1
|
Chilamakuru NB, Vn AD, G VB, Pallaprolu N, Dande A, Nair D, Pemmadi RV, Reddy Y P, Peraman R. New synergistic benzoquinone scaffolds as inhibitors of mycobacterial cytochrome bc1 complex to treat multi-drug resistant tuberculosis. Eur J Med Chem 2024; 272:116479. [PMID: 38733886 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2024.116479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2024] [Revised: 04/25/2024] [Accepted: 05/04/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024]
Abstract
Through a comprehensive molecular docking study, a unique series of naphthoquinones clubbed azetidinone scaffolds was arrived with promising binding affinity to Mycobacterial Cytbc1 complex, a drug target chosen to kill multi-drug resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MDR-Mtb). Five compounds from series-2, 2a, 2c, 2g, 2h, and 2j, showcased significant in vitro anti-tubercular activities against Mtb H37Rv and MDR clinical isolates. Further, synergistic studies of these compounds in combination with INH and RIF revealed a potent bactericidal effect of compound 2a at concentration of 0.39 μg/mL, and remaining (2c, 2g, 2h, and 2j) at 0.78 μg/mL. Exploration into the mechanism study through chemo-stress assay and proteome profiling uncovered the down-regulation of key proteins of electron-transport chain and Cytbc1 inhibition pathway. Metabolomics corroborated these proteome findings, and heightened further understanding of the underlying mechanism. Notably, in vitro and in vivo animal toxicity studies demonstrated minimal toxicity, thus underscoring the potential of these compounds as promising anti-TB agents in combination with RIF and INH. These active compounds adhered to Lipinski's Rule of Five, indicating the suitability of these compounds for drug development. Particular significance of molecules NQ02, 2a, and 2h, which have been patented (Published 202141033473).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Naresh Babu Chilamakuru
- Research Scholar, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, 576104, Karnataka, India; RERDS-CPR, Raghavendra Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research Campus, Ananthapuramu, 515721, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Azger Dusthackeer Vn
- ICMR-National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis (NIRT), Chennai, 600031, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Varadaraj Bhat G
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal 576104, Karnataka, India
| | - Nikhil Pallaprolu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hajipur 844102, Bihar, India
| | - Aishwarya Dande
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hajipur 844102, Bihar, India
| | - Dina Nair
- ICMR-National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis (NIRT), Chennai, 600031, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Raghuveer Varma Pemmadi
- RERDS-CPR, Raghavendra Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research Campus, Ananthapuramu, 515721, Andhra Pradesh, India; Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, A.K.R.G College of Pharmacy, Nallajerla, Andhra Pradesh 534112.
| | - Padmanabha Reddy Y
- RERDS-CPR, Raghavendra Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research Campus, Ananthapuramu, 515721, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Ramalingam Peraman
- RERDS-CPR, Raghavendra Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research Campus, Ananthapuramu, 515721, Andhra Pradesh, India; Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hajipur 844102, Bihar, India.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Adolph C, Cheung CY, McNeil MB, Jowsey WJ, Williams ZC, Hards K, Harold LK, Aboelela A, Bujaroski RS, Buckley BJ, Tyndall JDA, Li Z, Langer JD, Preiss L, Meier T, Steyn AJC, Rhee KY, Berney M, Kelso MJ, Cook GM. A dual-targeting succinate dehydrogenase and F 1F o-ATP synthase inhibitor rapidly sterilizes replicating and non-replicating Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Cell Chem Biol 2024; 31:683-698.e7. [PMID: 38151019 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2023.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2023] [Revised: 09/13/2023] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 12/29/2023]
Abstract
Mycobacterial bioenergetics is a validated target space for antitubercular drug development. Here, we identify BB2-50F, a 6-substituted 5-(N,N-hexamethylene)amiloride derivative as a potent, multi-targeting bioenergetic inhibitor of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. We show that BB2-50F rapidly sterilizes both replicating and non-replicating cultures of M. tuberculosis and synergizes with several tuberculosis drugs. Target identification experiments, supported by docking studies, showed that BB2-50F targets the membrane-embedded c-ring of the F1Fo-ATP synthase and the catalytic subunit (substrate-binding site) of succinate dehydrogenase. Biochemical assays and metabolomic profiling showed that BB2-50F inhibits succinate oxidation, decreases the activity of the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, and results in succinate secretion from M. tuberculosis. Moreover, we show that the lethality of BB2-50F under aerobic conditions involves the accumulation of reactive oxygen species. Overall, this study identifies BB2-50F as an effective inhibitor of M. tuberculosis and highlights that targeting multiple components of the mycobacterial respiratory chain can produce fast-acting antimicrobials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cara Adolph
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand; Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1042, New Zealand
| | - Chen-Yi Cheung
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand
| | - Matthew B McNeil
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand; Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1042, New Zealand
| | - William J Jowsey
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand; Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1042, New Zealand
| | - Zoe C Williams
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand
| | - Kiel Hards
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand
| | - Liam K Harold
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand
| | - Ashraf Aboelela
- Molecular Horizons and School of Chemistry and Molecular Bioscience, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia; Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
| | - Richard S Bujaroski
- Molecular Horizons and School of Chemistry and Molecular Bioscience, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia; Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
| | - Benjamin J Buckley
- Molecular Horizons and School of Chemistry and Molecular Bioscience, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia; Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
| | - Joel D A Tyndall
- School of Pharmacy, University of Otago, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand
| | - Zhengqiu Li
- School of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Julian D Langer
- Proteomics, Max Planck Institute of Biophysics, Max-von-Laue-Strasse 3, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Laura Preiss
- Structural Biology, Max Planck Institute of Biophysics, Max-von-Laue-Strasse 3, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Thomas Meier
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, Exhibition Road, London SW7 2AZ, UK; Private University in the Principality of Liechtenstein, Triesen, Liechtenstein
| | - Adrie J C Steyn
- Africa Health Research Institute, University of KwaZulu Natal, Durban, KwaZulu, Natal, South Africa; Department of Microbiology, Centers for AIDs Research and Free Radical Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Kyu Y Rhee
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA; Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Michael Berney
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Michael J Kelso
- Molecular Horizons and School of Chemistry and Molecular Bioscience, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia; Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
| | - Gregory M Cook
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand; Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1042, New Zealand.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Khaleel EF, Sabt A, Korycka-Machala M, Badi RM, Son NT, Ha NX, Hamissa MF, Elsawi AE, Elkaeed EB, Dziadek B, Eldehna WM, Dziadek J. Identification of new anti-mycobacterial agents based on quinoline-isatin hybrids targeting enoyl acyl carrier protein reductase (InhA). Bioorg Chem 2024; 144:107138. [PMID: 38262087 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2024.107138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2023] [Revised: 01/07/2024] [Accepted: 01/14/2024] [Indexed: 01/25/2024]
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) is a global issue that poses a significant economic burden as a result of the ongoing emergence of drug-resistant strains. The urgent requirement for the development of novel antitubercular drugs can be addressed by targeting specific enzymes. One such enzyme, Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) enoyl-acyl carrier protein (enoyl-ACP) reductase (InhA), plays a crucial role in the survival of the MTB bacterium. In this research study, a series of hybrid compounds combining quinolone and isatin were synthesized and assessed for their effectiveness against MTB, as well as their ability to inhibit the activity of the InhA enzyme in this bacterium. Among the compounds tested, 7a and 5g exhibited the most potent inhibitory activity against MTB, with minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values of 55 and 62.5 µg/mL, respectively. These compounds were further evaluated for their inhibitory effects on InhA and demonstrated significant activity compared to the reference drug Isoniazid (INH), with IC50 values of 0.35 ± 0.01 and 1.56 ± 0.06 µM, respectively. Molecular docking studies investigated the interactions between compounds 7a and 5g and the target enzyme, revealing hydrophobic contacts with important amino acid residues in the active site. To further confirm the stability of the complexes formed by 5g and 7a with the target enzyme, molecular dynamic simulations were employed, which demonstrated that both compounds 7a and 5g undergo minor structural changes and remain nearly stable throughout the simulated process, as assessed through RMSD, RMSF, and Rg values.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eman F Khaleel
- Department of Medical Physiology, College of Medicine, King Khalid University, Asir 61421, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed Sabt
- Chemistry of Natural Compounds Department, Pharmaceutical and Drug Industries Research Institute, National Research Center, Dokki, Cairo 12622, Egypt
| | - Malgorzata Korycka-Machala
- Laboratory of Genetics and Physiology of Mycobacterium, Institute of Medical Biology of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Lodz, Poland
| | - Rehab Mustafa Badi
- Department of Medical Physiology, College of Medicine, King Khalid University, Asir 61421, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ninh The Son
- Institute of Chemistry, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology (VAST), 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Caugiay, Hanoi 10000, Viet Nam
| | - Nguyen Xuan Ha
- Institute of Natural Products Chemistry, VAST, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Caugiay, Hanoi 10000, Viet Nam
| | - Mohamed Farouk Hamissa
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Ahmed E Elsawi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafrelsheikh, P.O. Box 33516, Egypt
| | - Eslam B Elkaeed
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, AlMaarefa University, Riyadh 13713, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Bozena Dziadek
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Wagdy M Eldehna
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafrelsheikh, P.O. Box 33516, Egypt.
| | - Jaroslaw Dziadek
- Laboratory of Genetics and Physiology of Mycobacterium, Institute of Medical Biology of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Lodz, Poland.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Negi A, Perveen S, Gupta R, Singh PP, Sharma R. Unraveling Dilemmas and Lacunae in the Escalating Drug Resistance of Mycobacterium tuberculosis to Bedaquiline, Delamanid, and Pretomanid. J Med Chem 2024; 67:2264-2286. [PMID: 38351709 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.3c01892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/23/2024]
Abstract
Delamanid, bedaquiline, and pretomanid have been recently added in the anti-tuberculosis (anti-TB) treatment regimens and have emerged as potential solutions for combating drug-resistant TB. These drugs have proven to be effective in treating drug-resistant TB when used in combination. However, concerns have been raised about the eventual loss of these drugs due to evolving resistance mechanisms and certain adverse effects such as prolonged QT period, gastrointestinal problems, hepatotoxicity, and renal disorders. This Perspective emphasizes the properties of these first-in-class drugs, including their mechanism of action, pharmacokinetics/pharmacodynamics profiles, clinical studies, adverse events, and underlying resistance mechanisms. A brief coverage of efforts toward the generation of best-in-class leads in each class is also provided. The ongoing clinical trials of new combinations of these drugs are discussed, thus providing a better insight into the use of these drugs while designing an effective treatment regimen for resistant TB cases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anjali Negi
- Infectious Diseases Division, CSIR - Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Jammu-180001, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad-201002, India
| | - Summaya Perveen
- Infectious Diseases Division, CSIR - Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Jammu-180001, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad-201002, India
| | - Ria Gupta
- Natural Products and Medicinal Chemistry, CSIR - Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Jammu-180001, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad-201002, India
| | - Parvinder Pal Singh
- Natural Products and Medicinal Chemistry, CSIR - Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Jammu-180001, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad-201002, India
| | - Rashmi Sharma
- Infectious Diseases Division, CSIR - Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Jammu-180001, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad-201002, India
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Słabońska J, Sappati S, Marciniak A, Czub J. Low-Barrier Hydrogen Bond Determines Target-Binding Affinity and Specificity of the Antitubercular Drug Bedaquiline. ACS Med Chem Lett 2024; 15:265-269. [PMID: 38352844 PMCID: PMC10860170 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.3c00509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2023] [Revised: 12/16/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2024] Open
Abstract
The role of short strong hydrogen bonds (SSHBs) in ligand-target binding remains largely unexplored, thereby hindering a potentially important avenue in rational drug design. Here we investigate the interaction between the antituberculosis drug bedaquiline (Bq) and the mycobacterial ATP synthase to unravel the role of a specific hydrogen bond to a conserved acidic residue in the target affinity and specificity. Our ab initio molecular dynamics simulations reveal that this bond belongs to the SSHB category and accounts for a substantial fraction of the target binding free energy. We also demonstrate that the presence of an extra acidic residue, i.e., aspartic acid at position 32 (D32), found exclusively in mycobacteria, cooperatively enhances the HB strength, ensuring specificity for the mycobacterial target. Consistently, we show that the removal of D32 markedly weakens the affinity, leading to Bq resistance associated with mutations of D32 to nonacidic residues. By designing simple Bq analogs, we then explore the possibility to overcome the resistance and potentially broaden the Bq antimicrobial spectrum by making the SSHB independent of the presence of the extra acidic residue.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Słabońska
- Department
of Physical Chemistry, Gdańsk University
of Technology, Narutowicza St 11/12, Gdańsk 80-233, Poland
| | - Subrahmanyam Sappati
- Department
of Physical Chemistry, Gdańsk University
of Technology, Narutowicza St 11/12, Gdańsk 80-233, Poland
- BioTechMed
Center, Gdańsk University of Technology, Narutowicza St 11/12, Gdańsk 80-233, Poland
| | - Antoni Marciniak
- Department
of Physical Chemistry, Gdańsk University
of Technology, Narutowicza St 11/12, Gdańsk 80-233, Poland
- Department
of Applied Physics, KTH Royal Institute
of Technology, SE-171 65 Solna, Sweden
| | - Jacek Czub
- Department
of Physical Chemistry, Gdańsk University
of Technology, Narutowicza St 11/12, Gdańsk 80-233, Poland
- BioTechMed
Center, Gdańsk University of Technology, Narutowicza St 11/12, Gdańsk 80-233, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Jin Y, Tan Y, Wu J, Ren Z. Lipid droplets: a cellular organelle vital in cancer cells. Cell Death Discov 2023; 9:254. [PMID: 37474495 PMCID: PMC10359296 DOI: 10.1038/s41420-023-01493-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Revised: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 06/16/2023] [Indexed: 07/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Lipid droplets (LDs) are cellular organelles comprising a core of neutral lipids (glycerides, sterols) encased within a single phospholipid membrane, responsible for storing surplus lipids and furnishing cellular energy. LDs engage in lipid synthesis, catabolism, and transport processes by interacting with other organelles (e.g., endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria), and they play critical roles in regulating cellular stress and immunity. Recent research has uncovered that an elevated number of LDs is a hallmark of cancer cells, attributable to their enhanced lipid uptake and synthesis capacity, with lipids stored as LDs. Depletion of LDs in cancer cells induces apoptosis, prompting the emergence of small molecule antitumor drugs targeting LDs or key factors (e.g., FASN, SCD1) within the lipid synthesis pathway. Advancements in LD isolation and artificial synthesis have demonstrated their potential applicability in antitumor research. LDs extracted from murine adipose tissue and incubated with lipophilic antitumor drugs yield drug-coated LDs, which promote apoptosis in cancer cells. Furthermore, LDs have been employed as biological lenses to augment the resolution of subcellular structures (microfilaments, microtubules), facilitating the observation of intricate structures within thicker cells, including cancer cells. This review delineates the functional and metabolic mechanisms of LDs in cancer cells and encapsulates recent progress in LD-centered antitumor research, offering novel insights for tumor diagnosis and treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yi Jin
- Key Laboratory of Agriculture Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of the Ministry of Education & Key Laboratory of Swine Genetics and Breeding of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Animal Science, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, P. R. China
| | - Yanjie Tan
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology of Shandong Province, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, 250014, Shandong, P. R. China
| | - Jian Wu
- Key Laboratory of Agriculture Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of the Ministry of Education & Key Laboratory of Swine Genetics and Breeding of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Animal Science, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, P. R. China
| | - Zhuqing Ren
- Key Laboratory of Agriculture Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of the Ministry of Education & Key Laboratory of Swine Genetics and Breeding of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Animal Science, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, P. R. China.
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, P. R. China.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Kelam LM, Wani MA, Dhaked DK. An update on ATP synthase inhibitors: A unique target for drug development in M. tuberculosis. PROGRESS IN BIOPHYSICS AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2023; 180-181:87-104. [PMID: 37105260 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2023.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2022] [Revised: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023]
Abstract
ATP synthase is a key protein in the oxidative phosphorylation process, as it aids in the effective production of ATP (Adenosine triphosphate) in all life's of kingdoms. ATP synthases have distinctive properties that contribute to efficient ATP synthesis. The ATP synthase of mycobacterium is of special relevance since it has been identified as a target for potential anti-TB molecules, especially Bedaquiline (BDQ). Better knowledge of how mycobacterial ATP synthase functions and its peculiar characteristics will aid in our understanding of bacterial energy metabolism adaptations. Furthermore, identifying and understanding the important distinctions between human ATP synthase and bacterial ATP synthase may provide insight into the design and development of inhibitors that target specific ATP synthase. In recent years, many potential candidates targeting the ATP synthase of mycobacterium have been developed. In this review, we discuss the druggable targets of the Electron transport chain (ETC) and recently identified potent inhibitors (including clinical molecules) from 2015 to 2022 of diverse classes that target ATP synthase of M. tuberculosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lakshmi Mounika Kelam
- Department of Pharmacoinformatics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER)-Kolkata, Chunilal Bhawan, 168 Maniktala Main Road, Kolkata, 700054, West Bengal, India
| | - Mushtaq Ahmad Wani
- Department of Pharmacoinformatics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER)-Kolkata, Chunilal Bhawan, 168 Maniktala Main Road, Kolkata, 700054, West Bengal, India
| | - Devendra K Dhaked
- Department of Pharmacoinformatics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER)-Kolkata, Chunilal Bhawan, 168 Maniktala Main Road, Kolkata, 700054, West Bengal, India.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Kumar G, Kapoor S. Targeting mycobacterial membranes and membrane proteins: Progress and limitations. Bioorg Med Chem 2023; 81:117212. [PMID: 36804747 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2023.117212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Revised: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 02/13/2023]
Abstract
Among the various bacterial infections, tuberculosis continues to hold center stage. Its causative agent, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, possesses robust defense mechanisms against most front-line antibiotic drugs and host responses due to their complex cell membranes with unique lipid molecules. It is now well-established that bacteria change their membrane composition to optimize their environment to survive and elude drug action. Thus targeting membrane or membrane components is a promising avenue for exploiting the chemical space focussed on developing novel membrane-centric anti-bacterial small molecules. These approaches are more effective, non-toxic, and can attenuate resistance phenotype. We present the relevance of targeting the mycobacterial membrane as a practical therapeutic approach. The review highlights the direct and indirect targeting of membrane structure and function. Direct membrane targeting agents cause perturbation in the membrane potential and can cause leakage of the cytoplasmic contents. In contrast, indirect membrane targeting agents disrupt the function of membrane-associated proteins involved in cell wall biosynthesis or energy production. We discuss the chronological chemical improvements in various scaffolds targeting specific membrane-associated protein targets, their clinical evaluation, and up-to-date account of their ''mechanisms of action, potency, selectivity'' and limitations. The sources of anti-TB drugs/inhibitors discussed in this work have emerged from target-based identification, cell-based phenotypic screening, drug repurposing, and natural products. We believe this review will inspire the exploration of uncharted chemical space for informing the development of new scaffolds that can inhibit novel mycobacterial membrane targets.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gautam Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai 400076, India; Departemnt of Natural Products, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research-Hyderabad, Hyderabad 500037, India.
| | - Shobhna Kapoor
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai 400076, India; Graduate School of Integrated Sciences for Life, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima 739-8528, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Barbaro L, Nagalingam G, Triccas JA, Tan L, West NP, Priebbenow DL, Baell JB. Discovery of Anti-tubercular Analogues of Bedaquiline with Modified A-, B- and C-Ring Subunits. ChemMedChem 2023; 18:e202200533. [PMID: 36259365 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.202200533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2022] [Revised: 10/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
To date, the clinical use of the anti-tubercular therapy bedaquiline has been somewhat limited due to safety concerns. Recent investigations determined that modification of the B- and C-ring units of bedaquiline delivered new diarylquinolines (for example TBAJ-587) with potent anti-tubercular activity yet an improved safety profile due to reduced affinity for the hERG channel. Building on our recent discovery that substitution of the quinoline motif (the A-ring subunit) for C5-aryl pyridine groups within bedaquiline analogues led to retention of anti-tubercular activity, we investigated the concurrent modification of A-, B- and C-ring units within bedaquiline variants. This led to the discovery that 4-trifluoromethoxyphenyl and 4-chlorophenyl pyridyl analogues of TBAJ-587 retained relatively potent anti-tubercular activity and for the 4-chlorophenyl derivative in particular, a significant reduction in hERG inhibition relative to bedaquiline was achieved, demonstrating that modifications of the A-, B- and C-ring units within the bedaquiline structure is a viable strategy for the design of effective, yet safer (and less lipophilic) anti-tubercular compounds.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Barbaro
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, 381 Royal Parade, 3052, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Gayathri Nagalingam
- School of Medical Sciences and Marie Bashir Institute, The University of Sydney, 2006, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - James A Triccas
- School of Medical Sciences and Marie Bashir Institute, The University of Sydney, 2006, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Lendl Tan
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, 4072, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia.,Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, 4067 St., Lucia, Queensland, Australia
| | - Nicholas P West
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, 4072, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia.,Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, 4067 St., Lucia, Queensland, Australia
| | - Daniel L Priebbenow
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, 381 Royal Parade, 3052, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,School of Chemistry, The University of Melbourne, 3010, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jonathan B Baell
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, 381 Royal Parade, 3052, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Nesci S. Bacterial and mammalian F1FO-ATPase: Structural similarities and divergences to exploit in the battle against Mycobacterium tuberculosis. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.ircmb.2023.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
|
11
|
Dasmahapatra U, Chanda K. Synthetic approaches to potent heterocyclic inhibitors of tuberculosis: A decade review. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:1021216. [DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.1021216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) continues to be a significant global health concern with about 1.5 million deaths annually. Despite efforts to develop more efficient vaccines, reliable diagnostics, and chemotherapeutics, tuberculosis has become a concern to world health due to HIV, the rapid growth of bacteria that are resistant to treatment, and the recently introduced COVID-19 pandemic. As is well known, advances in synthetic organic chemistry have historically enabled the production of important life-saving medications that have had a tremendous impact on patients’ lives and health all over the world. Small-molecule research as a novel chemical entity for a specific disease target offers in-depth knowledge and potential therapeutic targets. In this viewpoint, we concentrated on the synthesis of a number of heterocycles reported in the previous decade and the screening of their inhibitory action against diverse strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. These findings offer specific details on the structure-based activity of several heterocyclic scaffolds backed by their in vitro tests as a promising class of antitubercular medicines, which will be further useful to build effective treatments to prevent this terrible illness.
Collapse
|
12
|
Baksam VK, Nimmakayala S, Pocha VR, Gouri B, Shandilya S, Kumar P. Separation and Characterization of the Related Substances of Bedaquiline Fumarate Using HPLC and Spectral Methods. J Chromatogr Sci 2021; 60:848-858. [PMID: 34864923 DOI: 10.1093/chromsci/bmab134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The study focuses on isolating and characterizing the potential degradation products (DPs) and impurities of Bedaquiline fumarate in bulk drug form. A stability-indicating related substance method was developed and validated using high-performance liquid chromatography. Agilent Poroshell 120EC- C18 (150 mm × 4.6 mm, 2.7 μm) column showed an optimum separation of 10 analytes. The mobile phase contained 0.05% trifluoroacetic acid, acetonitrile and methanol in a time gradient mode. Bedaquiline fumarate was susceptible to acid hydrolysis, oxidation, base hydrolysis and showed three potential DPs, including DP-1, DP-2 and Impurity-8. Degradation products, DP-1 and DP-2, were isolated and characterized by ESI-MS, 1H, NMR and 13C NMR spectroscopy. The developed method was validated according to ICH tripartite guidelines and showed adequate specificity, accuracy and linearity. The limit of detection and limit of quantitation were 0.05 and 0.15 μg/mL, respectively.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vijaya Kumar Baksam
- Micro Labs Ltd., API R&D Centre, KIADB INDL Area, Bommasandra, Bangalore, Karnataka 560105, India.,Department of Chemistry, JNTU College of Engineering, Kalikiri, Chittoor 576213, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Saritha Nimmakayala
- Department of Chemistry, JNTU College of Engineering, Kalikiri, Chittoor 576213, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Vasundara Reddy Pocha
- Micro Labs Ltd., API R&D Centre, KIADB INDL Area, Bommasandra, Bangalore, Karnataka 560105, India
| | - Bhattacharyya Gouri
- Micro Labs Ltd., API R&D Centre, KIADB INDL Area, Bommasandra, Bangalore, Karnataka 560105, India
| | - Sanjeev Shandilya
- Micro Labs Ltd., API R&D Centre, KIADB INDL Area, Bommasandra, Bangalore, Karnataka 560105, India
| | - Pramod Kumar
- Micro Labs Ltd., API R&D Centre, KIADB INDL Area, Bommasandra, Bangalore, Karnataka 560105, India
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Synthetic studies towards isomeric pyrazolopyrimidines as potential ATP synthesis inhibitors of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Structural correction of reported N-(6-(2-(dimethylamino)ethoxy)-5-fluoropyridin-3-yl)-2-(4-fluorophenyl)-5-(trifluoromethyl)pyrazolo[1,5-α]pyrimidin-7-amine. Tetrahedron Lett 2021; 90:None. [PMID: 35140452 PMCID: PMC8809387 DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2021.153611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Revised: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
During our studies into preparing analogues of pyrazolopyrimidine as ATP synthesis inhibitors of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, a regiospecific condensation reaction between ethyl 4,4,4-trifluoroacetoacetate and 3-(4-fluorophenyl)-1H-pyrazol-5-amine was observed which was dependent on the specific reaction conditions employed. This work identifies optimized reaction conditions to access either the pyrazolo[3,4-β]pyridine or the pyrazolo[1,5-α]pyrimidine scaffold. This has led to the structural confirmation of the previously reported pyrazolopyrimidine 17b which was reported as pyrazolo[1,5-α]pyrimidine structure 2 which was corrected to pyrazolo[3,4-β]-pyrimidine 19.
Collapse
|
14
|
Comparative Efficacy of the Novel Diarylquinoline TBAJ-876 and Bedaquiline against a Resistant Rv0678 Mutant in a Mouse Model of Tuberculosis. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2021; 65:e0141221. [PMID: 34570644 PMCID: PMC8597756 DOI: 10.1128/aac.01412-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Bedaquiline (BDQ, B) is the first-in-class diarylquinoline to be approved for treatment of tuberculosis (TB). Recent guidelines recommend its use in treatment of multidrug- and extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR/XDR-TB). The newly approved regimen combining BDQ with pretomanid and linezolid is the first 6-month oral regimen proven to be effective against MDR/XDR-TB. However, the emergence of BDQ resistance, primarily due to inactivating mutations in the Rv0678 gene encoding a repressor of the MmpS5-MmpL5 transporter, threatens to undermine the efficacy of new BDQ-containing regimens. Since the shift in MIC due to these mutations is relatively small (2–8×), safer, and more potent, diarylquinoline analogues may be more effective than BDQ. TBAJ-876, which is in phase 1 trials, has more potent in vitro activity and a superior pre-clinical safety profile than BDQ. Using a murine model of TB, we evaluated the dose-dependent activity of TBAJ-876 compared to BDQ against the wild-type H37Rv strain and an isogenic Rv0678 loss-of-function mutant. Although the mutation affected the MIC of both drugs, the MIC of TBAJ-876 against the mutant was 10-fold lower than that of BDQ. TBAJ-876 at doses ≥6.25 mg/kg had greater efficacy against both strains compared to BDQ at 25 mg/kg, when administered alone or in combination with pretomanid and linezolid. Likewise, no selective amplification of BDQ-resistant bacteria was observed at TBAJ-876 doses ≥6.25 mg/kg. These results indicate that replacing BDQ with TBAJ-876 may shorten the duration of TB treatment and be more effective in treating and preventing infections caused by Rv0678 mutants.
Collapse
|
15
|
Mambwe D, Kumar M, Ferger R, Taylor D, Njoroge M, Coertzen D, Reader J, van der Watt M, Birkholtz LM, Chibale K. Structure-Activity Relationship Studies Reveal New Astemizole Analogues Active against Plasmodium falciparum In Vitro. ACS Med Chem Lett 2021; 12:1333-1341. [PMID: 34413963 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.1c00328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
In the context of drug repositioning and expanding the existing structure-activity relationship around astemizole (AST), a new series of analogues were designed, synthesized, and evaluated for their antiplasmodium activity. Among 46 analogues tested, compounds 21, 30, and 33 displayed high activities against asexual blood stage parasites (PfNF54 IC50 = 0.025-0.043 μM), whereas amide compound 46 additionally showed activity against late-stage gametocytes (stage IV/V; PfLG IC50 = 0.6 ± 0.1 μM) and 860-fold higher selectivity over hERG (46, SI = 43) compared to AST. Several analogues displaying high solubility (Sol > 100 μM) and low cytoxicity in the Chinese hamster ovary (SI > 148) cell line have also been identified.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dickson Mambwe
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa
| | - Malkeet Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa
| | - Richard Ferger
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa
| | - Dale Taylor
- Drug Discovery and Development Centre (H3D), Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Observatory 7925, South Africa
| | - Mathew Njoroge
- Drug Discovery and Development Centre (H3D), Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Observatory 7925, South Africa
| | - Dina Coertzen
- Department of Biochemistry, Genetics & Microbiology, Institute for Sustainable Malaria Control, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X20, Hatfield, Pretoria 0028, South Africa
| | - Janette Reader
- Department of Biochemistry, Genetics & Microbiology, Institute for Sustainable Malaria Control, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X20, Hatfield, Pretoria 0028, South Africa
| | - Mariëtte van der Watt
- Department of Biochemistry, Genetics & Microbiology, Institute for Sustainable Malaria Control, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X20, Hatfield, Pretoria 0028, South Africa
| | - Lyn-Marie Birkholtz
- Department of Biochemistry, Genetics & Microbiology, Institute for Sustainable Malaria Control, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X20, Hatfield, Pretoria 0028, South Africa
| | - Kelly Chibale
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa
- Drug Discovery and Development Centre (H3D), Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Observatory 7925, South Africa
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa
- South African Medical Research Council Drug Discovery and Development Research Unit, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Dangi M, Khichi A, Jakhar R, Chhillar AK. Growing Preferences towards Analog-based Drug Discovery. Curr Pharm Biotechnol 2021; 22:1030-1045. [PMID: 32900347 DOI: 10.2174/1389201021666200908121409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Revised: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 08/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The major concern of today's time is the developing resistance in most of the clinically derived pathogenic micro-organisms for available drugs through several mechanisms. Therefore, there is a dire need to develop novel molecules with drug-like properties that can be effective against the otherwise resistant micro-organisms. METHODS New drugs can be developed using several methods like structure-based drug design, ligandbased drug design, or by developing analogs of the available drugs to further improve their effects. However, the smartness is to opt for the techniques that have comparatively less expenditure, lower failure rates, and faster discovery rates. RESULTS Analog-Based Drug Design (ABDD) is one such technique that researchers worldwide are opting to develop new drug-like molecules with comparatively lower market values. They start by first designing the analogs sharing structural and pharmacological similarities to the existing drugs. This method embarks on scaffold structures of available drugs already approved by the clinical trials, but are left ineffective because of resistance developed by the pathogens. CONCLUSION In this review, we have discussed some recent examples of anti-fungal and anti-bacterial (antimicrobial) drugs that were designed based on the ABDD technique. Also, we have tried to focus on the in silico tools and techniques that can contribute to the designing and computational screening of the analogs, so that these can be further considered for in vitro screening to validate their better biological activities against the pathogens with comparatively reduced rates of failure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mehak Dangi
- Centre for Bioinformatics, M.D. University, Rohtak-124001, Haryana, India
| | - Alka Khichi
- Centre for Bioinformatics, M.D. University, Rohtak-124001, Haryana, India
| | - Ritu Jakhar
- Centre for Bioinformatics, M.D. University, Rohtak-124001, Haryana, India
| | - Anil K Chhillar
- Centre for Bioinformatics, M.D. University, Rohtak-124001, Haryana, India
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Alsayed SSR, Lun S, Payne A, Bishai WR, Gunosewoyo H. Facile synthesis and antimycobacterial activity of isoniazid, pyrazinamide and ciprofloxacin derivatives. Chem Biol Drug Des 2021; 97:1137-1150. [PMID: 33638304 PMCID: PMC8113106 DOI: 10.1111/cbdd.13836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2020] [Revised: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Several rationally designed isoniazid (INH), pyrazinamide (PZA) and ciprofloxacin (CPF) derivatives were conveniently synthesized and evaluated in vitro against H37Rv Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tb) strain. CPF derivative 16 displayed a modest activity (MIC = 16 µg/ml) and was docked into the M. tb DNA gyrase. Isoniazid-pyrazinoic acid (INH-POA) hybrid 21a showed the highest potency in our study (MIC = 2 µg/ml). It also retained its high activity against the other tested M. tb drug-sensitive strain (DS) V4207 (MIC = 4 µg/ml) and demonstrated negligible cytotoxicity against Vero cells (IC50 ≥ 64 µg/ml). Four tested drug-resistant (DR) M. tb strains were refractory to 21a, similar to INH, whilst being sensitive to CPF. Compound 21a was also inactive against two non-tuberculous mycobacterial (NTM) strains, suggesting its selective activity against M. tb. The noteworthy activity of 21a against DS strains and its low cytotoxicity highlight its potential to treat DS M. tb.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shahinda S. R. Alsayed
- School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, Bentley, Perth, WA 6102, Australia
| | - Shichun Lun
- Center for Tuberculosis Research, Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Disease, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, 1550, Orleans Street, Baltimore, Maryland, 21231-1044, United States
| | - Alan Payne
- School of Molecular and Life Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, WA 6102, Australia
| | - William R. Bishai
- Center for Tuberculosis Research, Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Disease, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, 1550, Orleans Street, Baltimore, Maryland, 21231-1044, United States
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, 4000 Jones Bridge Road, Chevy Chase, Maryland, 20815-6789, United States
| | - Hendra Gunosewoyo
- School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, Bentley, Perth, WA 6102, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Barbaro L, Nagalingam G, Triccas JA, Tan L, West NP, Baell JB, Priebbenow DL. Synthesis and evaluation of pyridine-derived bedaquiline analogues containing modifications at the A-ring subunit. RSC Med Chem 2021; 12:943-959. [PMID: 34223160 DOI: 10.1039/d1md00063b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite promising efficacy, the clinical use of the anti-tubercular therapeutic bedaquiline has been restricted due to safety concerns. To date, limited SAR studies have focused on the quinoline ring (A-ring), and as such, we set out to explore modifications within this region in an attempt to discover new bedaquiline variants with an improved safety profile. We herein report the development of unique synthetic strategies that facilitated access to novel bedaquiline analogues leading to the discovery that anti-tubercular activity could be retained following replacement of the quinoline motif with pyridine heterocycles. This discovery is anticipated to open up multiple new avenues for exploration in the design of improved anti-tubercular therapeutics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Barbaro
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University 381 Royal Parade Parkville Victoria 3052 Australia
| | - Gayathri Nagalingam
- School of Medical Sciences and Marie Bashir Institute, The University of Sydney Sydney NSW 2006 Australia
| | - James A Triccas
- School of Medical Sciences and Marie Bashir Institute, The University of Sydney Sydney NSW 2006 Australia
| | - Lendl Tan
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland St Lucia Queensland 4072 Australia.,Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre St. Lucia Queensland 4067 Australia
| | - Nicholas P West
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland St Lucia Queensland 4072 Australia.,Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre St. Lucia Queensland 4067 Australia
| | - Jonathan B Baell
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University 381 Royal Parade Parkville Victoria 3052 Australia
| | - Daniel L Priebbenow
- School of Chemistry, The University of Melbourne Parkville Victoria 3010 Australia
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Stephanie F, Saragih M, Tambunan USF. Recent Progress and Challenges for Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis Treatment. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:pharmaceutics13050592. [PMID: 33919204 PMCID: PMC8143172 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13050592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Revised: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 04/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Control of Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection continues to be an issue, particularly in countries with a high tuberculosis (TB) burden in the tropical and sub-tropical regions. The effort to reduce the catastrophic cost of TB with the WHO’s End TB Strategy in 2035 is still obstructed by the emergence of drug-resistant TB (DR-TB) cases as result of various mutations of the MTB strain. In the approach to combat DR-TB, several potential antitubercular agents were discovered as inhibitors for various existing and novel targets. Host-directed therapy and immunotherapy also gained attention as the drug-susceptibility level of the pathogen can be reduced due to the pathogen’s evolutionary dynamics. This review is focused on the current progress and challenges in DR-TB treatment. We briefly summarized antitubercular compounds that are under development and trials for both DR-TB drug candidates and host-directed therapy. We also highlighted several problems in DR-TB diagnosis, the treatment regimen, and drug discovery that have an impact on treatment adherence and treatment failure.
Collapse
|
20
|
Inhibitors of F 1F 0-ATP synthase enzymes for the treatment of tuberculosis and cancer. Future Med Chem 2021; 13:911-926. [PMID: 33845594 DOI: 10.4155/fmc-2021-0010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The spectacular success of the mycobacterial F1F0-ATP synthase inhibitor bedaquiline for the treatment of drug-resistant tuberculosis has generated wide interest in the development of other inhibitors of this enzyme. Work in this realm has included close analogues of bedaquiline with better safety profiles and 'bedaquiline-like' compounds, some of which show potent antibacterial activity in vitro although none have yet progressed to clinical trials. The search has lately extended to a range of new scaffolds as potential inhibitors, including squaramides, diaminoquinazolines, chloroquinolines, dihydropyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrazin-4-ones, thiazolidinediones, diaminopyrimidines and tetrahydroquinolines. Because of the ubiquitous expression of ATP synthase enzymes, there has also been interest in inhibitors of other bacterial ATP synthases, as well as inhibitors of human mitochondrial ATP synthase for cancer therapy. The latter encompass both complex natural products and simpler small molecules. The review seeks to demonstrate the breadth of the structural types of molecules able to effectively inhibit the function of variants of this intriguing enzyme.
Collapse
|
21
|
Bose P, Harit AK, Das R, Sau S, Iyer AK, Kashaw SK. Tuberculosis: current scenario, drug targets, and future prospects. Med Chem Res 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s00044-020-02691-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
|
22
|
Appetecchia F, Consalvi S, Scarpecci C, Biava M, Poce G. SAR Analysis of Small Molecules Interfering with Energy-Metabolism in Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2020; 13:E227. [PMID: 32878317 PMCID: PMC7557483 DOI: 10.3390/ph13090227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Revised: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 08/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis remains the world's top infectious killer: it caused a total of 1.5 million deaths and 10 million people fell ill with TB in 2018. Thanks to TB diagnosis and treatment, mortality has been falling in recent years, with an estimated 58 million saved lives between 2000 and 2018. However, the emergence of multidrug-resistant (MDR) and extensively drug-resistant (XDR) Mtb strains is a major concern that might reverse this progress. Therefore, the development of new drugs acting upon novel mechanisms of action is a high priority in the global health agenda. With the approval of bedaquiline, which targets mycobacterial energy production, and delamanid, which targets cell wall synthesis and energy production, the energy-metabolism in Mtb has received much attention in the last decade as a potential target to investigate and develop new antimycobacterial drugs. In this review, we describe potent anti-mycobacterial agents targeting the energy-metabolism at different steps with a special focus on structure-activity relationship (SAR) studies of the most advanced compound classes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Giovanna Poce
- Department of Chemistry and Technologies of Drug, Sapienza University of Rome, piazzale A. Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy; (F.A.); (S.C.); (C.S.); (M.B.)
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Wu C, Luo J, Wu M, Meng F, Cai Z, Chen Y, Sun T. Design, Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of Anti-tuberculosis Agents based on Bedaquiline Structure. Med Chem 2020; 16:703-714. [DOI: 10.2174/1573406415666190613094433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2019] [Revised: 05/07/2019] [Accepted: 05/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Background:
Bedaquiline is a novel anti-tuberculosis drug that inhibits Mycobacterial
ATP synthase. However, studies have found that bedaquiline has serious side effects due to high
lipophilicity. Recently, the complete structure of ATP synthase was first reported in the Journal of
Science.
Objective:
The study aimed to design, synthesise and carry out biological evaluation of antituberculosis
agents based on the structure of bedaquiline.
Methods:
The mode of action of bedaquiline and ATP synthase was determined by molecular
docking, and a series of low lipophilic bedaquiline derivatives were synthesized. The inhibitory
activities of bedaquiline derivatives towards Mycobacterium phlei 1180 and Mycobacterium tuberculosis
H37Rv were evaluated in vitro. A docking study was carried out to elucidate the structureactivity
relationship of the obtained compounds. The predicted ADMET properties of the synthesized
compounds were also analyzed.
Results:
The compounds 5c3, 6a1, and 6d3 showed good inhibitory activities (MIC=15.62
ug.mL-1). At the same time, the compounds 5c3, 6a1, and 6d3 also showed good drug-like properties
through molecular docking and ADMET properties prediction.
Conclusion:
The results of in vitro anti-tuberculosis activity assays, docking studies and ADMET
predictions indicate that the synthesized compounds have potential antifungal activity, with compounds
6a1 being further optimized and developed as lead compounds.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chengjun Wu
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design and Discovery, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Ministry of Education, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Jinghan Luo
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design and Discovery, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Ministry of Education, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Mengtong Wu
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design and Discovery, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Ministry of Education, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Fanzhen Meng
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design and Discovery, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Ministry of Education, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Zhiqiang Cai
- College of Petrochemical Engineering, Shenyang University of Technology, Liaoyang 111003, China
| | - Yu Chen
- College of Life Science and Biopharmaceutics, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Tiemin Sun
- Key Laboratory of Structure-Based Drug Design and Discovery, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Ministry of Education, Shenyang 110016, China
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Villamizar-Mogotocoro AF, Vargas-Méndez LY, Kouznetsov VV. Pyridine and quinoline molecules as crucial protagonists in the never-stopping discovery of new agents against tuberculosis. Eur J Pharm Sci 2020; 151:105374. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2020.105374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2020] [Revised: 04/21/2020] [Accepted: 05/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
|
25
|
|
26
|
Hotra A, Ragunathan P, Ng PS, Seankongsuk P, Harikishore A, Sarathy JP, Saw W, Lakshmanan U, Sae‐Lao P, Kalia NP, Shin J, Kalyanasundaram R, Anbarasu S, Parthasarathy K, Pradeep CN, Makhija H, Dröge P, Poulsen A, Tan JHL, Pethe K, Dick T, Bates RW, Grüber G. Discovery of a Novel Mycobacterial F‐ATP Synthase Inhibitor and its Potency in Combination with Diarylquinolines. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:13295-13304. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.202002546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Adam Hotra
- School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences Nanyang Technological University 21 Nanyang Link Singapore 637371 Republic of Singapore
- School of Biological Sciences Nanyang Technological University 60 Nanyang Drive Singapore 637551 Republic of Singapore
- Nanyang Institute of Technology in Health and Medicine Interdisciplinary Graduate School Nanyang Technological University Republic of Singapore
| | - Priya Ragunathan
- School of Biological Sciences Nanyang Technological University 60 Nanyang Drive Singapore 637551 Republic of Singapore
| | - Pearly Shuyi Ng
- Experimental Drug Development Centre Agency for Science Technology and Research, A*STAR 10 Biopolis Road Singapore 138670 Republic of Singapore
| | - Pattarakiat Seankongsuk
- School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences Nanyang Technological University 21 Nanyang Link Singapore 637371 Republic of Singapore
| | - Amaravadhi Harikishore
- School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences Nanyang Technological University 21 Nanyang Link Singapore 637371 Republic of Singapore
- School of Biological Sciences Nanyang Technological University 60 Nanyang Drive Singapore 637551 Republic of Singapore
| | - Jickky Palmae Sarathy
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine National University of Singapore 14 Medical Drive Singapore 117599 Republic of Singapore
| | - Wuan‐Geok Saw
- School of Biological Sciences Nanyang Technological University 60 Nanyang Drive Singapore 637551 Republic of Singapore
| | - Umayal Lakshmanan
- Experimental Drug Development Centre Agency for Science Technology and Research, A*STAR 10 Biopolis Road Singapore 138670 Republic of Singapore
| | - Patcharaporn Sae‐Lao
- School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences Nanyang Technological University 21 Nanyang Link Singapore 637371 Republic of Singapore
| | - Nitin Pal Kalia
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine Nanyang Technological University Experimental Medicine Building Republic of Singapore
| | - Joon Shin
- School of Biological Sciences Nanyang Technological University 60 Nanyang Drive Singapore 637551 Republic of Singapore
| | - Revathy Kalyanasundaram
- Centre for Drug Discovery and Development Sathyabama Institute of Science and Technology Chennai 600119 India
| | - Sivaraj Anbarasu
- Centre for Drug Discovery and Development Sathyabama Institute of Science and Technology Chennai 600119 India
| | - Krupakar Parthasarathy
- Centre for Drug Discovery and Development Sathyabama Institute of Science and Technology Chennai 600119 India
| | - Chaudhari Namrata Pradeep
- School of Biological Sciences Nanyang Technological University 60 Nanyang Drive Singapore 637551 Republic of Singapore
| | - Harshyaa Makhija
- School of Biological Sciences Nanyang Technological University 60 Nanyang Drive Singapore 637551 Republic of Singapore
| | - Peter Dröge
- School of Biological Sciences Nanyang Technological University 60 Nanyang Drive Singapore 637551 Republic of Singapore
| | - Anders Poulsen
- Experimental Drug Development Centre Agency for Science Technology and Research, A*STAR 10 Biopolis Road Singapore 138670 Republic of Singapore
| | - Jocelyn Hui Ling Tan
- Experimental Drug Development Centre Agency for Science Technology and Research, A*STAR 10 Biopolis Road Singapore 138670 Republic of Singapore
| | - Kevin Pethe
- School of Biological Sciences Nanyang Technological University 60 Nanyang Drive Singapore 637551 Republic of Singapore
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine Nanyang Technological University Experimental Medicine Building Republic of Singapore
| | - Thomas Dick
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine National University of Singapore 14 Medical Drive Singapore 117599 Republic of Singapore
- Center for Discovery and Innovation Hackensack Meridian Health 340 Kingsland Street Nutley NJ 07110 USA
| | - Roderick W. Bates
- School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences Nanyang Technological University 21 Nanyang Link Singapore 637371 Republic of Singapore
| | - Gerhard Grüber
- School of Biological Sciences Nanyang Technological University 60 Nanyang Drive Singapore 637551 Republic of Singapore
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Hotra A, Ragunathan P, Ng PS, Seankongsuk P, Harikishore A, Sarathy JP, Saw W, Lakshmanan U, Sae‐Lao P, Kalia NP, Shin J, Kalyanasundaram R, Anbarasu S, Parthasarathy K, Pradeep CN, Makhija H, Dröge P, Poulsen A, Tan JHL, Pethe K, Dick T, Bates RW, Grüber G. Discovery of a Novel Mycobacterial F‐ATP Synthase Inhibitor and its Potency in Combination with Diarylquinolines. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202002546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Adam Hotra
- School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences Nanyang Technological University 21 Nanyang Link Singapore 637371 Republic of Singapore
- School of Biological Sciences Nanyang Technological University 60 Nanyang Drive Singapore 637551 Republic of Singapore
- Nanyang Institute of Technology in Health and Medicine Interdisciplinary Graduate School Nanyang Technological University Republic of Singapore
| | - Priya Ragunathan
- School of Biological Sciences Nanyang Technological University 60 Nanyang Drive Singapore 637551 Republic of Singapore
| | - Pearly Shuyi Ng
- Experimental Drug Development Centre Agency for Science Technology and Research, A*STAR 10 Biopolis Road Singapore 138670 Republic of Singapore
| | - Pattarakiat Seankongsuk
- School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences Nanyang Technological University 21 Nanyang Link Singapore 637371 Republic of Singapore
| | - Amaravadhi Harikishore
- School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences Nanyang Technological University 21 Nanyang Link Singapore 637371 Republic of Singapore
- School of Biological Sciences Nanyang Technological University 60 Nanyang Drive Singapore 637551 Republic of Singapore
| | - Jickky Palmae Sarathy
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine National University of Singapore 14 Medical Drive Singapore 117599 Republic of Singapore
| | - Wuan‐Geok Saw
- School of Biological Sciences Nanyang Technological University 60 Nanyang Drive Singapore 637551 Republic of Singapore
| | - Umayal Lakshmanan
- Experimental Drug Development Centre Agency for Science Technology and Research, A*STAR 10 Biopolis Road Singapore 138670 Republic of Singapore
| | - Patcharaporn Sae‐Lao
- School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences Nanyang Technological University 21 Nanyang Link Singapore 637371 Republic of Singapore
| | - Nitin Pal Kalia
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine Nanyang Technological University Experimental Medicine Building Republic of Singapore
| | - Joon Shin
- School of Biological Sciences Nanyang Technological University 60 Nanyang Drive Singapore 637551 Republic of Singapore
| | - Revathy Kalyanasundaram
- Centre for Drug Discovery and Development Sathyabama Institute of Science and Technology Chennai 600119 India
| | - Sivaraj Anbarasu
- Centre for Drug Discovery and Development Sathyabama Institute of Science and Technology Chennai 600119 India
| | - Krupakar Parthasarathy
- Centre for Drug Discovery and Development Sathyabama Institute of Science and Technology Chennai 600119 India
| | - Chaudhari Namrata Pradeep
- School of Biological Sciences Nanyang Technological University 60 Nanyang Drive Singapore 637551 Republic of Singapore
| | - Harshyaa Makhija
- School of Biological Sciences Nanyang Technological University 60 Nanyang Drive Singapore 637551 Republic of Singapore
| | - Peter Dröge
- School of Biological Sciences Nanyang Technological University 60 Nanyang Drive Singapore 637551 Republic of Singapore
| | - Anders Poulsen
- Experimental Drug Development Centre Agency for Science Technology and Research, A*STAR 10 Biopolis Road Singapore 138670 Republic of Singapore
| | - Jocelyn Hui Ling Tan
- Experimental Drug Development Centre Agency for Science Technology and Research, A*STAR 10 Biopolis Road Singapore 138670 Republic of Singapore
| | - Kevin Pethe
- School of Biological Sciences Nanyang Technological University 60 Nanyang Drive Singapore 637551 Republic of Singapore
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine Nanyang Technological University Experimental Medicine Building Republic of Singapore
| | - Thomas Dick
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine National University of Singapore 14 Medical Drive Singapore 117599 Republic of Singapore
- Center for Discovery and Innovation Hackensack Meridian Health 340 Kingsland Street Nutley NJ 07110 USA
| | - Roderick W. Bates
- School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences Nanyang Technological University 21 Nanyang Link Singapore 637371 Republic of Singapore
| | - Gerhard Grüber
- School of Biological Sciences Nanyang Technological University 60 Nanyang Drive Singapore 637551 Republic of Singapore
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Makarov V, Salina E, Reynolds RC, Kyaw Zin PP, Ekins S. Molecule Property Analyses of Active Compounds for Mycobacterium tuberculosis. J Med Chem 2020; 63:8917-8955. [PMID: 32259446 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.9b02075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) continues to claim the lives of around 1.7 million people per year. Most concerning are the reports of multidrug drug resistance. Paradoxically, this global health pandemic is demanding new therapies when resources and interest are waning. However, continued tuberculosis drug discovery is critical to address the global health need and burgeoning multidrug resistance. Many diverse classes of antitubercular compounds have been identified with activity in vitro and in vivo. Our analyses of over 100 active leads are representative of thousands of active compounds generated over the past decade, suggests that they come from few chemical classes or natural product sources. We are therefore repeatedly identifying compounds that are similar to those that preceded them. Our molecule-centered cheminformatics analyses point to the need to dramatically increase the diversity of chemical libraries tested and get outside of the historic Mtb property space if we are to generate novel improved antitubercular leads.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vadim Makarov
- FRC Fundamentals of Biotechnology, Russian Academy of Science, Moscow 119071, Russia
| | - Elena Salina
- FRC Fundamentals of Biotechnology, Russian Academy of Science, Moscow 119071, Russia
| | - Robert C Reynolds
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, NP 2540 J, 1720 Second Avenue South, Birmingham, Alabama 35294-3300, United States
| | - Phyo Phyo Kyaw Zin
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States.,Bioinformatics Research Center, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
| | - Sean Ekins
- Collaborations Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 840 Main Campus Drive, Lab 3510 Raleigh, North Carolina 27606, United States
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
New drugs to treat difficult tuberculous and nontuberculous mycobacterial pulmonary disease. Curr Opin Pulm Med 2020; 25:271-280. [PMID: 30865034 DOI: 10.1097/mcp.0000000000000570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Treatment of drug-sensitive tuberculosis (TB) is effective, whereas that of multidrug-resistant and extensively drug-resistant TB as well as nontuberculous mycobacterial (NTM) disease are less so. Therapy in general requires good adherence to potentially toxic drug regimens over prolonged periods. Poor adherence is associated with resistance development and poor outcome. This review will present promising new treatments, both new drugs and regimens, for difficult mycobacterial pulmonary infections. RECENT FINDINGS A number of new and repurposed drugs including bedaquiline, delamanid, pretomanid, linezolid and clofazimine, and drug regimens, such as the The Evaluation of a Standard Treatment Regimen of Anti-tuberculosis Drugs for Patients With MDR-TB (STREAM) trial regimens, are currently progressing from basic research through clinical trials. SUMMARY
Collapse
|
30
|
Calvert MB, Furkert DP, Cooper CB, Brimble MA. Synthetic approaches towards bedaquiline and its derivatives. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2020; 30:127172. [PMID: 32291133 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2020.127172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2020] [Revised: 04/04/2020] [Accepted: 04/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Bedaquiline is a diarylquinoline drug that demonstrates potent and selective inhibition of mycobacterial ATP synthase, and is clinically administered for the treatment of multi-drug resistant tuberculosis. Due to its excellent activity and novel mechanism of action, bedaquiline has been the focus of a number of synthetic studies. This review will discuss these synthetic approaches, as well as the synthesis and bioactivity of the numerous derivatives and molecular probes inspired by bedaquiline.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew B Calvert
- School of Chemical Sciences, The University of Auckland, Symonds Street, Auckland 1010, New Zealand
| | - Daniel P Furkert
- School of Chemical Sciences, The University of Auckland, Symonds Street, Auckland 1010, New Zealand; Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, The University of Auckland, Symonds Street, Auckland 1010, New Zealand
| | - Christopher B Cooper
- Global Alliance for TB Drug Development, 40 Wall Street, New York, NY 10005, USA
| | - Margaret A Brimble
- School of Chemical Sciences, The University of Auckland, Symonds Street, Auckland 1010, New Zealand; Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, The University of Auckland, Symonds Street, Auckland 1010, New Zealand.
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Oxidative Phosphorylation—an Update on a New, Essential Target Space for Drug Discovery in Mycobacterium tuberculosis. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/app10072339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
New drugs with new mechanisms of action are urgently required to tackle the global tuberculosis epidemic. Following the FDA-approval of the ATP synthase inhibitor bedaquiline (Sirturo®), energy metabolism has become the subject of intense focus as a novel pathway to exploit for tuberculosis drug development. This enthusiasm stems from the fact that oxidative phosphorylation (OxPhos) and the maintenance of the transmembrane electrochemical gradient are essential for the viability of replicating and non-replicating Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tb), the etiological agent of human tuberculosis (TB). Therefore, new drugs targeting this pathway have the potential to shorten TB treatment, which is one of the major goals of TB drug discovery. This review summarises the latest and key findings regarding the OxPhos pathway in M. tb and provides an overview of the inhibitors targeting various components. We also discuss the potential of new regimens containing these inhibitors, the flexibility of this pathway and, consequently, the complexity in targeting it. Lastly, we discuss opportunities and future directions of this drug target space.
Collapse
|
32
|
TBAJ-876, a 3,5-Dialkoxypyridine Analogue of Bedaquiline, Is Active against Mycobacterium abscessus. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2020; 64:AAC.02404-19. [PMID: 31964791 PMCID: PMC7179298 DOI: 10.1128/aac.02404-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2019] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Lung disease caused by Mycobacterium abscessus is very difficult to cure, and treatment failure rates are high. The antituberculosis drug bedaquiline (BDQ) is used as salvage therapy against this dreadful disease. However, BDQ is highly lipophilic, displays a long terminal half-life, and presents a cardiotoxicity liability associated with QT interval prolongation. Recent medicinal chemistry campaigns resulted in the discovery of 3,5-dialkoxypyridine analogues of BDQ which are less lipophilic, have higher clearance, and display lower cardiotoxic potential. Lung disease caused by Mycobacterium abscessus is very difficult to cure, and treatment failure rates are high. The antituberculosis drug bedaquiline (BDQ) is used as salvage therapy against this dreadful disease. However, BDQ is highly lipophilic, displays a long terminal half-life, and presents a cardiotoxicity liability associated with QT interval prolongation. Recent medicinal chemistry campaigns resulted in the discovery of 3,5-dialkoxypyridine analogues of BDQ which are less lipophilic, have higher clearance, and display lower cardiotoxic potential. TBAJ-876, a clinical development candidate of this series, shows attractive in vitro antitubercular activity and efficacy in a murine tuberculosis model. Here, we asked whether TBAJ-876 is active against M. abscessus. TBAJ-876 displayed submicromolar in vitro activity against reference strains representing the three subspecies of M. abscessus and against a collection of clinical isolates. Drug-drug potency interaction studies with commonly used anti-M. abscessus antibiotics showed no antagonistic effects, suggesting that TBAJ-876 could be coadministered with currently used drugs. Efficacy studies, employing a mouse model of M. abscessus infection, demonstrated potent activity in vivo. In summary, we demonstrate that TBAJ-876 shows attractive in vitro and in vivo activities against M. abscessus, similar to its BDQ parent. This suggests that next-generation BDQ, with improved tolerability and pharmacological profiles, may be useful for the treatment of M. abscessus lung disease in addition to the treatment of tuberculosis.
Collapse
|
33
|
Choi PJ, Conole D, Sutherland HS, Blaser A, Tong AS, Cooper CB, Upton AM, Palmer BD, Denny WA. Synthetic Studies to Help Elucidate the Metabolism of the Preclinical Candidate TBAJ-876-A Less Toxic and More Potent Analogue of Bedaquiline. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25061423. [PMID: 32245020 PMCID: PMC7144385 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25061423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2020] [Revised: 03/12/2020] [Accepted: 03/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Bedaquiline is a novel drug approved in 2012 by the FDA for treatment of drug-resistant tuberculosis (TB). Although it shows high efficacy towards drug-resistant forms of TB, its use has been limited by the potential for significant side effects. In particular, bedaquiline is a very lipophilic compound with an associated long terminal half-life and shows potent inhibition of the cardiac potassium hERG channel, resulting in QTc interval prolongation in humans that may result in cardiac arrhythmia. To address these issues, we carried out a drug discovery programme to develop an improved second generation analogue of bedaquiline. From this medicinal chemistry program, a candidate (TBAJ-876) has been selected to undergo further preclinical evaluation. During this evaluation, three major metabolites arising from TBAJ-876 were observed in several preclinical animal models. We report here our synthetic efforts to unequivocally structurally characterize these three metabolites through their independent directed synthesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peter J. Choi
- Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre, School of Medical Sciences, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand; (D.C.); (H.S.S.); (A.B.); (A.S.T.T.); (B.D.P.); (W.A.D.)
- Maurice Wilkins Centre, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
- Correspondence:
| | - Daniel Conole
- Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre, School of Medical Sciences, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand; (D.C.); (H.S.S.); (A.B.); (A.S.T.T.); (B.D.P.); (W.A.D.)
| | - Hamish S. Sutherland
- Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre, School of Medical Sciences, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand; (D.C.); (H.S.S.); (A.B.); (A.S.T.T.); (B.D.P.); (W.A.D.)
| | - Adrian Blaser
- Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre, School of Medical Sciences, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand; (D.C.); (H.S.S.); (A.B.); (A.S.T.T.); (B.D.P.); (W.A.D.)
| | - Amy S.T. Tong
- Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre, School of Medical Sciences, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand; (D.C.); (H.S.S.); (A.B.); (A.S.T.T.); (B.D.P.); (W.A.D.)
| | - Christopher B. Cooper
- Global Alliance for TB Drug Development, 40 Wall St, New York, NY 10005, USA; (C.B.C.); (A.M.U.)
| | - Anna M. Upton
- Global Alliance for TB Drug Development, 40 Wall St, New York, NY 10005, USA; (C.B.C.); (A.M.U.)
| | - Brian D. Palmer
- Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre, School of Medical Sciences, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand; (D.C.); (H.S.S.); (A.B.); (A.S.T.T.); (B.D.P.); (W.A.D.)
- Maurice Wilkins Centre, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - William A. Denny
- Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre, School of Medical Sciences, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand; (D.C.); (H.S.S.); (A.B.); (A.S.T.T.); (B.D.P.); (W.A.D.)
- Maurice Wilkins Centre, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Synthesis of novel 5-chloro-2-(thiophen-2-yl)-7,8-dihydroquinoline-6-carboxamides as potent inhibitors of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. MONATSHEFTE FUR CHEMIE 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s00706-020-02560-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
|
35
|
Grüber G. Introduction: Novel insights into TB research and drug discovery. PROGRESS IN BIOPHYSICS AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2020; 152:2-5. [PMID: 32087187 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2020.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2019] [Accepted: 02/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), the causative agent of tuberculosis (TB), kills more people than any other bacterium. TB control is threatened by the continued spread of drug resistance; multi-drug and extensively drug resistant Mtb require longer, more costly, treatment with multiple drugs causing worse side effects and have a lower likelihood of treatment success. The urgent need for better treatment options for drug resistant Mtb has led the World Health Organization to prioritize development of not only new individual antitubercular agents, but also new drug regimens. This introductory chapter of the special issue Novel insights into TB research and drug discovery within Progress in Biophysics and Molecular Biology, gives a short overview about the general problems of TB and the treatment of this disease today, and introduces the review topics within this issue.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gerhard Grüber
- Nanyang Technological University, School of Biological Sciences, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore, 637551, Republic of Singapore.
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Alsayed SSR, Lun S, Luna G, Beh CC, Payne AD, Foster N, Bishai WR, Gunosewoyo H. Design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of novel arylcarboxamide derivatives as anti-tubercular agents. RSC Adv 2020; 10:7523-7540. [PMID: 33014349 PMCID: PMC7497412 DOI: 10.1039/c9ra10663d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2019] [Accepted: 02/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Our group has previously reported several indolecarboxamides exhibiting potent antitubercular activity. Herein, we rationally designed several arylcarboxamides based on our previously reported homology model and the recently published crystal structure of the mycobacterial membrane protein large 3 (MmpL3). Many analogues showed considerable anti-TB activity against drug-sensitive (DS) Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tb) strain. Naphthamide derivatives 13c and 13d were the most active compounds in our study (MIC: 6.55, 7.11 μM, respectively), showing comparable potency to the first line anti-tuberculosis (anti-TB) drug ethambutol (MIC: 4.89 μM). In addition to the naphthamide derivatives, we also identified the quinolone-2-carboxamides and 4-arylthiazole-2-carboxamides as potential MmpL3 inhibitors in which compounds 8i and 18b had MIC values of 9.97 and 9.82 μM, respectively. All four compounds retained their high activity against multidrug-resistant (MDR) and extensively drug-resistant (XDR) M. tb strains. It is worth noting that the two most active compounds 13c and 13d also exhibited the highest selective activity towards DS, MDR and XDR M. tb strains over mammalian cells [IC50 (Vero cells) ≥ 227 μM], indicating their potential lack of cytotoxicity. The four compounds were docked into the MmpL3 active site and were studied for their drug-likeness using Lipinski's rule of five. Synthesis and pharmacological evaluation of arylcarboxamide derivatives based on an antimycobacterial indole-2-carboxamide scaffold. The most active compounds demonstrated activities against MDR and XDR M. tb strains.![]()
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shahinda S R Alsayed
- School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, Bentley, Perth, WA 6102, Australia.
| | - Shichun Lun
- Center for Tuberculosis Research, Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Disease, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, 1550, Orleans Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21231-1044, USA.
| | - Giuseppe Luna
- School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, Bentley, Perth, WA 6102, Australia.
| | - Chau Chun Beh
- Western Australia School of Mines: Minerals, Energy and Chemical Engineering, Curtin University, Bentley 6102, WA, Australia
| | - Alan D Payne
- School of Molecular and Life Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, WA 6102, Australia
| | - Neil Foster
- Western Australia School of Mines: Minerals, Energy and Chemical Engineering, Curtin University, Bentley 6102, WA, Australia
| | - William R Bishai
- Center for Tuberculosis Research, Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Disease, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, 1550, Orleans Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21231-1044, USA. .,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, 4000 Jones Bridge Road, Chevy Chase, Maryland 20815-6789, USA
| | - Hendra Gunosewoyo
- School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, Bentley, Perth, WA 6102, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
TBAJ-876 Displays Bedaquiline-Like Mycobactericidal Potency without Retaining the Parental Drug's Uncoupler Activity. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2020; 64:AAC.01540-19. [PMID: 31712198 PMCID: PMC6985740 DOI: 10.1128/aac.01540-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2019] [Accepted: 11/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The diarylquinoline F1FO-ATP synthase inhibitor bedaquiline (BDQ) displays protonophore activity. Thus, uncoupling electron transport from ATP synthesis appears to be a second mechanism of action of this antimycobacterial drug. Here, we show that the new BDQ analogue TBAJ-876 did not retain the parental drug’s protonophore activity. Comparative time-kill analyses revealed that both compounds exert the same bactericidal activity. The diarylquinoline F1FO-ATP synthase inhibitor bedaquiline (BDQ) displays protonophore activity. Thus, uncoupling electron transport from ATP synthesis appears to be a second mechanism of action of this antimycobacterial drug. Here, we show that the new BDQ analogue TBAJ-876 did not retain the parental drug’s protonophore activity. Comparative time-kill analyses revealed that both compounds exert the same bactericidal activity. These results suggest that the uncoupler activity is not required for the bactericidal activity of diarylquinolines.
Collapse
|
38
|
Re-Understanding the Mechanisms of Action of the Anti-Mycobacterial Drug Bedaquiline. Antibiotics (Basel) 2019; 8:antibiotics8040261. [PMID: 31835707 PMCID: PMC6963887 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics8040261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2019] [Accepted: 12/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Bedaquiline (BDQ) inhibits ATP generation in Mycobacterium tuberculosis by interfering with the F-ATP synthase activity. Two mechanisms of action of BDQ are broadly accepted. A direct mechanism involves BDQ binding to the enzyme’s c-ring to block its rotation, thus inhibiting ATP synthesis in the enzyme’s catalytic α3β3-headpiece. An indirect mechanism involves BDQ uncoupling electron transport in the electron transport chain from ATP synthesis at the F-ATP synthase. In a recently uncovered second direct mechanism, BDQ binds to the enzyme’s ε-subunit to disrupt its ability to link c-ring rotation to ATP synthesis at the α3β3-headpiece. However, this mechanism is controversial as the drug’s binding affinity for the isolated ε-subunit protein is moderate and spontaneous resistance mutants in the ε-subunit cannot be isolated. Recently, the new, structurally distinct BDQ analogue TBAJ-876 was utilized as a chemical probe to revisit BDQ’s mechanisms of action. In this review, we first summarize discoveries on BDQ’s mechanisms of action and then describe the new insights derived from the studies of TBAJ-876. The TBAJ-876 investigations confirm the c-ring as a target, while also supporting a functional role for targeting the ε-subunit. Surprisingly, the new findings suggest that the uncoupler mechanism does not play a key role in BDQ’s anti-mycobacterial activity.
Collapse
|
39
|
Unique structural and mechanistic properties of mycobacterial F-ATP synthases: Implications for drug design. PROGRESS IN BIOPHYSICS AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2019; 152:64-73. [PMID: 31743686 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2019.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2019] [Revised: 09/25/2019] [Accepted: 11/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The causative agent of Tuberculosis (TB) Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) encounters unfavourable environmental conditions in the lungs, including nutrient limitation, low oxygen tensions and/or low/high pH values. These harsh conditions in the host triggers Mtb to enter a dormant state in which the pathogen does not replicate and uses host-derived fatty acids instead of carbohydrates as an energy source. Independent to the energy source, the bacterium's energy currency ATP is generated by oxidative phosphorylation, in which the F1FO-ATP synthase uses the proton motive force generated by the electron transport chain. This catalyst is essential in Mtb and inhibition by the diarylquinoline class of drugs like Bedaquilline, TBAJ-587, TBAJ-876 or squaramides demonstrated that this engine is an attractive target in TB drug discovery. A special feature of the mycobacterial F-ATP synthase is its inability to establish a significant proton gradient during ATP hydrolysis, and its latent ATPase activity, to prevent energy waste and to control the membrane potential. Recently, unique epitopes of mycobacterial F1FO-ATP synthase subunits absent in their prokaryotic or mitochondrial counterparts have been identified to contribute to the regulation of the low ATPase activity. Most recent structural insights into individual subunits, the F1 domain or the entire mycobacterial enzyme added to the understanding of mechanisms, regulation and differences of the mycobacterial F1FO-ATP synthase compared to other bacterial and eukaryotic engines. These novel insights provide the basis for the design of new compounds targeting this engine and even novel regimens for multidrug resistant TB.
Collapse
|
40
|
Ramprasad J, Kumar Sthalam V, Linga Murthy Thampunuri R, Bhukya S, Ummanni R, Balasubramanian S, Pabbaraja S. Synthesis and evaluation of a novel quinoline-triazole analogs for antitubercular properties via molecular hybridization approach. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2019; 29:126671. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2019.126671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2019] [Revised: 08/19/2019] [Accepted: 09/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
|
41
|
TBAJ-876 Retains Bedaquiline's Activity against Subunits c and ε of Mycobacterium tuberculosis F-ATP Synthase. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2019; 63:AAC.01191-19. [PMID: 31358589 PMCID: PMC6761534 DOI: 10.1128/aac.01191-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2019] [Accepted: 07/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The antituberculosis drug bedaquiline (BDQ) inhibits Mycobacterium tuberculosis F-ATP synthase by interfering with two subunits. Drug binding to the c subunit stalls the rotation of the c ring, while binding to the ε subunit blocks coupling of c ring rotation to ATP synthesis at the catalytic α3:β3 headpiece. BDQ is used for the treatment of drug-resistant tuberculosis. The antituberculosis drug bedaquiline (BDQ) inhibits Mycobacterium tuberculosis F-ATP synthase by interfering with two subunits. Drug binding to the c subunit stalls the rotation of the c ring, while binding to the ε subunit blocks coupling of c ring rotation to ATP synthesis at the catalytic α3:β3 headpiece. BDQ is used for the treatment of drug-resistant tuberculosis. However, the drug is highly lipophilic, displays a long terminal half-life, and has a cardiotoxicity liability by causing QT interval prolongation. Recent medicinal chemistry campaigns have resulted in the discovery of 3,5-dialkoxypyridine analogues of BDQ that are less lipophilic, have higher clearance, and display lower cardiotoxic potential. TBAJ-876, which is a new developmental compound of this series, shows attractive antitubercular activity and efficacy in a murine tuberculosis model. Here, we asked whether TBAJ-876 and selected analogues of the compound retain BDQ’s mechanism of action. Biochemical assays showed that TBAJ-876 is a potent inhibitor of mycobacterial F-ATP synthase. Selection of spontaneous TBAJ-876-resistant mutants identified missense mutations at BDQ’s binding site on the c subunit, suggesting that TBAJ-876 retains BDQ’s targeting of the c ring. Susceptibility testing against a strain overexpressing the ε subunit and a strain harboring an engineered mutation in BDQ’s ε subunit binding site suggest that TBAJ-876 retains BDQ’s activity on the ε subunit. Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) titration studies confirmed that TBAJ-876 binds to the ε subunit at BDQ’s binding site. We show that TBAJ-876 retains BDQ’s antimycobacterial mode of action. The developmental compound inhibits the mycobacterial F-ATP synthase via a dual-subunit mechanism of interfering with the functions of both the enzyme’s c and ε subunits.
Collapse
|
42
|
Affiliation(s)
- Trever C Smith
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Bree B Aldridge
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA. .,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University School of Engineering, Medford, MA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Greenwood DJ, Dos Santos MS, Huang S, Russell MRG, Collinson LM, MacRae JI, West A, Jiang H, Gutierrez MG. Subcellular antibiotic visualization reveals a dynamic drug reservoir in infected macrophages. Science 2019; 364:1279-1282. [PMID: 31249058 DOI: 10.1126/science.aat9689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2018] [Revised: 02/20/2019] [Accepted: 05/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Tuberculosis, caused by the intracellular pathogen Mycobacterium tuberculosis, remains the world's deadliest infectious disease. Sterilizing chemotherapy requires at least 6 months of multidrug therapy. Difficulty visualizing the subcellular localization of antibiotics in infected host cells means that it is unclear whether antibiotics penetrate all mycobacteria-containing compartments in the cell. Here, we combined correlated light, electron, and ion microscopy to image the distribution of bedaquiline in infected human macrophages at submicrometer resolution. Bedaquiline accumulated primarily in host cell lipid droplets, but heterogeneously in mycobacteria within a variety of intracellular compartments. Furthermore, lipid droplets did not sequester antibiotic but constituted a transferable reservoir that enhanced antibacterial efficacy. Thus, strong lipid binding facilitated drug trafficking by host organelles to an intracellular target during antimicrobial treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Song Huang
- Centre for Microscopy, Characterisation and Analysis, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | | | | | | | | | - Haibo Jiang
- Centre for Microscopy, Characterisation and Analysis, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia. .,School of Molecular Sciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
A structural insight of bedaquiline for the cardiotoxicity and hepatotoxicity. Tuberculosis (Edinb) 2019; 117:79-84. [PMID: 31378273 DOI: 10.1016/j.tube.2019.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2019] [Revised: 05/25/2019] [Accepted: 06/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Bedaquiline was approved by USFDA in 2012 for pulmonary MDR-TB. The IC50 value of bedaquiline was reported to be remarkably low (25 nM), effectively inhibiting mycobacterial ATP synthase. In addition to these obvious assets of bedaquiline, the potential disadvantages of bedaquiline include inhibition of the hERG (human Ether-à-go-related gene; KCNH2) potassium channel (concurrent risk of cardiac toxicity), hepatic toxicity and possibly phospholipidosis. The current review focuses primarily on the structural part of bedaquiline for the activity-toxicity optimization. This critical analysis of the structure of bedaquiline will help medicinal chemists to synthesize the better modified analouge of bedaquiline with reduced cardiotoxicity, hepatotoxicity potential and improved pharmacokinetics.
Collapse
|
45
|
Saxena AK, Singh A. Mycobacterial tuberculosis Enzyme Targets and their Inhibitors. Curr Top Med Chem 2019; 19:337-355. [PMID: 30806318 DOI: 10.2174/1568026619666190219105722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2018] [Revised: 02/07/2019] [Accepted: 02/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) still continues to be a major killer disease worldwide. Unlike other bacteria Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) has the ability to become dormant within the host and to develop resistance. Hence efforts are being made to overcome these problems by searching for new antitubercular agents which may be useful in the treatment of multidrug-(MDR) and extensively drugresistant (XDR) M. tuberculosis and shortening the treatment time. The recent introduction of bedaquiline to treat MDR-TB and XDR-TB may improve the status of TB treatment. The target enzymes in anti-TB drug discovery programs play a key role, hence efforts have been made to review the work on molecules including antiTB drugs acting on different enzyme targets including ATP synthase, the target for bedaquiline. Literature searches have been carried out to find the different chemical molecules including drugs and their molecular targets responsible for their antitubercular activities in recent years. This review provides an overview of the chemical structures with their antitubercular activities and enzyme targets like InhA, ATP synthase, Lip Y, transmembrane transport protein large (MmpL3), and decaprenylphospho-β-D-ribofuranose 2-oxidase, (DprE1). The major focus has been on the new target ATP synthase. Such an attempt may be useful in designing new chemical entities (NCEs) for specific and multi-drug targeting against Mtb.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anil Kumar Saxena
- Division of Medicinal and Process Chemistry, CSIR Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow 226 001, India
| | - Anamika Singh
- Division of Medicinal and Process Chemistry, CSIR Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow 226 001, India
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Blaser A, Sutherland HS, Tong AST, Choi PJ, Conole D, Franzblau SG, Cooper CB, Upton AM, Lotlikar M, Denny WA, Palmer BD. Structure-activity relationships for unit C pyridyl analogues of the tuberculosis drug bedaquiline. Bioorg Med Chem 2019; 27:1283-1291. [PMID: 30792104 PMCID: PMC6467542 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2019.02.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2018] [Revised: 01/30/2019] [Accepted: 02/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The ATP-synthase inhibitor bedaquiline is effective against drug-resistant tuberculosis but is extremely lipophilic (clogP 7.25) with a very long plasma half-life. Additionally, inhibition of potassium current through the cardiac hERG channel by bedaquiline, is associated with prolongation of the QT interval, necessitating cardiovascular monitoring. Analogues were prepared where the naphthalene C-unit was replaced with substituted pyridines to produce compounds with reduced lipophilicity, anticipating a reduction in half-life. While there was a direct correlation between in vitro inhibitory activity against M. tuberculosis (MIC90) and compound lipophilicity, potency only fell off sharply below a clogP of about 4.0, providing a useful lower bound for analogue design. The bulk of the compounds remained potent inhibitors of the hERG potassium channel, with notable exceptions where IC50 values were at least 5-fold higher than that of bedaquiline. Many of the compounds had desirably higher rates of clearance than bedaquiline, but this was associated with lower plasma exposures in mice, and similar or higher MICs resulted in lower AUC/MIC ratios than bedaquiline for most compounds. The two compounds with lower potency against hERG exhibited similar clearance to bedaquiline and excellent efficacy in vivo, suggesting further exploration of C-ring pyridyls is worthwhile.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adrian Blaser
- Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre, School of Medical Sciences, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Hamish S Sutherland
- Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre, School of Medical Sciences, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Amy S T Tong
- Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre, School of Medical Sciences, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Peter J Choi
- Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre, School of Medical Sciences, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Daniel Conole
- Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre, School of Medical Sciences, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Scott G Franzblau
- Institute for Tuberculosis Research, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, 833 South Wood Street, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | | | - Anna M Upton
- Global Alliance for TB Drug Development, 40 Wall Street, NY 10005, USA
| | - Manisha Lotlikar
- Global Alliance for TB Drug Development, 40 Wall Street, NY 10005, USA
| | - William A Denny
- Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre, School of Medical Sciences, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand; Maurice Wilkins Centre, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand.
| | - Brian D Palmer
- Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre, School of Medical Sciences, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand; Maurice Wilkins Centre, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Sutherland HS, Tong AST, Choi PJ, Blaser A, Conole D, Franzblau SG, Lotlikar MU, Cooper CB, Upton AM, Denny WA, Palmer BD. 3,5-Dialkoxypyridine analogues of bedaquiline are potent antituberculosis agents with minimal inhibition of the hERG channel. Bioorg Med Chem 2019; 27:1292-1307. [PMID: 30803745 PMCID: PMC6467547 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2019.02.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2018] [Revised: 02/06/2019] [Accepted: 02/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Bedaquiline is a new drug of the diarylquinoline class that has proven to be clinically effective against drug-resistant tuberculosis, but has a cardiac liability (prolongation of the QT interval) due to its potent inhibition of the cardiac potassium channel protein hERG. Bedaquiline is highly lipophilic and has an extremely long terminal half-life, so has the potential for more-than-desired accumulation in tissues during the relatively long treatment durations required to cure TB. The present work is part of a program that seeks to identify a diarylquinoline that is as potent as bedaquiline against Mycobacterium tuberculosis, with lower lipophilicity, higher clearance, and lower risk for QT prolongation. Previous work led to the identification of compounds with greatly-reduced lipophilicity compounds that retain good anti-tubercular activity in vitro and in mouse models of TB, but has not addressed the hERG blockade. We now present compounds where the C-unit naphthalene is replaced by a 3,5-dialkoxy-4-pyridyl, demonstrate more potent in vitro and in vivo anti-tubercular activity, with greatly attenuated hERG blockade. Two examples of this series are in preclinical development.
Collapse
Key Words
- CFU, colony-forming units
- HPLC, high-performance liquid chromatography
- LDA, lithium diisopropylamide
- LORA, low oxygen recovery assay
- LiTMP, lithium tetramethylpiperidide
- M. tb, mycobacterium tuberculosis
- MABA, microplate alamar blue assay
- MDR, multidrug-resistant
- MIC90, minimum concentration for 90% inhibition of growth
- TB, tuberculosis
- hERG (human Ether-a-go-go Related Gene)
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hamish S Sutherland
- Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre, School of Medical Sciences, New Zealand
| | - Amy S T Tong
- Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre, School of Medical Sciences, New Zealand
| | - Peter J Choi
- Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre, School of Medical Sciences, New Zealand
| | - Adrian Blaser
- Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre, School of Medical Sciences, New Zealand
| | - Daniel Conole
- Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre, School of Medical Sciences, New Zealand; Maurice Wilkins Centre, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand; Institute for Tuberculosis Research, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, 833 South Wood Street, Chicago, IL 60612, USA; Global Alliance for TB Drug Development, 40 Wall St, NY 10005, USA
| | - Scott G Franzblau
- Institute for Tuberculosis Research, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, 833 South Wood Street, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | | | | | - Anna M Upton
- Global Alliance for TB Drug Development, 40 Wall St, NY 10005, USA
| | - William A Denny
- Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre, School of Medical Sciences, New Zealand; Maurice Wilkins Centre, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand.
| | - Brian D Palmer
- Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre, School of Medical Sciences, New Zealand; Maurice Wilkins Centre, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Synthesis and Spectrum of Biological Activities of Novel N-arylcinnamamides. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19082318. [PMID: 30087309 PMCID: PMC6121455 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19082318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2018] [Revised: 08/01/2018] [Accepted: 08/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
A series of sixteen ring-substituted N-arylcinnamamides was prepared and characterized. Primary in vitro screening of all the synthesized compounds was performed against Staphylococcus aureus, three methicillin-resistant S. aureus strains, Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Ra, Fusarium avenaceum, and Bipolaris sorokiniana. Several of the tested compounds showed antistaphylococcal, antitubercular, and antifungal activities comparable with or higher than those of ampicillin, isoniazid, and benomyl. (2E)-N-[3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-3-phenylprop-2-enamide and (2E)-3-phenyl-N-[3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]prop-2-enamide showed the highest activities (MICs = 22.27 and 27.47 µM, respectively) against all four staphylococcal strains and against M. tuberculosis. These compounds showed an activity against biofilm formation of S. aureus ATCC 29213 in concentrations close to MICs and an ability to increase the activity of clinically used antibiotics with different mechanisms of action (vancomycin, ciprofloxacin, and tetracycline). In time-kill studies, a decrease of CFU/mL of >99% after 8 h from the beginning of incubation was observed. (2E)-N-(3,5-Dichlorophenyl)- and (2E)-N-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-3-phenylprop-2-enamide had a MIC = 27.38 µM against M. tuberculosis, while a significant decrease (22.65%) of mycobacterial cell metabolism determined by the MTT assay was observed for the 3,5-dichlorophenyl derivative. (2E)-N-(3-Fluorophenyl)- and (2E)-N-(3-methylphenyl)-3-phenylprop-2-enamide exhibited MICs = 16.58 and 33.71 µM, respectively, against B. sorokiniana. The screening of the cytotoxicity of the most effective antimicrobial compounds was performed using THP-1 cells, and these chosen compounds did not shown any significant lethal effect. The compounds were also evaluated for their activity related to the inhibition of photosynthetic electron transport (PET) in spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.) chloroplasts. (2E)-N-(3,5-dichlorophenyl)-3-phenylprop-2-enamide (IC50 = 5.1 µM) was the most active PET inhibitor. Compounds with fungicide potency did not show any in vivo toxicity against Nicotiana tabacum var. Samsun. The structure–activity relationships are discussed.
Collapse
|
49
|
Machado D, Girardini M, Viveiros M, Pieroni M. Challenging the Drug-Likeness Dogma for New Drug Discovery in Tuberculosis. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:1367. [PMID: 30018597 PMCID: PMC6037898 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.01367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2018] [Accepted: 06/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The emergence of multi- and extensively drug resistant tuberculosis worldwide poses a great threat to human health and highlight the need to discover and develop new, effective and inexpensive antituberculosis agents. High-throughput screening assays against well-validated drug targets and structure based drug design have been employed to discover new lead compounds. However, the great majority fail to demonstrate any antimycobacterial activity when tested against Mycobacterium tuberculosis in whole-cell screening assays. This is mainly due to some of the intrinsic properties of the bacilli, such as the extremely low permeability of its cell wall, slow growth, drug resistance, drug tolerance, and persistence. In this sense, understanding the pathways involved in M. tuberculosis drug tolerance, persistence, and pathogenesis, may reveal new approaches for drug development. Moreover, the need for compounds presenting a novel mode of action is of utmost importance due to the emergence of resistance not only to the currently used antituberculosis agents, but also to those in the pipeline. Cheminformatics studies have shown that drugs endowed with antituberculosis activity have the peculiarity of being more lipophilic than many other antibacterials, likely because this leads to improved cell penetration through the extremely waxy mycobacterial cell wall. Moreover, the interaction of the lipophilic moiety with the membrane alters its stability and functional integrity due to the disruption of the proton motive force, resulting in cell death. When a ligand-based medicinal chemistry campaign is ongoing, it is always difficult to predict whether a chemical modification or a functional group would be suitable for improving the activity. Nevertheless, in the “instruction manual” of medicinal chemists, certain functional groups or certain physicochemical characteristics (i.e., high lipophilicity) are considered red flags to look out for in order to safeguard drug-likeness and avoid attritions in the drug discovery process. In this review, we describe how antituberculosis compounds challenge established rules such as the Lipinski's “rule of five” and how medicinal chemistry for antituberculosis compounds must be thought beyond such dogmatic schemes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Diana Machado
- Global Health and Tropical Medicine, GHTM, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical, IHMT, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, UNL, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Miriam Girardini
- P4T Group, Department of Food and Drug, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Miguel Viveiros
- Global Health and Tropical Medicine, GHTM, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical, IHMT, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, UNL, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Marco Pieroni
- P4T Group, Department of Food and Drug, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Lunga MJ, Chisango RL, Weyers C, Isaacs M, Taylor D, Edkins AL, Khanye SD, Hoppe HC, Veale CGL. Expanding the SAR of Nontoxic Antiplasmodial Indolyl-3-ethanone Ethers and Thioethers. ChemMedChem 2018; 13:1353-1362. [PMID: 29756273 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201800235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2018] [Revised: 05/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Despite major strides in reducing Plasmodium falciparum infections, this parasite still accounts for roughly half a million annual deaths. This problem is compounded by the decreased efficacy of artemisinin combination therapies. Therefore, the development and optimisation of novel antimalarial chemotypes is critical. In this study, we describe our strategic approach to optimise a class of previously reported antimalarials, resulting in the discovery of 1-(5-chloro-1H-indol-3-yl)-2-[(4-cyanophenyl)thio]ethanone (13) and 1-(5-chloro-1H-indol-3-yl)-2-[(4-nitrophenyl)thio]ethanone (14), whose activity was equipotent to that of chloroquine against the P. falciparum 3D7 strain. Furthermore, these compounds were found to be nontoxic to HeLa cells as well as being non-haemolytic to uninfected red blood cells. Intriguingly, several of our most promising compounds were found to be less active against the isogenic NF54 strain, highlighting possible issues with long-term dependability of malarial strains. Finally compound 14 displayed similar activity against both the NF54 and K1 strains, suggesting that it inhibits a pathway that is uncompromised by K1 resistance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Carli Weyers
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, 6140, South Africa
| | - Michelle Isaacs
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, 6140, South Africa
| | - Dale Taylor
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Groote Schuur Hospital, Observatory, 7925, South Africa
| | - Adrienne L Edkins
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, 6140, South Africa
| | - Setshaba D Khanye
- Department of Chemistry, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, 6140, South Africa
| | - Heinrich C Hoppe
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, 6140, South Africa
| | - Clinton G L Veale
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, 6140, South Africa.,Current address: School of Chemistry and Physics, Pietermaritzburg Campus, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag X01, Scottsville, 3209, South Africa
| |
Collapse
|