1
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White NM, Waldie KM. Electrocatalytic formate and alcohol oxidation by hydride transfer at first-row transition metal complexes. Dalton Trans 2024; 53:11644-11654. [PMID: 38896286 DOI: 10.1039/d3dt04304e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
The electrocatalytic oxidation of carbon-based liquid fuels, such as formic acid and alcohols, has important applications for our renewable energy transition. Molecular electrocatalysts based on transition metal complexes provide the opportunity to explore the interplay between precise catalyst design and electrocatalytic activity. Recent advances have seen the development of first-row transition metal electrocatalysts for these transformations that operate via hydride transfer between the substrate and catalyst. In this Frontier article, we present the key contributions to this field and discuss the proposed mechanisms for each case. These studies also reveal the remaining challenges for formate and alcohol oxidation with first-row transition metal systems, for which we provide perspectives on future directions for next-generation electrocatalyst design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Navar M White
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 123 Bevier Road, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, USA.
| | - Kate M Waldie
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 123 Bevier Road, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, USA.
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2
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Zhou X, Wang J, Ma D, Shen Y, Zhao Y, Wu J. Electrochemical synthesis of phosphorylated azaspiro[4.5]di/trienones through dearomative spirocyclization. Chem Commun (Camb) 2024; 60:7351-7354. [PMID: 38916454 DOI: 10.1039/d4cc02638a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/26/2024]
Abstract
Cp2Fe-mediated electrochemical synthesis of a diverse array of phosphorylated azaspiro[4.5]di/trienones has been developed, which demonstrated broad substrate scope and good diastereoselectivity. It represents the first example of electrochemical synthesis of phosphorylated azaspiro[4.5]di/trienones, circumventing the need for external oxidants and high temperatures. Moreover, a plausible mechanism including radical-initiated dearomative cyclization driven by ferrocenium cations has been provided, which was supported by the related mechanistic study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaocong Zhou
- Institute of Drug Discovery Technology, Ningbo University, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Jian Wang
- Institute of Drug Discovery Technology, Ningbo University, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Dumei Ma
- School of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China
| | - Yirui Shen
- School of Materials and Chemical Engineering, Ningbo University of Technology, 315211 Ningbo, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yufen Zhao
- Institute of Drug Discovery Technology, Ningbo University, Zhejiang, China.
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, 361005 Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Ju Wu
- Institute of Drug Discovery Technology, Ningbo University, Zhejiang, China.
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3
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Li B, Liao X, Wen L, Mi M, Xing X, Feng P, Xu S. Electrochemically Direct Fluorination Functionalization of Styrenes with Different Fluorine Source: Access to Fluoroalkyl Derivatives. J Org Chem 2024; 89:9440-9449. [PMID: 38875179 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.4c00722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2024]
Abstract
A mild protocol for electrochemically oxidative fluorodifunctionalization of styrenes has been demonstrated. The reaction proceeds under metal, external oxidant, and catalyst free conditions, allowing tunable access to a wide variety of synthetically useful fluoroalkyl derivatives, such as β-fluorosulfone/fluoromethyl, fluorothiocyanation, and vinylsulfonyl derivatives. Moreover, CsF was shown to be the proper fluorine source for this electrochemical fluorodifunctionalization transformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boao Li
- Department of Chemistry, and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Functional Supramolecular Coordination Materials and Applications, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Xiaojian Liao
- Department of Chemistry, and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Functional Supramolecular Coordination Materials and Applications, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Linzi Wen
- Department of Chemistry, and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Functional Supramolecular Coordination Materials and Applications, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Mengyao Mi
- Department of Chemistry, and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Functional Supramolecular Coordination Materials and Applications, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Xiwen Xing
- Department of Chemistry, and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Functional Supramolecular Coordination Materials and Applications, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Pengju Feng
- Department of Chemistry, and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Functional Supramolecular Coordination Materials and Applications, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Shihai Xu
- Department of Chemistry, and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Functional Supramolecular Coordination Materials and Applications, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
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4
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Sun Y, Yang T, Wang Q, Shi L, Song MP, Niu JL. Atroposelective N-N Axes Synthesis via Electrochemical Cobalt Catalysis. Org Lett 2024; 26:5063-5068. [PMID: 38864356 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.4c01025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2024]
Abstract
Here, we disclosed an unprecedented cobalt electrocatalyzed atroposelective C-H activation and annulation for the efficient construction of diversely functionalized N-N axes in an undivided cell. A broad range of allene substrates and benzamides bearing different functionalities are compatible with generating axially chiral products with good yields and excellent enantioselectivities (up to 92% yield and 99% ee). A series of synthetic applications and control experiments were also performed, which further expanded the practicality of this strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingjie Sun
- College of Chemistry, Pingyuan Laboratory, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Taixin Yang
- College of Chemistry, Pingyuan Laboratory, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Qiuling Wang
- College of Chemistry, Pingyuan Laboratory, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Linlin Shi
- College of Chemistry, Pingyuan Laboratory, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Mao-Ping Song
- College of Chemistry, Pingyuan Laboratory, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Jun-Long Niu
- College of Chemistry, Pingyuan Laboratory, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
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5
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Boyle BT, Dow NW, Kelly CB, Bryan MC, MacMillan DWC. Unlocking carbene reactivity by metallaphotoredox α-elimination. Nature 2024:10.1038/s41586-024-07628-1. [PMID: 38843825 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-024-07628-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2024] [Accepted: 05/30/2024] [Indexed: 07/12/2024]
Abstract
The ability to tame high-energy intermediates is important for synthetic chemistry, enabling the construction of complex molecules and propelling advances in the field of synthesis. Along these lines, carbenes and carbenoid intermediates are particularly attractive, but often unknown, high-energy intermediates1,2. Classical methods to access metal carbene intermediates exploit two-electron chemistry to form the carbon-metal bond. However, these methods are usually prohibitive because of reagent safety concerns, limiting their broad implementation in synthesis3-6. Mechanistically, an alternative approach to carbene intermediates that could circumvent these pitfalls would involve two single-electron steps: radical addition to metal to forge the initial carbon-metal bond followed by redox-promoted α-elimination to yield the desired metal carbene intermediate. Here we realize this strategy through a metallaphotoredox platform that exploits iron carbene reactivity using readily available chemical feedstocks as radical sources and α-elimination from six classes of previously underexploited leaving groups. These discoveries permit cyclopropanation and σ-bond insertion into N-H, S-H and P-H bonds from abundant and bench-stable carboxylic acids, amino acids and alcohols, thereby providing a general solution to the challenge of carbene-mediated chemical diversification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin T Boyle
- Merck Center for Catalysis, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Nathan W Dow
- Merck Center for Catalysis, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Christopher B Kelly
- Discovery Process Research, Janssen Research & Development, Spring House, PA, USA
| | - Marian C Bryan
- Therapeutics Discovery, Janssen Research & Development, Spring House, PA, USA
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6
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Yount J, Morris M, Henson N, Zeller M, Byrd EFC, Piercey DG. Sequential, Electrochemical-Photochemical Synthesis of 1,2,4-Triazolo-[4,3-a]pyrazines. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202400661. [PMID: 38570880 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202400661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2024] [Revised: 03/21/2024] [Accepted: 03/22/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024]
Abstract
1,2,4-triazolo-[4,3-a]pyrazine was prepared via a two-step electrochemical, photochemical process. First, a 5-substituted tetrazole is electrochemically coupled to 2,6-dimethoxypyrazine to yield 1,5- and 2,5- disubstituted tetrazoles. Subsequent photochemical excitation of the 2,5-disubstituted tetrazole species using an ultraviolet lamp releases nitrogen gas and produces a short-lived nitrilimine intermediate. Subsequent cyclization of the nitrilimine intermediate yields a 1,2,4-triazolo-[4,3-a]pyrazine backbone. The scope of this reaction was explored using various tetrazoles and pyrazines. Materials produced were identified using chemical analytical techniques and computationally studied for potential application as an insensitive energetic material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Yount
- School of Materials Engineering, Purdue University, 205 Gates Road, West Lafayette, IN, 47906, USA
- Purdue Energetics Research Center, Purdue University 2, 05 Gates Road, West Lafayette, IN, 47906, USA
| | - Megan Morris
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Purdue University, 575 Stadium Mall Dr, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Noah Henson
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, 560 Oval Drive, West Lafayette, IN, 47906, USA
| | - Matthias Zeller
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, 560 Oval Drive, West Lafayette, IN, 47906, USA
| | - Edward F C Byrd
- Detonation Sciences & Modeling Branch, DEVCOM Army Research Laboratory, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD, 21005, USA
| | - Davin G Piercey
- School of Materials Engineering, Purdue University, 205 Gates Road, West Lafayette, IN, 47906, USA
- Purdue Energetics Research Center, Purdue University 2, 05 Gates Road, West Lafayette, IN, 47906, USA
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Purdue University, 585 Purdue Mall, West Lafayette, IN, 47906, USA
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7
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Luo J, Davenport MT, Ess DH, Liu TL. Electro/Ni Dual-Catalyzed Decarboxylative C(sp 3)-C(sp 2) Cross-Coupling Reactions of Carboxylates and Aryl Bromide. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202403844. [PMID: 38518115 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202403844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2024] [Revised: 03/22/2024] [Accepted: 03/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/24/2024]
Abstract
Paired redox-neutral electrolysis offers an attractive green platform for organic synthesis by avoiding sacrificial oxidants and reductants. Carboxylates are non-toxic, stable, inexpensive, and widely available, making them ideal nucleophiles for C-C cross-coupling reactions. Here, we report the electro/Ni dual-catalyzed redox-neutral decarboxylative C(sp3)-C(sp2) cross-coupling reactions of pristine carboxylates with aryl bromides. At a cathode, a NiII(Ar)(Br) intermediate is formed through the activation of Ar-Br bond by a NiI-bipyridine catalyst and subsequent reduction. At an anode, the carboxylates, including amino acid, benzyl carboxylic acid, and 2-phenoxy propionic acid, undergo oxidative decarboxylation to form carbon-based free radicals. The combination of NiII(Ar)(Br) intermediate and carbon radical results in the formation of C(sp3)-C(sp2) cross-coupling products. The adaptation of this electrosynthesis method to flow synthesis and valuable molecule synthesis was demonstrated. The reaction mechanism was systematically studied through electrochemical voltammetry and density functional theory (DFT) computational studies. The relationships between the electrochemical properties of carboxylates and the reaction selectivity were revealed. The electro/Ni dual-catalyzed cross-coupling reactions described herein expand the chemical space of paired electrochemical C(sp3)-C(sp2) cross-coupling and represent a promising method for the construction of the C(sp3)-C(sp2) bonds because of the ubiquitous carboxylate nucleophiles and the innate scalability and flexibility of electrochemical flow-synthesis technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Luo
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Utah State University, 0300 Old Main Hill, Logan, Utah, 84322, United States
| | - Michael T Davenport
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, 84604, United States
| | - Daniel H Ess
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, 84604, United States
| | - T Leo Liu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Utah State University, 0300 Old Main Hill, Logan, Utah, 84322, United States
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8
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Kim J, Ling J, Lai Y, Milner PJ. Redox-Active Organic Materials: From Energy Storage to Redox Catalysis. ACS MATERIALS AU 2024; 4:258-273. [PMID: 38737116 PMCID: PMC11083122 DOI: 10.1021/acsmaterialsau.3c00096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2023] [Revised: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 05/14/2024]
Abstract
Electroactive materials are central to myriad applications, including energy storage, sensing, and catalysis. Compared to traditional inorganic electrode materials, redox-active organic materials such as porous organic polymers (POPs) and covalent organic frameworks (COFs) are emerging as promising alternatives due to their structural tunability, flexibility, sustainability, and compatibility with a range of electrolytes. Herein, we discuss the challenges and opportunities available for the use of redox-active organic materials in organoelectrochemistry, an emerging area in fine chemical synthesis. In particular, we highlight the utility of organic electrode materials in photoredox catalysis, electrochemical energy storage, and electrocatalysis and point to new directions needed to unlock their potential utility for organic synthesis. This Perspective aims to bring together the organic, electrochemistry, and polymer communities to design new heterogeneous electrocatalysts for the sustainable synthesis of complex molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaehwan Kim
- Department of Chemistry and
Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Jianheng Ling
- Department of Chemistry and
Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Yihuan Lai
- Department of Chemistry and
Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Phillip J. Milner
- Department of Chemistry and
Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
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9
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Ucheniya K, Jat PK, Chouhan A, Yadav L, Badsara SS. Electrochemical selective divergent C-H chalcogenocyanation of N-heterocyclic scaffolds. Org Biomol Chem 2024; 22:3220-3224. [PMID: 38577798 DOI: 10.1039/d4ob00448e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/06/2024]
Abstract
An electrochemical direct selective C-H chalcogenocyanation approach for indolizine derivatives under mild conditions has been described. Cyclic enone-fused, chromone-fused and 2-substituted indolizines possessing EDGs (electron donating groups) and EWGs (electron withdrawing groups) were successfully reacted with NH4SCN and KSeCN under electrochemical conditions to provide a wide array of mono and bis-chalcogenocyanate-indolizines in 75-94% yields. In addition, 1-substituted imidazo[1,5-a]quinolines were also successfully chalcogenocyanated under the optimized reaction conditions providing a platform for the synthesis of pharmaceutically privileged molecules. By switching the reaction conditions, the developed protocol offers selective synthesis of C-3 thiocyanate and 1,3 bis-thiocyanate indolizines in good to excellent yields under catalyst-free conditions. On the basis of control experiments and cyclic voltammetry data, a plausible reaction pathway is also presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kusum Ucheniya
- MFOS Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Rajasthan, JLN Marg, Jaipur, Rajasthan, 302004, India.
| | - Pooja Kumari Jat
- MFOS Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Rajasthan, JLN Marg, Jaipur, Rajasthan, 302004, India.
| | - Amreen Chouhan
- MFOS Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Rajasthan, JLN Marg, Jaipur, Rajasthan, 302004, India.
| | - Lalit Yadav
- MFOS Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Rajasthan, JLN Marg, Jaipur, Rajasthan, 302004, India.
| | - Satpal Singh Badsara
- MFOS Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Rajasthan, JLN Marg, Jaipur, Rajasthan, 302004, India.
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10
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Tomczyk I, Kalek M. Electrochemical Dearomatizing Methoxylation of Phenols and Naphthols: Synthetic and Computational Studies. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202303916. [PMID: 38315289 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202303916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2023] [Revised: 02/05/2024] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/07/2024]
Abstract
The electrochemical oxidative dearomatizing methoxylation of phenols and naphthols was developed. It provides an alternative route for the preparation of methoxycyclohexadienones, important and versatile synthetic intermediates, that eliminates the need for stoichiometric high-energy chemical oxidants and generates hydrogen as a sole by-product. The reaction proceeds in a simple constant current mode, in an undivided cell, and it employs standardized instrumentation. A collection of methoxycyclohexadienones derived from various 2,4,6-tri-substituted phenols and 1-substituted-2-naphthols was obtained in moderate to excellent yields. These include a complex derivative of estrone, as well as methoxylated dearomatized 1,1'-bi-2-naphthols (BINOLs). The mechanism of the reaction was subject to profound investigations using density functional theory calculations. In particular, the reactivity of two key intermediates, phenoxyl radical and phenoxenium ion, was carefully examined. The obtained results shed light on the pathway leading to the desired product and rationalize experimentally observed selectivities regarding a side benzylic methoxylation and the preference for the functionalization at the para over the ortho position. They also uncover the structure-selectivity relationship, inversely correlating the steric bulk of the substrate with its propensity to undergo the side-reaction. Moreover, the loss of stereochemical information from enantiopure BINOL substrates during the reaction is rationalized by the computations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ireneusz Tomczyk
- Centre of New Technologies, University of Warsaw, Banacha 2C, 02-097, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Marcin Kalek
- Centre of New Technologies, University of Warsaw, Banacha 2C, 02-097, Warsaw, Poland
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11
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Garai B, Das A, Kumar DV, Sundararaju B. Enantioselective C-H bond functionalization under Co(III)-catalysis. Chem Commun (Camb) 2024; 60:3354-3369. [PMID: 38441168 DOI: 10.1039/d3cc05329f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/22/2024]
Abstract
While progress in enantioselective C-H functionalization has been accomplished by employing 4d and 5d transition metal-based catalysts, the rapid depletion of these metals in the earth's crust poses a serious threat to making these protocols sustainable. On the other hand, because of their unique reactivity, low toxicity, and high earth abundance, newer strategies utilizing affordable 3d transition metals have come to the forefront. Among the first-row transition metals, high-valent cobalt has recently attracted a lot of attention for catalytic C-H functionalization with mono and bidentate directing groups. This approach was extended for asymmetric catalysis due to a fairly thorough knowledge of its catalytic cycles. Four major themes have been investigated as a result of this insight: (1) rational design of a chiral Cp#Co(III)-catalyst, (2) chiral carboxylic acid with achiral Cp*Co(III)-catalysts using monodentate directing groups, (3) cobalt/salox-based systems, and (4) cobalt/chiral phosphoric acid-based hybrid systems with bidentate directing groups. Herein, we highlight the recent developments in high-valent cobalt-catalyzed enantioselective C-H functionalization up to October 2023, with the strong belief that the current state-of-the-art can attract considerable interest in the synthetic community, encouraging discoveries in the evolving landscape of asymmetric catalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bholanath Garai
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh - 208016, India.
| | - Abir Das
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh - 208016, India.
| | - Doppalapudi Vineet Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh - 208016, India.
| | - Basker Sundararaju
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh - 208016, India.
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12
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Cai YM, Liu XT, Xu LL, Shang M. Electrochemical Ni-Catalyzed Decarboxylative C(sp 3 )-N Cross-Electrophile Coupling. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202315222. [PMID: 38299697 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202315222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Revised: 12/22/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 02/02/2024]
Abstract
A new electrochemical transformation is presented that enables chemists to couple simple alkyl carboxylic acid derivatives with an electrophilic amine reagent to construct C(sp3 )-N bond. The success of this reaction hinges on the merging of cooperative electrochemical reduction with nickel catalysis. The chemistry exhibits a high degree of practicality, showcasing its wide applicability with 1°, 2°, 3° carboxylic acids and remarkable compatibility with diverse functional groups, even in the realm of late-stage functionalization. Furthermore, extensive mechanistic studies have unveiled the engagement of alkyl radicals and iminyl radicals; and elucidated the multifaceted roles played by i Pr2 O, Ni catalyst, and electricity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue-Ming Cai
- Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Zhangjiang Institute for Advanced Study, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, P. R. China
| | - Xiao-Ting Liu
- Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Zhangjiang Institute for Advanced Study, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, P. R. China
| | - Lin-Lin Xu
- Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Zhangjiang Institute for Advanced Study, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, P. R. China
| | - Ming Shang
- Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Zhangjiang Institute for Advanced Study, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, P. R. China
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13
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Rani S, Aslam S, Lal K, Noreen S, Alsader KAM, Hussain R, Shirinfar B, Ahmed N. Electrochemical C-H/C-C Bond Oxygenation: A Potential Technology for Plastic Depolymerization. CHEM REC 2024; 24:e202300331. [PMID: 38063812 DOI: 10.1002/tcr.202300331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2023] [Revised: 11/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/10/2024]
Abstract
Herein, we provide eco-friendly and safely operated electrocatalytic methods for the selective oxidation directly or with water, air, light, metal catalyst or other mediators serving as the only oxygen supply. Heavy metals, stoichiometric chemical oxidants, or harsh conditions were drawbacks of earlier oxidative cleavage techniques. It has recently come to light that a crucial stage in the deconstruction of plastic waste and the utilization of biomass is the selective activation of inert C(sp3 )-C/H(sp3 ) bonds, which continues to be a significant obstacle in the chemical upcycling of resistant polyolefin waste. An appealing alternative to chemical oxidations using oxygen and catalysts is direct or indirect electrochemical conversion. An essential transition in the chemical and pharmaceutical industries is the electrochemical oxidation of C-H/C-C bonds. In this review, we discuss cutting-edge approaches to chemically recycle commercial plastics and feasible C-C/C-H bonds oxygenation routes for industrial scale-up.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sadia Rani
- Department of Chemistry, The Women University Multan, Multan, 60000, Pakistan
| | - Samina Aslam
- Department of Chemistry, The Women University Multan, Multan, 60000, Pakistan
| | - Kiran Lal
- Department of Chemistry, The Women University Multan, Multan, 60000, Pakistan
| | - Sobia Noreen
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Sargodha, Sargodha, 40100, Pakistan
| | | | - Riaz Hussain
- Department of Chemistry, University of Education Lahore, D.G. Khan Campus, 32200, Pakistan
| | - Bahareh Shirinfar
- West Herts College - University of Hertfordshire, Watford, WD17 3EZ, London, United Kingdom
| | - Nisar Ahmed
- School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Main Building, Park Place, Cardiff, CF10 3AT, United Kingdom
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14
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Loynd C, Singha Roy SJ, Ovalle VJ, Canarelli SE, Mondal A, Jewel D, Ficaretta ED, Weerapana E, Chatterjee A. Electrochemical labelling of hydroxyindoles with chemoselectivity for site-specific protein bioconjugation. Nat Chem 2024; 16:389-397. [PMID: 38082177 PMCID: PMC10932882 DOI: 10.1038/s41557-023-01375-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 02/06/2024]
Abstract
Electrochemistry has recently emerged as a powerful approach in small-molecule synthesis owing to its numerous attractive features, including precise control over the fundamental reaction parameters, mild reaction conditions and innate scalability. Even though these advantages also make it an attractive strategy for chemoselective modification of complex biomolecules such as proteins, such applications remain poorly developed. Here we report an electrochemically promoted coupling reaction between 5-hydroxytryptophan (5HTP) and simple aromatic amines-electrochemical labelling of hydroxyindoles with chemoselectivity (eCLIC)-that enables site-specific labelling of full-length proteins under mild conditions. Using genetic code expansion technology, the 5HTP residue can be incorporated into predefined sites of a recombinant protein expressed in either prokaryotic or eukaryotic hosts for subsequent eCLIC labelling. We used the eCLIC reaction to site-specifically label various recombinant proteins, including a full-length human antibody. Furthermore, we show that eCLIC is compatible with strain-promoted alkyne-azide and alkene-tetrazine click reactions, enabling site-specific modification of proteins at two different sites with distinct labels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Conor Loynd
- Department of Chemistry, Boston College, 2609 Beacon Street, Chestnut Hill, MA, USA
| | | | - Vincent J Ovalle
- Department of Chemistry, Boston College, 2609 Beacon Street, Chestnut Hill, MA, USA
| | - Sarah E Canarelli
- Department of Chemistry, Boston College, 2609 Beacon Street, Chestnut Hill, MA, USA
| | - Atanu Mondal
- Department of Chemistry, Boston College, 2609 Beacon Street, Chestnut Hill, MA, USA
| | - Delilah Jewel
- Department of Chemistry, Boston College, 2609 Beacon Street, Chestnut Hill, MA, USA
| | - Elise D Ficaretta
- Department of Chemistry, Boston College, 2609 Beacon Street, Chestnut Hill, MA, USA
| | - Eranthie Weerapana
- Department of Chemistry, Boston College, 2609 Beacon Street, Chestnut Hill, MA, USA
| | - Abhishek Chatterjee
- Department of Chemistry, Boston College, 2609 Beacon Street, Chestnut Hill, MA, USA.
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15
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Wang M, Gao Y, Zhao XJ, Gao L, He Y. Electrochemical multicomponent [2+2+1] cascade cyclization of enaminones and primary amines towards the synthesis of 4-acylimidazoles. Chem Commun (Camb) 2024; 60:2677-2680. [PMID: 38352990 DOI: 10.1039/d3cc06196e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/01/2024]
Abstract
An electrochemical multicomponent [2+2+1] cascade cyclization of enaminones and primary amines towards the synthesis of 4-acylimidazoles has been developed. In an undivided cell, enaminones and primary amines can smoothly participate in this reaction to provide a series of 1,2-disubstituted 4-acylimidazoles at room temperature. The reaction avoids the use of both transition-metal catalysts and oxidation reagents, which makes it more sustainable and renewable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingxu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Chemistry in Ethnic Medicinal Resources, State Ethnic Affairs Commission & Ministry of Education; Key Laboratory of Natural Products Synthetic Biology of Ethnic Medicinal Endophytes, State Ethnic Affairs Commission, School of Ethnic Medicine, Yunnan Minzu University Kunming, 650500, China.
| | - Ying Gao
- Key Laboratory of Chemistry in Ethnic Medicinal Resources, State Ethnic Affairs Commission & Ministry of Education; Key Laboratory of Natural Products Synthetic Biology of Ethnic Medicinal Endophytes, State Ethnic Affairs Commission, School of Ethnic Medicine, Yunnan Minzu University Kunming, 650500, China.
| | - Xiao-Jing Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Chemistry in Ethnic Medicinal Resources, State Ethnic Affairs Commission & Ministry of Education; Key Laboratory of Natural Products Synthetic Biology of Ethnic Medicinal Endophytes, State Ethnic Affairs Commission, School of Ethnic Medicine, Yunnan Minzu University Kunming, 650500, China.
| | - Lu Gao
- Key Laboratory of Chemistry in Ethnic Medicinal Resources, State Ethnic Affairs Commission & Ministry of Education; Key Laboratory of Natural Products Synthetic Biology of Ethnic Medicinal Endophytes, State Ethnic Affairs Commission, School of Ethnic Medicine, Yunnan Minzu University Kunming, 650500, China.
| | - Yonghui He
- Key Laboratory of Chemistry in Ethnic Medicinal Resources, State Ethnic Affairs Commission & Ministry of Education; Key Laboratory of Natural Products Synthetic Biology of Ethnic Medicinal Endophytes, State Ethnic Affairs Commission, School of Ethnic Medicine, Yunnan Minzu University Kunming, 650500, China.
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16
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Dapkekar AB, Satyanarayana G. Electrochemical selenofunctionalization of unactivated alkenes: access to β-hydroxy-selenides. Org Biomol Chem 2024; 22:1775-1781. [PMID: 38328950 DOI: 10.1039/d4ob00105b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Abstract
This work demonstrates the electrochemical construction of 2-methyl-1-aryloxy-3-(arylselanyl)propan-2-ol/2-hydroxy-2-methyl-3-(arylselanyl)propyl 2-(2-hydroxy-2-methyl-3-(arylselanyl)propoxy)benzoate starting from aryl allyl ethers/allyl benzoates and diaryl diselenides under additive-free electrochemical conditions. This environmentally friendly method was achieved through constant current electrolysis in an undivided cell setup under acid, oxidant, or catalyst-free conditions. Additionally, this technique enabled the synthesis of a variety of β-hydroxy selenides including late-stage functionalization of drug derivatives in good to exceptional yields across various substrates under mild reaction conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anil Balajirao Dapkekar
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad (IITH), Kandi, Sangareddy, Telangana 502284, India.
| | - Gedu Satyanarayana
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad (IITH), Kandi, Sangareddy, Telangana 502284, India.
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17
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Zong ZM, Zhang L, Li GP, Wang W, Zhao XJ, He Y. Electrochemical-Induced C-N Bond Formation: A New Method to Synthesis ( Z)-Quinazolinone Oximes Using Primary Amines and Quinazolin-4(3 H)-one. Org Lett 2024; 26:1271-1276. [PMID: 38323795 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.4c00107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2024]
Abstract
A novel and highly selective electrochemical method for the synthesis of diverse quinazolinone oximes via direct electrooxidation of primary amines/C(sp2)-H functionalization of oximes has been developed. The reaction is conducted in an undivided cell under constant current conditions and is oxidant-free, open-air, and eco-friendly. Notably, the protocol shows good functional group tolerance, providing versatile quinazolinone oximes in good yields. Moreover, the mechanism is investigated through control experiments and cyclic voltammogram (CV) experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Min Zong
- School of Ethnic Medicine, Yunnan Minzu University, Kunming, 650500, China
| | - Lizhu Zhang
- School of Ethnic Medicine, Yunnan Minzu University, Kunming, 650500, China
| | - Gan-Peng Li
- School of Ethnic Medicine, Yunnan Minzu University, Kunming, 650500, China
| | - Wei Wang
- School of Ethnic Medicine, Yunnan Minzu University, Kunming, 650500, China
| | - Xiao-Jing Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Chemistry in Ethnic Medicinal Resources, School of Ethnic Medicine, Yunnan Minzu University, Kunming, 650500, China
| | - Yonghui He
- Key Laboratory of Chemistry in Ethnic Medicinal Resources, School of Ethnic Medicine, Yunnan Minzu University, Kunming, 650500, China
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18
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Bandyopadhyay A, Biswas P, Kundu SK, Sarkar R. Electrochemistry-enabled residue-specific modification of peptides and proteins. Org Biomol Chem 2024; 22:1085-1101. [PMID: 38231504 DOI: 10.1039/d3ob01857a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2024]
Abstract
Selective chemical reactions at precise amino acid residues of peptides and proteins have become an exploding field of research in the last few decades. With the emerging utility of bioconjugated peptides and proteins as drug leads and therapeutic agents, the design of smart protocols to modulate and conjugate biomolecules has become necessary. During this modification, the most important concern of biochemists is to keep intact the structural integrity of the biomolecules. Hence, a soft and selective biocompatible reaction environment is necessary. Electrochemistry, a mild and elegant tunable reaction platform to synthesize complex molecules while avoiding harsh and toxic chemicals, can provide such a reaction condition. However, this strategy is yet to be fully exploited in the field of selective modification of polypeptides. With this possibility, the use of electrochemistry as a reaction toolbox in peptide and protein chemistry is flourishing day by day. Unfortunately, there is no suitable review article summarizing the residue-specific modification of biomolecules. The present review provides a comprehensive summary of the latest manifested electrochemical approaches for the modulation of five redox-active amino acid residues, namely cysteine, tyrosine, tryptophan, histidine and methionine, found in peptides and proteins. The article also highlights the incredible potential of electrochemistry for the regio- as well as chemoselective bioconjugation strategy of biomolecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayan Bandyopadhyay
- Department of Chemistry, Chapra Government College, Nadia-741123, West Bengal, India
| | - Pranay Biswas
- Department of Physics, Dinabandhu Mahavidyalaya, 24 Parganas (N), 743235, West Bengal, India
| | - Sudipta K Kundu
- Department of Chemistry, Muragachha Government College, Nadia-741154, West Bengal, India.
| | - Rajib Sarkar
- Department of Chemistry, Muragachha Government College, Nadia-741154, West Bengal, India.
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19
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Nguyen KT, Huynh TNT, Ratanathawornkiti K, Juthathan M, Thamyongkit P, Sukwattanasinitt M, Wacharasindhu S. NaI-Mediated Electrochemical Cyclization-Desulfurization for the Synthesis of N-Substituted 2-Aminobenzimidazoles. J Org Chem 2024; 89:1591-1608. [PMID: 38102091 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.3c02212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
Abstract
An electrochemical method for the synthesis of N-substituted 2-aminobenzimidazoles through a NaI-mediated desulfurization-cyclization process is reported. This electrosynthesis method utilizes cost-effective NaI as both a mediator and an electrolyte in a catalytic amount (0.2 equiv), replacing traditional oxidizing reagents. N-Substituted o-phenylenediamines and isothiocyanates undergo a thiourea formation/cyclization/desulfurization process to provide N-substituted 2-aminobenzimidazoles (55 examples, up to 98% yield) in a single reaction vessel. Importantly, this electrochemical methodology is applicable to gram-scale synthesis, maintaining reaction efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khuyen Thu Nguyen
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Thao Nguyen Thanh Huynh
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | | | - Methasit Juthathan
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Patchanita Thamyongkit
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | | | - Sumrit Wacharasindhu
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
- Green Chemistry for Fine Chemical Productions and Environmental Remediation Research Unit, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
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20
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Behrsing T, Blair VL, Jaroschik F, Deacon GB, Junk PC. Rare Earths-The Answer to Everything. Molecules 2024; 29:688. [PMID: 38338432 PMCID: PMC10856286 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29030688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2024] [Revised: 01/24/2024] [Accepted: 01/27/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Rare earths, scandium, yttrium, and the fifteen lanthanoids from lanthanum to lutetium, are classified as critical metals because of their ubiquity in daily life. They are present in magnets in cars, especially electric cars; green electricity generating systems and computers; in steel manufacturing; in glass and light emission materials especially for safety lighting and lasers; in exhaust emission catalysts and supports; catalysts in artificial rubber production; in agriculture and animal husbandry; in health and especially cancer diagnosis and treatment; and in a variety of materials and electronic products essential to modern living. They have the potential to replace toxic chromates for corrosion inhibition, in magnetic refrigeration, a variety of new materials, and their role in agriculture may expand. This review examines their role in sustainability, the environment, recycling, corrosion inhibition, crop production, animal feedstocks, catalysis, health, and materials, as well as considering future uses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Behrsing
- School of Chemistry, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3800, Australia; (T.B.); (V.L.B.); (G.B.D.)
| | - Victoria L. Blair
- School of Chemistry, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3800, Australia; (T.B.); (V.L.B.); (G.B.D.)
| | | | - Glen B. Deacon
- School of Chemistry, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3800, Australia; (T.B.); (V.L.B.); (G.B.D.)
| | - Peter C. Junk
- College of Science & Engineering, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD 4811, Australia
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21
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Wang S, Wu Z, Li J, Zhu Y, Zheng S, Jiang C, Lu H. Electrochemical decarboxylative alkylation of β-ketoacids with phenol derivatives. Chem Commun (Camb) 2024; 60:1329-1332. [PMID: 38197300 DOI: 10.1039/d3cc05489f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2024]
Abstract
An electrochemical method for the decarboxylative alkylation of β-ketoacids with phenol derivatives has been developed. The protocol was carried out in readily available unseparated cells at room temperature in the absence of catalysts and oxidants. The corresponding aryl ketones were obtained in satisfactory yields without additional electrolytes, and were easy to produce in gram-scale synthesis. Based on control experiments and cyclic voltammetry, a plausible reaction mechanism was proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan Wang
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212100, China.
| | - Zhaotian Wu
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212100, China.
| | - Junqiang Li
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212100, China.
| | - Yujun Zhu
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212100, China.
| | - Shaojun Zheng
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212100, China.
| | - Chunhui Jiang
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212100, China.
| | - Hongfei Lu
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212100, China.
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22
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Hsu JH, Ball TE, Oh S, Stache EE, Fors BP. Selective Electrocatalytic Degradation of Ether-Containing Polymers. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202316578. [PMID: 38032347 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202316578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Revised: 11/28/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
Leveraging electrochemistry to degrade robust polymeric materials has the potential to impact society's growing issue of plastic waste. Herein, we develop an electrocatalytic oxidative degradation of polyethers and poly(vinyl ethers) via electrochemically mediated hydrogen atom transfer (HAT) followed by oxidative polymer degradation promoted by molecular oxygen. We investigated the selectivity and efficiency of this method, finding our conditions to be highly selective for polymers with hydridic, electron-rich C-H bonds. We leveraged this reactivity to degrade polyethers and poly(vinyl ethers) in the presence of polymethacrylates and polyacrylates with complete selectivity. Furthermore, this method made polyacrylates degradable by incorporation of ether units into the polymer backbone. We quantified degradation products, identifying up to 36 mol % of defined oxidation products, including acetic acid, formic acid, and acetaldehyde, and we extended this method to degrade a polyether-based polyurethane in a green solvent. This work demonstrates a facile, electrochemically-driven route to degrade polymers containing ether functionalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesse H Hsu
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14850, USA
| | - Tyler E Ball
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14850, USA
| | - Sewon Oh
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14850, USA
| | - Erin E Stache
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14850, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Brett P Fors
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14850, USA
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23
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Bityukov OV, Skokova KV, Vil' VA, Nikishin GI, Terent'ev AO. Electrochemical Generation of Peroxy Radicals and Subsequent Peroxidation of 1,3-Dicarbonyls in an Undivided Cell. Org Lett 2024; 26:166-171. [PMID: 38153332 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.3c03780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2023]
Abstract
The generation of peroxy radicals from hydroperoxides with subsequent selective peroxidation of 1,3-dicarbonyls in an undivided electrochemical cell under constant current conditions is reported. The method provides a variety of peroxy-containing barbituric acids and 4-hydroxy-2(5H)-furanones with yields of up to 74%. Only the combination of anodic and cathodic processes provides efficient peroxidation by generating a set of alkoxy and peroxy radicals. NaNO3 acts as both an electrolyte and a redox mediator of radical reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oleg V Bityukov
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 47 Leninsky prospekt, Moscow, 119991, Russian Federation
- All-Russian Research Institute for Phytopathology B. Vyazyomy, Moscow Region 143050, Russian Federation
| | - Ksenia V Skokova
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 47 Leninsky prospekt, Moscow, 119991, Russian Federation
- All-Russian Research Institute for Phytopathology B. Vyazyomy, Moscow Region 143050, Russian Federation
| | - Vera A Vil'
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 47 Leninsky prospekt, Moscow, 119991, Russian Federation
- All-Russian Research Institute for Phytopathology B. Vyazyomy, Moscow Region 143050, Russian Federation
| | - Gennady I Nikishin
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 47 Leninsky prospekt, Moscow, 119991, Russian Federation
| | - Alexander O Terent'ev
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 47 Leninsky prospekt, Moscow, 119991, Russian Federation
- All-Russian Research Institute for Phytopathology B. Vyazyomy, Moscow Region 143050, Russian Federation
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24
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Lu M, Chen K, Wu T, Cai H. Electrochemical Decarboxylative Alkoxy-alkoxycarbonylation of Alkenes. Org Lett 2024; 26:188-192. [PMID: 38127651 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.3c03816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
A method is presented for decarboxylative alkoxy-alkoxycarbonylation of various alkenes with alcohols by electrochemical anodic oxidation of monopotassium ethyloxalate salts with good functional group compatibility. The reaction involves anodic oxidation to form an acyl radical, followed by addition to an olefin to yield a new alkyl radical, which is anodically oxidized to a carbon cation and captured by alcohols to afford β-alkoxyalkanoates. Adding catalytic amounts of ammonium iodide enhanced the efficiency of the reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meiqun Lu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330031, P. R. China
| | - Kailun Chen
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330031, P. R. China
| | - Tao Wu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330031, P. R. China
| | - Hu Cai
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330031, P. R. China
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25
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Nicholls TP, Jia Z, Chalker JM. Electrochemical Synthesis of Gold-N-Heterocyclic Carbene Complexes. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202303161. [PMID: 37876029 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202303161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2023] [Revised: 10/23/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 10/26/2023]
Abstract
An electrochemical synthesis of gold(I)-N-heterocyclic carbene (Au-NHC) complexes has been developed. The electrochemical methodology uses only imidazolium salts, gold metal electrodes, and electricity to produce these complexes with hydrogen gas as the only by-product. This high-yielding and operationally simple procedure has been used to produce eight mononuclear and three dinuclear Au-NHC complexes. The electrochemical procedure facilitates a clean reaction with no by-products. As such, Au-NHC complexes can be directly transferred to catalytic reactions without work-up or purification. The Au-NHC complexes were produced on-demand and tested as catalysts in a vinylcyclopropanation reaction. All mononuclear Au-NHC complexes performed similarly to or better than the isolated complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas P Nicholls
- Institute for Nanoscale Science and Technology, College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University, Bedford Park, South Australia, 5042, Australia
| | - Zhongfan Jia
- Institute for Nanoscale Science and Technology, College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University, Bedford Park, South Australia, 5042, Australia
| | - Justin M Chalker
- Institute for Nanoscale Science and Technology, College of Science and Engineering, Flinders University, Bedford Park, South Australia, 5042, Australia
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26
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Tian X, Liu Y, Yakubov S, Schütte J, Chiba S, Barham JP. Photo- and electro-chemical strategies for the activations of strong chemical bonds. Chem Soc Rev 2024; 53:263-316. [PMID: 38059728 DOI: 10.1039/d2cs00581f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/08/2023]
Abstract
The employment of light and/or electricity - alternatively to conventional thermal energy - unlocks new reactivity paradigms as tools for chemical substrate activations. This leads to the development of new synthetic reactions and a vast expansion of chemical spaces. This review summarizes recent developments in photo- and/or electrochemical activation strategies for the functionalization of strong bonds - particularly carbon-heteroatom (C-X) bonds - via: (1) direct photoexcitation by high energy UV light; (2) activation via photoredox catalysis under irradiation with relatively lower energy UVA or blue light; (3) electrochemical reduction; (4) combination of photocatalysis and electrochemistry. Based on the types of the targeted C-X bonds, various transformations ranging from hydrodefunctionalization to cross-coupling are covered with detailed discussions of their reaction mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianhai Tian
- Fakultät für Chemie und Pharmazie, Universität Regensburg, 93040 Regensburg, Germany.
| | - Yuliang Liu
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637371, Singapore.
| | - Shahboz Yakubov
- Fakultät für Chemie und Pharmazie, Universität Regensburg, 93040 Regensburg, Germany.
| | - Jonathan Schütte
- Fakultät für Chemie und Pharmazie, Universität Regensburg, 93040 Regensburg, Germany.
| | - Shunsuke Chiba
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637371, Singapore.
| | - Joshua P Barham
- Fakultät für Chemie und Pharmazie, Universität Regensburg, 93040 Regensburg, Germany.
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27
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Oksanen V, Rautiainen S, Wirtanen T. Nickel-Electrocatalyzed Synthesis of Bifuran-Based Monomers. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202302572. [PMID: 37735957 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202302572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2023] [Revised: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 09/23/2023]
Abstract
Bifuran motifs can be accessed with nickel-bipyridine electrocatalyzed homocouplings of bromine-substituted methyl furancarboxylates, which, in turn, can be prepared from hemicellulose-derived furfural. The described protocol uses sustainable carbon-based graphite electrodes in the simplest setup - an undivided cell with constant current electrolysis. The reported method avoids using a sacrificial anode by employing triethanolamine as an electron donor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valtteri Oksanen
- Industrial Synthesis & Catalysis, VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland Ltd., Box 1000, FI-02044, Espoo, Finland
| | - Sari Rautiainen
- Industrial Synthesis & Catalysis, VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland Ltd., Box 1000, FI-02044, Espoo, Finland
| | - Tom Wirtanen
- Industrial Synthesis & Catalysis, VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland Ltd., Box 1000, FI-02044, Espoo, Finland
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28
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Lunghi E, Ronco P, Della Negra F, Trucchi B, Verzini M, Merli D, Casali E, Kappe CO, Cantillo D, Zanoni G. Electrifying Friedel-Crafts Intramolecular Alkylation toward 1,1-Disubstituted Tetrahydronaphthalenes. J Org Chem 2023; 88:16783-16789. [PMID: 38032548 PMCID: PMC10729024 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.3c01281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2023] [Revised: 09/13/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
In this work, we successfully employed electrochemical conditions to promote a Hofer-Moest, intramolecular Friedel-Crafts alkylation sequence. The reaction proceeds under mild conditions, employing carboxylic acids as starting materials. Notably, the electrochemical process performed in batch was adapted to a continuous flow electrolysis apparatus to provide a significant improvement. This catalyst-free, electrochemical approach produces an array of tetrahydronaphthalenes that could be used for API synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrico Lunghi
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Pavia, Viale Taramelli, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Pietro Ronco
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Pavia, Viale Taramelli, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | | | | | | | - Daniele Merli
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Pavia, Viale Taramelli, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Emanuele Casali
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Pavia, Viale Taramelli, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - C. Oliver Kappe
- Institute
of Chemistry, University of Graz, NAWI Graz, Graz 8010, Austria
- Center
for Continuous Flow Synthesis and Processing (CCFLOW), Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH (RCPE), Graz 8010, Austria
| | - David Cantillo
- Institute
of Chemistry, University of Graz, NAWI Graz, Graz 8010, Austria
- Center
for Continuous Flow Synthesis and Processing (CCFLOW), Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH (RCPE), Graz 8010, Austria
| | - Giuseppe Zanoni
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Pavia, Viale Taramelli, 27100 Pavia, Italy
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29
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Liang YF, Bilal M, Tang LY, Wang TZ, Guan YQ, Cheng Z, Zhu M, Wei J, Jiao N. Carbon-Carbon Bond Cleavage for Late-Stage Functionalization. Chem Rev 2023; 123:12313-12370. [PMID: 37942891 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2023]
Abstract
Late-stage functionalization (LSF) introduces functional group or structural modification at the final stage of the synthesis of natural products, drugs, and complex compounds. It is anticipated that late-stage functionalization would improve drug discovery's effectiveness and efficiency and hasten the creation of various chemical libraries. Consequently, late-stage functionalization of natural products is a productive technique to produce natural product derivatives, which significantly impacts chemical biology and drug development. Carbon-carbon bonds make up the fundamental framework of organic molecules. Compared with the carbon-carbon bond construction, the carbon-carbon bond activation can directly enable molecular editing (deletion, insertion, or modification of atoms or groups of atoms) and provide a more efficient and accurate synthetic strategy. However, the efficient and selective activation of unstrained carbon-carbon bonds is still one of the most challenging projects in organic synthesis. This review encompasses the strategies employed in recent years for carbon-carbon bond cleavage by explicitly focusing on their applicability in late-stage functionalization. This review expands the current discourse on carbon-carbon bond cleavage in late-stage functionalization reactions by providing a comprehensive overview of the selective cleavage of various types of carbon-carbon bonds. This includes C-C(sp), C-C(sp2), and C-C(sp3) single bonds; carbon-carbon double bonds; and carbon-carbon triple bonds, with a focus on catalysis by transition metals or organocatalysts. Additionally, specific topics, such as ring-opening processes involving carbon-carbon bond cleavage in three-, four-, five-, and six-membered rings, are discussed, and exemplar applications of these techniques are showcased in the context of complex bioactive molecules or drug discovery. This review aims to shed light on recent advancements in the field and propose potential avenues for future research in the realm of late-stage carbon-carbon bond functionalization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Feng Liang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Muhammad Bilal
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Le-Yu Tang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Tian-Zhang Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Yu-Qiu Guan
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Zengrui Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Minghui Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Jialiang Wei
- Changping Laboratory, Yard 28, Science Park Road, Changping District, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Ning Jiao
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
- Changping Laboratory, Yard 28, Science Park Road, Changping District, Beijing 102206, China
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
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30
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Bandyopadhyay M, Bhadra S, Pathak S, Menon AM, Chopra D, Patra S, Escorihuela J, De S, Ganguly D, Bhadra S, Bera MK. An Atom-Economic Method for 1,2,3-Triazole Derivatives via Oxidative [3 + 2] Cycloaddition Harnessing the Power of Electrochemical Oxidation and Click Chemistry. J Org Chem 2023; 88:15772-15782. [PMID: 37924324 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.3c01836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2023]
Abstract
An electrochemical method was developed to accomplish the reagentless synthesis of 4,5-disubstituted triazole derivatives employing secondary propargyl alcohol as C-3 synthon and sodium azide as cycloaddition counterpart. The reaction was conducted at room temperature in an undivided cell with a constant current using a pencil graphite (C) anode and stainless-steel cathode in a MeCN solvent system. The proposed reaction mechanism was convincingly established by carrying out a series of control experiments and further supported by electrochemical and density functional theory (DFT) studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manas Bandyopadhyay
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Engineering Science and Technology (IIEST), Shibpur, P.O. Botanic Garden, Howrah 711103, West Bengal, India
| | - Sayan Bhadra
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Engineering Science and Technology (IIEST), Shibpur, P.O. Botanic Garden, Howrah 711103, West Bengal, India
| | - Swastik Pathak
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Engineering Science and Technology (IIEST), Shibpur, P.O. Botanic Garden, Howrah 711103, West Bengal, India
| | - Anila M Menon
- Department of Chemistry, IISER Bhopal, Bhopal Bypass Road, Bhopal 462066, Madhya Pradesh India
| | - Deepak Chopra
- Department of Chemistry, IISER Bhopal, Bhopal Bypass Road, Bhopal 462066, Madhya Pradesh India
| | - Snehangshu Patra
- Sustainable Hydrogen for Valuable Applications (SHYVA), 23 Allee Gilbert Becaud, 34470 Perols, France
| | - Jorge Escorihuela
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universitat de València, Avda. Vicente Andrés Estellés s/n, Burjassot, 46100 Valencia, Spain
| | - Souradeep De
- School of Advanced Materials, Green Energy and Sensor Systems, Indian Institute of Engineering Science and Technology (IIEST), P.O. Botanic Garden, Howrah 711103, West Bengal, India
| | - Debabani Ganguly
- Centre for Health Science and Technology (CHeST), JIS Institute of Advanced Studies and Research Kolkata, Saltlake, Kolkata 700091, West Bengal, India
| | - Suman Bhadra
- Centre for Health Science and Technology (CHeST), JIS Institute of Advanced Studies and Research Kolkata, Saltlake, Kolkata 700091, West Bengal, India
| | - Mrinal K Bera
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Engineering Science and Technology (IIEST), Shibpur, P.O. Botanic Garden, Howrah 711103, West Bengal, India
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31
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Huynh TNT, Nguyen KT, Sukwattanasinitt M, Wacharasindhu S. Electrochemical NaI-mediated one-pot synthesis of guanidines from isothiocyanates via tandem addition-guanylation. Org Biomol Chem 2023; 21:8667-8674. [PMID: 37672208 DOI: 10.1039/d3ob01113e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/07/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we present an electrochemical approach for the synthesis of guanidines from isothiocyanates and amines in a single reaction vessel. This one-pot operation takes place in aqueous media, utilizing an undivided cell setup with NaI serving as both the electrolyte and mediator. The process involves the in situ generation of thiourea, followed by electrolytic guanylation with amines. Under ambient temperature conditions, we successfully demonstrated the formation of 30 different guanidine compounds, achieving yields ranging from fair to excellent. Furthermore, the synthesis method could be carried out on a gram scale with a good yield. This protocol stands out for its cost-effectiveness, step-economical design, high tolerance towards various functional groups, and environmentally friendly reaction conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thao Nguyen Thanh Huynh
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand 10330.
| | - Khuyen Thu Nguyen
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand 10330.
| | | | - Sumrit Wacharasindhu
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand 10330.
- Green Chemistry for Fine Chemical Productions and Environmental Remediation Research Unit, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand 10330
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32
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Ramos-Villaseñor JM, Sotelo-Gil J, Rodil SE, Frontana-Uribe BA. Dihydrolevoglucosenone (Cyrene™), a new possibility of an environmentally compatible solvent in synthetic organic electrochemistry. Faraday Discuss 2023; 247:182-194. [PMID: 37551421 DOI: 10.1039/d3fd00064h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/09/2023]
Abstract
Dihydrolevoglucosenone (DLG or Cyrene™) solvent is a green dipolar solvent produced from cellulose waste. Different studies have demonstrated that it can successfully replace dipolar solvents, such as N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF), N,N-dimethylacetamide (DMA) and N-methylpyrrolidinone (NMP), in a variety of chemical reactions. In this paper, the first application of DLG in organic electrosynthesis is described, with results of its use in the electrochemical reduction of benzophenone derivatives (ca. E = -1.75 V vs. Ag/AgCl), as a greener alternative to other dipolar solvents with environmental concerns. Conductivity measurements show that the solvent presents conductivity and viscosity limitations that can be overcome by using EtOH as a cosolvent. The DLG/EtOH mixture resulted in a convenient solvent to carry out galvanostatic electroreductions of starting materials that exhibit high potential value. Furthermore, the reaction pathway (1e- or 2e-) was found to be dependent on the supporting electrolyte used; TBABF4 favored 2e- reduction to the corresponding alcohol (52-85%), whereas LiClO4 promoted C-C pinacolic coupling (47-70%).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose Manuel Ramos-Villaseñor
- Centro Conjunto de Investigación en Química Sustentable UNAEM-UNAM, Toluca, 50200, Estado de México, Mexico.
- Instituto de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito Exterior. Ciudad Universitaria, Coyoacán, 04510 CDMX, Mexico
| | - Jessica Sotelo-Gil
- Centro Conjunto de Investigación en Química Sustentable UNAEM-UNAM, Toluca, 50200, Estado de México, Mexico.
| | - Sandra E Rodil
- Instituto de Investigación en Materiales, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito Exterior, Ciudad Universitaria, Coyoacán, 04510 CDMX, Mexico
| | - Bernardo Antonio Frontana-Uribe
- Centro Conjunto de Investigación en Química Sustentable UNAEM-UNAM, Toluca, 50200, Estado de México, Mexico.
- Instituto de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito Exterior. Ciudad Universitaria, Coyoacán, 04510 CDMX, Mexico
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33
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Kumar R, Banerjee N, Kumar P, Banerjee P. Electrochemical Synthesis and Reactivity of Three-Membered Strained Carbo- and Heterocycles. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202301594. [PMID: 37436418 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202301594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2023] [Revised: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/13/2023]
Abstract
Three-membered carbocyclic and heterocyclic ring structures are versatile synthetic building blocks in organic synthesis with biological importance. Moreover, the inherent strain of these three-membered rings leads to their ring-opening functionalization through C->C, C->N, and C-O bond cleavage. Traditional synthesis and ring-opening methods for these molecules require the use of acid catalysts or transition metals. Recently, electro-organic synthesis has emerged as a powerful tool for initiating new chemical transformations. In this review, the synthetic and mechanistic aspects of electro-mediated synthesis and ring-opening functionalization of three-membered carbo- and heterocycles are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rakesh Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Ropar Lab No. 406
| | - Nakshatra Banerjee
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Ropar Lab No. 406
| | - Pankaj Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Ropar Lab No. 406
| | - Prabal Banerjee
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Ropar Lab No. 406
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34
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Chiang CW, Li HL, Lin TJ, Chen HC, Chou YH, Chou CJ. Versatile Synthesis of Symmetric and Unsymmetric Imines via Photoelectrochemical Catalysis: Application to N-Terminal Modification of Phenylalanine. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202301379. [PMID: 37434348 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202301379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2023] [Revised: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 07/13/2023]
Abstract
A strategy that combines electrochemical synthesis and photoredox catalysis was reported for the efficient synthesis of imines. This approach was demonstrated to be highly versatile in producing various types of imines, including symmetric and unsymmetric imines, by exploring the impact of different substituents on the benzene ring of the arylamine. Additionally, the method was specifically applied to modify N-terminal phenylalanine residues and was found to be successful in the photoelectrochemical cross-coupling reaction between NH2 -Phe-OMe and aryl methylamines, leading to the synthesis of phenylalanine-containing imines. Therefore, this technique would present a convenient and efficient platform for synthesizing imines, with promising applications in chemical biology, drug development, and organic synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chien-Wei Chiang
- Department of Chemistry, Soochow University, No.70, Linhsi Road, Shihlin District, Taipei, 111002, Taiwan
| | - Hung-Li Li
- Department of Chemistry, Soochow University, No.70, Linhsi Road, Shihlin District, Taipei, 111002, Taiwan
| | - Ting-Jun Lin
- Department of Chemistry, Soochow University, No.70, Linhsi Road, Shihlin District, Taipei, 111002, Taiwan
| | - Hung-Chi Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Soochow University, No.70, Linhsi Road, Shihlin District, Taipei, 111002, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Hsien Chou
- Department of Chemistry, Soochow University, No.70, Linhsi Road, Shihlin District, Taipei, 111002, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Ju Chou
- Department of Chemistry, Soochow University, No.70, Linhsi Road, Shihlin District, Taipei, 111002, Taiwan
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35
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Kuzmin J, Röckl J, Schwarz N, Djossou J, Ahumada G, Ahlquist M, Lundberg H. Electroreductive Desulfurative Transformations with Thioethers as Alkyl Radical Precursors. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202304272. [PMID: 37342889 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202304272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Revised: 05/29/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 06/23/2023]
Abstract
Thioethers are highly prevalent functional groups in organic compounds of natural and synthetic origin but remain remarkably underexplored as starting materials in desulfurative transformations. As such, new synthetic methods are highly desirable to unlock the potential of the compound class. In this vein, electrochemistry is an ideal tool to enable new reactivity and selectivity under mild conditions. Herein, we demonstrate the efficient use of aryl alkyl thioethers as alkyl radical precursors in electroreductive transformations, along with mechanistic details. The transformations proceed with complete selectivity for C(sp3 )-S bond cleavage, orthogonal to that of established transition metal-catalyzed two-electron routes. We showcase a hydrodesulfurization protocol with broad functional group tolerance, the first example of desulfurative C(sp3 )-C(sp3 ) bond formation in Giese-type cross-coupling and the first protocol for electrocarboxylation of synthetic relevance with thioethers as starting materials. Finally, the compound class is shown to outcompete their well-established sulfone analogues as alkyl radical precursors, demonstrating their synthetic potential for future desulfurative transformations in a one-electron manifold.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julius Kuzmin
- Department of Chemistry, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 10044, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Johannes Röckl
- Department of Chemistry, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 10044, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Nils Schwarz
- Department of Chemistry, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 10044, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jonas Djossou
- Department of Chemistry, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 10044, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Guillermo Ahumada
- Department of Chemistry, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 10044, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Mårten Ahlquist
- Department of Chemistry, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 10044, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Helena Lundberg
- Department of Chemistry, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 10044, Stockholm, Sweden
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36
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Rani P, Chahal S, Kumar R, Mayank, Kumar P, Negi A, Singh R, Kumar S, Kataria R, Joshi G, Sindhu J. Electro-organic synthesis of C-5 sulfenylated amino uracils: Optimization and exploring topoisomerase-I based anti-cancer profile. Bioorg Chem 2023; 138:106660. [PMID: 37320914 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2023.106660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Revised: 03/25/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Cancer is spreading worldwide and is one of the leading causes of death. The use of existing chemotherapeutic agents is frequently limited due to side effects. As a result, it is critical to investigate new agents for cancer treatment. In this context, we developed an electrochemical method for the synthesis of a series of thiol-linked pyrimidine derivatives (3a-3p) and explored their anti-cancer potential. The biological profile of the synthesized compounds was evaluated against breast (MDAMB-231 and MCF-7) and colorectal (HCT-116) cancer cell lines. 3b and 3d emerged to be the most potent agents, with IC50 values ranging between 0.98 to 2.45 µM. Target delineation studies followed by secondary anticancer parameters were evaluated for most potent compounds, 3b and 3d. The analysis revealed compounds possess DNA intercalation potential and selective inhibition towards human topoisomerase (hTopo1). The analysis was further corroborated by DNA binding studies and in silico-based molecular modeling studies that validated the intercalating binding mode between the compounds and the DNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Payal Rani
- Department of Chemistry, COBS&H, CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar 125004, India
| | - Sandhya Chahal
- Department of Chemistry, COBS&H, CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar 125004, India
| | - Roshan Kumar
- Department of Human Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda 151401, India
| | - Mayank
- Institut interdisciplinaire d'innovation technologique - 3IT USherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada
| | - Parvin Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, Kurukshetra University, Kurukshetra 136119, India
| | - Arvind Negi
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, Espoo 02150, Finland
| | - Rajvir Singh
- Department of Chemistry, COBS&H, CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar 125004, India
| | - Sudhir Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, COBS&H, CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar 125004, India; Department of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, College of Biotechnology, CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar 125004, India
| | - Ramesh Kataria
- Department of Chemistry & Centre for Advanced Studies in Chemistry, Panjab University, Chandigarh 160014, India
| | - Gaurav Joshi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, Hemvati Nandan Bahuguna Garhwal (A Central) University, Srinagar-246174, Dist. Garhwal, (Uttarakhand), India; Department of Biotechnology, Graphic Era (Deemed to be University), Bell Road, Clement Town Dehradun, Uttarakhand- 248002.
| | - Jayant Sindhu
- Department of Chemistry, COBS&H, CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar 125004, India.
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37
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Homölle S, Stangier M, Reyes E, Ackermann L. Bifurcated Rhodaelectro-catalyzed C-H Activation for the Synthesis of Pyrroles and Lactones. PRECISION CHEMISTRY 2023; 1:382-387. [PMID: 37654809 PMCID: PMC10466456 DOI: 10.1021/prechem.3c00061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Revised: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 06/29/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
While electrocatalyzed alkyne annulations of arenes represent a powerful strategy for the assembly of heteroaromatic motives, electrochemical C(sp2)-H activations of alkenes remain scarce. Herein, a strategy for the rhodaelectro-catalyzed functionalization of enamides is presented for the efficient construction of pyrroles using electricity as a sustainable oxidant. Moreover, the tuning of the solvent system allowed a fascinating switch in chemoselectivity, which is not possible with traditionally used chemical oxidants, giving rise to lactone architectures. The rhoda-electrocatalysis features a broad scope as well as high regio- and chemoselectivities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon
L. Homölle
- Institut
für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Tammannstraße 2, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Maximilian Stangier
- Institut
für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Tammannstraße 2, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Efraim Reyes
- Institut
für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Tammannstraße 2, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
- University
of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Barrio Sarriena s/n, 48940 Leioa, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Lutz Ackermann
- Institut
für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Tammannstraße 2, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
- DZHK
(German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Potsdamer Straße 58, 10785 Berlin, Germany
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38
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Schroeder CM, Politano F, Ohlhorst KK, Leadbeater NE. Acetamido-TEMPO mediated electrochemical oxidation of alcohols to aldehydes and ketones. RSC Adv 2023; 13:25459-25463. [PMID: 37636515 PMCID: PMC10448945 DOI: 10.1039/d3ra04608g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 08/11/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023] Open
Abstract
A protocol for the oxidation of alcohols to aldehydes and ketones employing an electrochemical aminoxyl-mediated reaction is presented. The approach employs a catalytic amount of the radical and the use of a base is not required. It is performed using readily available electrodes in a commercially available electrochemistry apparatus and does not require a reference electrode. The methodology is applicable to a range of structurally and electronically diverse substrates, including the oxidation of primary alcohols to aldehydes rather than the more commonly formed carboxylic acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chelsea M Schroeder
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut 55 North Eagleville Road, Storrs Connecticut 06269 USA
| | - Fabrizio Politano
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut 55 North Eagleville Road, Storrs Connecticut 06269 USA
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Físico Química de Córdoba (INFIQC)-CONICET, Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Ciudad Universitaria X5000HUA Córdoba Argentina
| | - Kristiane K Ohlhorst
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut 55 North Eagleville Road, Storrs Connecticut 06269 USA
| | - Nicholas E Leadbeater
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut 55 North Eagleville Road, Storrs Connecticut 06269 USA
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39
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Ibrahim MS, Cumming GR, Gonzalez de Vega R, Garcia-Losada P, de Frutos O, Kappe CO, Cantillo D. Electrochemical Nickel-Catalyzed C(sp 3)-C(sp 3) Cross-Coupling of Alkyl Halides with Alkyl Tosylates. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:17023-17028. [PMID: 37494617 PMCID: PMC10416217 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c07313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 07/28/2023]
Abstract
Formation of new C(sp3)-C(sp3) bonds is a powerful synthetic tool to increase molecular diversity, which is highly sought after in medicinal chemistry. Traditional generation of carbon nucleophiles and more modern cross-electrophile-coupling methods typically lack sufficient selectivity when cross-coupling of analogous C(sp3)-containing reactants is attempted. Herein, we present a nickel-catalyzed, electrochemically driven method for the coupling of alkyl bromides with alkyl tosylates. Selective cross-coupling transformations were achieved even between C(sp3)-secondary bromides and tosylates. Key to achieve high selectivity was the combination of the tosylates with sodium bromide as the supporting electrolyte, gradually generating small amounts of the more reactive bromide by substitution and ensuring that one of the reaction partners in the nickel-catalyzed electroreductive process is maintained in excess during a large part of the process. The method has been demonstrated for a wide range of substrates (>30 compounds) in moderate to good yields. Further expanding the scope of electroorganic synthesis to C(sp3)-C(sp3) cross-coupling reactions is anticipated to facilitate the switch to green organic synthesis and encourage future innovative electrochemical transformations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malek
Y. S. Ibrahim
- Institute
of Chemistry, University of Graz, NAWI Graz, Graz 8010, Austria
- Center
for Continuous Flow Synthesis and Processing (CCFLOW), Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH (RCPE), Graz 8010, Austria
| | - Graham R. Cumming
- Centro
de Investigación Lilly S.A., Avda. de la Industria 30, 28108 Alcobendas-Madrid, Spain
| | - Raquel Gonzalez de Vega
- Institute
of Chemistry, University of Graz, NAWI Graz, Graz 8010, Austria
- TESLA-Analytical
Chemistry, University of Graz, NAWI Graz, Graz 8010, Austria
| | - Pablo Garcia-Losada
- Centro
de Investigación Lilly S.A., Avda. de la Industria 30, 28108 Alcobendas-Madrid, Spain
| | - Oscar de Frutos
- Centro
de Investigación Lilly S.A., Avda. de la Industria 30, 28108 Alcobendas-Madrid, Spain
| | - C. Oliver Kappe
- Institute
of Chemistry, University of Graz, NAWI Graz, Graz 8010, Austria
- Center
for Continuous Flow Synthesis and Processing (CCFLOW), Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH (RCPE), Graz 8010, Austria
| | - David Cantillo
- Institute
of Chemistry, University of Graz, NAWI Graz, Graz 8010, Austria
- Center
for Continuous Flow Synthesis and Processing (CCFLOW), Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH (RCPE), Graz 8010, Austria
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40
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Lepori M, Schmid S, Barham JP. Photoredox catalysis harvesting multiple photon or electrochemical energies. Beilstein J Org Chem 2023; 19:1055-1145. [PMID: 37533877 PMCID: PMC10390843 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.19.81] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 07/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Photoredox catalysis (PRC) is a cutting-edge frontier for single electron-transfer (SET) reactions, enabling the generation of reactive intermediates for both oxidative and reductive processes via photon activation of a catalyst. Although this represents a significant step towards chemoselective and, more generally, sustainable chemistry, its efficacy is limited by the energy of visible light photons. Nowadays, excellent alternative conditions are available to overcome these limitations, harvesting two different but correlated concepts: the use of multi-photon processes such as consecutive photoinduced electron transfer (conPET) and the combination of photo- and electrochemistry in synthetic photoelectrochemistry (PEC). Herein, we review the most recent contributions to these fields in both oxidative and reductive activations of organic functional groups. New opportunities for organic chemists are captured, such as selective reactions employing super-oxidants and super-reductants to engage unactivated chemical feedstocks, and scalability up to gram scales in continuous flow. This review provides comparisons between the two techniques (multi-photon photoredox catalysis and PEC) to help the reader to fully understand their similarities, differences and potential applications and to therefore choose which method is the most appropriate for a given reaction, scale and purpose of a project.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mattia Lepori
- Fakultät für Chemie und Pharmazie, Universität Regensburg, Universitatsstraße 31, 93040 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Simon Schmid
- Fakultät für Chemie und Pharmazie, Universität Regensburg, Universitatsstraße 31, 93040 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Joshua P Barham
- Fakultät für Chemie und Pharmazie, Universität Regensburg, Universitatsstraße 31, 93040 Regensburg, Germany
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41
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Lin Y, von Münchow T, Ackermann L. Cobaltaelectro-Catalyzed C-H Annulation with Allenes for Atropochiral and P-Stereogenic Compounds: Late-Stage Diversification and Continuous Flow Scale-Up. ACS Catal 2023; 13:9713-9723. [PMID: 38076330 PMCID: PMC10704562 DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.3c02072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2023] [Revised: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2024]
Abstract
The 3d metallaelectro-catalyzed C-H activation has been identified as an increasingly viable strategy to access valuable organic molecules in a resource-economic fashion under exceedingly mild reaction conditions. However, the development of enantioselective 3d metallaelectro-catalyzed C-H activation is very challenging and in its infancy. Here, we disclose the merger of cobaltaelectro-catalyzed C-H activation with asymmetric catalysis for the highly enantioselective annulation of allenes. A broad range of C-N axially chiral and P-stereogenic compounds were thereby obtained in good yields of up to 98% with high enantioselectivities of up to >99% ee. The practicality of this approach was demonstrated by the diversification of complex bioactive compounds and drug molecules as well as decagram scale enantioselective electrocatalysis in continuous flow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Lin
- Institut
für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie, Georg-August-Universität
Göttingen, Tammannstraße 2, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Tristan von Münchow
- Institut
für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie, Georg-August-Universität
Göttingen, Tammannstraße 2, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Lutz Ackermann
- Institut
für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie, Georg-August-Universität
Göttingen, Tammannstraße 2, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
- WISCh
(Wöhler-Research Institute for Sustainable Chemistry), Georg-August-Universität
Göttingen, Tammannstraße
2, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
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42
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Fu J, Lundy W, Chowdhury R, Twitty JC, Dinh LP, Sampson J, Lam YH, Sevov CS, Watson MP, Kalyani D. Nickel-Catalyzed Electroreductive Coupling of Alkylpyridinium Salts and Aryl Halides. ACS Catal 2023; 13:9336-9345. [PMID: 38188282 PMCID: PMC10769313 DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.3c01939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2024]
Abstract
An electrochemical, nickel-catalyzed reductive coupling of alkylpyridinium salts and aryl halides is reported. High-throughput experimentation (HTE) was employed for rapid reaction optimization and evaluation of a broad scope of pharmaceutically relevant structurally diverse aryl halides, including complex drug-like substrates. In addition, the transformation is compatible with both primary and secondary alkylpyridinium salts with distinct conditions. Mechanistic insights were critical to enhance the efficiency of coupling using secondary alkylpyridinium salts. Systematic comparisons of the electrochemical and non-electrochemical methods revealed the complementary scope and efficiency of the two approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiantao Fu
- Discovery Chemistry, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Windsor Lundy
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
| | - Rajdip Chowdhury
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - J. Cameron Twitty
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
| | - Long P. Dinh
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Jessica Sampson
- High Throughput Experimentation Facility, Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
| | - Yu-hong Lam
- Modeling & Informatics, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Christo S. Sevov
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Mary P. Watson
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
| | - Dipannita Kalyani
- Discovery Chemistry, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
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43
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Dorchies F, Grimaud A. Fine tuning of electrosynthesis pathways by modulation of the electrolyte solvation structure. Chem Sci 2023; 14:7103-7113. [PMID: 37416712 PMCID: PMC10321496 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc01889j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 07/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Electrosynthesis is a method of choice for designing new synthetic routes owing to its ability to selectively conduct reactions at controlled potentials, high functional group tolerance, mild conditions and sustainability when powered by renewables. When designing an electrosynthetic route, the selection of the electrolyte, which is composed of a solvent, or a mixture of solvents, and a supporting salt, is a prerequisite. The electrolyte components, generally assumed to be passive, are chosen because of their adequate electrochemical stability windows and to ensure the solubilization of the substrates. However, very recent studies point towards an active role of the electrolyte in the outcome of electrosynthetic reactions, challenging its inert character. Particular structuring of the electrolyte at nano- and micro-scales can occur and impact the yield and selectivity of the reaction, which is often overlooked. In the present Perspective, we highlight how mastering the electrolyte structure, both in bulk and at electrochemical interfaces, introduces an additional level of control for the design of new electrosynthetic methods. For this purpose, we focus our attention on oxygen-atom transfer reactions using water as the sole oxygen source in hybrid organic solvent/water mixtures, these reactions being emblematic of this new paradigm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Dorchies
- Chimie du Solide et de l'Energie, UMR 8260, Collège de France 75231 Paris Cedex 05 France
- Réseau sur le Stockage Electrochimique de l'Energie (RS2E) CNRS FR3459 80039 Amiens Cedex France
| | - Alexis Grimaud
- Chimie du Solide et de l'Energie, UMR 8260, Collège de France 75231 Paris Cedex 05 France
- Réseau sur le Stockage Electrochimique de l'Energie (RS2E) CNRS FR3459 80039 Amiens Cedex France
- Department of Chemistry, Merkert Chemistry Center, Boston College 2609 Beacon Street, Chestnut Hill MA 02467 USA
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Maiti D, Saha A, Guin S, Maiti D, Sen S. Unveiling catalyst-free electro-photochemical reactivity of aryl diazoesters and facile synthesis of oxazoles, imide-fused pyrroles and tetrahydro-epoxy-pyridines via carbene radical anions. Chem Sci 2023; 14:6216-6225. [PMID: 37325143 PMCID: PMC10266477 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc00089c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2023] [Accepted: 04/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Herein, we report a reagent-less (devoid of catalyst, supporting electrolyte, oxidant and reductant) electro-photochemical (EPC) reaction [electricity (50 μA) and blue LED (5 W)] of aryl diazoesters to generate radical anions which are subsequently reacted with acetonitrile or propionitrile and maleimides to generate diversely substituted oxazoles, diastereo-selective imide-fused pyrroles and tetrahydroepoxy-pyridines in good to excellent yield. Thorough mechanistic investigation including a 'biphasic e-cell' experiment supports the reaction mechanism involving a carbene radical anion. The tetrahydroepoxy-pyridines could be fluently converted to fused pyridines resembling vitamin B6 derivatives. The source of the electric current in the EPC reaction could be a simple cell phone charger. The reaction was efficiently scaled up to the gram level. Crystal structure, 1D, 2D NMRs and HRMS data confirmed the product structures. This report demonstrates a unique generation of radical anions via electro-photochemistry and their direct applications in the synthesis of important heterocycles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debajit Maiti
- Department of Chemistry, School of Natural Sciences, Shiv Nadar Institution of Eminence Deemed to be University Chithera, Dadri, Gautam Buddha Nagar UP 201314 India
| | - Argha Saha
- Department of Chemistry, IIT-Bombay Powai Mumbai 400076 MH India
| | - Srimanta Guin
- Department of Chemistry, IIT-Bombay Powai Mumbai 400076 MH India
| | - Debabrata Maiti
- Department of Chemistry, IIT-Bombay Powai Mumbai 400076 MH India
| | - Subhabrata Sen
- Department of Chemistry, School of Natural Sciences, Shiv Nadar Institution of Eminence Deemed to be University Chithera, Dadri, Gautam Buddha Nagar UP 201314 India
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45
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Hatch CE, Chain WJ. Electrochemically Enabled Total Syntheses of Natural Products. ChemElectroChem 2023; 10:e202300140. [PMID: 38106361 PMCID: PMC10723087 DOI: 10.1002/celc.202300140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
Electrochemical techniques have helped to enable the total synthesis of natural products since the pioneering work of Kolbe in the mid 1800's. The electrochemical toolset grows every day and these new possibilities change the way chemists look at and think about natural products. This review provides a perspective on total syntheses wherein electrochemical techniques enabled the carbon─carbon bond formations in the skeletal assembly of important natural products, discussion of mechanistic details, and representative examples of the bond formations enabled over the last several decades. These bond formations are often distinctly different from those possible with conventional chemistries and allow assemblies complementary to other techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chad E Hatch
- Chemical Biology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 417 E. 68 St., New York, NY, 10065 (United States)
| | - William J Chain
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Delaware, 163 The Green, Newark, DE, 19716 (United States)
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46
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Zhang D, Chang W, Li Y, Zhan S, Pan J, Cai S, Li N, Yang X, Fang Z. The preparation of difluoromethylated indoles via electrochemical oxidation under catalyst- and oxidant-free conditions. Org Biomol Chem 2023; 21:4440-4444. [PMID: 37183760 DOI: 10.1039/d3ob00516j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
A green and efficient electrochemical method for the preparation of difluoromethylated indoles has been developed. In this work, sodium difluoromethanesulfinate (HCF2SO2Na) was used as the fluorinating reagent, and various indole derivatives with difluoromethylation at the C-2 position were obtained in moderate to good yields under catalyst- and oxidant-free conditions. Moreover, this C-2 difluoromethylation protocol is operationally simple, proceeds at room temperature, and can be easily scaled up. Cyclic voltammetry (CV) and control experiments indicated that this transformation may proceed via a radical pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Yancheng Teachers University, Yancheng 224007, China.
| | - Wenqiao Chang
- School of Pharmacy, Yancheng Teachers University, Yancheng 224007, China.
| | - Yun Li
- School of Pharmacy, Yancheng Teachers University, Yancheng 224007, China.
| | - Songying Zhan
- School of Pharmacy, Yancheng Teachers University, Yancheng 224007, China.
| | - Junjie Pan
- School of Pharmacy, Yancheng Teachers University, Yancheng 224007, China.
| | - Shunhui Cai
- School of Pharmacy, Yancheng Teachers University, Yancheng 224007, China.
| | - Na Li
- School of Pharmacy, Yancheng Teachers University, Yancheng 224007, China.
| | - Xiaoqin Yang
- School of Pharmacy, Yancheng Teachers University, Yancheng 224007, China.
| | - Zheng Fang
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
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47
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He Z, Liu HL, Wang ZH, Jiao KJ, Li ZM, Li ZJ, Fang P, Mei TS. C(sp 3)-H Aerobic Alkenylation of Tetrahydroisoquinolines via Organic Electrosynthesis. J Org Chem 2023; 88:6203-6208. [PMID: 37058587 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.3c00223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/16/2023]
Abstract
A method for the C(sp3)-H alkenylation of N-aryl-tetrahydroisoquinoline (THIQ) has been developed by the combination of electrooxidation and a copper catalyst. The corresponding products were obtained with good to excellent yields under mild conditions. Besides, the addition of TEMPO as an electron mediator is crucial to this transformation, since the oxidative reaction could proceed under a low electrode potential. In addition, the catalytic asymmetric variant has also been demonstrated with good enantioselectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeng He
- College of Chemistry and Materials, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu 610068, China
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Lu, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Hui-Lin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Lu, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Zhen-Hua Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Lu, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Ke-Jing Jiao
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Lu, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Zi-Meng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Lu, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Zhang-Jian Li
- College of Chemistry and Materials, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu 610068, China
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Lu, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Ping Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Lu, Shanghai 200032, China
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48
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Wang B, Zhang X, Cao Y, Zou L, Qi X, Lu Q. Electrooxidative Activation of B-B Bond in B 2 cat 2 : Access to gem-Diborylalkanes via Paired Electrolysis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202218179. [PMID: 36722684 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202218179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Revised: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
This report describes the unprecedented electrooxidation of a solvent (e.g., DMF)-ligated B2 cat2 complex, whereby a solvent-stabilized boryl radical is formed via quasi-homolytic cleavage of the B-B bond in a DMF-ligated B2 cat2 radical cation. Cyclic voltammetry and density functional theory provide evidence to support this novel B-B bond activation strategy. Furthermore, a strategy for the electrochemical gem-diborylation of gem-bromides via paired electrolysis is developed for the first time, affording a range of versatile gem-diborylalkanes, which are widely used in synthetic society. Notably, this reaction approach is scalable, transition-metal-free, and requires no external activator.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingbing Wang
- The Institute for Advanced Studies (IAS), Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, P. R. China
| | - Xiangyu Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, P. R. China
| | - Yangmin Cao
- The Institute for Advanced Studies (IAS), Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, P. R. China
| | - Long Zou
- The Institute for Advanced Studies (IAS), Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, P. R. China
| | - Xiaotian Qi
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, P. R. China
| | - Qingquan Lu
- The Institute for Advanced Studies (IAS), Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, P. R. China
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49
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Zirbes M, Graßl T, Neuber R, Waldvogel SR. Peroxodicarbonate as a Green Oxidizer for the Selective Degradation of Kraft Lignin into Vanillin. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202219217. [PMID: 36719064 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202219217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2022] [Revised: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Lignin, the world's largest resource of renewable aromatics, with annually roughly 50 million tons of accruing technical lignin, mainly Kraft lignin, is highly underdeveloped regarding the production of monoaromatics. We demonstrate the oxidative depolymerization of Kraft lignin at 180 °C to produce vanillin 1 in yields up to 6.2 wt % and 92 % referred to the maximum yield gained from the quantification reaction utilizing nitrobenzene. Using peroxodicarbonate (C2 O6 2- ) as "green" oxidizer for the degradation, toxic and/or harmful reagents are prevented. Also, the formed waste can serve as makeup chemical in the pulping process. Na2 C2 O6 is synthesized in an ex-cell electrolysis of aqueous Na2 CO3 at BDD anodes, achieving a yield of Na2 C2 O6 with 41 %. At least, the oxidation and degradation of Kraft lignin is analysis via UV/Vis and NMR spectroscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Zirbes
- Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Department of Chemistry, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Tobias Graßl
- CONDIAS GmbH, Fraunhofer Straße 1b, 25524, Itzehoe, Germany
| | - Rieke Neuber
- CONDIAS GmbH, Fraunhofer Straße 1b, 25524, Itzehoe, Germany
| | - Siegfried R Waldvogel
- Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Department of Chemistry, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128, Mainz, Germany
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50
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Hu J, Wan H, Wang S, Yi H, Lei A. Electrochemical Thiocyanation/Cyclization Cascade to Access Thiocyanato-Containing Benzoxazines. Catalysts 2023. [DOI: 10.3390/catal13030631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Due to the importance of SCN-containing heteroarenes, developing novel and green synthetic protocols for the synthesis of SCN-containing compounds has drawn much attention over the last decades. We reported here an electrochemical oxidative cyclization of ortho-vinyl aniline to access various SCN-containing benzoxazines. Mild conditions, an extra catalyst-free and oxidant-free system, and good tolerance for air highlight the application potential of this method.
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