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Genaro-Mattos TC, Korade Z, Sahar NE, Angeli JPF, Mirnics K, Peeples ES. Enhancing 7-dehydrocholesterol suppresses brain ferroptosis and tissue injury after neonatal hypoxia-ischemia. Sci Rep 2024; 14:7924. [PMID: 38575644 PMCID: PMC10994918 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-58579-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Accepted: 04/01/2024] [Indexed: 04/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Neonatal hypoxic-ischemic brain injury (HIBI) results in part from excess reactive oxygen species and iron-dependent lipid peroxidation (i.e. ferroptosis). The vitamin D precursor 7-dehydrocholesterol (7-DHC) may inhibit iron-dependent lipid peroxidation. Primary neurons underwent oxygen and glucose deprivation (OGD) injury and treatment with 7-DHC-elevating medications such as cariprazine (CAR) or vehicle. Postnatal day 9 mice underwent sham surgery or carotid artery ligation and hypoxia and received intraperitoneal CAR. In neurons, CAR administration resulted in significantly increased cell survival compared to vehicle controls, whether administered 48 h prior to or 30 min after OGD, and was associated with increased 7-DHC. In the mouse model, malondialdehyde and infarct area significantly increased after HIBI in the vehicle group, which were attenuated by post-treatment with CAR and were negatively correlated with tissue 7-DHC concentrations. Elevating 7-DHC concentrations with CAR was associated with improved cellular and tissue viability after hypoxic-ischemic injury, suggesting a novel therapeutic avenue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thiago C Genaro-Mattos
- Munroe-Meyer Institute for Genetics and Rehabilitation, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68106, USA
| | - Zeljka Korade
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA
- Child Health Research Institute, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA
| | - Namood-E Sahar
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA
- Child Health Research Institute, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA
| | - Jose Pedro Friedmann Angeli
- Rudolf Virchow Zentrum - Center for Integrative and Translational Bioimaging, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Károly Mirnics
- Munroe-Meyer Institute for Genetics and Rehabilitation, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68106, USA
- Child Health Research Institute, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA
| | - Eric S Peeples
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA.
- Child Health Research Institute, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA.
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Nebraska, Omaha, NE, 68114, USA.
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2
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Peeples ES, Mirnics K, Korade Z. Chemical Inhibition of Sterol Biosynthesis. Biomolecules 2024; 14:410. [PMID: 38672427 PMCID: PMC11048061 DOI: 10.3390/biom14040410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2024] [Revised: 03/22/2024] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Cholesterol is an essential molecule of life, and its synthesis can be inhibited by both genetic and nongenetic mechanisms. Hundreds of chemicals that we are exposed to in our daily lives can alter sterol biosynthesis. These also encompass various classes of FDA-approved medications, including (but not limited to) commonly used antipsychotic, antidepressant, antifungal, and cardiovascular medications. These medications can interfere with various enzymes of the post-lanosterol biosynthetic pathway, giving rise to complex biochemical changes throughout the body. The consequences of these short- and long-term homeostatic disruptions are mostly unknown. We performed a comprehensive review of the literature and built a catalogue of chemical agents capable of inhibiting post-lanosterol biosynthesis. This process identified significant gaps in existing knowledge, which fall into two main areas: mechanisms by which sterol biosynthesis is altered and consequences that arise from the inhibitions of the different steps in the sterol biosynthesis pathway. The outcome of our review also reinforced that sterol inhibition is an often-overlooked mechanism that can result in adverse consequences and that there is a need to develop new safety guidelines for the use of (novel and already approved) medications with sterol biosynthesis inhibiting side effects, especially during pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric S. Peeples
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA;
- Child Health Research Institute, Omaha, NE 68198, USA;
- Division of Neonatology, Children’s Nebraska, Omaha, NE 68114, USA
| | - Karoly Mirnics
- Child Health Research Institute, Omaha, NE 68198, USA;
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
- Department of Pharmacology & Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
- Munroe-Meyer Institute, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
| | - Zeljka Korade
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA;
- Child Health Research Institute, Omaha, NE 68198, USA;
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
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3
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Dave AM, Porter NA, Korade Z, Peeples ES. Effects of Neonatal Hypoxic-Ischemic Injury on Brain Sterol Synthesis and Metabolism. Neuropediatrics 2024; 55:23-31. [PMID: 37871611 DOI: 10.1055/s-0043-1776286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neonatal hypoxic-ischemic brain injury (HIBI) results from disruptions to blood supply and oxygen in the perinatal brain. The goal of this study was to measure brain sterol metabolites and plasma oxysterols after injury in a neonatal HIBI mouse model to assess for potential therapeutic targets in the brain biochemistry as well as potential circulating diagnostic biomarkers. METHODS Postnatal day 9 CD1-IGS mouse pups were randomized to HIBI induced by carotid artery ligation followed by 30 minutes at 8% oxygen or to sham surgery and normoxia. Brain tissue was collected for sterol analysis by liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Plasma was collected for oxysterol analysis by LC-MS/MS. RESULTS There were minimal changes in brain sterol concentrations in the first 72 hours after HIBI. In severely injured brains, there was a significant increase in desmosterol, 7-DHC, 8-DHC, and cholesterol 24 hours after injury in the ipsilateral tissue. Lanosterol, 24-dehydrolathosterol, and 14-dehydrozymostenol decreased in plasma 24 hours after injury. Severe neonatal HIBI was associated with increased cholesterol and sterol precursors in the cortex at 24 hours after injury. CONCLUSIONS Differences in plasma oxysterols were seen at 24 hours but were not present at 30 minutes after injury, suggesting that these sterol intermediates would be of little value as early diagnostic biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda M Dave
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, United States
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital and Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, United States
- Child Health Research Institute, Omaha, Nebraska, United States
| | - Ned A Porter
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, United States
| | - Zeljka Korade
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, United States
- Child Health Research Institute, Omaha, Nebraska, United States
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, United States
| | - Eric S Peeples
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, United States
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital and Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, United States
- Child Health Research Institute, Omaha, Nebraska, United States
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4
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Saraev DD, Wu Z, Kim HYH, Porter NA, Pratt DA. Intramolecular H-Atom Transfers in Alkoxyl Radical Intermediates Underlie the Apparent Oxidation of Lipid Hydroperoxides by Fe(II). ACS Chem Biol 2023; 18:2073-2081. [PMID: 37639355 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.3c00412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
The one-electron reduction of lipid hydroperoxides by low-valent iron species is believed to be a driver of cellular lipid peroxidation and associated ferroptotic cell death. We investigated reactions of cholesterol 7α-OOH, the primary cholesterol autoxidation product, with Fe2+ to find that 7-ketocholesterol (7-KC, an oxidation product) is the major product under these (reducing) conditions. Mechanistic studies reveal the intervention of a 1,2-H-atom shift upon formation of the 7-alkoxyl radical to yield a ketyl radical that can be oxidized by either Fe3+ or O2 to give 7-KC, the most abundant oxysterol in vivo. We also investigated the corresponding reduction of the isomeric cholesterol 5α-OOH and again found that an oxidation product (5-hydroxycholesten-3-one) predominates under reducing conditions. An intramolecular H-atom shift (this time 1,4-) in the initially formed 5-alkoxyl radical is suggested to yield a ketyl radical that is oxidized to give the observed product. It would appear that a 1,2-H shift also accounts for the predominance of ketones over alcohols when unsaturated fatty acid hydroperoxides are exposed to iron-based reductants, which had previously been reported with hematin and demonstrated here with Fe2+. The predominance of 7-KC over the corresponding alcohol is maintained when cholesterol 7α-OOH embedded in phospholipid liposomes is treated with Fe2+ or when ferroptosis is induced in mouse embryonic fibroblasts. Our observation that 7-KC accumulates in ferroptotic cells suggests that it may be a good biomarker for ferroptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitry D Saraev
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Ottawa, 10 Marie Curie Pvt., Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Zijun Wu
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Ottawa, 10 Marie Curie Pvt., Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Hye-Young H Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235, United States
| | - Ned A Porter
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235, United States
| | - Derek A Pratt
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Ottawa, 10 Marie Curie Pvt., Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada
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Korade Z, Anderson A, Balog M, Tallman KA, Porter NA, Mirnics K. Chronic Aripiprazole and Trazodone Polypharmacy Effects on Systemic and Brain Cholesterol Biosynthesis. Biomolecules 2023; 13:1321. [PMID: 37759721 PMCID: PMC10526910 DOI: 10.3390/biom13091321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Revised: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 08/26/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The concurrent use of several medications is a common practice in the treatment of complex psychiatric conditions. One such commonly used combination is aripiprazole (ARI), an antipsychotic, and trazodone (TRZ), an antidepressant. In addition to their effects on dopamine and serotonin systems, both of these compounds are inhibitors of the 7-dehydrocholesterol reductase (DHCR7) enzyme. To evaluate the systemic and nervous system distribution of ARI and TRZ and their effects on cholesterol biosynthesis, adult mice were treated with both ARI and TRZ for 21 days. The parent drugs, their metabolites, and sterols were analyzed in the brain and various organs of mice using LC-MS/MS. The analyses revealed that ARI, TRZ, and their metabolites were readily detectable in the brain and organs, leading to changes in the sterol profile. The levels of medications, their metabolites, and sterols differed across tissues with notable sex differences. Female mice showed higher turnover of ARI and more cholesterol clearance in the brain, with several post-lanosterol intermediates significantly altered. In addition to interfering with sterol biosynthesis, ARI and TRZ exposure led to decreased ionized calcium-binding adaptor molecule 1 (IBA1) and increased DHCR7 protein expression in the cortex. Changes in sterol profile have been also identified in the spleen, liver, and serum, underscoring the systemic effect of ARI and TRZ on sterol biosynthesis. Long-term use of concurrent ARI and TRZ warrants further studies to fully evaluate the lasting consequences of altered sterol biosynthesis on the whole body.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeljka Korade
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA;
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
| | - Allison Anderson
- Munroe-Meyer Institute for Genetics and Rehabilitation, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68105, USA;
| | - Marta Balog
- Department of Medical Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, 31000 Osijek, Croatia;
| | - Keri A. Tallman
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37240, USA; (K.A.T.); (N.A.P.)
| | - Ned A. Porter
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37240, USA; (K.A.T.); (N.A.P.)
| | - Karoly Mirnics
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
- Munroe-Meyer Institute for Genetics and Rehabilitation, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68105, USA;
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Perryman AN, Kim HYH, Payton A, Rager JE, McNell EE, Rebuli ME, Wells H, Almond M, Antinori J, Alexis NE, Porter NA, Jaspers I. Plasma sterols and vitamin D are correlates and predictors of ozone-induced inflammation in the lung: A pilot study. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0285721. [PMID: 37186612 PMCID: PMC10184915 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0285721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ozone (O3) exposure causes respiratory effects including lung function decrements, increased lung permeability, and airway inflammation. Additionally, baseline metabolic state can predispose individuals to adverse health effects from O3. For this reason, we conducted an exploratory study to examine the effect of O3 exposure on derivatives of cholesterol biosynthesis: sterols, oxysterols, and secosteroid (25-hydroxyvitamin D) not only in the lung, but also in circulation. METHODS We obtained plasma and induced sputum samples from non-asthmatic (n = 12) and asthmatic (n = 12) adult volunteers 6 hours following exposure to 0.4ppm O3 for 2 hours. We quantified the concentrations of 24 cholesterol precursors and derivatives by UPLC-MS and 30 cytokines by ELISA. We use computational analyses including machine learning to determine whether baseline plasma sterols are predictive of O3 responsiveness. RESULTS We observed an overall decrease in the concentration of cholesterol precursors and derivatives (e.g. 27-hydroxycholesterol) and an increase in concentration of autooxidation products (e.g. secosterol-B) in sputum samples. In plasma, we saw a significant increase in the concentration of secosterol-B after O3 exposure. Machine learning algorithms showed that plasma cholesterol was a top predictor of O3 responder status based on decrease in FEV1 (>5%). Further, 25-hydroxyvitamin D was positively associated with lung function in non-asthmatic subjects and with sputum uteroglobin, whereas it was inversely associated with sputum myeloperoxidase and neutrophil counts. CONCLUSION This study highlights alterations in sterol metabolites in the airway and circulation as potential contributors to systemic health outcomes and predictors of pulmonary and inflammatory responsiveness following O3 exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexia N. Perryman
- Curriculum in Toxicology and Environmental Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States of America
- Center for Environmental Medicine, Asthma, and Lung Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States of America
| | - Hye-Young H. Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, United States of America
| | - Alexis Payton
- Center for Environmental Medicine, Asthma, and Lung Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States of America
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States of America
| | - Julia E. Rager
- Curriculum in Toxicology and Environmental Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States of America
- Center for Environmental Medicine, Asthma, and Lung Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States of America
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States of America
| | - Erin E. McNell
- Curriculum in Toxicology and Environmental Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States of America
| | - Meghan E. Rebuli
- Curriculum in Toxicology and Environmental Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States of America
- Center for Environmental Medicine, Asthma, and Lung Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States of America
- Department of Pediatrics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States of America
| | - Heather Wells
- Center for Environmental Medicine, Asthma, and Lung Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States of America
| | - Martha Almond
- Center for Environmental Medicine, Asthma, and Lung Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States of America
| | - Jamie Antinori
- Center for Environmental Medicine, Asthma, and Lung Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States of America
| | - Neil E. Alexis
- Curriculum in Toxicology and Environmental Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States of America
- Center for Environmental Medicine, Asthma, and Lung Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States of America
- Department of Pediatrics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States of America
| | - Ned A. Porter
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, United States of America
| | - Ilona Jaspers
- Curriculum in Toxicology and Environmental Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States of America
- Center for Environmental Medicine, Asthma, and Lung Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States of America
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States of America
- Department of Pediatrics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States of America
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7
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Ren B, Burkovetskaya M, Jung Y, Bergdolt L, Totusek S, Martinez-Cerdeno V, Stauch K, Korade Z, Dunaevsky A. Dysregulated cholesterol metabolism, aberrant excitability and altered cell cycle of astrocytes in fragile X syndrome. Glia 2023; 71:1176-1196. [PMID: 36594399 PMCID: PMC10023374 DOI: 10.1002/glia.24331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Revised: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Fragile X syndrome (FXS), the most prevalent heritable form of intellectual disability, is caused by the transcriptional silencing of the FMR1 gene. While neuronal contribution to FXS has been extensively studied in both animal and human-based models of FXS, the roles of astrocytes, a type of glial cells in the brain, are largely unknown. Here, we generated a human-based FXS model via differentiation of astrocytes from human-induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) and human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) and characterized their development, function, and proteomic profiles. We identified shortened cell cycle, enhanced Ca2+ signaling, impaired sterol biosynthesis, and pervasive alterations in the proteome of FXS astrocytes. Our work identified astrocytic impairments that could contribute to the pathogenesis of FXS and highlight astrocytes as a novel therapeutic target for FXS treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baiyan Ren
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, USA
| | - Maria Burkovetskaya
- Department of Neurological Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, USA
| | - Yoosun Jung
- Department of Neurological Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, USA
| | - Lara Bergdolt
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, USA
| | - Steven Totusek
- Department of Neurological Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, USA
| | - Veronica Martinez-Cerdeno
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, MIND Institute, and Institute for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine at UC Davis School of Medicine, and Shriners Hospitals for Children of Northern California, Sacramento, California, USA
| | - Kelly Stauch
- Department of Neurological Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, USA
| | - Zeljka Korade
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, USA
- Munroe-Meyer Institute for Genetics and Rehabilitation, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, CHRI, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, USA
| | - Anna Dunaevsky
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, USA
- Department of Neurological Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, USA
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8
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Britt RD, Porter N, Grayson MH, Gowdy KM, Ballinger M, Wada K, Kim HY, Guerau-de-Arellano M. Sterols and immune mechanisms in asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2023; 151:47-59. [PMID: 37138729 PMCID: PMC10151016 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2022.09.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The field of sterol and oxysterol biology in lung disease has recently gained attention, revealing a unique need for sterol uptake and metabolism in the lung. The presence of cholesterol transport, biosynthesis, and sterol/oxysterol-mediated signaling in immune cells suggests a role in immune regulation. In support of this idea, statin drugs that inhibit the cholesterol biosynthesis rate-limiting step enzyme, hydroxymethyl glutaryl coenzyme A reductase, show immunomodulatory activity in several models of inflammation. Studies in human asthma reveal contradicting results, whereas promising retrospective studies suggest benefits of statins in severe asthma. Here, we provide a timely review by discussing the role of sterols in immune responses in asthma, analytical tools to evaluate the role of sterols in disease, and potential mechanistic pathways and targets relevant to asthma. Our review reveals the importance of sterols in immune processes and highlights the need for further research to solve critical gaps in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodney D. Britt
- Center for Perinatal Research, The Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus
- Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University, Columbus
| | - Ned Porter
- Department of Chemistry and Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville
| | - Mitchell H. Grayson
- Center for Clinical and Translational Research, The Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus
| | - Kymberly M. Gowdy
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, College of Medicine, Wexner Medical Center, Columbus
| | - Megan Ballinger
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, College of Medicine, Wexner Medical Center, Columbus
| | - Kara Wada
- Department of Otolaryngology, Wexner Medical Center, Columbus
| | - Hye-Young Kim
- Department of Chemistry and Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville
| | - Mireia Guerau-de-Arellano
- School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, Division of Medical Laboratory Science, College of Medicine, Wexner Medical Center, Columbus
- Institute for Behavioral Medicine Research, The Ohio State University, Columbus
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus
- Department of Neuroscience, The Ohio State University, Columbus
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9
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Korade Z, Tallman KA, Kim HYH, Balog M, Genaro-Mattos TC, Pattnaik A, Mirnics K, Pattnaik AK, Porter NA. Dose-Response Effects of 7-Dehydrocholesterol Reductase Inhibitors on Sterol Profiles and Vesicular Stomatitis Virus Replication. ACS Pharmacol Transl Sci 2022; 5:1086-1096. [PMID: 36407960 PMCID: PMC9667548 DOI: 10.1021/acsptsci.2c00051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Cholesterol is ubiquitous in cells; it plays a critical role in membrane structure and transport as well as in intracellular trafficking processes. There are suggestions that cholesterol metabolism is linked to innate immunity with inhibitors of DHCR7, the last enzyme in the cholesterol pathway, suggested to have potential as viral therapeutics nearly a decade ago. In fact, there are a number of highly prescribed pharmaceuticals that are off-target inhibitors of DHCR7, causing increased cellular levels of 7-dehydrodesmosterol (7-DHD) and 7-dehydrocholesterol (7-DHC). We report here dose-response studies of six such inhibitors on late-stage cholesterol biosynthesis in Neuro2a cells as well as their effect on infection of vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV). Four of the test compounds are FDA-approved drugs (cariprazine, trazodone, metoprolol, and tamoxifen), one (ifenprodil) has been the object of a recent Phase 2b COVID trial, and one (AY9944) is an experimental compound that has seen extensive use as a DHCR7 inhibitor. The three FDA-approved drugs inhibit replication of a GFP-tagged VSV with efficacies that mirror their effect on DHCR7. Ifenprodil and AY9944 have complex inhibitory profiles, acting on both DHCR7 and DHCR14, while tamoxifen does not inhibit DHCR7 and is toxic to Neuro2a at concentrations where it inhibits the Δ7-Δ8 isomerase of the cholesterol pathway. VSV itself affects the sterol profile in Neuro2a cells, showing a dose-response increase of dehydrolathosterol and lathosterol, the substrates for DHCR7, with a corresponding decrease in desmosterol and cholesterol. 7-DHD and 7-DHC are orders of magnitude more vulnerable to free radical chain oxidation than other sterols as well as polyunsaturated fatty esters, and the effect of these sterols on viral infection is likely a reflection of this fact of Nature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeljka Korade
- Department
of Pediatrics, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska 68198, United States
| | - Keri A. Tallman
- Department
of Chemistry, Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235, United States
| | - Hye-Young H. Kim
- Department
of Chemistry, Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235, United States
| | - Marta Balog
- Munroe-Meyer
Institute for Genetics and Rehabilitation, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska 68105, United States
- Department
of Medical Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, J. J. Strossmayer University of Osijek, Osijek 31000, Croatia
| | - Thiago C. Genaro-Mattos
- Munroe-Meyer
Institute for Genetics and Rehabilitation, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska 68105, United States
| | - Aryamav Pattnaik
- Nebraska
Center for Virology and School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical
Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln 68583, United States
| | - Károly Mirnics
- Munroe-Meyer
Institute for Genetics and Rehabilitation, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska 68105, United States
| | - Asit K. Pattnaik
- Nebraska
Center for Virology and School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical
Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln 68583, United States
| | - Ned A. Porter
- Department
of Chemistry, Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235, United States
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10
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Balog M, Anderson AC, Heffer M, Korade Z, Mirnics K. Effects of Psychotropic Medication on Somatic Sterol Biosynthesis of Adult Mice. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12101535. [PMID: 36291744 PMCID: PMC9599595 DOI: 10.3390/biom12101535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2022] [Revised: 10/12/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Polypharmacy is commonly used to treat psychiatric disorders. These combinations often include drugs with sterol biosynthesis inhibiting side effects, including the antipsychotic aripiprazole (ARI), and antidepressant trazodone (TRZ). As the effects of psychotropic medications are poorly understood across the various tissue types to date, we investigated the effects of ARI, TRZ, and ARI + TRZ polypharmacy on the post-lanosterol biosynthesis in three cell lines (Neuro2a, HepG2, and human dermal fibroblasts) and seven peripheral tissues of an adult mouse model. We found that both ARI and TRZ strongly interfere with the function of 7-dehydrocholesterol reductase enzyme (DHCR7) and lead to robust elevation in 7-dehydrocholesterol levels (7-DHC) and reduction in desmosterol (DES) across all cell lines and somatic tissues. ARI + TRZ co-administration resulted in summative or synergistic effects across the utilized in vitro and in vivo models. These findings suggest that at least some of the side effects of ARI and TRZ are not receptor mediated but arise from inhibiting DHCR7 enzyme activity. We propose that interference with sterol biosynthesis, particularly in the case of simultaneous utilization of medications with such side effects, can potentially interfere with functioning or development of multiple organ systems, warranting further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Balog
- Munroe-Meyer Institute for Genetics and Rehabilitation, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68105, USA
- Department of Medical Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, J. J. Strossmayer University of Osijek, 31000 Osijek, Croatia
| | - Allison C Anderson
- Munroe-Meyer Institute for Genetics and Rehabilitation, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68105, USA
| | - Marija Heffer
- Department of Medical Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, J. J. Strossmayer University of Osijek, 31000 Osijek, Croatia
| | - Zeljka Korade
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
- Child Health Research Institute, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
- Correspondence: (Z.K.); (K.M.)
| | - Karoly Mirnics
- Munroe-Meyer Institute for Genetics and Rehabilitation, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68105, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
- Child Health Research Institute, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
- Correspondence: (Z.K.); (K.M.)
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11
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Allen LB, Mirnics K. Metoprolol Inhibits Developmental Brain Sterol Biosynthesis in Mice. Biomolecules 2022; 12:1211. [PMID: 36139049 PMCID: PMC9496459 DOI: 10.3390/biom12091211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Revised: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 08/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
De novo sterol synthesis is a critical homeostatic mechanism in the brain that begins during early embryonic development and continues throughout life. Multiple medications have sterol-biosynthesis-inhibiting side effects, with potentially detrimental effects on brain health. Using LC-MS/MS, we investigated the effects of six commonly used beta-blockers on brain sterol biosynthesis in vitro using cell lines. Two beta-blockers, metoprolol (MTP) and nebivolol, showed extreme elevations of the highly oxidizable cholesterol precursor 7-dehydrocholesterol (7-DHC) in vitro across multiple cell lines. We followed up on the MTP findings using a maternal exposure model in mice. We found that 7-DHC was significantly elevated in all maternal brain regions analyzed as well as in the heart, liver and brain of the maternally exposed offspring. Since DHCR7-inhibiting/7-DHC elevating compounds can be considered teratogens, these findings suggest that MTP utilization during pregnancy might be detrimental for the development of offspring, and alternative beta-blockers should be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luke B. Allen
- Munroe-Meyer Institute for Genetics and Rehabilitation, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68105, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
| | - Károly Mirnics
- Munroe-Meyer Institute for Genetics and Rehabilitation, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68105, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
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12
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Balog M, Anderson A, Genaro-Mattos TC, Korade Z, Mirnics K. Individual and simultaneous treatment with antipsychotic aripiprazole and antidepressant trazodone inhibit sterol biosynthesis in the adult brain. J Lipid Res 2022; 63:100249. [PMID: 35839864 PMCID: PMC9386463 DOI: 10.1016/j.jlr.2022.100249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2022] [Revised: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Polypharmacy, or the simultaneous use of multiple drugs to treat a single patient, is a common practice in psychiatry. Unfortunately, data on the health effects of commonly used combinations of medications are very limited. In this study, we therefore investigated the effects and interactions between two commonly prescribed psychotropic medications with sterol inhibiting side effects, trazodone (TRZ), an antidepressant, and aripiprazole (ARI), an antipsychotic. In vitro cell culture experiments revealed that both medications alone disrupted neuronal and astroglial sterol biosynthesis in dose-dependent manners. Furthermore, when ARI and TRZ were combined, exposure resulted in an additive 7-dehydrocholesterol (7-DHC) increase, as well as desmosterol (DES) and cholesterol decreases in both cell types. In adult mice, at baseline, we found that the three investigated sterols showed significant differences in distribution across the eight assessed brain regions. Furthermore, experimental mice treated with ARI or TRZ, or a combination of both medications for 8 days, showed strong sterol disruption across all brain regions. We show ARI or TRZ alone elevated 7-DHC and decreased DES levels in all brain regions, but with regional differences. However, the combined utilization of these two medications for 8 days did not lead to additive changes in sterol disturbances. Based on the complex roles of 7-DHC derived oxysterols, we conclude that individual and potentially simultaneous use of medications with sterol biosynthesis-inhibiting properties might have undesired side effects on the adult brain, with as yet unknown long-term consequences on mental or physical health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Balog
- Munroe-Meyer Institute for Genetics and Rehabilitation, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, USA; Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Biology and Genetics, J. J. Strossmayer University of Osijek, Osijek, Croatia
| | - Allison Anderson
- Munroe-Meyer Institute for Genetics and Rehabilitation, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, USA
| | - Thiago C Genaro-Mattos
- Munroe-Meyer Institute for Genetics and Rehabilitation, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, USA
| | - Zeljka Korade
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, USA.
| | - Karoly Mirnics
- Munroe-Meyer Institute for Genetics and Rehabilitation, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, USA; Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, USA.
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13
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Desmosterol and 7-dehydrocholesterol concentrations in post mortem brains of depressed people: The role of trazodone. Transl Psychiatry 2022; 12:139. [PMID: 35379782 PMCID: PMC8980007 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-022-01903-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Revised: 02/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a common, disabling, and heterogeneous condition that responds unpredictably to current treatments. We previously showed an association between depressive symptoms and plasma concentrations of two cholesterol precursors, desmosterol and 7-dehydrocholesterol (7DHC). Here, we measured total cholesterol and sterol concentrations with mass spectrometry in postmortem brain samples from depressed and control subjects. Mean (±SEM) desmosterol concentration was 8.9 ± 0.97 ng/mg in the depressed versus 10.7 ± 0.72 ng/mg in the control group. The mean of the posterior probability distribution for the difference in desmosterol concentration between the two groups was 2.36 (95% highest density interval [HDI] 0.59-4.17). Mean 7DHC concentrations, 12.5 ± 4.1 ng/mg in the depressed versus 5.4 ± 0.74 ng/mg in the control group, were unlikely to be different (95% HDI, [-1.37-0.34]). We found that presence of trazodone in the peri-mortem toxicology screen accounted for the observed difference in desmosterol concentrations. We also observed extremely high 7DHC levels in all 4 subjects who had taken trazodone. Trazodone has been recently found to inhibit 7-dehydrocholesterol reductase and alter sterol concentrations in rodents, cell culture, human fibroblasts, and blood. In this study, we demonstrate for the first time that trazodone alters human brain sterol composition. Given congenital deficiency of 7-dehydrocholesterol reductase results in Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrome, our findings support the hypothesis that this commonly used medication may have previously unappreciated risks.
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14
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Lewis BW, Amici SA, Kim HY, Shalosky EM, Khan AQ, Walum J, Gowdy KM, Englert JA, Porter NA, Grayson MH, Britt RD, Guerau-de-Arellano M. PRMT5 in T Cells Drives Th17 Responses, Mixed Granulocytic Inflammation, and Severe Allergic Airway Inflammation. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2022; 208:1525-1533. [PMID: 35288471 PMCID: PMC9055570 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2100994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Severe asthma is characterized by steroid insensitivity and poor symptom control and is responsible for most asthma-related hospital costs. Therapeutic options remain limited, in part due to limited understanding of mechanisms driving severe asthma. Increased arginine methylation, catalyzed by protein arginine methyltransferases (PRMTs), is increased in human asthmatic lungs. In this study, we show that PRMT5 drives allergic airway inflammation in a mouse model reproducing multiple aspects of human severe asthma. We find that PRMT5 is required in CD4+ T cells for chronic steroid-insensitive severe lung inflammation, with selective T cell deletion of PRMT5 robustly suppressing eosinophilic and neutrophilic lung inflammation, pathology, airway remodeling, and hyperresponsiveness. Mechanistically, we observed high pulmonary sterol metabolic activity, retinoic acid-related orphan receptor γt (RORγt), and Th17 responses, with PRMT5-dependent increases in RORγt's agonist desmosterol. Our work demonstrates that T cell PRMT5 drives severe allergic lung inflammation and has potential implications for the pathogenesis and therapeutic targeting of severe asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandon W Lewis
- Center for Perinatal Research, The Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH
| | - Stephanie A Amici
- Division of Medical Laboratory Science, Wexner Medical Center, School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, Columbus, OH
| | - Hye-Young Kim
- Department of Chemistry and Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN
| | - Emily M Shalosky
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, Columbus, OH
| | - Aiman Q Khan
- Center for Perinatal Research, The Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH
| | - Joshua Walum
- Center for Perinatal Research, The Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH
| | - Kymberly M Gowdy
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, Columbus, OH
| | - Joshua A Englert
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, Columbus, OH
| | - Ned A Porter
- Department of Chemistry and Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN
| | - Mitchell H Grayson
- Center for Clinical and Translational Research, The Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH.,Division of Allergy and Immunology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH.,Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH
| | - Rodney D Britt
- Center for Perinatal Research, The Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH; .,Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH
| | - Mireia Guerau-de-Arellano
- Division of Medical Laboratory Science, Wexner Medical Center, School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, Columbus, OH; .,Institute for Behavioral Medicine Research, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH.,Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH; and.,Department of Neuroscience, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH
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15
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Zhu L, An J, Chinnarasu S, Luu T, Pettway YD, Fahey K, Litts B, Kim HYH, Flynn CR, Linton MF, Stafford JM. Expressing the Human Cholesteryl Ester Transfer Protein Minigene Improves Diet-Induced Fatty Liver and Insulin Resistance in Female Mice. Front Physiol 2022; 12:799096. [PMID: 35082691 PMCID: PMC8784660 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.799096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Mounting evidence has shown that CETP has important physiological roles in adapting to chronic nutrient excess, specifically, to protect against diet-induced insulin resistance. However, the underlying mechanisms for the protective roles of CETP in metabolism are not yet clear. Mice naturally lack CETP expression. We used transgenic mice with a human CETP minigene (huCETP) controlled by its natural flanking region to further understand CETP-related physiology in response to obesity. Female huCETP mice and their wild-type littermates were fed a high-fat diet for 6 months. Blood lipid profile and liver lipid metabolism were studied. Insulin sensitivity was analyzed with euglycemic-hyperinsulinemic clamp studies combined with 3H-glucose tracer techniques. While high-fat diet feeding induced obesity for huCETP mice and their wild-type littermates lacking CETP expression, insulin sensitivity was higher for female huCETP mice than for their wild-type littermates. There was no difference in insulin sensitivity for male huCETP mice vs. littermates. The increased insulin sensitivity in females was largely caused by the better insulin-mediated suppression of hepatic glucose production. In huCETP females, CETP in the circulation decreased HDL-cholesterol content and increased liver cholesterol uptake and liver cholesterol and oxysterol contents, which was associated with the upregulation of LXR target genes in long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid biosynthesis and PPARα target genes in fatty acid β-oxidation in the liver. The upregulated fatty acid β-oxidation may account for the improved fatty liver and liver insulin action in female huCETP mice. This study provides further evidence that CETP has beneficial physiological roles in the metabolic adaptation to nutrient excess by promoting liver fatty acid oxidation and hepatic insulin sensitivity, particularly for females.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Zhu
- VA Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville, TN, United States.,Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Metabolism, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Julia An
- Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Metabolism, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Sivaprakasam Chinnarasu
- Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Metabolism, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Thao Luu
- Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Metabolism, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Yasminye D Pettway
- Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Metabolism, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Kelly Fahey
- Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Metabolism, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Bridget Litts
- Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Metabolism, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Hye-Young H Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Charles R Flynn
- Section of Surgical Sciences, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - MacRae F Linton
- Atherosclerosis Research Unit, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - John M Stafford
- VA Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville, TN, United States.,Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Metabolism, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, United States.,Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, United States
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16
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Korade Z, Heffer M, Mirnics K. Medication effects on developmental sterol biosynthesis. Mol Psychiatry 2022; 27:490-501. [PMID: 33820938 PMCID: PMC8490477 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-021-01074-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Revised: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Cholesterol is essential for normal brain function and development. Genetic disruptions of sterol biosynthesis result in intellectual and developmental disabilities. Developing neurons synthesize their own cholesterol, and disruption of this process can occur by both genetic and chemical mechanisms. Many commonly prescribed medications interfere with sterol biosynthesis, including haloperidol, aripiprazole, cariprazine, fluoxetine, trazodone and amiodarone. When used during pregnancy, these compounds might have detrimental effects on the developing brain of the offspring. In particular, inhibition of dehydrocholesterol-reductase 7 (DHCR7), the last enzyme in the biosynthesis pathway, results in accumulation of the immediate cholesterol precursor, 7-dehydrocholesterol (7-DHC). 7-DHC is highly unstable, giving rise to toxic oxysterols; this is particularly pronounced in a mouse model when both the mother and the offspring carry the Dhcr7+/- genotype. Studies of human dermal fibroblasts from individuals who carry DCHR7+/- single allele mutations suggest that the same gene*medication interaction also occurs in humans. The public health relevance of these findings is high, as DHCR7-inhibitors can be considered teratogens, and are commonly used by pregnant women. In addition, sterol biosynthesis inhibiting medications should be used with caution in individuals with mutations in sterol biosynthesis genes. In an age of precision medicine, further research in this area could open opportunities to improve patient and fetal/infant safety by tailoring medication prescriptions according to patient genotype and life stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeljka Korade
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA, 68198.,Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA, 68198
| | - Marija Heffer
- J. J. Strossmayer University of Osijek, Faculty of Medicine Osijek, Department of Medical Biology and Genetics, Josipa Huttlera 4, 31000 Osijek, Croatia
| | - Károly Mirnics
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA. .,Munroe-Meyer Institute for Genetics and Rehabilitation, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68105, USA.
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17
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Genaro-Mattos TC, Klingelsmith KB, Allen LB, Anderson A, Tallman KA, Porter NA, Korade Z, Mirnics K. Sterol Biosynthesis Inhibition in Pregnant Women Taking Prescription Medications. ACS Pharmacol Transl Sci 2021; 4:848-857. [PMID: 33860207 DOI: 10.1021/acsptsci.1c00012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Sterol biosynthesis is a critical homeostatic mechanism of the body. Sterol biosynthesis begins during early embryonic life and continues throughout life. Many commonly used medications, prescribed >200 million times in the United States annually, have a sterol biosynthesis inhibition side effect. Using our high-throughput LC-MS/MS method, we assessed the levels of post-lanosterol sterol intermediates (lanosterol, desmosterol, and 7-dehydrocholesterol (7-DHC)) and cholesterol in 1312 deidentified serum samples from pregnant women. 302 samples showing elevated 7-DHC were analyzed for the presence of 14 medications known to inhibit the 7-dehydrocholesterol reductase enzyme (DHCR7) and increase 7-DHC. Of the 302 samples showing 7-DHC elevation, 43 had detectable levels of prescription medications with a DHCR7-inhibiting side effect. Taking more than one 7-DHC-elevating medication in specific combinations (polypharmacy) might exacerbate the effect on 7-DHC levels in pregnant women, suggesting a potentially additive or synergistic effect. As 7-DHC and 7-DHC-derived oxysterols are toxic, and as DHCR7-inhibiting medications are considered teratogens, our findings raise potential concerns regarding the use of prescription medication with a DHCR7-inhibiting side effect during pregnancy. The use of prescription medications during pregnancy is sometimes unavoidable, but choosing a medication without a DHCR7-inhibiting side effect might lead to a heathier pregnancy and prevent putatively adverse outcomes for the developing offspring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thiago C Genaro-Mattos
- Munroe-Meyer Institute for Genetics and Rehabilitation, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska 68105, United States
| | - Korinne B Klingelsmith
- Munroe-Meyer Institute for Genetics and Rehabilitation, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska 68105, United States
| | - Luke B Allen
- Munroe-Meyer Institute for Genetics and Rehabilitation, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska 68105, United States.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska 68198, United States
| | - Allison Anderson
- Munroe-Meyer Institute for Genetics and Rehabilitation, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska 68105, United States
| | - Keri A Tallman
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37221, United States
| | - Ned A Porter
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37221, United States
| | - Zeljka Korade
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska 68198, United States.,Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska 68198, United States
| | - Károly Mirnics
- Munroe-Meyer Institute for Genetics and Rehabilitation, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska 68105, United States.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska 68198, United States.,Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska 68198, United States
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