1
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Dulay ANG, de Guzman JCC, Marquez ZYD, Santana ESD, Arce J, Orosco FL. The potential of Chlorella spp. as antiviral source against African swine fever virus through a virtual screening pipeline. J Mol Graph Model 2024; 132:108846. [PMID: 39151375 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmgm.2024.108846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2024] [Revised: 06/26/2024] [Accepted: 08/02/2024] [Indexed: 08/19/2024]
Abstract
African swine fever (ASF) causes high mortality in pigs and threatens global swine production. There is still a lack of therapeutics available, with two vaccines under scrutiny and no approved small-molecule drugs. Eleven (11) viral proteins were used to identify potential antivirals in in silico screening of secondary metabolites (127) from Chlorella spp. The metabolites were screened for affinity and binding selectivity. High-scoring compounds were assessed through in silico ADMET (Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism, Excretion, Toxicity) predictions, compared to structurally similar drugs, and checked for off-target docking with prepared swine receptors. Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations determined binding stability while binding energy was measured in Molecular Mechanics - Generalized Born Surface Area (MMGBSA) or Poisson-Boltzmann Surface Area (MMPBSA). Only six (6) compounds passed until MD analyses, of which five (5) were stable after 100 ns of MD runs. Of these five compounds, only three had binding affinities that were comparable to or stronger than controls. Specifically, phytosterols 24,25-dihydrolanosterol and CID 4206521 that interact with the RNA capping enzyme (pNP868R), and ergosterol which bound to the Erv-like thioreductase (pB119L). The compounds identified in this study can be used as a theoretical basis for in vitro screening to develop potent antiviral drugs against ASFV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albert Neil G Dulay
- Virology and Vaccine Research Program, Industrial Technology Development Institute, Department of Science and Technology, Taguig, 1632, Philippines
| | - John Christian C de Guzman
- Virology and Vaccine Research Program, Industrial Technology Development Institute, Department of Science and Technology, Taguig, 1632, Philippines
| | - Zyra Ysha D Marquez
- Department of Biology, College of Arts and Sciences, University of the Philippines - Manila, Manila, 1000, Philippines
| | - Elisha Sofia D Santana
- Department of Biology, College of Arts and Sciences, University of the Philippines - Manila, Manila, 1000, Philippines
| | - Jessamine Arce
- Department of Biology, College of Arts and Sciences, University of the Philippines - Manila, Manila, 1000, Philippines
| | - Fredmoore L Orosco
- Virology and Vaccine Research Program, Industrial Technology Development Institute, Department of Science and Technology, Taguig, 1632, Philippines; Department of Biology, College of Arts and Sciences, University of the Philippines - Manila, Manila, 1000, Philippines; S&T Fellows Program, Department of Science and Technology, Taguig, 1632, Philippines.
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2
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Latosińska M, Latosińska JN. The Chameleon Strategy-A Recipe for Effective Ligand Screening for Viral Targets Based on Four Novel Structure-Binding Strength Indices. Viruses 2024; 16:1073. [PMID: 39066235 PMCID: PMC11281727 DOI: 10.3390/v16071073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2024] [Revised: 06/28/2024] [Accepted: 06/30/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The RNA viruses SARS-CoV, SARS-CoV-2 and MERS-CoV encode the non-structural Nsp16 (2'-O-methyltransferase) that catalyzes the transfer of a methyl group from S-adenosylmethionine (SAM) to the first ribonucleotide in mRNA. Recently, it has been found that breaking the bond between Nsp16 and SAM substrate results in the cessation of mRNA virus replication. To date, only a limited number of such inhibitors have been identified, which can be attributed to a lack of an effective "recipe". The aim of our study was to propose and verify a rapid and effective screening protocol dedicated to such purposes. We proposed four new indices describing structure-binding strength (structure-binding affinity, structure-hydrogen bonding, structure-steric and structure-protein-ligand indices) were then applied and shown to be extremely helpful in determining the degree of increase or decrease in binding affinity in response to a relatively small change in the ligand structure. After initial pre-selection, based on similarity to SAM, we limited the study to 967 compounds, so-called molecular chameleons. They were then docked in the Nsp16 protein pocket, and 10 candidate ligands were selected using the novel structure-binding affinity index. Subsequently the selected 10 candidate ligands and 8 known inhibitors and were docked to Nsp16 pockets from SARS-CoV-2, MERS-CoV and SARS-CoV. Based on the four new indices, the best ligands were selected and a new one was designed by tuning them. Finally, ADMET profiling and molecular dynamics simulations were performed for the best ligands. The new structure-binding strength indices can be successfully applied not only to screen and tune ligands, but also to determine the effectiveness of the ligand in response to changes in the target viral entity, which is particularly useful for assessing drug effectiveness in the case of alterations in viral proteins. The developed approach, the so-called chameleon strategy, has the capacity to introduce a novel universal paradigm to the field of drugs design, including RNA antivirals.
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Li S, Li H, Lian R, Xie J, Feng R. New perspective of small-molecule antiviral drugs development for RNA viruses. Virology 2024; 594:110042. [PMID: 38492519 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2024.110042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2023] [Revised: 02/20/2024] [Accepted: 03/01/2024] [Indexed: 03/18/2024]
Abstract
High variability and adaptability of RNA viruses allows them to spread between humans and animals, causing large-scale infectious diseases which seriously threat human and animal health and social development. At present, AIDS, viral hepatitis and other viral diseases with high incidence and low cure rate are still spreading around the world. The outbreaks of Ebola, Zika, dengue and in particular of the global pandemic of COVID-19 have presented serious challenges to the global public health system. The development of highly effective and broad-spectrum antiviral drugs is a substantial and urgent research subject to deal with the current RNA virus infection and the possible new viral infections in the future. In recent years, with the rapid development of modern disciplines such as artificial intelligence technology, bioinformatics, molecular biology, and structural biology, some new strategies and targets for antivirals development have emerged. Here we review the main strategies and new targets for developing small-molecule antiviral drugs against RNA viruses through the analysis of the new drug development progress against several highly pathogenic RNA viruses, to provide clues for development of future antivirals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shasha Li
- College of Life Science and Engineering, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou, 730030, China; Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Bioengineering of State Ethnic Affairs Commission, Biomedical Research Center, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou, 730030, China
| | - Huixia Li
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Bioengineering of State Ethnic Affairs Commission, Biomedical Research Center, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou, 730030, China
| | - Ruiya Lian
- College of Life Science and Engineering, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou, 730030, China; Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Bioengineering of State Ethnic Affairs Commission, Biomedical Research Center, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou, 730030, China
| | - Jingying Xie
- College of Life Science and Engineering, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou, 730030, China; Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Bioengineering of State Ethnic Affairs Commission, Biomedical Research Center, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou, 730030, China
| | - Ruofei Feng
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Bioengineering of State Ethnic Affairs Commission, Biomedical Research Center, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou, 730030, China.
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4
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Wu K, Guo Y, Xu T, Huang W, Guo D, Cao L, Lei J. Structure-Based Virtual Screening for Methyltransferase Inhibitors of SARS-CoV-2 nsp14 and nsp16. Molecules 2024; 29:2312. [PMID: 38792173 PMCID: PMC11124212 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29102312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2024] [Revised: 04/06/2024] [Accepted: 04/18/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
The ongoing COVID-19 pandemic still threatens human health around the world. The methyltransferases (MTases) of SARS-CoV-2, specifically nsp14 and nsp16, play crucial roles in the methylation of the N7 and 2'-O positions of viral RNA, making them promising targets for the development of antiviral drugs. In this work, we performed structure-based virtual screening for nsp14 and nsp16 using the screening workflow (HTVS, SP, XP) of Schrödinger 2019 software, and we carried out biochemical assays and molecular dynamics simulation for the identification of potential MTase inhibitors. For nsp14, we screened 239,000 molecules, leading to the identification of three hits A1-A3 showing N7-MTase inhibition rates greater than 60% under a concentration of 50 µM. For the SAM binding and nsp10-16 interface sites of nsp16, the screening of 210,000 and 237,000 molecules, respectively, from ZINC15 led to the discovery of three hit compounds B1-B3 exhibiting more than 45% of 2'-O-MTase inhibition under 50 µM. These six compounds with moderate MTase inhibitory activities could be used as novel candidates for the further development of anti-SARS-CoV-2 drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kejue Wu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Chiral Molecule and Drug Discovery, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China; (K.W.); (Y.G.); (W.H.)
| | - Yinfeng Guo
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Chiral Molecule and Drug Discovery, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China; (K.W.); (Y.G.); (W.H.)
| | - Tiefeng Xu
- Centre for Infection and Immunity Studies (CIIS), School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen 518107, China (D.G.); (L.C.)
| | - Weifeng Huang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Chiral Molecule and Drug Discovery, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China; (K.W.); (Y.G.); (W.H.)
| | - Deyin Guo
- Centre for Infection and Immunity Studies (CIIS), School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen 518107, China (D.G.); (L.C.)
- Guangzhou Laboratory, Bio-Island, Guangzhou 510320, China
| | - Liu Cao
- Centre for Infection and Immunity Studies (CIIS), School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen 518107, China (D.G.); (L.C.)
| | - Jinping Lei
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Chiral Molecule and Drug Discovery, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China; (K.W.); (Y.G.); (W.H.)
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5
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Nai F, Flores Espinoza MP, Invernizzi A, Vargas-Rosales PA, Bobileva O, Herok M, Caflisch A. Small-Molecule Inhibitors of the m7G-RNA Writer METTL1. ACS BIO & MED CHEM AU 2024; 4:100-110. [PMID: 38645929 PMCID: PMC11027120 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomedchemau.3c00030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Revised: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 04/23/2024]
Abstract
We discovered the first inhibitors of the m7G-RNA writer METTL1 by high-throughput docking and an enzymatic assay based on luminescence. Eleven compounds, which belong to three different chemotypes, show inhibitory activity in the range 40-300 μM. Two adenine derivatives identified by docking have very favorable ligand efficiency of 0.34 and 0.31 kcal/mol per non-hydrogen atom, respectively. Molecular dynamics simulations provide evidence that the inhibitors compete with the binding of the cosubstrate S-adenosyl methionine to METTL1. We also present a soakable crystal form that was used to determine the structure of the complex of METTL1 with sinefungin at a resolution of 1.85 Å.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Nai
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Annalisa Invernizzi
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Olga Bobileva
- Latvian Institute of Organic Synthesis, Aizkraukles 21, Riga LV-1006, Latvia
| | - Marcin Herok
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Amedeo Caflisch
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland
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6
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Ahmed-Belkacem R, Troussier J, Delpal A, Canard B, Vasseur JJ, Decroly E, Debart F. N-Arylsulfonamide-based adenosine analogues to target RNA cap N7-methyltransferase nsp14 of SARS-CoV-2. RSC Med Chem 2024; 15:839-847. [PMID: 38516599 PMCID: PMC10953473 DOI: 10.1039/d3md00737e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024] Open
Abstract
RNA cap methylations have been shown to be crucial for the life cycle, replication, and infection of ssRNA viruses, as well as for evading the host's innate immune system. Viral methyltransferases (MTases) therefore represent an attractive target for the development of compounds as tools and inhibitors. In coronaviruses, N7-methyltransferase function is localized in nsp14, which has become an increasingly important therapeutic target with the COVID-19 pandemic. In recent years, we have been developing SAH-derived bisubstrates with adenosine and an N-arylsulfonamide moiety targeting both SAM and RNA binding sites in nsp14. We report here the synthesis of 31 SAH analogues with the N-arylsulfonamide attached to the 5'-position of adenosine via different linkers such as N-ethylthioether, N-ethylsulfone, N-ethylamino or N-methyltriazole. The compounds were obtained efficiently by amine sulfonylation or click chemistry. Their ability to inhibit SARS-CoV-2 N7-MTase was evaluated and the best inhibitors showed a submicromolar inhibitory activity against N7-MTase nsp14.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Joris Troussier
- IBMM, University of Montpellier CNRS, ENSCM Montpellier France
| | - Adrien Delpal
- AFMB, University of Aix-Marseille CNRS Marseille France
| | - Bruno Canard
- AFMB, University of Aix-Marseille CNRS Marseille France
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7
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Wong XK, Ng CS, Yeong KY. Shaping the future of antiviral Treatment: Spotlight on Nucleobase-Containing drugs and their revolutionary impact. Bioorg Chem 2024; 144:107150. [PMID: 38309002 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2024.107150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2023] [Revised: 12/28/2023] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 02/05/2024]
Abstract
Nucleobases serve as essential molecular frameworks present in both natural and synthetic compounds that exhibit notable antiviral activity. Through molecular modifications, novel nucleobase-containing drugs (NCDs) have been developed, exhibiting enhanced antiviral activity against a wide range of viruses, including the recently emerged SARS‑CoV‑2. This article provides a detailed examination of the significant advancements in NCDs from 2015 till current, encompassing various aspects concerning their mechanisms of action, pharmacology and antiviral properties. Additionally, the article discusses antiviral prodrugs relevant to the scope of this review. It fills in the knowledge gap by examining the structure-activity relationship and trend of NCDs as therapeutics against a diverse range of viral diseases, either as approved drugs, clinical candidates or as early-stage development prospects. Moreover, the article highlights on the status of this field of study and addresses the prevailing limitations encountered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Khai Wong
- School of Science, Monash University (Malaysia Campus), Jalan Lagoon Selatan, Bandar Sunway, 47500 Subang Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Chen Seng Ng
- School of Science, Monash University (Malaysia Campus), Jalan Lagoon Selatan, Bandar Sunway, 47500 Subang Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Keng Yoon Yeong
- School of Science, Monash University (Malaysia Campus), Jalan Lagoon Selatan, Bandar Sunway, 47500 Subang Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia.
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8
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Li P, Xia C, Kong X, Zhang J. Enhancing nicotinamide N-methyltransferase bisubstrate inhibitor activity through 7-deazaadenosine and linker modifications. Bioorg Chem 2024; 143:106963. [PMID: 38048700 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2023.106963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Revised: 11/06/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 12/06/2023]
Abstract
Nicotinamide N-methyltransferase (NNMT) catalyzes the transfer of a methyl group from S-adenosylmethionine (SAM) to nicotinamide (NAM) and other pyridine-related compounds and is involved in various metabolic processes in the human body. In addition, abnormal expression of NNMT occurs under various pathological conditions such as cancer, diabetes, metabolic disorders, and neurodegenerative diseases, making it a promising drug target worthy of in-depth research. Small-molecule NNMT inhibitors with high potency and selectivity are necessary chemical tools to test biological hypotheses and potential therapies. In this study, we developed a series of highly active NNMT inhibitors by modifying N7 position of adenine. Among them, compound 3-12 (IC50 = 47.9 ± 0.6 nM) exhibited potent inhibitory activity and also had an excellent selectivity profile over a panel of human methyltransferases. We showed that the N7 position of adenine in the NNMT bisubstrate inhibitor was a modifiable site, thus offering insights into the development of NNMT inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengyu Li
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Science, Guangzhou 510530, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 19 Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Cuicui Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Science, Guangzhou 510530, China; Division of Life Science and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Xiangqian Kong
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Science, Guangzhou 510530, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 19 Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Jiancun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Science, Guangzhou 510530, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 19 Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China.
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Sulimov AV, Ilin IS, Tashchilova AS, Kondakova OA, Kutov DC, Sulimov VB. Docking and other computing tools in drug design against SARS-CoV-2. SAR AND QSAR IN ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2024; 35:91-136. [PMID: 38353209 DOI: 10.1080/1062936x.2024.2306336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024]
Abstract
The use of computer simulation methods has become an indispensable component in identifying drugs against the SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus. There is a huge body of literature on application of molecular modelling to predict inhibitors against target proteins of SARS-CoV-2. To keep our review clear and readable, we limited ourselves primarily to works that use computational methods to find inhibitors and test the predicted compounds experimentally either in target protein assays or in cell culture with live SARS-CoV-2. Some works containing results of experimental discovery of corresponding inhibitors without using computer modelling are included as examples of a success. Also, some computational works without experimental confirmations are also included if they attract our attention either by simulation methods or by databases used. This review collects studies that use various molecular modelling methods: docking, molecular dynamics, quantum mechanics, machine learning, and others. Most of these studies are based on docking, and other methods are used mainly for post-processing to select the best compounds among those found through docking. Simulation methods are presented concisely, information is also provided on databases of organic compounds that can be useful for virtual screening, and the review itself is structured in accordance with coronavirus target proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- A V Sulimov
- Dimonta Ltd., Moscow, Russia
- Research Computing Center, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - I S Ilin
- Research Computing Center, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - A S Tashchilova
- Dimonta Ltd., Moscow, Russia
- Research Computing Center, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - O A Kondakova
- Research Computing Center, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - D C Kutov
- Dimonta Ltd., Moscow, Russia
- Research Computing Center, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - V B Sulimov
- Dimonta Ltd., Moscow, Russia
- Research Computing Center, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
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10
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Srivastava R, Panda SK, Sen Gupta PS, Chaudhary A, Naaz F, Yadav AK, Ram NK, Rana MK, Singh RK, Srivastava R. In silico evaluation of S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine analogs as inhibitors of nsp14-viral cap N7 methyltranferase and PLpro of SARS-CoV-2: synthesis, molecular docking, physicochemical data, ADMET and molecular dynamics simulations studies. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2023:1-18. [PMID: 38147408 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2023.2297005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 12/28/2023]
Abstract
A series of S-adenosyl-L-homosysteine (SAH) analogs, with modification in the base and sugar moiety, have been designed, synthesized and screened as nsp14 and PLpro inhibitors of severe acute respiratory syndrome corona virus (SARS-CoV-2). The outcomes of ADMET (Adsorption, Distribution, Metabolism, Excretion, and Toxicity) studies demonstrated that the physicochemical properties of all analogs were permissible for development of these SAH analogs as antiviral agents. All molecules were screened against different SARS-CoV-2 targets using molecular docking. The docking results revealed that the SAH analogs interacted well in the active site of nsp14 protein having H-bond interactions with the amino acid residues Arg289, Val290, Asn388, Arg400, Phe401 and π-alkyl interactions with Arg289, Val290 and Phe426 of Nsp14-MTase site. These analogs also formed stable H-bonds with Leu163, Asp165, Arg167, Ser246, Gln270, Tyr274 and Asp303 residues of PLpro proteins and found to be quite stable complexes therefore behaved as probable nsp14 and PLpro inhibitors. Interestingly, analog 3 showed significant in silico activity against the nsp14 N7 methyltransferase of SARS-CoV-2. The molecular dynamics (MD) and post-MD results of analog 3 unambiguously established the higher stability of the nsp14 (N7 MTase):3 complex and also indicated its behavior as probable nsp14 inhibitor like the reference sinefungin. The docking and MD simulations studies also suggested that sinefungin did act as SARS-CoV-2 PLpro inhibitor as well. This study's findings not only underscore the efficacy of the designed SAH analogs as potent inhibitors against crucial SARS-CoV-2 proteins but also pinpoint analog 3 as a particularly promising candidate. All the study provides valuable insights, paving the way for potential advancements in antiviral drug development against SARS-CoV-2.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ritika Srivastava
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Berhampur, Odisha, India
- Bioorganic Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Allahabad, Allahabad, India
| | - Saroj Kumar Panda
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Berhampur, Odisha, India
| | - Parth Sarthi Sen Gupta
- School of Biosciences and Bioengineering, D Y Patil International University, Akurdi, India
| | - Anvita Chaudhary
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Delhi Technological University, Delhi, India
| | - Farha Naaz
- Bioorganic Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Allahabad, Allahabad, India
| | - Aditya K Yadav
- Bioorganic Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Allahabad, Allahabad, India
| | - Nand Kumar Ram
- Bioorganic Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Allahabad, Allahabad, India
| | - Malay Kumar Rana
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Berhampur, Odisha, India
| | - Ramendra K Singh
- Bioorganic Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Allahabad, Allahabad, India
| | - Richa Srivastava
- Bioorganic Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Allahabad, Allahabad, India
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Delhi Technological University, Delhi, India
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11
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Schindewolf C, Menachery VD. Coronavirus 2'-O-methyltransferase: A promising therapeutic target. Virus Res 2023; 336:199211. [PMID: 37634741 PMCID: PMC10485632 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2023.199211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Revised: 08/22/2023] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023]
Abstract
Coronaviruses (CoVs) have been the source of multiple epidemics and a global pandemic since the start of century, and there is an urgent need to understand CoV biology and develop better therapeutics. Here, we review the role of NSP16 in CoV replication, specifically its importance to 2'-O-methylation and CoV RNA capping. We describe the attenuation phenotypes of NSP16-mutant CoVs, the roles of MDA5 and IFITs in sensing and antagonizing viral RNA lacking 2'O methylation, and the dependence on 2'-O-methylation in other virus families. We also detail the growing body of research into targeting 2'-O-methylation for therapeutics or as a platform for live attenuated vaccines. Beyond its role in RNA capping, NSP16 may have yet uncharacterized importance to CoV replication, highlighting the need for continued studies into NSP16 functions. Understanding the full contribution of NSP16 to the replicative fitness of CoVs will better inform the development of treatments against future CoV outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Craig Schindewolf
- Center for Immunity and Immunotherapies, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA; Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Vineet D Menachery
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA; Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA; World Reference Center for Emerging Viruses and Arboviruses, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA.
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12
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Inniss NL, Kozic J, Li F, Rosas-Lemus M, Minasov G, Rybáček J, Zhu Y, Pohl R, Shuvalova L, Rulíšek L, Brunzelle JS, Bednárová L, Štefek M, Kormaník JM, Andris E, Šebestík J, Li ASM, Brown PJ, Schmitz U, Saikatendu K, Chang E, Nencka R, Vedadi M, Satchell KJ. Discovery of a Druggable, Cryptic Pocket in SARS-CoV-2 nsp16 Using Allosteric Inhibitors. ACS Infect Dis 2023; 9:1918-1931. [PMID: 37728236 PMCID: PMC10961098 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.3c00203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/21/2023]
Abstract
A collaborative, open-science team undertook discovery of novel small molecule inhibitors of the SARS-CoV-2 nsp16-nsp10 2'-O-methyltransferase using a high throughput screening approach with the potential to reveal new inhibition strategies. This screen yielded compound 5a, a ligand possessing an electron-deficient double bond, as an inhibitor of SARS-CoV-2 nsp16 activity. Surprisingly, X-ray crystal structures revealed that 5a covalently binds within a previously unrecognized cryptic pocket near the S-adenosylmethionine binding cleft in a manner that prevents occupation by S-adenosylmethionine. Using a multidisciplinary approach, we examined the mechanism of binding of compound 5a to the nsp16 cryptic pocket and developed 5a derivatives that inhibited nsp16 activity and murine hepatitis virus replication in rat lung epithelial cells but proved cytotoxic to cell lines canonically used to examine SARS-CoV-2 infection. Our study reveals the druggability of this newly discovered SARS-CoV-2 nsp16 cryptic pocket, provides novel tool compounds to explore the site, and suggests a new approach for discovery of nsp16 inhibition-based pan-coronavirus therapeutics through structure-guided drug design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole L. Inniss
- Department of Microbiology-Immunology and Center for Structural Biology of Infectious Diseases, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, 60611, United States
| | - Ján Kozic
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague 6, 160 00, Czech Republic
| | - Fengling Li
- Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Monica Rosas-Lemus
- Department of Microbiology-Immunology and Center for Structural Biology of Infectious Diseases, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, 60611, United States
| | - George Minasov
- Department of Microbiology-Immunology and Center for Structural Biology of Infectious Diseases, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, 60611, United States
| | - Jiří Rybáček
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague 6, 160 00, Czech Republic
| | - Yingjie Zhu
- WuXi AppTec Co., Ltd, China (Shanghai) Pilot Free Trade Zone, Shanghai, 201308, China
| | - Radek Pohl
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague 6, 160 00, Czech Republic
| | - Ludmilla Shuvalova
- Department of Pharmacology, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, 60611, United States
| | - Lubomír Rulíšek
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague 6, 160 00, Czech Republic
| | - Joseph S. Brunzelle
- Northwestern Synchrotron Research Center, Life Sciences Collaborative Access Team, Northwestern University, Argonne, IL, 60439, United States
| | - Lucie Bednárová
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague 6, 160 00, Czech Republic
| | - Milan Štefek
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague 6, 160 00, Czech Republic
| | - Ján Michael Kormaník
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague 6, 160 00, Czech Republic
| | - Erik Andris
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague 6, 160 00, Czech Republic
| | - Jaroslav Šebestík
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague 6, 160 00, Czech Republic
| | - Alice Shi Ming Li
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada, and Drug Discovery Program, Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, Toronto, Ontario M5G 0A3, Canada
| | - Peter J. Brown
- Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Uli Schmitz
- Structural Chemistry, Gilead Pharmaceuticals, San Mateo, CA, 94404, United States
| | - Kumar Saikatendu
- Takeda Development Center Americas, Inc., San Diego, CA, 92121, United States
| | - Edcon Chang
- Takeda Development Center Americas, Inc., San Diego, CA, 92121, United States
| | - Radim Nencka
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague 6, 160 00, Czech Republic
| | - Masoud Vedadi
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada, and Drug Discovery Program, Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, Toronto, Ontario M5G 0A3, Canada
| | - Karla J.F. Satchell
- Department of Microbiology-Immunology and Center for Structural Biology of Infectious Diseases, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, 60611, United States
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13
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Nguyen HL, Thai NQ, Li MS. Identifying inhibitors of NSP16-NSP10 of SARS-CoV-2 from large databases. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2023; 41:7045-7054. [PMID: 36002258 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2022.2114941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Accepted: 08/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic, which has already claimed millions of lives, continues to pose a serious threat to human health, requiring the development of new effective drugs. Non-structural proteins of SARS-CoV-2 play an important role in viral replication and infection. Among them, NSP16 (non-structured protein 16) and its cofactor NSP10 (non-structured protein 10) perform C2'-O methylation at the 5' end of the viral RNA, which promotes efficient virus replication. Therefore, the NSP16-NSP10 complex becomes an attractive target for drug development. Using a multi-step virtual screening protocol which includes Lipinski's rule, docking, steered molecular dynamics and umbrella sampling, we searched for potential inhibitors from the PubChem and anti-HIV databases. It has been shown that CID 135566620 compound from PubChem is the best candidate with an inhibition constant in the sub-μM range. The Van der Waals interaction was found to be more important than the electrostatic interaction in the binding affinity of this compound to NSP16-NSP10. Further in vitro and in vivo studies are needed to test the activity of the identified compound against COVID-19.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hoang Linh Nguyen
- Life Science Lab, Institute for Computational Science and Technology, Quang Trung, Software City, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
- Ho Chi Minh City University of Technology (HCMUT), Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
- Vietnam National University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | | | - Mai Suan Li
- Institute of Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
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14
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Štefek M, Chalupská D, Chalupský K, Zgarbová M, Dvořáková A, Krafčíková P, Li ASM, Šála M, Dejmek M, Otava T, Chaloupecká E, Kozák J, Kozic J, Vedadi M, Weber J, Mertlíková-Kaiserová H, Nencka R. Rational Design of Highly Potent SARS-CoV-2 nsp14 Methyltransferase Inhibitors. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:27410-27418. [PMID: 37546609 PMCID: PMC10398685 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c02815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/08/2023]
Abstract
The search for new drugs against COVID-19 and its causative agent, SARS-CoV-2, is one of the major trends in the current medicinal chemistry. Targeting capping machinery could be one of the therapeutic concepts based on a unique mechanism of action. Viral RNA cap synthesis involves two methylation steps, the first of which is mediated by the nsp14 protein. Here, we rationally designed and synthesized a series of compounds capable of binding to both the S-adenosyl-l-methionine and the RNA-binding site of SARS-CoV-2 nsp14 N7-methyltransferase. These hybrid molecules showed excellent potency, high selectivity toward various human methyltransferases, nontoxicity, and high cell permeability. Despite the outstanding activity against the enzyme, our compounds showed poor antiviral performance in vitro. This suggests that the activity of this viral methyltransferase has no significant effect on virus transcription and replication at the cellular level. Therefore, our compounds represent unique tools to further explore the role of the SARS-CoV-2 nsp14 methyltransferase in the viral life cycle and the pathogenesis of COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milan Štefek
- Institute
of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo Náměstí
2, Prague 6 166 10, Czech Republic
- Department
of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague 128 00, Czech Republic
| | - Dominika Chalupská
- Institute
of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo Náměstí
2, Prague 6 166 10, Czech Republic
| | - Karel Chalupský
- Institute
of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo Náměstí
2, Prague 6 166 10, Czech Republic
| | - Michala Zgarbová
- Institute
of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo Náměstí
2, Prague 6 166 10, Czech Republic
| | - Alexandra Dvořáková
- Institute
of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo Náměstí
2, Prague 6 166 10, Czech Republic
| | - Petra Krafčíková
- Institute
of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo Náměstí
2, Prague 6 166 10, Czech Republic
| | - Alice Shi Ming Li
- Department
of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University
of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Michal Šála
- Institute
of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo Náměstí
2, Prague 6 166 10, Czech Republic
| | - Milan Dejmek
- Institute
of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo Náměstí
2, Prague 6 166 10, Czech Republic
| | - Tomáš Otava
- Institute
of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo Náměstí
2, Prague 6 166 10, Czech Republic
| | - Ema Chaloupecká
- Institute
of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo Náměstí
2, Prague 6 166 10, Czech Republic
| | - Jaroslav Kozák
- Institute
of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo Náměstí
2, Prague 6 166 10, Czech Republic
| | - Ján Kozic
- Institute
of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo Náměstí
2, Prague 6 166 10, Czech Republic
| | - Masoud Vedadi
- Department
of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University
of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada
- QBI
COVID-19 Research Group (QCRG), San Francisco, California 94158, United States
| | - Jan Weber
- Institute
of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo Náměstí
2, Prague 6 166 10, Czech Republic
| | - Helena Mertlíková-Kaiserová
- Institute
of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo Náměstí
2, Prague 6 166 10, Czech Republic
| | - Radim Nencka
- Institute
of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo Náměstí
2, Prague 6 166 10, Czech Republic
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15
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Skvara P, Chalupska D, Klima M, Kozic J, Silhan J, Boura E. Structural basis for RNA-cap recognition and methylation by the mpox methyltransferase VP39. Antiviral Res 2023:105663. [PMID: 37421984 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2023.105663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Revised: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 07/10/2023]
Abstract
Mpox is a zoonotic disease caused by the mpox virus (MPXV), which has gained attention due to its rapid and widespread transmission, with reports from more than 100 countries. The virus belongs to the Orthopoxvirus genus, which also includes variola virus and vaccinia virus. In poxviruses, the RNA cap is crucial for the translation and stability of viral mRNAs and also for immune evasion. This study presents the crystal structure of the mpox 2'-O-methyltransfarase VP39 in complex with a short cap-0 RNA. The RNA substrate binds to the protein without causing any significant changes to its overall fold and is held in place by a combination of electrostatic interactions, π-π stacking and hydrogen bonding. The structure also explains the mpox VP39 preference for a guanine base at the first position; it reveals that guanine forms a hydrogen bond that an adenine would not be able to form.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petr Skvara
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, V.v.i, Flemingovo nám. 2, 16610, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Dominika Chalupska
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, V.v.i, Flemingovo nám. 2, 16610, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Klima
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, V.v.i, Flemingovo nám. 2, 16610, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Kozic
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, V.v.i, Flemingovo nám. 2, 16610, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Silhan
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, V.v.i, Flemingovo nám. 2, 16610, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Evzen Boura
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, V.v.i, Flemingovo nám. 2, 16610, Prague 6, Czech Republic.
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16
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Singh I, Li F, Fink EA, Chau I, Li A, Rodriguez-Hernández A, Glenn I, Zapatero-Belinchón FJ, Rodriguez ML, Devkota K, Deng Z, White K, Wan X, Tolmachova NA, Moroz YS, Kaniskan HÜ, Ott M, García-Sastre A, Jin J, Fujimori DG, Irwin JJ, Vedadi M, Shoichet BK. Structure-Based Discovery of Inhibitors of the SARS-CoV-2 Nsp14 N7-Methyltransferase. J Med Chem 2023; 66:7785-7803. [PMID: 37294077 PMCID: PMC10374283 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.2c02120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
An under-explored target for SARS-CoV-2 is the S-adenosyl methionine (SAM)-dependent methyltransferase Nsp14, which methylates the N7-guanosine of viral RNA at the 5'-end, allowing the virus to evade host immune response. We sought new Nsp14 inhibitors with three large library docking strategies. First, up to 1.1 billion lead-like molecules were docked against the enzyme's SAM site, leading to three inhibitors with IC50 values from 6 to 50 μM. Second, docking a library of 16 million fragments revealed 9 new inhibitors with IC50 values from 12 to 341 μM. Third, docking a library of 25 million electrophiles to covalently modify Cys387 revealed 7 inhibitors with IC50 values from 3.5 to 39 μM. Overall, 32 inhibitors encompassing 11 chemotypes had IC50 values < 50 μM and 5 inhibitors in 4 chemotypes had IC50 values < 10 μM. These molecules are among the first non-SAM-like inhibitors of Nsp14, providing starting points for future optimization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isha Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143, United States
| | - Fengling Li
- Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Elissa A Fink
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143, United States
- Graduate Program in Biophysics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143, United States
| | - Irene Chau
- Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Alice Li
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada
- Drug Discovery Program, Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, Toronto, Ontario M5G 0A3, Canada
| | - Annía Rodriguez-Hernández
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158, United States
| | - Isabella Glenn
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143, United States
| | | | - M Luis Rodriguez
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York 10029, United States
- Global Health and Emerging Pathogens Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York 10029, United States
| | - Kanchan Devkota
- Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Zhijie Deng
- Mount Sinai Center for Therapeutics Discovery, Departments of Pharmacological Sciences, Oncological Sciences and Neuroscience, Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York 10029, United States
| | - Kris White
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York 10029, United States
- Global Health and Emerging Pathogens Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York 10029, United States
| | - Xiaobo Wan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143, United States
| | - Nataliya A Tolmachova
- Enamine Ltd, Kyïv 02094, Ukraine
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry and Petrochemistry, National Ukrainian Academy of Science, Kyïv 02660, Ukraine
| | - Yurii S Moroz
- National Taras Shevchenko University of Kyïv, Kyïv 01601, Ukraine
- Chemspace, Riga LV-1082, Latvia
| | - H Ümit Kaniskan
- Mount Sinai Center for Therapeutics Discovery, Departments of Pharmacological Sciences, Oncological Sciences and Neuroscience, Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York 10029, United States
| | - Melanie Ott
- Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, California 94158, United States
- QBI COVID-19 Research Group (QCRG), San Francisco, California 94158, United States
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158, United States
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, California 94158, United States
| | - Adolfo García-Sastre
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York 10029, United States
- Global Health and Emerging Pathogens Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York 10029, United States
- QBI COVID-19 Research Group (QCRG), San Francisco, California 94158, United States
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York 10029, United States
- The Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York 10029, United States
| | - Jian Jin
- Mount Sinai Center for Therapeutics Discovery, Departments of Pharmacological Sciences, Oncological Sciences and Neuroscience, Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York 10029, United States
- QBI COVID-19 Research Group (QCRG), San Francisco, California 94158, United States
| | - Danica Galonić Fujimori
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143, United States
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158, United States
- QBI COVID-19 Research Group (QCRG), San Francisco, California 94158, United States
| | - John J Irwin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143, United States
- QBI COVID-19 Research Group (QCRG), San Francisco, California 94158, United States
| | - Masoud Vedadi
- Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1L7, Canada
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada
- QBI COVID-19 Research Group (QCRG), San Francisco, California 94158, United States
- Drug Discovery Program, Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, Toronto, Ontario M5G 0A3, Canada
| | - Brian K Shoichet
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143, United States
- QBI COVID-19 Research Group (QCRG), San Francisco, California 94158, United States
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17
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Li G, Hilgenfeld R, Whitley R, De Clercq E. Therapeutic strategies for COVID-19: progress and lessons learned. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2023; 22:449-475. [PMID: 37076602 PMCID: PMC10113999 DOI: 10.1038/s41573-023-00672-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 162.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 04/21/2023]
Abstract
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has stimulated tremendous efforts to develop therapeutic strategies that target severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and/or human proteins to control viral infection, encompassing hundreds of potential drugs and thousands of patients in clinical trials. So far, a few small-molecule antiviral drugs (nirmatrelvir-ritonavir, remdesivir and molnupiravir) and 11 monoclonal antibodies have been marketed for the treatment of COVID-19, mostly requiring administration within 10 days of symptom onset. In addition, hospitalized patients with severe or critical COVID-19 may benefit from treatment with previously approved immunomodulatory drugs, including glucocorticoids such as dexamethasone, cytokine antagonists such as tocilizumab and Janus kinase inhibitors such as baricitinib. Here, we summarize progress with COVID-19 drug discovery, based on accumulated findings since the pandemic began and a comprehensive list of clinical and preclinical inhibitors with anti-coronavirus activities. We also discuss the lessons learned from COVID-19 and other infectious diseases with regard to drug repurposing strategies, pan-coronavirus drug targets, in vitro assays and animal models, and platform trial design for the development of therapeutics to tackle COVID-19, long COVID and pathogenic coronaviruses in future outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangdi Li
- Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University; Hunan Children's Hospital, Changsha, China.
| | - Rolf Hilgenfeld
- Institute of Molecular Medicine & German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany.
| | - Richard Whitley
- Department of Paediatrics, Microbiology, Medicine and Neurosurgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA.
| | - Erik De Clercq
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
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18
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Hausdorff M, Delpal A, Barelier S, Nicollet L, Canard B, Touret F, Colmant A, Coutard B, Vasseur JJ, Decroly E, Debart F. Structure-guided optimization of adenosine mimetics as selective and potent inhibitors of coronavirus nsp14 N7-methyltransferases. Eur J Med Chem 2023; 256:115474. [PMID: 37192550 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2023.115474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2023] [Revised: 05/05/2023] [Accepted: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic reveals the urgent need to develop new therapeutics targeting the SARS-CoV-2 replication machinery. The first antiviral drugs were nucleoside analogues targeting RdRp and protease inhibitors active on nsp5 Mpro. In addition to these common antiviral targets, SARS-CoV-2 codes for the highly conserved protein nsp14 harbouring N7-methyltransferase (MTase) activity. Nsp14 is involved in cap N7-methylation of viral RNA and its inhibition impairs viral RNA translation and immune evasion, making it an attractive new antiviral target. In this work, we followed a structure-guided drug design approach to design bisubstrates mimicking the S-adenosylmethionine methyl donor and RNA cap. We developed adenosine mimetics with an N-arylsulfonamide moiety in the 5'-position, recently described as a guanine mimicking the cap structure in a potent adenosine-derived nsp14 inhibitor. Here, the adenine moiety was replaced by hypoxanthine, N6-methyladenine, or C7-substituted 7-deaza-adenine. 26 novel adenosine mimetics were synthesized, one of which selectively inhibits nsp14 N7-MTase activity with a subnanomolar IC50 (and seven with a single-digit nanomolar IC50). In the most potent inhibitors, adenine was replaced by two different 7-deaza-adenines bearing either a phenyl or a 3-quinoline group at the C7-position via an ethynyl linker. These more complex compounds are barely active on the cognate human N7-MTase and docking experiments reveal that their selectivity of inhibition might result from the positioning of their C7 substitution in a SAM entry tunnel present in the nsp14 structure and absent in the hN7-MTase. These compounds show moderate antiviral activity against SARS-CoV-2 replication in cell culture, suggesting delivery or stability issue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcel Hausdorff
- IBMM, CNRS, University of Montpellier, ENSCM, Montpellier, France
| | - Adrien Delpal
- AFMB, CNRS, Aix-Marseille University, UMR 7257, 163 Avenue de Luminy, Marseille, France
| | - Sarah Barelier
- AFMB, CNRS, Aix-Marseille University, UMR 7257, 163 Avenue de Luminy, Marseille, France
| | - Laura Nicollet
- IBMM, CNRS, University of Montpellier, ENSCM, Montpellier, France
| | - Bruno Canard
- AFMB, CNRS, Aix-Marseille University, UMR 7257, 163 Avenue de Luminy, Marseille, France
| | - Franck Touret
- IHU Méditerranée Infection, Unité Virus Emergents, University of Aix-Marseille, 13005, Marseille, France
| | - Agathe Colmant
- IHU Méditerranée Infection, Unité Virus Emergents, University of Aix-Marseille, 13005, Marseille, France
| | - Bruno Coutard
- IHU Méditerranée Infection, Unité Virus Emergents, University of Aix-Marseille, 13005, Marseille, France
| | | | - Etienne Decroly
- AFMB, CNRS, Aix-Marseille University, UMR 7257, 163 Avenue de Luminy, Marseille, France.
| | - Françoise Debart
- IBMM, CNRS, University of Montpellier, ENSCM, Montpellier, France.
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19
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Bobileva O, Bobrovs R, Sirma EE, Kanepe I, Bula AL, Patetko L, Ramata-Stunda A, Grinberga S, Jirgensons A, Jaudzems K. 3-(Adenosylthio)benzoic Acid Derivatives as SARS-CoV-2 Nsp14 Methyltransferase Inhibitors. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28020768. [PMID: 36677825 PMCID: PMC9862586 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28020768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Revised: 01/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 nsp14 guanine-N7-methyltransferase plays an important role in the viral RNA translation process by catalyzing the transfer of a methyl group from S-adenosyl-methionine (SAM) to viral mRNA cap. We report a structure-guided design and synthesis of 3-(adenosylthio)benzoic acid derivatives as nsp14 methyltransferase inhibitors resulting in compound 5p with subnanomolar inhibitory activity and improved cell membrane permeability in comparison with the parent inhibitor. Compound 5p acts as a bisubstrate inhibitor targeting both SAM and mRNA-binding pockets of nsp14. While the selectivity of 3-(adenosylthio)benzoic acid derivatives against human glycine N-methyltransferase was not improved, the discovery of phenyl-substituted analogs 5p,t may contribute to further development of SARS-CoV-2 nsp14 bisubstrate inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Bobileva
- Latvian Institute of Organic Synthesis, LV-1006 Riga, Latvia
- Correspondence:
| | - Raitis Bobrovs
- Latvian Institute of Organic Synthesis, LV-1006 Riga, Latvia
| | | | - Iveta Kanepe
- Latvian Institute of Organic Synthesis, LV-1006 Riga, Latvia
| | - Anna L. Bula
- Latvian Institute of Organic Synthesis, LV-1006 Riga, Latvia
| | - Liene Patetko
- Faculty of Biology, University of Latvia, LV-1004 Riga, Latvia
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20
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Balieiro AM, Anunciação ELS, Costa CHS, Qayed WS, Silva JRA. Computational Analysis of SAM Analogs as Methyltransferase Inhibitors of nsp16/nsp10 Complex from SARS-CoV-2. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232213972. [PMID: 36430451 PMCID: PMC9697258 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232213972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2022] [Revised: 11/03/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Methyltransferases (MTases) enzymes, responsible for RNA capping into severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), are emerging important targets for the design of new anti-SARS-CoV-2 agents. Here, analogs of S-adenosylmethionine (SAM), obtained from the bioisosteric substitution of the sulfonium and amino acid groups, were evaluated by rigorous computational modeling techniques such as molecular dynamics (MD) simulations followed by relative binding free analysis against nsp16/nsp10 complex from SARS-CoV-2. The most potent inhibitor (2a) shows the lowest binding free energy (-58.75 Kcal/mol) and more potency than Sinefungin (SFG) (-39.8 Kcal/mol), a pan-MTase inhibitor, which agrees with experimental observations. Besides, our results suggest that the total binding free energy of each evaluated SAM analog is driven by van der Waals interactions which can explain their poor cell permeability, as observed in experimental essays. Overall, we provide a structural and energetic analysis for the inhibition of the nsp16/nsp10 complex involving the evaluated SAM analogs as potential inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra M. Balieiro
- Laboratório de Planejamento e Desenvolvimento de Fármacos, Instituto de Ciências Exatas e Naturais, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém 66075-110, Brazil
| | - Eduarda L. S. Anunciação
- Laboratório de Planejamento e Desenvolvimento de Fármacos, Instituto de Ciências Exatas e Naturais, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém 66075-110, Brazil
| | - Clauber H. S. Costa
- Laboratório de Planejamento e Desenvolvimento de Fármacos, Instituto de Ciências Exatas e Naturais, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém 66075-110, Brazil
- Institute of Chemistry and Center for Computing in Engineering & Sciences, University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo 13084-862, Brazil
| | - Wesam S. Qayed
- Medicinal Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Assiut University, Assiut 71526, Egypt
| | - José Rogério A. Silva
- Laboratório de Planejamento e Desenvolvimento de Fármacos, Instituto de Ciências Exatas e Naturais, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém 66075-110, Brazil
- Correspondence:
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21
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Ghosh AK, Mishevich JL, Mesecar A, Mitsuya H. Recent Drug Development and Medicinal Chemistry Approaches for the Treatment of SARS-CoV-2 Infection and COVID-19. ChemMedChem 2022; 17:e202200440. [PMID: 36165855 PMCID: PMC9538661 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.202200440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Revised: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
COVID-19, caused by SARS-CoV-2 infection, continues to be a major public health crisis around the globe. Development of vaccines and the first cluster of antiviral drugs has brought promise and hope for prevention and treatment of severe coronavirus disease. However, continued development of newer, safer, and more effective antiviral drugs are critically important to combat COVID-19 and counter the looming pathogenic variants. Studies of the coronavirus life cycle revealed several important biochemical targets for drug development. In the present review, we focus on recent drug design and medicinal chemistry efforts in small molecule drug discovery, including the development of nirmatrelvir that targets viral protein synthesis and remdesivir and molnupiravir that target viral RdRp. These are recent FDA approved drugs for the treatment of COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arun K Ghosh
- Purdue UniversityDepartments of Chemistry and Medicinal Chemistry560 Oval Drive47907West LafayetteUNITED STATES
| | | | - Andrew Mesecar
- Purdue University College of ScienceBiochemistryUNITED STATES
| | - Hiroaki Mitsuya
- National Cancer InstituteHIV and AIDS Malignancy BranchUNITED STATES
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22
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Zhong L, Zhao Z, Peng X, Zou J, Yang S. Recent advances in small-molecular therapeutics for COVID-19. PRECISION CLINICAL MEDICINE 2022; 5:pbac024. [PMID: 36268466 PMCID: PMC9579963 DOI: 10.1093/pcmedi/pbac024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic poses a fundamental challenge to global health. Since the outbreak of SARS-CoV-2, great efforts have been made to identify antiviral strategies and develop therapeutic drugs to combat the disease. There are different strategies for developing small molecular anti-SARS-CoV-2 drugs, including targeting coronavirus structural proteins (e.g. spike protein), non-structural proteins (nsp) (e.g. RdRp, Mpro, PLpro, helicase, nsp14, and nsp16), host proteases (e.g. TMPRSS2, cathepsin, and furin) and the pivotal proteins mediating endocytosis (e.g. PIKfyve), as well as developing endosome acidification agents and immune response modulators. Favipiravir and chloroquine are the anti-SARS-CoV-2 agents that were identified earlier in this epidemic and repurposed for COVID-19 clinical therapy based on these strategies. However, their efficacies are controversial. Currently, three small molecular anti-SARS-CoV-2 agents, remdesivir, molnupiravir, and Paxlovid (PF-07321332 plus ritonavir), have been granted emergency use authorization or approved for COVID-19 therapy in many countries due to their significant curative effects in phase III trials. Meanwhile, a large number of promising anti-SARS-CoV-2 drug candidates have entered clinical evaluation. The development of these drugs brings hope for us to finally conquer COVID-19. In this account, we conducted a comprehensive review of the recent advances in small molecule anti-SARS-CoV-2 agents according to the target classification. Here we present all the approved drugs and most of the important drug candidates for each target, and discuss the challenges and perspectives for the future research and development of anti-SARS-CoV-2 drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Xuerun Peng
- Department of Pharmacy, Personalized Drug Therapy Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610072, China
| | | | - Shengyong Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, West China School of Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
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23
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Klima M, Khalili Yazdi A, Li F, Chau I, Hajian T, Bolotokova A, Kaniskan HÜ, Han Y, Wang K, Li D, Luo M, Jin J, Boura E, Vedadi M. Crystal structure of
SARS‐CoV
‐2 nsp10–nsp16 in complex with small molecule inhibitors,
SS148
and
WZ16. Protein Sci 2022; 31:e4395. [PMID: 36040262 PMCID: PMC9375521 DOI: 10.1002/pro.4395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Revised: 06/11/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
SARS‐CoV‐2 nsp10–nsp16 complex is a 2′‐O‐methyltransferase (MTase) involved in viral RNA capping, enabling the virus to evade the immune system in humans. It has been considered a valuable target in the discovery of antiviral therapeutics, as the RNA cap formation is crucial for viral propagation. Through cross‐screening of the inhibitors that we previously reported for SARS‐CoV‐2 nsp14 MTase activity against nsp10–nsp16 complex, we identified two compounds (SS148 and WZ16) that also inhibited nsp16 MTase activity. To further enable the chemical optimization of these two compounds towards more potent and selective dual nsp14/nsp16 MTase inhibitors, we determined the crystal structure of nsp10–nsp16 in complex with each of SS148 and WZ16. As expected, the structures revealed the binding of both compounds to S‐adenosyl‐L‐methionine (SAM) binding pocket of nsp16. However, our structural data along with the biochemical mechanism of action determination revealed an RNA‐dependent SAM‐competitive pattern of inhibition for WZ16, clearly suggesting that binding of the RNA first may help the binding of some SAM competitive inhibitors. Both compounds also showed some degree of selectivity against human protein MTases, an indication of great potential for chemical optimization towards more potent and selective inhibitors of coronavirus MTases. PDB Code(s): 7R1T and 7R1U
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Klima
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry Czech Academy of Sciences Prague 6 Czech Republic
| | | | - Fengling Li
- Structural Genomics Consortium University of Toronto Toronto Ontario Canada
| | - Irene Chau
- Structural Genomics Consortium University of Toronto Toronto Ontario Canada
| | - Taraneh Hajian
- Structural Genomics Consortium University of Toronto Toronto Ontario Canada
| | - Albina Bolotokova
- Structural Genomics Consortium University of Toronto Toronto Ontario Canada
| | - H. Ümit Kaniskan
- Departments of Pharmacological Sciences and Oncological Sciences, Mount Sinai Center for Therapeutics Discovery Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai New York New York USA
| | - Yulin Han
- Departments of Pharmacological Sciences and Oncological Sciences, Mount Sinai Center for Therapeutics Discovery Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai New York New York USA
| | - Ke Wang
- Chemical Biology Program Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center New York New York USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology University of Toronto Toronto Ontario Canada
| | - Deyao Li
- Chemical Biology Program Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center New York New York USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology University of Toronto Toronto Ontario Canada
| | - Minkui Luo
- Chemical Biology Program Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center New York New York USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology University of Toronto Toronto Ontario Canada
| | - Jian Jin
- Departments of Pharmacological Sciences and Oncological Sciences, Mount Sinai Center for Therapeutics Discovery Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai New York New York USA
| | - Evzen Boura
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry Czech Academy of Sciences Prague 6 Czech Republic
| | - Masoud Vedadi
- Structural Genomics Consortium University of Toronto Toronto Ontario Canada
- Program of Pharmacology Weill Cornell Medical College of Cornell University New York New York USA
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24
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Gomes JPA, Rocha LDO, Leal CEY, Filho EBDA. Virtual screening of molecular databases for potential inhibitors of the NSP16/NSP10 methyltransferase from SARS-CoV-2. J Mol Struct 2022; 1261:132951. [PMID: 35369609 PMCID: PMC8958854 DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2022.132951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Revised: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
COVID-19 is a disease caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus and represents one of the greatest health problems that humanity faces at the moment. Therefore, efforts have been made with the objective of seeking therapies that could be effective in combating this problematic. In the search for ligands, computational chemistry plays an essential role, since it allows the screening of thousands of molecules on a given target, in order to save time and money for the in vitro or in vivo pharmacological stage. In this paper, we perform a virtual screening by docking looking for potential inhibitors of the NSP16-NSP10 protein dimer (methyltransferase) from SARS-CoV-2, by evaluating a homemade databank of molecules found in plants of the Caatinga Brazilian biome, compounds from ZINC online molecular database, as well as structural analogues of the enzymatic cofactor s-adenosylmethionine (SAM) and a known inhibitor in the literature, sinefungin (SFG), provided at PubChem database. All the evaluated sets presented molecules that deserve attention, highlighting four compounds from ZINC as the most promising ligands. These results contribute to the discovery of new molecular hits, in the search of potential agents against SARS-CoV-2 virus, still unveiling a pathway that can be used in combined therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- João Pedro Agra Gomes
- College of Pharmacy, Federal University of San Francisco Valley, Petrolina, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | | | | | - Edilson Beserra de Alencar Filho
- College of Pharmacy, Federal University of San Francisco Valley, Petrolina, Pernambuco, Brazil,Postgraduate Program in Biosciences, Federal University of San Francisco Valley, Petrolina, Pernambuco, Brazil,Postgraduate Program in Health and Biological Sciences, Federal University of San Francisco Valley, Petrolina, Pernambuco, Brazil,Corresponding author
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25
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Jung E, Soto-Acosta R, Xie J, Wilson DJ, Dreis CD, Majima R, Edwards TC, Geraghty RJ, Chen L. Bisubstate Inhibitors of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 Nsp14 Methyltransferase. ACS Med Chem Lett 2022; 13:1477-1484. [PMID: 36097498 PMCID: PMC9344893 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.2c00265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2022] [Accepted: 07/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Eunkyung Jung
- Center for Drug Design, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Ruben Soto-Acosta
- Center for Drug Design, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Jiashu Xie
- Center for Drug Design, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Daniel J. Wilson
- Center for Drug Design, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Christine D. Dreis
- Center for Drug Design, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Ryuichi Majima
- Center for Drug Design, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Tiffany C. Edwards
- Center for Drug Design, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Robert J. Geraghty
- Center for Drug Design, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Liqiang Chen
- Center for Drug Design, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
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26
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Ahmed-Belkacem R, Hausdorff M, Delpal A, Sutto-Ortiz P, Colmant AMG, Touret F, Ogando NS, Snijder EJ, Canard B, Coutard B, Vasseur JJ, Decroly E, Debart F. Potent Inhibition of SARS-CoV-2 nsp14 N7-Methyltransferase by Sulfonamide-Based Bisubstrate Analogues. J Med Chem 2022; 65:6231-6249. [PMID: 35439007 PMCID: PMC9045040 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.2c00120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Enzymes involved in RNA capping of SARS-CoV-2 are essential for the stability of viral RNA, translation of mRNAs, and virus evasion from innate immunity, making them attractive targets for antiviral agents. In this work, we focused on the design and synthesis of nucleoside-derived inhibitors against the SARS-CoV-2 nsp14 (N7-guanine)-methyltransferase (N7-MTase) that catalyzes the transfer of the methyl group from the S-adenosyl-l-methionine (SAM) cofactor to the N7-guanosine cap. Seven compounds out of 39 SAM analogues showed remarkable double-digit nanomolar inhibitory activity against the N7-MTase nsp14. Molecular docking supported the structure-activity relationships of these inhibitors and a bisubstrate-based mechanism of action. The three most potent inhibitors significantly stabilized nsp14 (ΔTm ≈ 11 °C), and the best inhibitor demonstrated high selectivity for nsp14 over human RNA N7-MTase.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marcel Hausdorff
- IBMM,
University of Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, 34293 Montpellier, cedex 5, France
| | - Adrien Delpal
- AFMB,
University of Aix-Marseille, CNRS, 13288 Marseille, cedex 9, France
| | | | - Agathe M. G. Colmant
- IHU
Méditerranée Infection, Unité Virus Emergents, University of Aix-Marseille, IRD 190, INSERM 1207, 13005 Marseille, France
| | - Franck Touret
- IHU
Méditerranée Infection, Unité Virus Emergents, University of Aix-Marseille, IRD 190, INSERM 1207, 13005 Marseille, France
| | - Natacha S. Ogando
- Department
of Medical Microbiology, Leiden University
Medical Center, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Eric J. Snijder
- Department
of Medical Microbiology, Leiden University
Medical Center, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Bruno Canard
- AFMB,
University of Aix-Marseille, CNRS, 13288 Marseille, cedex 9, France
| | - Bruno Coutard
- IHU
Méditerranée Infection, Unité Virus Emergents, University of Aix-Marseille, IRD 190, INSERM 1207, 13005 Marseille, France
| | - Jean-Jacques Vasseur
- IBMM,
University of Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, 34293 Montpellier, cedex 5, France
| | - Etienne Decroly
- AFMB,
University of Aix-Marseille, CNRS, 13288 Marseille, cedex 9, France
| | - Françoise Debart
- IBMM,
University of Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, 34293 Montpellier, cedex 5, France
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27
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Novel Inhibitors of 2′-O-Methyltransferase of the SARS-CoV-2 Coronavirus. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27092721. [PMID: 35566072 PMCID: PMC9100384 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27092721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2022] [Revised: 04/17/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic is still affecting many people worldwide and causing a heavy burden to global health. To eliminate the disease, SARS-CoV-2, the virus responsible for the pandemic, can be targeted in several ways. One of them is to inhibit the 2′-O-methyltransferase (nsp16) enzyme that is crucial for effective translation of viral RNA and virus replication. For methylation of substrates, nsp16 utilizes S-adenosyl methionine (SAM). Binding of a small molecule in the protein site where SAM binds can disrupt the synthesis of viral proteins and, as a result, the replication of the virus. Here, we performed high-throughput docking into the SAM-binding site of nsp16 for almost 40 thousand structures, prepared for compounds from three libraries: Enamine Coronavirus Library, Enamine Nucleoside Mimetics Library, and Chemdiv Nucleoside Analogue Library. For the top scoring ligands, semi-empirical quantum-chemical calculations were performed, to better estimate protein–ligand binding enthalpy. Relying upon the calculated binding energies and predicted docking poses, we selected 21 compounds for experimental testing.
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28
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Rudenko AY, Mariasina SS, Sergiev PV, Polshakov VI. Analogs of S-Adenosyl-L-Methionine in Studies of Methyltransferases. Mol Biol 2022; 56:229-250. [PMID: 35440827 PMCID: PMC9009987 DOI: 10.1134/s002689332202011x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Revised: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Methyltransferases (MTases) play an important role in the functioning of living systems, catalyzing the methylation reactions of DNA, RNA, proteins, and small molecules, including endogenous compounds and drugs. Many human diseases are associated with disturbances in the functioning of these enzymes; therefore, the study of MTases is an urgent and important task. Most MTases use the cofactor S‑adenosyl‑L‑methionine (SAM) as a methyl group donor. SAM analogs are widely applicable in the study of MTases: they are used in studies of the catalytic activity of these enzymes, in identification of substrates of new MTases, and for modification of the substrates or substrate linking to MTases. In this review, new synthetic analogs of SAM and the problems that can be solved with their usage are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. Yu. Rudenko
- Faculty of Fundamental Medicine, Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia
- Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - S. S. Mariasina
- Faculty of Fundamental Medicine, Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia
- Institute of Functional Genomics, Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - P. V. Sergiev
- Institute of Functional Genomics, Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - V. I. Polshakov
- Faculty of Fundamental Medicine, Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia
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29
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Fischer TR, Meidner L, Schwickert M, Weber M, Zimmermann RA, Kersten C, Schirmeister T, Helm M. Chemical biology and medicinal chemistry of RNA methyltransferases. Nucleic Acids Res 2022; 50:4216-4245. [PMID: 35412633 PMCID: PMC9071492 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkac224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Revised: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 04/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
RNA methyltransferases (MTases) are ubiquitous enzymes whose hitherto low profile in medicinal chemistry, contrasts with the surging interest in RNA methylation, the arguably most important aspect of the new field of epitranscriptomics. As MTases become validated as drug targets in all major fields of biomedicine, the development of small molecule compounds as tools and inhibitors is picking up considerable momentum, in academia as well as in biotech. Here we discuss the development of small molecules for two related aspects of chemical biology. Firstly, derivates of the ubiquitous cofactor S-adenosyl-l-methionine (SAM) are being developed as bioconjugation tools for targeted transfer of functional groups and labels to increasingly visible targets. Secondly, SAM-derived compounds are being investigated for their ability to act as inhibitors of RNA MTases. Drug development is moving from derivatives of cosubstrates towards higher generation compounds that may address allosteric sites in addition to the catalytic centre. Progress in assay development and screening techniques from medicinal chemistry have led to recent breakthroughs, e.g. in addressing human enzymes targeted for their role in cancer. Spurred by the current pandemic, new inhibitors against coronaviral MTases have emerged at a spectacular rate, including a repurposed drug which is now in clinical trial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim R Fischer
- Institute of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Staudingerweg 5, 55128Mainz, Germany
| | - Laurenz Meidner
- Institute of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Staudingerweg 5, 55128Mainz, Germany
| | - Marvin Schwickert
- Institute of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Staudingerweg 5, 55128Mainz, Germany
| | - Marlies Weber
- Institute of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Staudingerweg 5, 55128Mainz, Germany
| | - Robert A Zimmermann
- Institute of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Staudingerweg 5, 55128Mainz, Germany
| | - Christian Kersten
- Institute of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Staudingerweg 5, 55128Mainz, Germany
| | - Tanja Schirmeister
- Institute of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Staudingerweg 5, 55128Mainz, Germany
| | - Mark Helm
- Institute of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Staudingerweg 5, 55128Mainz, Germany
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30
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Hamre JR, Jafri MS. Optimizing peptide inhibitors of SARS-Cov-2 nsp10/nsp16 methyltransferase predicted through molecular simulation and machine learning. INFORMATICS IN MEDICINE UNLOCKED 2022; 29:100886. [PMID: 35252541 PMCID: PMC8883729 DOI: 10.1016/j.imu.2022.100886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Revised: 02/04/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Coronaviruses, including the recent pandemic strain SARS-Cov-2, use a multifunctional 2'-O-methyltransferase (2'-O-MTase) to restrict the host defense mechanism and to methylate RNA. The nonstructural protein 16 2'-O-MTase (nsp16) becomes active when nonstructural protein 10 (nsp10) and nsp16 interact. Novel peptide drugs have shown promise in the treatment of numerous diseases and new research has established that nsp10 derived peptides can disrupt viral methyltransferase activity via interaction of nsp16. This study had the goal of optimizing new analogous nsp10 peptides that have the ability to bind nsp16 with equal to or higher affinity than those naturally occurring. The following research demonstrates that in silico molecular simulations can shed light on peptide structures and predict the potential of new peptides to interrupt methyltransferase activity via the nsp10/nsp16 interface. The simulations suggest that misalignments at residues F68, H80, I81, D94, and Y96 or rotation at H80 abrogate MTase function. We develop a new set of peptides based on conserved regions of the nsp10 protein in the Coronaviridae species and test these to known MTase variant values. This results in the prediction that the H80R variant is a solid new candidate for potential new testing. We envision that this new lead is the beginning of a reputable foundation of a new computational method that combats coronaviruses and that is beneficial for new peptide drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- John R Hamre
- School of Systems Biology, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, 22030, USA
| | - M Saleet Jafri
- School of Systems Biology, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, 22030, USA
- Center for Biomedical Engineering and Technology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
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31
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Gao S, Huang T, Song L, Xu S, Cheng Y, Cherukupalli S, Kang D, Zhao T, Sun L, Zhang J, Zhan P, Liu X. Medicinal chemistry strategies towards the development of effective SARS-CoV-2 inhibitors. Acta Pharm Sin B 2022; 12:581-599. [PMID: 34485029 PMCID: PMC8405450 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2021.08.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Revised: 08/05/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Novel therapies are urgently needed to improve global treatment of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Herein, we briefly provide a concise report on the medicinal chemistry strategies towards the development of effective SARS-CoV-2 inhibitors with representative examples in different strategies from the medicinal chemistry perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shenghua Gao
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Ji'nan 250012, China
| | - Tianguang Huang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Ji'nan 250012, China
| | - Letian Song
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Ji'nan 250012, China
| | - Shujing Xu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Ji'nan 250012, China
| | - Yusen Cheng
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Ji'nan 250012, China
| | - Srinivasulu Cherukupalli
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Ji'nan 250012, China
| | - Dongwei Kang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Ji'nan 250012, China,China-Belgium Collaborative Research Center for Innovative Antiviral Drugs of Shandong Province, Ji'nan 250012, China
| | - Tong Zhao
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Ji'nan 250012, China
| | - Lin Sun
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Ji'nan 250012, China
| | - Jian Zhang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Ji'nan 250012, China
| | - Peng Zhan
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Ji'nan 250012, China,China-Belgium Collaborative Research Center for Innovative Antiviral Drugs of Shandong Province, Ji'nan 250012, China,Corresponding authors. Tel./fax: +86 531 88382005 (Peng Zhan), +86 531 88380270 (Xinyong Liu).
| | - Xinyong Liu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Ji'nan 250012, China,China-Belgium Collaborative Research Center for Innovative Antiviral Drugs of Shandong Province, Ji'nan 250012, China,Corresponding authors. Tel./fax: +86 531 88382005 (Peng Zhan), +86 531 88380270 (Xinyong Liu).
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Nencka R, Silhan J, Klima M, Otava T, Kocek H, Krafcikova P, Boura E. Coronaviral RNA-methyltransferases: function, structure and inhibition. Nucleic Acids Res 2022; 50:635-650. [PMID: 35018474 PMCID: PMC8789044 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkab1279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Revised: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Coronaviral methyltransferases (MTases), nsp10/16 and nsp14, catalyze the last two steps of viral RNA-cap creation that takes place in cytoplasm. This cap is essential for the stability of viral RNA and, most importantly, for the evasion of innate immune system. Non-capped RNA is recognized by innate immunity which leads to its degradation and the activation of antiviral immunity. As a result, both coronaviral MTases are in the center of scientific scrutiny. Recently, X-ray and cryo-EM structures of both enzymes were solved even in complex with other parts of the viral replication complex. High-throughput screening as well as structure-guided inhibitor design have led to the discovery of their potent inhibitors. Here, we critically summarize the tremendous advancement of the coronaviral MTase field since the beginning of COVID pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radim Nencka
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo nam. 2, 166 10 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Silhan
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo nam. 2, 166 10 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Klima
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo nam. 2, 166 10 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Tomas Otava
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo nam. 2, 166 10 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Hugo Kocek
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo nam. 2, 166 10 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Petra Krafcikova
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo nam. 2, 166 10 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Evzen Boura
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo nam. 2, 166 10 Prague 6, Czech Republic
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Discovery of SARS-CoV-2 Nsp14 and Nsp16 Methyltransferase Inhibitors by High-Throughput Virtual Screening. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2021; 14:ph14121243. [PMID: 34959647 PMCID: PMC8705538 DOI: 10.3390/ph14121243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Revised: 11/25/2021] [Accepted: 11/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) uses mRNA capping to evade the human immune system. The cap formation is performed by the SARS-CoV-2 mRNA cap methyltransferases (MTases) nsp14 and nsp16, which are emerging targets for the development of broad-spectrum antiviral agents. Here, we report results from high-throughput virtual screening against these two enzymes. The docking of seven million commercially available drug-like compounds and S-adenosylmethionine (SAM) co-substrate analogues against both MTases resulted in 80 virtual screening hits (39 against nsp14 and 41 against nsp16), which were purchased and tested using an enzymatic homogeneous time-resolved fluorescent energy transfer (HTRF) assay. Nine compounds showed micromolar inhibition activity (IC50 < 200 μM). The selectivity of the identified inhibitors was evaluated by cross-checking their activity against human glycine N-methyltransferase. The majority of the compounds showed poor selectivity for a specific MTase, no cytotoxic effects, and rather poor cell permeability. Nevertheless, the identified compounds represent good starting points that have the potential to be developed into efficient viral MTase inhibitors.
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34
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Hijikata A, Shionyu C, Nakae S, Shionyu M, Ota M, Kanaya S, Shirai T. Current status of structure-based drug repurposing against COVID-19 by targeting SARS-CoV-2 proteins. Biophys Physicobiol 2021; 18:226-240. [PMID: 34745807 PMCID: PMC8550875 DOI: 10.2142/biophysico.bppb-v18.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
More than one and half years have passed, as of August 2021, since the COVID-19 caused by the novel coronavirus named SARS-CoV-2 emerged in 2019. While the recent success of vaccine developments likely reduces the severe cases, there is still a strong requirement of safety and effective therapeutic drugs for overcoming the unprecedented situation. Here we review the recent progress and the status of the drug discovery against COVID-19 with emphasizing a structure-based perspective. Structural data regarding the SARS-CoV-2 proteome has been rapidly accumulated in the Protein Data Bank, and up to 68% of the total amino acid residues encoded in the genome were covered by the structural data. Despite a global effort of in silico and in vitro screenings for drug repurposing, there is only a limited number of drugs had been successfully authorized by drug regulation organizations. Although many approved drugs and natural compounds, which exhibited antiviral activity in vitro, were considered potential drugs against COVID-19, a further multidisciplinary investigation is required for understanding the mechanisms underlying the antiviral effects of the drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsushi Hijikata
- Faculty of Bioscience, Nagahama Institute of Bio-Science and Technology, Nagahama, Shiga 526-0829, Japan
| | - Clara Shionyu
- Faculty of Bioscience, Nagahama Institute of Bio-Science and Technology, Nagahama, Shiga 526-0829, Japan
| | - Setsu Nakae
- Faculty of Bioscience, Nagahama Institute of Bio-Science and Technology, Nagahama, Shiga 526-0829, Japan
| | - Masafumi Shionyu
- Faculty of Bioscience, Nagahama Institute of Bio-Science and Technology, Nagahama, Shiga 526-0829, Japan
| | - Motonori Ota
- Department of Complex Systems Science, Graduate School of Informatics, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8601, Japan
| | - Shigehiko Kanaya
- Computational Biology Lab. Division of Information Science, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Nara Institute of Science and Technology (NAIST), Ikoma, Nara 630-0192, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Shirai
- Faculty of Bioscience, Nagahama Institute of Bio-Science and Technology, Nagahama, Shiga 526-0829, Japan
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Groaz E, De Clercq E, Herdewijn P. Anno 2021: Which antivirals for the coming decade? ANNUAL REPORTS IN MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY 2021; 57:49-107. [PMID: 34744210 PMCID: PMC8563371 DOI: 10.1016/bs.armc.2021.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Despite considerable progress in the development of antiviral drugs, among which anti-immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and anti-hepatitis C virus (HCV) medications can be considered real success stories, many viral infections remain without an effective treatment. This not only applies to infectious outbreaks caused by zoonotic viruses that have recently spilled over into humans such as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus type 2 (SARS-CoV-2), but also ancient viral diseases that have been brought under control by vaccination such as variola (smallpox), poliomyelitis, measles, and rabies. A largely unsolved problem are endemic respiratory infections due to influenza, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), and rhinoviruses, whose associated morbidity will likely worsen with increasing air pollution. Furthermore, climate changes will expose industrialized countries to a dangerous resurgence of viral hemorrhagic fevers, which might also become global infections. Herein, we summarize the recent progress that has been made in the search for new antivirals against these different threats that the world population will need to confront with increasing frequency in the next decade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabetta Groaz
- Medicinal Chemistry, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium,Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy,Corresponding author:
| | - Erik De Clercq
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Piet Herdewijn
- Medicinal Chemistry, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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