunmoon University, 70 Sunmoon-ro 221, Tangjeong-myeon, Asan-si, Chungnam 31460, Republic of Korea; Genome-based BioIT Convergence Institute, 70 Sunmoon-ro 221, Tangjeong-myeon, Asan-si, Chungnam 31460, Republic of Korea; Department of BT-Convergent Pharmaceutical Engineering, Sunmoon University, 70 Sunmoon-ro 221, Tangjeong-myeon, Asan-si, Chungnam 31460, Republic of Korea.
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Yan Y, Mo T, Huang W, Xu X, Tian W, Wang Y, Song Y, Li J, Shi S, Liu X, Tu P. Glycosylation of Aromatic Glycosides by a Promiscuous Glycosyltransferase UGT71BD1 from Cistanche tubulosa. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2022; 85:1826-1836. [PMID: 35791759 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.2c00407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Multiple-glycosylated glycosides are a major source of bioactive leads. However, most of the currently reported glycosyltransferases (GTases) mainly catalyze glycosylation of aglycones without sugar group substitution. GTases accepting diverse glycosides as substrates are rarely reported. In this article, a new GTase UGT71BD1 was identified from Cistanche tubulosa, a desert herb plant abundant with various phenylethanoid glycosides (PhGs). Interestingly, UGT71BD1 showed no activity toward the aglycone of PhGs. Instead, it could catalyze the further glycosylation of PhG compounds to produce new phenylethanoid multiglycosylated glycosides, including the natural rarely separated tetraglycoside PhGs. Extensive assays found the unprecedented substrate promiscuity of UGT71BD1 toward diverse glycosides including flavonoid glycosides, stilbene glycosides, and coumarin glycosides, performing further mono- or diglycosylation with efficient conversion rates. Using UGT71BD1, six multiglycosylated glycosides were prepared and structurally identified by NMR spectroscopy. These products showed enhanced pharmacological activities compared with the substrates. Docking, dynamic simulation, and mutagenesis studies identified key residues for UGT71BD1's activity and revealed that the sugar modules in glycosides play crucial roles in substrate recognition, thus partly illuminating the unusual substrate preference of UGT71BD1 toward diverse glycosides. UGT71BD1 could be a potential enzyme tool for glycosylation of diverse glycosides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaru Yan
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, People's Republic of China
| | - Ting Mo
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenqian Huang
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiping Xu
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, People's Republic of China
| | - Weisheng Tian
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, People's Republic of China
| | - Yingxia Wang
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuelin Song
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun Li
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, People's Republic of China
| | - Shepo Shi
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao Liu
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, People's Republic of China
| | - Pengfei Tu
- Modern Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, People's Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, People's Republic of China
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35
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Cheng M, Huang Z, Zhang W, Kim BG, Mu W. Thermostability engineering of an inulin fructotransferase for the biosynthesis of difructose anhydride I. Enzyme Microb Technol 2022; 160:110097. [PMID: 35835015 DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2022.110097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Revised: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The thermostability of enzymes is an essential factor that performs a vital role during practical applications. Inulin fructotransferases can efficiently convert inulin into bio-functional difructose anhydrides (DFAs). The present study aimed to improve the thermostability of a previously reported inulin fructotransferase, SpIFTase, and apply it to the biosynthesis of DFA I. In silico rational design was used to predict mutation sites, based on sequential and structural information. Two triple-site mutants, Q69L/Q234L/K310G and E201I/Q234L/K310G, were characterized and exhibited enhanced thermostability with approximately 5 °C higher in melting temperature (Tm), respectively, and a 45-fold longer half-life (t1/2) at 70 °C, compared to that of SpIFTase. Molecular dynamic simulations and elaborate structural analysis suggested that the combinations of hydrophobic interaction, electrostatic potential distribution, and decreased flexibility via stabilization of loops and α-helix improved the thermostability of SpIFTase. Additionally, the promising mutants exhibited great potential to the industrial production of DFA I.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Zhaolin Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Wenli Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Byung-Gee Kim
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826 South Korea
| | - Wanmeng Mu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China; International Joint Laboratory on Food Safety, Jiangnan University, Wuxi Jiangsu 214122, China.
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36
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Enhancing the Thermostability of Phytase to Boiling Point by Evolution-Guided Design. Appl Environ Microbiol 2022; 88:e0050622. [PMID: 35546578 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00506-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The good thermostability of enzymes is an important basis for their wide application in industry. In this study, the phytase APPA from Yersinia intermedia was designed by evolution-guided design. Through the collection of homologous sequences in the NCBI database, we obtained a sequence set composed of 5,569 sequences, counted the number and locations of motif N-X-T/S, and selected the sites with high frequency in evolution as candidate sites for experiments. Based on the principle that N-glycosylation modification sites are located on the protein surface, 13 mutants were designed to optimize the number and location of N-glycosylation sites. Through experimental verification, 7 single mutants with improved thermostability were obtained. The best mutant, M14, with equal catalytic efficiency as the wild-type was obtained through combined mutation. The half-life (t1/2) value of mutant M14 was improved from 3.32 min at 65°C to 25 min of at 100°C, allowing it to withstand boiling water treatment, retaining approximately 75% initial activity after a 10-min incubation at 100°C. Differential scanning calorimetry analysis revealed that while the mutants' thermodynamic stability was nearly unchanged, their kinetic stability was greatly improved, and the combined mutant exhibited strong refolding ability. The results of a in vitro digestibility test indicated that the application effect of mutant M14 was about 4.5 times that of wild-type APPA, laying a foundation for its industrial application. IMPORTANCE Due to the harsh reaction conditions of industrial production, the relative instability of enzymes limits their application in industrial production, such as for food, pharmaceuticals, and feed. For example, the pelleting process of feed includes a brief high temperature (80 to 85°C), which requires the enzyme to have excellent thermostability. Therefore, a simple and effective method to improve the thermostability of enzymes has important practical value. In this study, we make full use of the existing homologous sequences (5,569) in the database to statistically analyze the existence frequency of N-X-T/S motifs in this large sequence space to design the phytase APPA with improved thermostability and a high hit rate (~50%). We obtained the best combination mutant, M14, that can tolerate boiling water treatment and greatly improved its kinetic stability without damaging its specific activity. Simultaneously, we proved that its performance improvement is due to its enhanced refolding ability, which comes from N-glycan modification rather than amino acid replacement. Our results provide a feasible and effective method for the modification of enzyme thermostability.
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Jiang F, Zhou C, Li Y, Deng H, Gong T, Chen J, Chen T, Yang J, Zhu P. Metabolic engineering of yeasts for green and sustainable production of bioactive ginsenosides F2 and 3β,20S-Di-O-Glc-DM. Acta Pharm Sin B 2022; 12:3167-3176. [PMID: 35865098 PMCID: PMC9293705 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2022.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Revised: 03/27/2022] [Accepted: 04/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Both natural ginsenoside F2 and unnatural ginsenoside 3β,20S-Di-O-Glc-DM were reported to exhibit anti-tumor activity. Traditional approaches for producing them rely on direct extraction from Panax ginseng, enzymatic catalysis or chemical synthesis, all of which result in low yield and high cost. Metabolic engineering of microbes has been recognized as a green and sustainable biotechnology to produce natural and unnatural products. Hence we engineered the complete biosynthetic pathways of F2 and 3β,20S-Di-O-Glc-DM in Saccharomyces cerevisiae via the CRISPR/Cas9 system. The titers of F2 and 3β,20S-Di-O-Glc-DM were increased from 1.2 to 21.0 mg/L and from 82.0 to 346.1 mg/L at shake flask level, respectively, by multistep metabolic engineering strategies. Additionally, pharmacological evaluation showed that both F2 and 3β,20S-Di-O-Glc-DM exhibited anti-pancreatic cancer activity and the activity of 3β,20S-Di-O-Glc-DM was even better. Furthermore, the titer of 3β,20S-Di-O-Glc-DM reached 2.6 g/L by fed-batch fermentation in a 3 L bioreactor. To our knowledge, this is the first report on demonstrating the anti-pancreatic cancer activity of F2 and 3β,20S-Di-O-Glc-DM, and achieving their de novo biosynthesis by the engineered yeasts. Our work presents an alternative approach to produce F2 and 3β,20S-Di-O-Glc-DM from renewable biomass, which lays a foundation for drug research and development.
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38
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Pang HL, Zhu GH, Zhou QH, Ai CZ, Zhu YD, Wang P, Dou TY, Xia YL, Ma H, Ge GB. Discovery and Characterization of the Key Constituents in Ginkgo biloba Leaf Extract With Potent Inhibitory Effects on Human UDP-Glucuronosyltransferase 1A1. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:815235. [PMID: 35264954 PMCID: PMC8899474 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.815235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Human UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1A1 (hUGT1A1) is one of the most essential phase II enzymes in humans. Dysfunction or strong inhibition of hUGT1A1 may result in hyperbilirubinaemia and clinically relevant drug/herb-drug interactions (DDIs/HDIs). Recently, a high-throughput fluorescence-based assay was constructed by us to find the compounds/herbal extracts with strong inhibition against intracellular hUGT1A1. Following screening of over one hundred of herbal products, the extract of Ginkgo biloba leaves (GBL) displayed the most potent hUGT1A1 inhibition in HeLa-UGT1A1 cells (Hela cells overexpressed hUGT1A1). Further investigations demonstrated that four biflavones including bilobetin, isoginkgetin, sciadopitysin and ginkgetin, are key constituents responsible for hUGT1A1 inhibition in living cells. These biflavones potently inhibit hUGT1A1 in both human liver microsomes (HLM) and living cells, with the IC50 values ranging from 0.075 to 0.41 μM in living cells. Inhibition kinetic analyses and docking simulations suggested that four tested biflavones potently inhibit hUGT1A1-catalyzed NHPN-O-glucuronidation in HLM via a mixed inhibition manner, showing the Ki values ranging from 0.07 to 0.74 μM. Collectively, our findings uncover the key constituents in GBL responsible for hUGT1A1 inhibition and decipher their inhibitory mechanisms against hUGT1A1, which will be very helpful for guiding the rational use of GBL-related herbal products in clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Lin Pang
- School of Life and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Dalian University of Technology, Panjin, China
| | - Guang-Hao Zhu
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Center for Chinese Medicine Chemical Biology, Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shangha, China
| | - Qi-Hang Zhou
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Center for Chinese Medicine Chemical Biology, Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shangha, China
| | - Chun-Zhi Ai
- State Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources, School of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin, China
| | - Ya-Di Zhu
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Center for Chinese Medicine Chemical Biology, Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shangha, China
| | - Ping Wang
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Center for Chinese Medicine Chemical Biology, Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shangha, China
| | - Tong-Yi Dou
- School of Life and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Dalian University of Technology, Panjin, China
| | - Yang-Liu Xia
- School of Life and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Dalian University of Technology, Panjin, China
| | - Hong Ma
- Shanghai Research Institute of Acupuncture and Meridian, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Guang-Bo Ge
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Center for Chinese Medicine Chemical Biology, Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shangha, China
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He B, Bai X, Tan Y, Xie W, Feng Y, Yang GY. Glycosyltransferases: Mining, engineering and applications in biosynthesis of glycosylated plant natural products. Synth Syst Biotechnol 2022; 7:602-620. [PMID: 35261926 PMCID: PMC8883072 DOI: 10.1016/j.synbio.2022.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Revised: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 01/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
UDP-Glycosyltransferases (UGTs) catalyze the transfer of nucleotide-activated sugars to specific acceptors, among which the GT1 family enzymes are well-known for their function in biosynthesis of natural product glycosides. Elucidating GT function represents necessary step in metabolic engineering of aglycone glycosylation to produce drug leads, cosmetics, nutrients and sweeteners. In this review, we systematically summarize the phylogenetic distribution and catalytic diversity of plant GTs. We also discuss recent progress in the identification of novel GT candidates for synthesis of plant natural products (PNPs) using multi-omics technology and deep learning predicted models. We also highlight recent advances in rational design and directed evolution engineering strategies for new or improved GT functions. Finally, we cover recent breakthroughs in the application of GTs for microbial biosynthesis of some representative glycosylated PNPs, including flavonoid glycosides (fisetin 3-O-glycosides, astragalin, scutellarein 7-O-glucoside), terpenoid glycosides (rebaudioside A, ginsenosides) and polyketide glycosides (salidroside, polydatin).
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40
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Hu Y, Li H, Min J, Yu Y, Liu W, Huang JW, Zhang L, Yang Y, Dai L, Chen CC, Guo RT. Crystal structure and biochemical analysis of the specialized deoxynivalenol-detoxifying glyoxalase SPG from Gossypium hirsutum. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 200:388-396. [PMID: 35051496 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.01.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2021] [Revised: 01/01/2022] [Accepted: 01/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Deoxynivalenol (DON) and its acetylated derivatives such as 3-acetyldeoxynivalenol (3A-DON) and 15-acetyldeoxynivalenol (15A-DON) are notorious mycotoxins in Fusarium contaminated cereals, which pose a great threat to human and livestock health. The specialized glyoxalase I from Gossypium hirsutum (SPG) can lower the toxicity of 3A-DON by conducting isomerization to transfer C8 carbonyl to C7 and double bond from C9-C10 to C8-C9. Here we report that the substrate-flexible SPG can also recognize 15A-DON and DON, probably following the same isomerization mechanism as that for 3A-DON. The crystallographic, mutagenesis, and biochemical analyses revealed that SPG provides a hydrophobic pocket to accommodate the substrate and residue E167 might serve as the catalytic base. A variant SPGY62A that was constructed based on structure-based protein engineering exhibited elevated catalytic activity towards DON, 3A-DON, and 15A-DON by >70%. Furthermore, variant SPGY62A was successfully expressed in Pichia pastoris, whose catalytic activity was also compared to that produced in Escherichia coli. These results provide a blueprint for further protein engineering of SPG and reveal the potential applications of the enzyme in detoxifying DON, 3A-DON and 15A-DON.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yumei Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Green Transformation of Bio-Resources, Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Hubei Key Laboratory of Regional Development and Environmental Response, Faculty of Resources and Environmental Science, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, PR China
| | - Hao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Green Transformation of Bio-Resources, Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Hubei Key Laboratory of Regional Development and Environmental Response, Faculty of Resources and Environmental Science, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, PR China
| | - Jian Min
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Green Transformation of Bio-Resources, Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Hubei Key Laboratory of Regional Development and Environmental Response, Faculty of Resources and Environmental Science, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, PR China
| | - Yuanyuan Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Green Transformation of Bio-Resources, Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Hubei Key Laboratory of Regional Development and Environmental Response, Faculty of Resources and Environmental Science, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, PR China
| | - Weidong Liu
- National Engineering Laboratory for Industrial Enzymes, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin 300308, PR China
| | - Jian-Wen Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Green Transformation of Bio-Resources, Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Hubei Key Laboratory of Regional Development and Environmental Response, Faculty of Resources and Environmental Science, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, PR China
| | - Lilan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Green Transformation of Bio-Resources, Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Hubei Key Laboratory of Regional Development and Environmental Response, Faculty of Resources and Environmental Science, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, PR China
| | - Yunyun Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Green Transformation of Bio-Resources, Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Hubei Key Laboratory of Regional Development and Environmental Response, Faculty of Resources and Environmental Science, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, PR China
| | - Longhai Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Green Transformation of Bio-Resources, Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Hubei Key Laboratory of Regional Development and Environmental Response, Faculty of Resources and Environmental Science, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, PR China.
| | - Chun-Chi Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Green Transformation of Bio-Resources, Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Hubei Key Laboratory of Regional Development and Environmental Response, Faculty of Resources and Environmental Science, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, PR China.
| | - Rey-Ting Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Green Transformation of Bio-Resources, Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Hubei Key Laboratory of Regional Development and Environmental Response, Faculty of Resources and Environmental Science, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, PR China.
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Huang W, He Y, Jiang R, Deng Z, Long F. Functional and Structural Dissection of a Plant Steroid 3-O-Glycosyltransferase Facilitated the Engineering Enhancement of Sugar Donor Promiscuity. ACS Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.1c05729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Huang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Yue He
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Renwang Jiang
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of TCM and New Drugs Research, Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Natural Products, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Zixin Deng
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Feng Long
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Combinatorial Biosynthesis and Drug Discovery, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China
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42
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Xu Y, Liu S, Bian L, Li Z, Luo C, Chen Y, Wu X. Engineering of a UDP-Glycosyltransferase for the Efficient Whole-Cell Biosynthesis of Siamenoside I in Escherichia coli. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2022; 70:1601-1609. [PMID: 35099964 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.1c07699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The combination of the insufficient availability and the complex structure of siamenoside I (SI), the sweetest glucoside isolated from Siraitia grosvenorii to date, limited its use as a natural sweetener. To solve this problem, an improved biocatalyst, UGT-M2, was semi-rationally created by engineering the uridine diphosphate glycosyltransferase UGT94-289-2 from S. grosvenorii for the monoglucosylation of mogroside IIIE (MG IIIE) to SI. Subsequently, an engineered Escherichia coli cell was constructed, which combined UGT-M2 with a UDP-glucose regeneration system to circumvent the need for expensive UDP-glucose to produce SI. After optimization, high-purity SI (>96.4%) was efficiently prepared from MG IIIE at a 1 L scale with a productivity of 29.78 g/(L day) and a molar yield of 76.5% and without using exogenous UDP-glucose. This study not only developed a whole-cell approach for the preparation of SI but also provided an alternative glycosyltransferase variant for SI biosynthesis with synthetic biology in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuncong Xu
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, 639 Longmian Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province 211198, PR China
| | - Shiqiang Liu
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, 639 Longmian Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province 211198, PR China
| | - Liuyun Bian
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, 639 Longmian Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province 211198, PR China
| | - Zhenlin Li
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis and Metabolomics, Jiangsu Province Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 100 Shizi Street. Hongshan Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province 210028, PR China
| | - Chen Luo
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, 639 Longmian Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province 211198, PR China
| | - Yijun Chen
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology, College of Life Sciences and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, 639 Longmian Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province 211198, PR China
| | - Xuri Wu
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, 639 Longmian Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province 211198, PR China
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43
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Docking-guided rational engineering of a macrolide glycosyltransferase glycodiversifies epothilone B. Commun Biol 2022; 5:100. [PMID: 35087210 PMCID: PMC8795383 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-022-03047-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Accepted: 01/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycosyltransferases typically display acceptor substrate flexibility but more stringent donor specificity. BsGT-1 is a highly effective glycosyltransferase to glycosylate macrolides, including epothilones, promising antitumor compounds. Here, we show that BsGT-1 has three major regions significantly influencing the glycodiversification of epothilone B based on structural molecular docking, "hot spots" alanine scanning, and site saturation mutagenesis. Mutations in the PSPG-like motif region and the C2 loop region are more likely to expand donor preference; mutations of the flexible N3 loop region located at the mouth of the substrate-binding cavity produce novel epothilone oligosaccharides. These "hot spots" also functioned in homologues of BsGT-1. The glycosides showed significantly enhanced water solubility and decreased cytotoxicity, although the glycosyl appendages of epothilone B also reduced drug permeability and attenuated antitumor efficacy. This study laid a foundation for the rational engineering of other GTs to synthesize valuable small molecules.
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44
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Zhang M, Yi Y, Gao B, Su H, Bao Y, Shi X, Wang H, Li F, Ye M, Qiao X. Functional Characterization and Protein Engineering of a Triterpene 3‐/6‐/2′‐
O
‐Glycosyltransferase Reveal a Conserved Residue Critical for the Regiospecificity. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202113587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Meng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs School of Pharmaceutical Sciences Peking University 38 Xueyuan Road Beijing 100191 China
| | - Yang Yi
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs School of Pharmaceutical Sciences Peking University 38 Xueyuan Road Beijing 100191 China
| | - Bai‐Han Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs School of Pharmaceutical Sciences Peking University 38 Xueyuan Road Beijing 100191 China
| | - Hui‐Fei Su
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs School of Pharmaceutical Sciences Peking University 38 Xueyuan Road Beijing 100191 China
| | - Yang‐Oujie Bao
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs School of Pharmaceutical Sciences Peking University 38 Xueyuan Road Beijing 100191 China
| | - Xiao‐Meng Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs School of Pharmaceutical Sciences Peking University 38 Xueyuan Road Beijing 100191 China
| | - Hai‐Dong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs School of Pharmaceutical Sciences Peking University 38 Xueyuan Road Beijing 100191 China
| | - Fu‐Dong Li
- National Science Center for Physical Sciences at Microscale Division of Molecular & Cell Biophysics and School of Life Sciences University of Science and Technology of China Hefei Anhui 230026 China
| | - Min Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs School of Pharmaceutical Sciences Peking University 38 Xueyuan Road Beijing 100191 China
| | - Xue Qiao
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs School of Pharmaceutical Sciences Peking University 38 Xueyuan Road Beijing 100191 China
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45
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Zhang M, Yi Y, Gao BH, Su HF, Bao YO, Shi XM, Wang HD, Li FD, Ye M, Qiao X. Functional Characterization and Protein Engineering of a Triterpene 3-/6-/2'-O-Glycosyltransferase Reveal a Conserved Residue Critical for the Regiospecificity. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 61:e202113587. [PMID: 34894044 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202113587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Engineering the function of triterpene glucosyltransferases (GTs) is challenging due to the large size of the sugar acceptors. In this work, we identified a multifunctional glycosyltransferase AmGT8 catalyzing triterpene 3-/6-/2'-O-glycosylation from the medicinal plant Astragalus membranaceus. To engineer its regiospecificity, a small mutant library was built based on semi-rational design. Variants A394F, A394D, and T131V were found to catalyze specific 6-O, 3-O, and 2'-O glycosylation, respectively. The origin of regioselectivity of AmGT8 and its A394F variant was studied by molecular dynamics and hydrogen deuterium exchange mass spectrometry. Residue 394 is highly conserved as A/G and is critical for the regiospecificity of the C- and O-GTs TcCGT1 and GuGT10/14. Finally, astragalosides III and IV were synthesized by mutants A394F, T131V and P192E. This work reports biocatalysts for saponin synthesis and gives new insights into protein engineering of regioselectivity in plant GTs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, 38 Xueyuan Road, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Yang Yi
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, 38 Xueyuan Road, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Bai-Han Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, 38 Xueyuan Road, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Hui-Fei Su
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, 38 Xueyuan Road, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Yang-Oujie Bao
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, 38 Xueyuan Road, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Xiao-Meng Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, 38 Xueyuan Road, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Hai-Dong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, 38 Xueyuan Road, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Fu-Dong Li
- National Science Center for Physical Sciences at Microscale, Division of Molecular & Cell Biophysics and School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Min Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, 38 Xueyuan Road, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Xue Qiao
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, 38 Xueyuan Road, Beijing, 100191, China
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46
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Le DD, Kim W, Lim S, Kim SC, Choi G. Identification of three groups of ginsenoside biosynthetic UDP-glycosyltransferases from Gynostemma pentaphyllum. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 313:111069. [PMID: 34763860 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2021.111069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2021] [Revised: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Ginsenosides are glycosylated dammarene-type triterpenes that have been identified in distantly related Panax ginseng and Gynostemma pentaphyllum. The phylogenetic relatedness of the ginsenoside biosynthetic genes in the two species was previously unknown. The final steps of ginsenoside biosynthesis are the glycosylations of hydroxylated triterpenes, protopanaxadiol (PPD) and protopanaxatriol (PPT), and their glycosylated forms by UDP-glycosyltransferases (UGTs). Ginsenoside biosynthetic UGTs have been identified in Panax but not in Gynostemma. Through a biochemical screening of Gynostemma UGTs (GpUGTs), we herein identified three groups of ginsenoside biosynthetic GpUGTs. These groups comprise: two GpUGTs that belong to the UGT71 family and glucosylate the C20-OH positions of PPD- and PPT-type ginsenosides; one GpUGT that belongs to the UGT74 family and glucosylates the C3-OH position of PPD-type ginsenosides; and two GpUGTs that belong to the UGT94 family and add a glucose to the C3-O-glucosides of PPD-type ginsenosides. These GpUGTs belong to the same UGT families as the ginsenoside biosynthetic Panax UGTs (PgUGTs). However, GpUGTs and PgUGTs belong to different subfamilies. Furthermore, cucumber UGTs orthologous to GpUGTs do not glucosylate ginsenosides. These results collectively suggest that, during evolution, P. ginseng and G. pentaphyllum independently opted to use the same UGT families to synthesize ginsenosides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duc Duy Le
- Department of Biological Sciences, KAIST, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Woohyun Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, KAIST, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Soohwan Lim
- Department of Biological Sciences, KAIST, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun Chang Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, KAIST, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Giltsu Choi
- Department of Biological Sciences, KAIST, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea.
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47
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Wen Z, Zhang ZM, Zhong L, Fan J, Li M, Ma Y, Zhou Y, Zhang W, Guo B, Chen B, Wang JB. Directed Evolution of a Plant Glycosyltransferase for Chemo- and Regioselective Glycosylation of Pharmaceutically Significant Flavonoids. ACS Catal 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.1c04191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zexing Wen
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Traditional Chinese Medicine Research (Ministry of Education) and Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry R&D of Hunan Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, P. R. China
| | - Zhi-Min Zhang
- International Cooperative Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Modernization and Innovative Drug Development of Chinese Ministry of Education (MOE), College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, P. R. China
- Guangdong Youmei Institute of Intelligent Bio-manufacturing, Foshan, Guangdong 528200, P. R. China
| | - Liang Zhong
- International Cooperative Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Modernization and Innovative Drug Development of Chinese Ministry of Education (MOE), College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, P. R. China
| | - Jiaqian Fan
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Traditional Chinese Medicine Research (Ministry of Education) and Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry R&D of Hunan Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, P. R. China
| | - Min Li
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Traditional Chinese Medicine Research (Ministry of Education) and Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry R&D of Hunan Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, P. R. China
| | - Yuanhong Ma
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Traditional Chinese Medicine Research (Ministry of Education) and Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry R&D of Hunan Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, P. R. China
| | - Yang Zhou
- International Cooperative Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Modernization and Innovative Drug Development of Chinese Ministry of Education (MOE), College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, P. R. China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Traditional Chinese Medicine Research (Ministry of Education) and Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry R&D of Hunan Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, P. R. China
| | - Bin Guo
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Traditional Chinese Medicine Research (Ministry of Education) and Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry R&D of Hunan Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, P. R. China
| | - Bo Chen
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Traditional Chinese Medicine Research (Ministry of Education) and Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry R&D of Hunan Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, P. R. China
| | - Jian-Bo Wang
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Traditional Chinese Medicine Research (Ministry of Education) and Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry R&D of Hunan Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, P. R. China
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48
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Mao Y, Chen Z, Ren Y, Sun Y, Wang Y. Whole-Cell Biocatalyst for Rubusoside Production in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2021; 69:13155-13163. [PMID: 34699718 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.1c04873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Rubusoside (Rub) is a highly sweet diterpene glycoside mainly isolated from the leaves of Rubus suavissimus (Rosaceae). It has been used as a low-calorie natural sweetener for decades and was recently found to be a potential drug lead. In this study, we designed a whole-cell biocatalyst to achieve the glycosylation of steviol to Rub in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The sucrose synthases were applied to construct a uridine diphosphate glucose regeneration system, which were coupled with optimal combinations of different uridine diphosphate (UDP) glycosyltransferases from multiple plant species. After optimization of reaction conditions, the residues in SrUGT74G1 probably influencing glycosylation efficiency were subjected to site-directed mutagenesis. Double mutations of S84A/E87A reduced the accumulation of intermediates, finally glucosylating 1.27 g/L steviol to 0.45 ± 0.06 g/L steviolmonoside (conversion rate = 23.3%) and 1.92 ± 0.17 g/L Rub (conversion rate = 74.9%). A high efficiency of Rub biosynthesis could be achieved without supply of additional UDPG. This work provided the first example of multi-step glycosylation reactions in whole-cell biocatalysis, which laid a foundation of scalable production of the value-added diterpene sweetener in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaping Mao
- East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, China
- CAS-Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Zhuo Chen
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, China
- CAS-Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Yuhong Ren
- East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Yuwei Sun
- CAS-Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Yong Wang
- East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
- CAS-Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
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49
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Kurze E, Wüst M, Liao J, McGraphery K, Hoffmann T, Song C, Schwab W. Structure-function relationship of terpenoid glycosyltransferases from plants. Nat Prod Rep 2021; 39:389-409. [PMID: 34486004 DOI: 10.1039/d1np00038a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Covering: up to 2021Terpenoids are physiologically active substances that are of great importance to humans. Their physicochemical properties are modified by glycosylation, in terms of polarity, volatility, solubility and reactivity, and their bioactivities are altered accordingly. Significant scientific progress has been made in the functional study of glycosylated terpenes and numerous plant enzymes involved in regio- and enantioselective glycosylation have been characterized, a reaction that remains chemically challenging. Crucial clues to the mechanism of terpenoid glycosylation were recently provided by the first crystal structures of a diterpene glycosyltransferase UGT76G1. Here, we review biochemically characterized terpenoid glycosyltransferases, compare their functions and primary structures, discuss their acceptor and donor substrate tolerance and product specificity, and elaborate features of the 3D structures of the first terpenoid glycosyltransferases from plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth Kurze
- Biotechnology of Natural Products, TUM School of Life Sciences, Technische Universität München, Liesel-Beckmann-Str. 1, 85354 Freising, Germany.
| | - Matthias Wüst
- Chair of Food Chemistry, Institute of Nutritional and Food Sciences, University of Bonn, Endenicher Allee 19C, 53115 Bonn, Germany.
| | - Jieren Liao
- Biotechnology of Natural Products, TUM School of Life Sciences, Technische Universität München, Liesel-Beckmann-Str. 1, 85354 Freising, Germany.
| | - Kate McGraphery
- Biotechnology of Natural Products, TUM School of Life Sciences, Technische Universität München, Liesel-Beckmann-Str. 1, 85354 Freising, Germany.
| | - Thomas Hoffmann
- Biotechnology of Natural Products, TUM School of Life Sciences, Technische Universität München, Liesel-Beckmann-Str. 1, 85354 Freising, Germany.
| | - Chuankui Song
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, International Joint Laboratory on Tea Chemistry and Health Effects, Anhui Agricultural University Hefei, Anhui 230036, People's Republic of China.
| | - Wilfried Schwab
- Biotechnology of Natural Products, TUM School of Life Sciences, Technische Universität München, Liesel-Beckmann-Str. 1, 85354 Freising, Germany. .,State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, International Joint Laboratory on Tea Chemistry and Health Effects, Anhui Agricultural University Hefei, Anhui 230036, People's Republic of China.
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50
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Zhao JN, Wang RF, Zhao SJ, Wang ZT. Advance in glycosyltransferases, the important bioparts for production of diversified ginsenosides. Chin J Nat Med 2021; 18:643-658. [PMID: 32928508 DOI: 10.1016/s1875-5364(20)60003-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Ginsenosides are a series of glycosylated triterpenoids predominantly originated from Panax species with multiple pharmacological activities such as anti-aging, mediatory effect on the immune system and the nervous system. During the biosynthesis of ginsenosides, glycosyltransferases play essential roles by transferring various sugar moieties to the sapogenins in contributing to form structure and bioactivity diversified ginsenosides, which makes them important bioparts for synthetic biology-based production of these valuable ginsenosides. In this review, we summarized the functional elucidated glycosyltransferases responsible for ginsenoside biosynthesis, the advance in the protein engineering of UDP-glycosyltransferases (UGTs) and their application with the aim to provide in-depth understanding on ginsenoside-related UGTs for the production of rare ginsenosides applying synthetic biology-based microbial cell factories in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Ning Zhao
- The SATCM Key Laboratory for New Resources & Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicine, The MOE Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Compound Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Ru-Feng Wang
- The SATCM Key Laboratory for New Resources & Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicine, The MOE Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Compound Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Shu-Juan Zhao
- The SATCM Key Laboratory for New Resources & Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicine, The MOE Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Compound Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China.
| | - Zheng-Tao Wang
- The SATCM Key Laboratory for New Resources & Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicine, The MOE Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Compound Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
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