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Kong L, Li W, Zhang T, Ma H, Cao Y, Wang K, Zhou Y, Shamim A, Zheng L, Wang X, Huang W. Wireless Technologies in Flexible and Wearable Sensing: From Materials Design, System Integration to Applications. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2400333. [PMID: 38652082 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202400333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2024] [Revised: 04/07/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
Wireless and wearable sensors attract considerable interest in personalized healthcare by providing a unique approach for remote, noncontact, and continuous monitoring of various health-related signals without interference with daily life. Recent advances in wireless technologies and wearable sensors have promoted practical applications due to their significantly improved characteristics, such as reduction in size and thickness, enhancement in flexibility and stretchability, and improved conformability to the human body. Currently, most researches focus on active materials and structural designs for wearable sensors, with just a few exceptions reflecting on the technologies for wireless data transmission. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the state-of-the-art wireless technologies and related studies on empowering wearable sensors. The emerging functional nanomaterials utilized for designing unique wireless modules are highlighted, which include metals, carbons, and MXenes. Additionally, the review outlines the system-level integration of wireless modules with flexible sensors, spanning from novel design strategies for enhanced conformability to efficient transmitting data wirelessly. Furthermore, the review introduces representative applications for remote and noninvasive monitoring of physiological signals through on-skin and implantable wireless flexible sensing systems. Finally, the challenges, perspectives, and unprecedented opportunities for wireless and wearable sensors are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingyan Kong
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics (FSCFE) and Shaanxi Institute of Flexible Electronics (SIFE), Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an, 710072, China
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLoFE), Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an, 710072, China
- MIIT Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLoFE), Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an, 710072, China
| | - Weiwei Li
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics (FSCFE) and Shaanxi Institute of Flexible Electronics (SIFE), Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an, 710072, China
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLoFE), Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an, 710072, China
- MIIT Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLoFE), Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an, 710072, China
| | - Tinghao Zhang
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics (FSCFE) and Shaanxi Institute of Flexible Electronics (SIFE), Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an, 710072, China
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLoFE), Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an, 710072, China
- MIIT Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLoFE), Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an, 710072, China
| | - Huihui Ma
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics (FSCFE) and Shaanxi Institute of Flexible Electronics (SIFE), Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an, 710072, China
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLoFE), Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an, 710072, China
- MIIT Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLoFE), Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an, 710072, China
| | - Yunqiang Cao
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics (FSCFE) and Shaanxi Institute of Flexible Electronics (SIFE), Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an, 710072, China
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLoFE), Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an, 710072, China
- MIIT Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLoFE), Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an, 710072, China
| | - Kexin Wang
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics (FSCFE) and Shaanxi Institute of Flexible Electronics (SIFE), Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an, 710072, China
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLoFE), Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an, 710072, China
- MIIT Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLoFE), Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an, 710072, China
| | - Yilin Zhou
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics (FSCFE) and Shaanxi Institute of Flexible Electronics (SIFE), Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an, 710072, China
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLoFE), Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an, 710072, China
- MIIT Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLoFE), Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an, 710072, China
| | - Atif Shamim
- IMPACT Lab, Computer, Electrical and Mathematical Sciences and Engineering (CEMSE) Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Lu Zheng
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics (FSCFE) and Shaanxi Institute of Flexible Electronics (SIFE), Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an, 710072, China
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLoFE), Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an, 710072, China
- MIIT Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLoFE), Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an, 710072, China
| | - Xuewen Wang
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics (FSCFE) and Shaanxi Institute of Flexible Electronics (SIFE), Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an, 710072, China
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLoFE), Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an, 710072, China
- MIIT Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLoFE), Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an, 710072, China
| | - Wei Huang
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics (FSCFE) and Shaanxi Institute of Flexible Electronics (SIFE), Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an, 710072, China
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLoFE), Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an, 710072, China
- MIIT Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLoFE), Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an, 710072, China
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Electronics and Information Displays, Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing, 210023, China
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics(KLoFE)and Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech), Nanjing, 211800, China
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Liu Y, Xu Z, Ji X, Xu X, Chen F, Pan X, Fu Z, Chen Y, Zhang Z, Liu H, Cheng B, Liang J. Ag-thiolate interactions to enable an ultrasensitive and stretchable MXene strain sensor with high temporospatial resolution. Nat Commun 2024; 15:5354. [PMID: 38918424 PMCID: PMC11200319 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-49787-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024] Open
Abstract
High-sensitivity strain sensing elements with a wide strain range, fast response, high stability, and small sensing areas are desirable for constructing strain sensor arrays with high temporospatial resolution. However, current strain sensors rely on crack-based conductive materials having an inherent tradeoff between their sensing area and performance. Here, we present a molecular-level crack modulation strategy in which we use layer-by-layer assembly to introduce strong, dynamic, and reversible coordination bonds in an MXene and silver nanowire-matrixed conductive film. We use this approach to fabricate a crack-based stretchable strain sensor with a very small sensing area (0.25 mm2). It also exhibits an ultrawide working strain range (0.001-37%), high sensitivity (gauge factor ~500 at 0.001% and >150,000 at 35%), fast response time, low hysteresis, and excellent long-term stability. Based on this high-performance sensing element and facile assembly process, a stretchable strain sensor array with a device density of 100 sensors per cm2 is realized. We demonstrate the practical use of the high-density strain sensor array as a multichannel pulse sensing system for monitoring pulses in terms of their spatiotemporal resolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Fiber Manufacturing Technology, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, China.
| | - Zijun Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Fiber Manufacturing Technology, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, China
| | - Xinyi Ji
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, National Institute for Advanced Materials, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Xin Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Fiber Manufacturing Technology, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, China
| | - Fei Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Fiber Manufacturing Technology, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, China
| | - Xiaosen Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Fiber Manufacturing Technology, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, China
| | - Zhiqiang Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Fiber Manufacturing Technology, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, China
| | - Yunzhi Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Fiber Manufacturing Technology, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, China
| | - Zhengjian Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Fiber Manufacturing Technology, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, China
| | - Hongbin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Fiber Manufacturing Technology, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, China
| | - Bowen Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Fiber Manufacturing Technology, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, China.
| | - Jiajie Liang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, National Institute for Advanced Materials, Nankai University, Tianjin, China.
- Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, China.
- School of Materials Science and Engineering & Smart Sensing Interdisciplinary Science Center, Nankai University, Tianjin, China.
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Fang K, Li P, Zhang B, Liu S, Zhao X, Kou L, Xu W, Guo X, Li J. Insights on updates in sodium alginate/MXenes composites as the designer matrix for various applications: A review. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 269:132032. [PMID: 38702004 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.132032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2024] [Revised: 02/28/2024] [Accepted: 04/30/2024] [Indexed: 05/06/2024]
Abstract
Advancements in two-dimensional materials, particularly MXenes, have spurred the development of innovative composites through their integration with natural polymers such as sodium alginate (SA). Mxenes exhibit a broad specific surface area, excellent electrical conductivity, and an abundance of surface terminations, which can be combined with SA to maximize the synergistic effect of the materials. This article provides a comprehensive review of state-of-the-art techniques in the fabrication of SA/MXene composites, analyzing the resulting structural and functional enhancements with a specific focus on advancing the design of these composites for practical applications. A detailed exploration of SA/MXene composites is provided, highlighting their utility in various sectors, such as wearable electronics, wastewater treatment, biomedical applications, and electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding. The review identifies the unique advantages conferred by incorporating MXene in these composites, examines the current challenges, and proposes future research directions to understand and optimize these promising materials thoroughly. The remarkable properties of MXenes are emphasized as crucial for advancing the performance of SA-based composites, indicating significant potential for developing high-performance composite materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun Fang
- College of Life Science, Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang 464000, Henan, China
| | - Pei Li
- College of Life Science, Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang 464000, Henan, China,.
| | - Bing Zhang
- College of Life Science, Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang 464000, Henan, China
| | - Si Liu
- College of Life Science, Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang 464000, Henan, China
| | - Xiaoyang Zhao
- College of Life Science, Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang 464000, Henan, China
| | - Linxuan Kou
- College of Life Science, Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang 464000, Henan, China
| | - Wei Xu
- College of Life Science, Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang 464000, Henan, China
| | - Xiangyang Guo
- College of Life Science, Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang 464000, Henan, China
| | - Jianbin Li
- College of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, Guangxi, China
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Du J, Han Q, Chen A. A liquid metal/polypyrrole electrospun TPU composite conductive network for highly sensitive strain sensing in human motion monitoring. J Mater Chem B 2024; 12:4655-4665. [PMID: 38646701 DOI: 10.1039/d3tb02394j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/23/2024]
Abstract
Developing soft wearable sensors with high sensitivity, low cost, and a wide monitoring range is crucial for monitoring human health. Despite advances in strain sensor technology, achieving high sensitivity and a wide operating range in a single device remains a major challenge in its design and preparation. Herein, a liquid metal (LM) is innovatively ultrasonically anchored to the gaps and surfaces of thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) electrospun fibers, and then a conductive pathway is constructed through polypyrrole (PPy) self-polymerization to prepare a composite film. The strain sensor developed by ultrasonic anchoring and original polymerization technology shows a high strain coefficient (GF = 4.36 at 12.5% strain) and a low detection limit (less than 1% strain). Importantly, this sensor can monitor joint motion and subtle skin deformations in real time. In addition, the integration of strain sensors and N95 masks enables real-time monitoring of human respiration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Du
- College of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Hebei University of Science and Technology, 70 Yuhua Road, Shijiazhuang 050018, China.
| | - Qinghui Han
- College of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Hebei University of Science and Technology, 70 Yuhua Road, Shijiazhuang 050018, China.
| | - Aibing Chen
- College of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Hebei University of Science and Technology, 70 Yuhua Road, Shijiazhuang 050018, China.
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Del Bosque A, Sánchez-Romate XF, Sánchez M, Ureña A. Toward flexible piezoresistive strain sensors based on polymer nanocomposites: a review on fundamentals, performance, and applications. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2024; 35:292003. [PMID: 38621367 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/ad3e87] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/17/2024]
Abstract
The fundamentals, performance, and applications of piezoresistive strain sensors based on polymer nanocomposites are summarized herein. The addition of conductive nanoparticles to a flexible polymer matrix has emerged as a possible alternative to conventional strain gauges, which have limitations in detecting small strain levels and adapting to different surfaces. The evaluation of the properties or performance parameters of strain sensors such as the elongation at break, sensitivity, linearity, hysteresis, transient response, stability, and durability are explained in this review. Moreover, these nanocomposites can be exposed to different environmental conditions throughout their lifetime, including different temperature, humidity or acidity/alkalinity levels, that can affect performance parameters. The development of flexible piezoresistive sensors based on nanocomposites has emerged in recent years for applications related to the biomedical field, smart robotics, and structural health monitoring. However, there are still challenges to overcome in designing high-performance flexible sensors for practical implementation. Overall, this paper provides a comprehensive overview of the current state of research on flexible piezoresistive strain sensors based on polymer nanocomposites, which can be a viable option to address some of the major technological challenges that the future holds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Del Bosque
- Technology, Instruction and Design in Engineering and Education Research Group (TiDEE.rg), Catholic University of Ávila, C/Canteros s/n, E-05005 Ávila, Spain
| | - Xoan F Sánchez-Romate
- Materials Science and Engineering Area, Higher School of Experimental Sciences and Technology, Rey Juan Carlos University, C/Tulipán s/n, Móstoles, E-28933 Madrid, Spain
| | - María Sánchez
- Materials Science and Engineering Area, Higher School of Experimental Sciences and Technology, Rey Juan Carlos University, C/Tulipán s/n, Móstoles, E-28933 Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Tecnologías Para la Sostenibilidad, Rey Juan Carlos University, C/Tulipán s/n, E-28933 Móstoles, Madrid, Spain
| | - Alejandro Ureña
- Materials Science and Engineering Area, Higher School of Experimental Sciences and Technology, Rey Juan Carlos University, C/Tulipán s/n, Móstoles, E-28933 Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Tecnologías Para la Sostenibilidad, Rey Juan Carlos University, C/Tulipán s/n, E-28933 Móstoles, Madrid, Spain
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Li C, Duan Y, Wang S, Wang S, Yu D, Wang L, Wang Y, Wu M. Hierarchical Porous Fibers for Intrinsically Thermally Insulated and Self-Sensing Integrated Smart Textile. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024; 16:14124-14132. [PMID: 38450639 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c18475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/08/2024]
Abstract
Here, stretchable hierarchical porous polyurethane fibers were designed, fabricated, and employed as a three-dimensional hierarchical interconnected framework for conductive networks interwoven with silver nanoparticles and carbon nanotubes. The fiber possessed favorable thermal insulation, strain sensing, and electric heating properties. The core-shell layered porous structure of fiber made the fiber have high heat insulation performance (the difference value of temperature |ΔT| = 3.54, 8.9, and 12.7 °C at heating stage temperatures of 35, 50, and 65 °C) and ultrahigh elongation at break (813%). Importantly, after conductive filler decoration, the fiber could exhibit real-time strain-sensing capacities with a high gauge factor. In addition, the fibers could be heated at low voltage, like an electrical heater. The development of flexible, stretchable, and multifunctional porous fibers had great potential applications in intelligent wearable devices for integrated thermal management, strain sensing, and intrinsic self-warming capability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Li
- Engineering Research Center for Eco-Dyeing and Finishing of Textiles, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, Zhejiang, China
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Textile Materials and Manufacturing Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Textile Science and Engineering, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yinhe Duan
- Engineering Research Center for Eco-Dyeing and Finishing of Textiles, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, Zhejiang, China
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Textile Materials and Manufacturing Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Textile Science and Engineering, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, Zhejiang, China
| | - Shiwen Wang
- Engineering Research Center for Eco-Dyeing and Finishing of Textiles, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, Zhejiang, China
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Textile Materials and Manufacturing Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Textile Science and Engineering, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, Zhejiang, China
| | - Shanli Wang
- Engineering Research Center for Eco-Dyeing and Finishing of Textiles, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, Zhejiang, China
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Textile Materials and Manufacturing Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Textile Science and Engineering, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, Zhejiang, China
| | - Deyou Yu
- Engineering Research Center for Eco-Dyeing and Finishing of Textiles, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, Zhejiang, China
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Textile Materials and Manufacturing Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Textile Science and Engineering, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, Zhejiang, China
| | - Lili Wang
- Engineering Research Center for Eco-Dyeing and Finishing of Textiles, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, Zhejiang, China
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Textile Materials and Manufacturing Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Textile Science and Engineering, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yijia Wang
- Engineering Research Center for Eco-Dyeing and Finishing of Textiles, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, Zhejiang, China
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Textile Materials and Manufacturing Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Textile Science and Engineering, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, Zhejiang, China
| | - Minghua Wu
- Engineering Research Center for Eco-Dyeing and Finishing of Textiles, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, Zhejiang, China
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Textile Materials and Manufacturing Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Textile Science and Engineering, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, Zhejiang, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Engineering Research Center for Green and Low-Carbon Dyeing & Finishing, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, Zhejiang, China
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Navitski I, Ramanaviciute A, Ramanavicius S, Pogorielov M, Ramanavicius A. MXene-Based Chemo-Sensors and Other Sensing Devices. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 14:447. [PMID: 38470777 DOI: 10.3390/nano14050447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2024] [Revised: 02/15/2024] [Accepted: 02/24/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024]
Abstract
MXenes have received worldwide attention across various scientific and technological fields since the first report of the synthesis of Ti3C2 nanostructures in 2011. The unique characteristics of MXenes, such as superior mechanical strength and flexibility, liquid-phase processability, tunable surface functionality, high electrical conductivity, and the ability to customize their properties, have led to the widespread development and exploration of their applications in energy storage, electronics, biomedicine, catalysis, and environmental technologies. The significant growth in publications related to MXenes over the past decade highlights the extensive research interest in this material. One area that has a great potential for improvement through the integration of MXenes is sensor design. Strain sensors, temperature sensors, pressure sensors, biosensors (both optical and electrochemical), gas sensors, and environmental pollution sensors targeted at volatile organic compounds (VOCs) could all gain numerous improvements from the inclusion of MXenes. This report delves into the current research landscape, exploring the advancements in MXene-based chemo-sensor technologies and examining potential future applications across diverse sensor types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilya Navitski
- Department of Nanotechnology, State Research Institute Center for Physical Sciences and Technology (FTMC), Sauletekio av. 3, LT-10257 Vilnius, Lithuania
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Geosciences, Institute of Chemistry, Vilnius University, Naugarduko 24, LT-03225 Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Agne Ramanaviciute
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Geosciences, Institute of Chemistry, Vilnius University, Naugarduko 24, LT-03225 Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Simonas Ramanavicius
- Department of Organic Chemistry, State Research Institute Center for Physical Sciences and Technology, Saulėtekio av. 3, LT-10257 Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Maksym Pogorielov
- Biomedical Research Centre, Sumy State University, 2, Kharkivska Str., 40007 Sumy, Ukraine
- Institute of Atomic Physics and Spectroscopy, University of Latvia, 3 Jelgavas St., LV-1004 Riga, Latvia
| | - Arunas Ramanavicius
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Geosciences, Institute of Chemistry, Vilnius University, Naugarduko 24, LT-03225 Vilnius, Lithuania
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Yang H, Ding S, Wang J, Sun S, Swaminathan R, Ng SWL, Pan X, Ho GW. Computational design of ultra-robust strain sensors for soft robot perception and autonomy. Nat Commun 2024; 15:1636. [PMID: 38388467 PMCID: PMC10883982 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-45786-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Compliant strain sensors are crucial for soft robots' perception and autonomy. However, their deformable bodies and dynamic actuation pose challenges in predictive sensor manufacturing and long-term robustness. This necessitates accurate sensor modelling and well-controlled sensor structural changes under strain. Here, we present a computational sensor design featuring a programmed crack array within micro-crumples strategy. By controlling the user-defined structure, the sensing performance becomes highly tunable and can be accurately modelled by physical models. Moreover, they maintain robust responsiveness under various demanding conditions including noise interruptions (50% strain), intermittent cyclic loadings (100,000 cycles), and dynamic frequencies (0-23 Hz), satisfying soft robots of diverse scaling from macro to micro. Finally, machine intelligence is applied to a sensor-integrated origami robot, enabling robotic trajectory prediction (<4% error) and topographical altitude awareness (<10% error). This strategy holds promise for advancing soft robotic capabilities in exploration, rescue operations, and swarming behaviors in complex environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haitao Yang
- Institute of Flexible Electronics (IFE) & Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710072, China
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 4 Engineering Drive 3, Singapore, 117583, Singapore
| | - Shuo Ding
- College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing, 210016, China
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 4 Engineering Drive 3, Singapore, 117583, Singapore
| | - Jiahao Wang
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 4 Engineering Drive 3, Singapore, 117583, Singapore
| | - Shuo Sun
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 9 Engineering Drive 1, Singapore, 117575, Singapore
| | - Ruphan Swaminathan
- Department of Computer Science, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10027, USA
| | - Serene Wen Ling Ng
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 4 Engineering Drive 3, Singapore, 117583, Singapore
| | - Xinglong Pan
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 4 Engineering Drive 3, Singapore, 117583, Singapore
| | - Ghim Wei Ho
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 4 Engineering Drive 3, Singapore, 117583, Singapore.
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An J, Tran VT, Xu H, Ma W, Chen X, Le TD, Du H, Sun G, Kim Y. High-Throughput Manufacturing of Multimodal Epidermal Mechanosensors with Superior Detectability Enabled by a Continuous Microcracking Strategy. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024; 11:e2305777. [PMID: 38032171 PMCID: PMC10811494 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202305777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2023] [Revised: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
Non-invasive human-machine interactions (HMIs) are expected to be promoted by epidermal tactile receptive devices that can accurately perceive human activities. In reality, however, the HMI efficiency is limited by the unsatisfactory perception capability of mechanosensors and the complicated techniques for device fabrication and integration. Herein, a paradigm is presented for high-throughput fabrication of multimodal epidermal mechanosensors based on a sequential "femtosecond laser patterning-elastomer infiltration-physical transfer" process. The resilient mechanosensor features a unique hybrid sensing layer of rigid cellular graphitic flakes (CGF)-soft elastomer. The continuous microcracking of CGF under strain enables a sharp reduction in conductive pathways, while the soft elastomer within the framework sustains mechanical robustness of the structure. As a result, the mechanosensor achieves an ultrahigh sensitivity in a broad strain range (GF of 371.4 in the first linear range of 0-50%, and maximum GF of 8922.6 in the range of 61-70%), a low detection limit (0.01%), and a fast response/recovery behavior (2.6/2.1 ms). The device also exhibits excellent sensing performances to multimodal mechanical stimuli, enabling high-fidelity monitoring of full-range human motions. As proof-of-concept demonstrations, multi-pixel mechanosensor arrays are constructed and implemented in a robot hand controlling system and a security system, providing a platform toward efficient HMIs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianing An
- Institute of Photonics TechnologyJinan UniversityGuangzhou510632P. R. China
| | - Van Thai Tran
- Singapore Centre for 3D PrintingNanyang Technological University50 Nanyang AvenueSingapore639798Singapore
| | - Hai Xu
- College of Materials Science and TechnologyNanjing University of Aeronautics and AstronauticsNanjing211100P. R. China
| | - Wenshuai Ma
- Institute of Photonics TechnologyJinan UniversityGuangzhou510632P. R. China
| | - Xingkuan Chen
- Department of ChemistryJinan UniversityGuangzhou510632P. R. China
| | - Truong‐Son Dinh Le
- Department of Mechanical EngineeringKorea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST)Daejeon34141Republic of Korea
| | - Hejun Du
- Singapore Centre for 3D PrintingNanyang Technological University50 Nanyang AvenueSingapore639798Singapore
| | - Gengzhi Sun
- Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM)Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech)Nanjing211816P. R. China
| | - Young‐Jin Kim
- Department of Mechanical EngineeringKorea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST)Daejeon34141Republic of Korea
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10
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Cui X, Miao C, Lu S, Liu X, Yang Y, Sun J. Strain Sensors Made of MXene, CNTs, and TPU/PSF Asymmetric Structure Films with Large Tensile Recovery and Applied in Human Health Monitoring. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:59655-59670. [PMID: 38085975 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c11328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2023]
Abstract
Designing flexible wearable sensors with a wide sensing range, high sensitivity, and high stability is a vulnerable research direction with a futuristic field to study. In this paper, Ti3C2Tx MXene/carbon nanotube (CNT)/thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU)/polysulfone (PSF) composite films with excellent sensor performance were obtained by self-assembly of conductive fillers in TPU/PSF porous films with an asymmetric structure through vacuum filtration, and the porous films were prepared by the phase inversion method. The composite films consist of the upper part with finger-like "cavities" filled by MXene/CNTs, which reduces the microcracks in the conductive network during the tensile process, and the lower part has smaller apertures of a relatively dense resin cortex assisting the recovery process. The exclusive layer structure of the MXene/CNTs/TPU/PSF film sensor, with a thickness of 46.95 μm, contains 0.0339 mg/cm2 single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) and 0.348 mg/cm2 MXene only, providing functional range (0-80.7%), high sensitivity (up to 1265.18), and excellent stability and durability (stable sensing under 2300 fatigue tests, viable to the initial resistance), endurably cycled under large strains with serious damage to the conductive network. Finally, the MXene/CNTs/TPU/PSF film sensor is usable for monitoring pulse, swallow, tiptoe, and various joint bends in real time and distributing effective electrical signals. This paper implies that the MXene/CNTs/TPU/PSF film sensor has broad prospects in pragmatic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyu Cui
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shenyang University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Shenyang 110136, China
| | - Chengjing Miao
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shenyang University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Shenyang 110136, China
| | - Shaowei Lu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shenyang University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Shenyang 110136, China
| | - Xingmin Liu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shenyang University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Shenyang 110136, China
| | - Yuxuan Yang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shenyang University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Shenyang 110136, China
| | - Jingchao Sun
- School of Science, Shenyang Aerospace University, Shenyang 110136, China
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11
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Shi J, Wang S, Wang H, Gu J. Mechanically Tough and Highly Stretchable Hydrogels Based on Polyurethane for Sensitive Strain Sensor. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:3902. [PMID: 37835950 PMCID: PMC10575362 DOI: 10.3390/polym15193902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2023] [Revised: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Hydrogels with flexible and stretchable properties are ideal for applications in wearable sensors. However, traditional hydrogel-based sensors suffer from high brittleness and low electrical sensitivity. In this case, to solve this dilemma, a macromolecular polyurethane crosslinking agent (PCA) was designed and prepared; after that, PCA and two-dimensional (2D) MXene nanosheets were both introduced into a covalently crosslinked network to enhance the comprehensive mechanical and electrochemical properties of the hydrogels. The macromolecular polyurethane crosslinking agent promotes high-tensile strength and highly stretchable capacity by suitable covalent crosslinking. The optimized hydrogel, which exhibited maximum tensile strength and maximum elongation at break, had results of 1.21 MPa and 644%, respectively. Two-dimensional MXene nanosheets provide hydrogel with high electrical conductivity and strain sensitivity, producing a wearable device for the continuous monitoring of human movements and facial microexpressions. This study demonstrated an efficient structure design strategy for building mechanically tough, highly stretchable, and sensitive dual-mode MXenes-based wearable sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianyang Shi
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China; (J.S.); (H.W.)
- College of Biomass Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China;
| | - Shuang Wang
- College of Biomass Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China;
| | - Haibo Wang
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China; (J.S.); (H.W.)
- College of Biomass Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China;
| | - Jun Gu
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China; (J.S.); (H.W.)
- College of Biomass Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China;
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12
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Abstract
MXenes with their unique electronic, optical, chemical, and mechanical properties have shown great promise in soft robotics. MXene-based soft actuators have been designed to display ultrafast actuations and recovery speeds as well as angle-independent structural colors in response to vapor. Several studies have developed soft actuators by combining MXenes with other materials to mimic the movement of natural organisms. Thus, MXene-based soft actuators have the potential to revolutionize the field of soft robotics and flexible electronics (e.g., wearable devices and artificial muscles). MXene-based artificial muscles have been explored for use in kinetic soft robotics as actuators in microsystems requiring exceptional compliance. MXene-based sensors and actuators have already been developed for human-like sensors and photodetection. However, there are still challenges that need to be addressed in such applications, such as the design of stretchable and compliant robotic skins with a high-level functional integration for soft robotics. The integration of various devices, such as power sources, sensors, and actuators, into soft robotics is another crucial challenge. Despite the excellent stretchability and tensile strength of MXene-based composites, there is a vital need to develop their mechanical and electrochemical features and grant them multi-functionalities. Herein, recent developments pertaining to the applications of MXenes and their composites in soft robotics are discussed with a focus on the important challenges and future perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siavash Iravani
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, 81746-73461, Iran.
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13
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Feng Y, Song J, Han G, Zhou B, Liu C, Shen C. Transparent and Stretchable Electromagnetic Interference Shielding Film with Fence-like Aligned Silver Nanowire Conductive Network. SMALL METHODS 2023:e2201490. [PMID: 37086128 DOI: 10.1002/smtd.202201490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2022] [Revised: 03/09/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Flexible transparent conductive electrodes (TCEs) that can be used as electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding materials have a great potential for use as electronic components in optical window and display applications. However, development of TCEs that display high shielding effectiveness (SE) and good stretchability for flexible electronic device applications has proven challenging. Herein, this study describes a stretchable polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS)/silver nanowire (AgNW) TCE with a fence-like aligned conductive network that is fabricated via pre-stretching method. The fence-like AgNW network endowed the PDMS/AgNW film with excellent optoelectronic properties, i.e., low sheet resistance of 7.68 Ω sq-1 at 73.7% optical transmittance, thus causing an effective EMI SE of 32.2 dB at X-band. More importantly, the fence-like aligned AgNW conductive network reveals a high stability toward tensile deformation, thus gives the PDMS/AgNW film stretch-stable conductivity and EMI shielding property in the strain range of 0-100%. Typically, the film can reserve ≈70% or 80% of its initial EMI SE when stretching at 100% strain or stretching/releasing (50% strain) for 128 cycles, respectively. Additionally, the film exhibits a low-voltage driven and stretchable Joule heating performance. With these overall performances, the PDMS/AgNW film should be well suited for use in flexible and stretchable optical electronic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuezhan Feng
- Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and Mold Ministry of Education, National Engineering Research Center for Advanced Polymer Processing Technology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450002, China
| | - Jianzhou Song
- Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and Mold Ministry of Education, National Engineering Research Center for Advanced Polymer Processing Technology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450002, China
| | - Gaojie Han
- Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and Mold Ministry of Education, National Engineering Research Center for Advanced Polymer Processing Technology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450002, China
| | - Bing Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and Mold Ministry of Education, National Engineering Research Center for Advanced Polymer Processing Technology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450002, China
| | - Chuntai Liu
- Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and Mold Ministry of Education, National Engineering Research Center for Advanced Polymer Processing Technology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450002, China
| | - Changyu Shen
- Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and Mold Ministry of Education, National Engineering Research Center for Advanced Polymer Processing Technology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450002, China
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14
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Mechanical and Sensing Performance under Hydrothermal Ageing of Wearable Sensors Made of Polydimethylsiloxane with Graphitic Nanofillers. Polym Degrad Stab 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2023.110278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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15
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Huang J, Xie G, Wei Q, Su Y, Xu X, Jiang Y. Degradable MXene-Doped Polylactic Acid Textiles for Wearable Biomonitoring. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:5600-5607. [PMID: 36563019 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c18395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Degradable wearable electronics offer a promising route to construct sustainable cities and reduced carbon society. However, the difficult functionalization and the poor stability of degradable sensitive materials dramatically restrict their application in personalized healthcare assessment. Herein, we developed a scalable, low-cost, and porosity degradable MXene-polylactic acid textile (DMPT) for on-body biomonitoring via electrospinning. A combination of polydimethylsiloxane templating and MXene flake impregnation methods endows the fabricated DMPT with a sensitivity of 5.37/kPa, a fast response time of 98 ms, and a good mechanical stability (over 6000 cycles). An efficient degradation of as-electrospun DMPTs was observed in 1 wt % sodium carbonate solution. It is found that the incorporation of MXene nanosheets boosts the hydrophilicity and degradation efficiency of active polylactic acid nanofibrous films in comparison with the pristine counterpart. Furthermore, the as-received DMPT demonstrates great capability in monitoring physiological activities of wrist pulse, knuckle bending, swallowing, and vocalization. This work opens up a new paradigm for developing and optimizing high-performance degradable on-body electronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junlong Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Electronic Thin Films and Integrated Devices, School of Optoelectronic Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, China
| | - Guangzhong Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Electronic Thin Films and Integrated Devices, School of Optoelectronic Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, China
| | - Qikun Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Electronic Thin Films and Integrated Devices, School of Optoelectronic Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, China
| | - Yuanjie Su
- State Key Laboratory of Electronic Thin Films and Integrated Devices, School of Optoelectronic Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, China
| | - Xiangdong Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Electronic Thin Films and Integrated Devices, School of Optoelectronic Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, China
| | - Yadong Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Electronic Thin Films and Integrated Devices, School of Optoelectronic Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, China
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16
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Guo X, Hong W, Zhao Y, Zhu T, Liu L, Li H, Wang Z, Wang D, Mai Z, Zhang T, Yang J, Zhang F, Xia Y, Hong Q, Xu Y, Yan F, Wang M, Xing G. Bioinspired Dual-Mode Stretchable Strain Sensor Based on Magnetic Nanocomposites for Strain/Magnetic Discrimination. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2023; 19:e2205316. [PMID: 36394201 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202205316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Revised: 10/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Recently, flexible stretchable sensors have been gaining attention for their excellent adaptability for electronic skin applications. However, the preparation of stretchable strain sensors that achieve dual-mode sensing while still retaining ultra-low detection limit of strain, high sensitivity, and low cost is a pressing task. Herein, a high-performance dual-mode stretchable strain sensor (DMSSS) based on biomimetic scorpion foot slit microstructures and multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs)/graphene (GR)/silicone rubber (SR)/Fe3 O4 nanocomposites is proposed, which can accurately sense strain and magnetic stimuli. The DMSSS exhibits a large strain detection range (≈160%), sensitivity up to 100.56 (130-160%), an ultra-low detection limit of strain (0.16% strain), and superior durability (9000 cycles of stretch/release). The sensor can accurately recognize sign language movement, as well as realize object proximity information perception and whole process information monitoring. Furthermore, human joint movements and micro-expressions can be monitored in real-time. Therefore, the DMSSS of this work opens up promising prospects for applications in sign language pose recognition, non-contact sensing, human-computer interaction, and electronic skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohui Guo
- Key Laboratory of Intelligent Computing and Signal Processing of Ministry of Education, School of Integrated Circuits, Anhui University, Hefei, 230601, China
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Target Recognition and Feature Extraction, Lu'an, 237010, China
| | - Weiqiang Hong
- Key Laboratory of Intelligent Computing and Signal Processing of Ministry of Education, School of Integrated Circuits, Anhui University, Hefei, 230601, China
| | - Yunong Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Intelligent Computing and Signal Processing of Ministry of Education, School of Integrated Circuits, Anhui University, Hefei, 230601, China
- School of Optical and Electronic Information, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Tong Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Intelligent Computing and Signal Processing of Ministry of Education, School of Integrated Circuits, Anhui University, Hefei, 230601, China
| | - Long Liu
- Key Laboratory of Microelectronic Devices & Integrated Technology, Institute of Microelectronics, University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Hongjin Li
- Key Laboratory of Intelligent Computing and Signal Processing of Ministry of Education, School of Integrated Circuits, Anhui University, Hefei, 230601, China
| | - Ziwei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Microelectronic Devices & Integrated Technology, Institute of Microelectronics, University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Dandan Wang
- Hubei JiuFengShan Laboratory, Future Science and Technology City, Wuhan, Hubei, 420000, China
| | - Zhihong Mai
- Hubei JiuFengShan Laboratory, Future Science and Technology City, Wuhan, Hubei, 420000, China
| | - Tianxu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Intelligent Computing and Signal Processing of Ministry of Education, School of Integrated Circuits, Anhui University, Hefei, 230601, China
| | - Jinyang Yang
- Key Laboratory of Intelligent Computing and Signal Processing of Ministry of Education, School of Integrated Circuits, Anhui University, Hefei, 230601, China
| | - Fengzhe Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Intelligent Computing and Signal Processing of Ministry of Education, School of Integrated Circuits, Anhui University, Hefei, 230601, China
| | - Yun Xia
- Bengbu Zhengyuan Electronics Technology Co., Ltd, Bengbu, 233000, China
| | - Qi Hong
- Key Laboratory of Intelligent Computing and Signal Processing of Ministry of Education, School of Integrated Circuits, Anhui University, Hefei, 230601, China
| | - Yaohua Xu
- Key Laboratory of Intelligent Computing and Signal Processing of Ministry of Education, School of Integrated Circuits, Anhui University, Hefei, 230601, China
| | - Feng Yan
- Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL, 35487, USA
| | - Ming Wang
- Frontier Institute of Chip and System, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Guozhong Xing
- Key Laboratory of Microelectronic Devices & Integrated Technology, Institute of Microelectronics, University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100029, China
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17
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An angle-compensating colorimetric strain sensor with wide working range and its fabrication method. Sci Rep 2022; 12:21926. [PMID: 36536055 PMCID: PMC9763495 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-26272-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The visual response is one of the most intuitive principles of sensors. Therefore, emission and change of the colors are widely studied for development of chemical, thermal and mechanical sensors. And it is still a challenging issue to fabricate them with a simple working mechanism, high sensitivity, good reliability, and a cost-effective fabrication process. In this study, we propose a mechanical strain sensor, which has 2D photonic crystal structures in nanoscale on stretchable polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) substrate. Due to the periodic nanostructures, the surface of the sensor produces structural colors. And when it is stretched, the periodicity of the nanostructures changes, which results in the shift of the colors. Multiple nanostructures with different periodicities are integrated on the sensor in order to extend the working range up to 150% with high sensitivity. In addition, reusable and robust molds, which are fabricated by self-assembly of nanoparticles, are used for multiple replications of sensor substrates. Thus, the fabrication process of this study is believed to be potential for possible industrial manufacturing. This study is expected to contribute to strain sensors in the future for the applications of health care, infrastructure monitoring, soft robotics, and wearable devices.
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18
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Dong H, Yang H, Ding S, Li T, Yu H. Bioinspired Amphibious Origami Robot with Body Sensing for Multimodal Locomotion. Soft Robot 2022; 9:1198-1209. [PMID: 35671518 DOI: 10.1089/soro.2021.0118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Animals have long captured the inspirations of researchers in robotics with their unrivaled capabilities of multimodal locomotion on land and in water, achieved by functionally versatile limbs. Conventional soft robots show infinite degrees-of-freedom (DOFs), making it hard to be actuated and conduct multiple movements especially for multimodal locomotion in different environments. An origami robot, which is capable of reversibly transforming the robotic shape by simple creases folding/unfolding, reveals advantages for imitating flexible movements of animals, thus drawing more and more attention. However, it poses substantial technological challenges for bioinspired design, sensing, and actuation of origami robots that can generate multimodal locomotion through performing complex morphologic deformation in different scenarios such as land and water. To relieve this issue, we propose a novel bioinspired amphibious origami machine with body sensing for multimodal locomotion. In this work, inspired by the peristalsis of inchworm and human swimming behaviors, a unique origami body with legs and origami arms is developed to enable the integrated robot to move both on land and in water. Instead of traditional electronic sensors, we design highly stretchable and foldable layer resistive sensor with conductive polymers coated onto the origami body to achieve robotic sensing such as obstacle detection. In addition, with detailed analysis, a self-designed pneumatic system of time division, multiplexing, and serialization is adopted to efficiently control the robot with high DOF. We eventually demonstrate that the fabricated origami robot successfully moves in amphibious environments, which is capable of crawling forward, turning right/left, and swimming. We expect that this work indicates contributions to advanced origami design, actuation control, and body sensor of the bioinspired robot with multimodal locomotion for broadly practical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huixu Dong
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Haitao Yang
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Shuo Ding
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Tong Li
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Haoyong Yu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore
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19
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Chen T, Liu Z, Zhao G, Qin Z, Zheng P, Aladejana JT, Tang Z, Weng M, Peng X, Chang J. Piezoresistive Sensor Containing Lamellar MXene-Plant Fiber Sponge Obtained with Aqueous MXene Ink. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:51361-51372. [PMID: 36336918 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c15922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Sustainable biomass materials are promising for low-cost wearable piezoresistive pressure sensors, but these devices are still produced with time-consuming manufacturing processes and normally display low sensitivity and poor mechanical stability at low-pressure regimes. Here, an aqueous MXene ink obtained by simply ball-milling is developed as a conductive modifier to fabricate the multiresponsive bidirectional bending actuator and compressible MXene-plant fiber sponge (MX-PFS) for durable and wearable pressure sensors. The MX-PFS is fabricated by physically foaming MXene ink and plant fibers. It possesses a lamellar porous structure composed of one-dimensional (1D) MXene-coated plant fibers and two-dimensional (2D) MXene nanosheets, which significantly improves the compression capacity and elasticity. Consequently, the encapsulated piezoresistive sensor (PRS) exhibits large compressible strain (60%), excellent mechanical durability (10 000 cycles), low detection limit (20 Pa), high sensitivity (435.06 kPa-1), and rapid response time (40 ms) for practical wearable applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingjie Chen
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials and Products of Universities in Fujian, Fujian University of Technology, Fuzhou 350002, Fujian, China
- College of Material Science and Engineering, National Forestry and Grassland Administration Key Laboratory of Plant Fiber Functional Materials, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, Fujian, China
| | - Zhiyong Liu
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials and Products of Universities in Fujian, Fujian University of Technology, Fuzhou 350002, Fujian, China
| | - Gang Zhao
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials and Products of Universities in Fujian, Fujian University of Technology, Fuzhou 350002, Fujian, China
| | - Zipeng Qin
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials and Products of Universities in Fujian, Fujian University of Technology, Fuzhou 350002, Fujian, China
| | - Peitao Zheng
- Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - John Tosin Aladejana
- College of Material Science and Engineering, National Forestry and Grassland Administration Key Laboratory of Plant Fiber Functional Materials, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, Fujian, China
| | - Zhendong Tang
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials and Products of Universities in Fujian, Fujian University of Technology, Fuzhou 350002, Fujian, China
| | - Mingcen Weng
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials and Products of Universities in Fujian, Fujian University of Technology, Fuzhou 350002, Fujian, China
| | - Xiangfang Peng
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials and Products of Universities in Fujian, Fujian University of Technology, Fuzhou 350002, Fujian, China
| | - Jian Chang
- Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
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20
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Wang L, Choi J. Highly stretchable strain sensors with improved sensitivity enabled by a hybrid of carbon nanotube and graphene. MICRO AND NANO SYSTEMS LETTERS 2022. [DOI: 10.1186/s40486-022-00160-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
AbstractThe development of high-performance strain sensors has attracted significant attention in the field of smart wearable devices. However, stretchable strain sensors usually suffer from a trade-off between sensitivity and sensing range. In this study, we investigate a highly sensitive and stretchable piezoresistive strain sensor composed of a hybrid film of 1D multi-walled carbon nanotube (MWCNT) and 2D graphene that forms a percolation network on Ecoflex substrate by spray coating. The mass of spray-coated MWCNT and graphene and their mass ratio are modulated to overcome the trade-off between strain sensitivity and sensing range. We experimentally found that a stable percolation network is formed by 0.18 mg of MWCNTs (coating area of 200 mm2), with a maximum gauge factor (GF) of 1,935.6 and stretchability of 814.2%. By incorporating the 0.36 mg of graphene into the MWCNT film (i.e., a mass ratio of 1:2 between MWCNT and graphene), the GF is further improved to 12,144.7 in a strain range of 650–700%. This high GF is caused by the easy separation of the graphene network under the applied strain due to its two-dimensional (2D) shape. High stretchability originates from the high aspect ratio of MWCNTs that bridges the randomly distributed graphenes, maintaining a conductive network even under sizeable tensile strain. Furthermore, a small difference in work function between MWCNT and graphene and their stable percolation network enables sensitive UV light detection even under a significant strain of 300% that cannot be achieved by sensors composed of MWCNT- or graphene-only. The hybrids of MWCNT and graphene provide an opportunity to achieve high-performance stretchable devices.
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Zhang H, Zhang D, Zhang B, Wang D, Tang M. Wearable Pressure Sensor Array with Layer-by-Layer Assembled MXene Nanosheets/Ag Nanoflowers for Motion Monitoring and Human-Machine Interfaces. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:48907-48916. [PMID: 36281989 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c14863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Recently, wearable sensors and electronic skin systems have become prevalent, which can be employed to detect the movement status and physiological signals of wearers. Here, a pressure sensor composed of mesh-like micro-convex structure polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS), MXene nanosheet/Ag nanoflower (AgNF) films, and flexible interdigital electrodes was designed by layer-by-layer (LBL) assembly. The unique microstructure of PDMS effectively increases the contact area and improves sensitivity. Moreover, AgNFs were introduced into the MXene as a "bridge," and the synergistic effect of the two further enhanced the performance of the sensor. The pressure sensor has high sensitivity (191.3 kPa-1), good stability (18,000 cycles), fast response/recovery time (80 ms/90 ms), and low detection limit (8 Pa), so it can be used for all-round monitoring of the human body. Sensing arrays were integrated with a wireless transmitter as an intelligent artificial electronic skin for spatial pressure mapping and human-computer interaction sensing. Moreover, we develop a smart glove by a simple method, combining it with a 3D model for wireless accurate detection of hand poses. This provides ideas for hand somatosensory detection technology, leading to health monitoring, intelligent rehabilitation training, and personalized medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Zhang
- College of Control Science and Engineering, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao 266580, China
| | - Dongzhi Zhang
- College of Control Science and Engineering, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao 266580, China
| | - Bao Zhang
- College of Control Science and Engineering, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao 266580, China
| | - Dongyue Wang
- College of Control Science and Engineering, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao 266580, China
| | - Mingcong Tang
- College of Control Science and Engineering, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao 266580, China
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22
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Lee G, Zarei M, Wei Q, Zhu Y, Lee SG. Surface Wrinkling for Flexible and Stretchable Sensors. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2022; 18:e2203491. [PMID: 36047645 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202203491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2022] [Revised: 08/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Recent advances in nanolithography, miniaturization, and material science, along with developments in wearable electronics, are pushing the frontiers of sensor technology into the large-scale fabrication of highly sensitive, flexible, stretchable, and multimodal detection systems. Various strategies, including surface engineering, have been developed to control the electrical and mechanical characteristics of sensors. In particular, surface wrinkling provides an effective alternative for improving both the sensing performance and mechanical deformability of flexible and stretchable sensors by releasing interfacial stress, preventing electrical failure, and enlarging surface areas. In this study, recent developments in the fabrication strategies of wrinkling structures for sensor applications are discussed. The fundamental mechanics, geometry control strategies, and various fabricating methods for wrinkling patterns are summarized. Furthermore, the current state of wrinkling approaches and their impacts on the development of various types of sensors, including strain, pressure, temperature, chemical, photodetectors, and multimodal sensors, are reviewed. Finally, existing wrinkling approaches, designs, and sensing strategies are extrapolated into future applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giwon Lee
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA
| | - Mohammad Zarei
- Department of Chemistry, University of Ulsan, Ulsan, 44776, South Korea
| | - Qingshan Wei
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA
| | - Yong Zhu
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA
| | - Seung Goo Lee
- Department of Chemistry, University of Ulsan, Ulsan, 44776, South Korea
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23
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Tang J, Wu Y, Ma S, Yan T, Pan Z. Sensing mechanism of a flexible strain sensor developed directly using electrospun composite nanofiber yarn with ternary carbon nanomaterials. iScience 2022; 25:105162. [PMID: 36212024 PMCID: PMC9535124 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.105162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2022] [Revised: 08/21/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, various strain-sensing yarns have been developed without ideal stitchability. Herein, we used spherical carbon black particles (CBs), linear carbon nanotubes (CNTs), and lamellar graphene flakes (GRs) as conductive nanofillers to construct multi-element conductive networks inside a thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) matrix. First, a highly stretchable and conductive multidimensional carbon-based nanomaterial/TPU composite nanofiber yarn was fabricated using electrospinning, which could be used as a flexible strain sensor without post-processing. Accordingly, the effects of nanomaterials’ dimensionality and synergy on yarns’ conductivity, mechanical properties, and strain sensing performances were explored. The yarn containing multiple networks formed by CB/CNT/GR ternary hybrid networks, CNT and GR auxiliary networks exhibited the best performances. Subsequently, the structural evolution of the ternary conductive network under stretching was revealed to further analyze the sensing mechanism. Finally, the yarn endowed a medicated plaster with an intelligent function to detect motions in the rehabilitation of joint pain by simple sewing. An anti-interference and washable strain-sensing composite nanofiber yarn Synergy of carbon black particles, carbon nanotubes, and graphene flakes Strain-sensing mechanism of ternary conductive networks are revealed A smart medicated plaster can detect motions in the rehabilitation of joint pain
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Tang
- College of Textile and Clothing Engineering, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Yuting Wu
- College of Textile and Clothing Engineering, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Shidong Ma
- College of Textile and Clothing Engineering, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Tao Yan
- College of Textile and Clothing Engineering, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
- National Engineering Laboratory for Modern Silk, Suzhou 215123, China
- Corresponding author
| | - Zhijuan Pan
- College of Textile and Clothing Engineering, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
- National Engineering Laboratory for Modern Silk, Suzhou 215123, China
- Corresponding author
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24
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Topographic design in wearable MXene sensors with in-sensor machine learning for full-body avatar reconstruction. Nat Commun 2022; 13:5311. [PMID: 36085341 PMCID: PMC9461448 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-33021-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Wearable strain sensors that detect joint/muscle strain changes become prevalent at human–machine interfaces for full-body motion monitoring. However, most wearable devices cannot offer customizable opportunities to match the sensor characteristics with specific deformation ranges of joints/muscles, resulting in suboptimal performance. Adequate wearable strain sensor design is highly required to achieve user-designated working windows without sacrificing high sensitivity, accompanied with real-time data processing. Herein, wearable Ti3C2Tx MXene sensor modules are fabricated with in-sensor machine learning (ML) models, either functioning via wireless streaming or edge computing, for full-body motion classifications and avatar reconstruction. Through topographic design on piezoresistive nanolayers, the wearable strain sensor modules exhibited ultrahigh sensitivities within the working windows that meet all joint deformation ranges. By integrating the wearable sensors with a ML chip, an edge sensor module is fabricated, enabling in-sensor reconstruction of high-precision avatar animations that mimic continuous full-body motions with an average avatar determination error of 3.5 cm, without additional computing devices. Wearable sensors with edge computing are desired for human motion monitoring. Here, the authors demonstrate a topographic design for wearable MXene sensor modules with wireless streaming or in-sensor computing models for avatar reconstruction.
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25
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Ultrasonic-Assisted Deposition Method for Creating Conductive Wrinkles on PDMS Surfaces. COATINGS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/coatings12070955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Harnessing surface wrinkle surfaces in various functional devices has been a hot topic. However, rapidly creating wrinkled surfaces on elastomers of arbitrary shape (especially curved surfaces) is still a great challenge. In this work, an ultrasonic-assisted deposition method has been proposed to achieve nanomodification of the robust layer (e.g., carbon nanotubes (CNTs)) with a labyrinth wrinkle pattern on polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) fiber, sheet, and porous sponge. It is found that the swelling effect of the dispersion and the ultrasonic treatment play vital roles in the surface wrinkling. As a demonstration, the conductive wrinkled CNTs@PDMS fibers were assembled as stretchable strain sensors. The initial conductivity and the strain-sensing performances could be well tuned by simply adjusting the ultrasonic treatment time. The wrinkled CNTs@PDMS fiber strain sensor exhibited remarkable stretchability (ca. 300%) and good sensitivity, which can be applied in various human motion detection, voice recognition, and air-flow monitoring. It is also expected that the facile ultrasonic-assisted deposition method for surface wrinkling can be extended to fabricate various smart devices with promoted performances.
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26
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Lu J, Hu S, Li W, Wang X, Mo X, Gong X, Liu H, Luo W, Dong W, Sima C, Wang Y, Yang G, Luo JT, Jiang S, Shi Z, Zhang G. A Biodegradable and Recyclable Piezoelectric Sensor Based on a Molecular Ferroelectric Embedded in a Bacterial Cellulose Hydrogel. ACS NANO 2022; 16:3744-3755. [PMID: 35234032 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.1c07614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Currently, various electronic devices make our life more and more safe, healthy, and comfortable, but at the same time, they produce a large amount of nondegradable and nonrecyclable electronic waste that threatens our environment. In this work, we explore an environmentally friendly and flexible mechanical sensor that is biodegradable and recyclable. The sensor consists of a bacterial cellulose (BC) hydrogel as the matrix and imidazolium perchlorate (ImClO4) molecular ferroelectric as the functional element, the hybrid of which possesses a high sensitivity of 4 mV kPa-1 and a wide operational range from 0.2 to 31.25 kPa, outperforming those of most devices based on conventional functional biomaterials. Moreover, the BC hydrogel can be fully degraded into glucose and oligosaccharides, while ImClO4 can be recyclable and reused for the same devices, leaving no environmentally hazardous electronic waste.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junling Lu
- School of Optical and Electronic Information, Engineering Research Center for Functional Ceramics MOE and Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Sanming Hu
- College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Wenru Li
- School of Optical and Electronic Information, Engineering Research Center for Functional Ceramics MOE and Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Xuefang Wang
- School of Optical and Electronic Information, Engineering Research Center for Functional Ceramics MOE and Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Xiwei Mo
- School of Optical and Electronic Information, Engineering Research Center for Functional Ceramics MOE and Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Xuetian Gong
- School of Optical and Electronic Information, Engineering Research Center for Functional Ceramics MOE and Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Huan Liu
- School of Optical and Electronic Information, Engineering Research Center for Functional Ceramics MOE and Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Wei Luo
- School of Optical and Electronic Information, Engineering Research Center for Functional Ceramics MOE and Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Wen Dong
- School of Optical and Electronic Information, Engineering Research Center for Functional Ceramics MOE and Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Chaotan Sima
- School of Optical and Electronic Information, Engineering Research Center for Functional Ceramics MOE and Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Yaojin Wang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
| | - Guang Yang
- College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Jing-Ting Luo
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Education Ministry and Guangdong Province, College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Shenglin Jiang
- School of Optical and Electronic Information, Engineering Research Center for Functional Ceramics MOE and Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Zhijun Shi
- College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Guangzu Zhang
- School of Optical and Electronic Information, Engineering Research Center for Functional Ceramics MOE and Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
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27
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Wen L, Nie M, Chen P, Zhao YN, Shen J, Wang C, Xiong Y, Yin K, Sun L. Wearable multimode sensor with a seamless integrated structure for recognition of different joint motion states with the assistance of a deep learning algorithm. MICROSYSTEMS & NANOENGINEERING 2022; 8:24. [PMID: 35251689 PMCID: PMC8854609 DOI: 10.1038/s41378-022-00358-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2021] [Revised: 12/02/2021] [Accepted: 01/13/2022] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Accurate motion feature extraction and recognition provide critical information for many scientific problems. Herein, a new paradigm for a wearable seamless multimode sensor with the ability to decouple pressure and strain stimuli and recognize the different joint motion states is reported. This wearable sensor is integrated into a unique seamless structure consisting of two main parts (a resistive component and a capacitive component) to decouple the different stimuli by an independent resistance-capacitance sensing mechanism. The sensor exhibits both high strain sensitivity (GF = 7.62, 0-140% strain) under the resistance mechanism and high linear pressure sensitivity (S = 3.4 kPa-1, 0-14 kPa) under the capacitive mechanism. The sensor can differentiate the motion characteristics of the positions and states of different joints with precise recognition (97.13%) with the assistance of machine learning algorithms. The unique integrated seamless structure is achieved by developing a layer-by-layer casting process that is suitable for large-scale manufacturing. The proposed wearable seamless multimode sensor and the convenient process are expected to contribute significantly to developing essential components in various emerging research fields, including soft robotics, electronic skin, health care, and innovative sports systems applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Wen
- SEU-FEI Nano-Pico Center, Key Laboratory of MEMS of Ministry of Education, School of Electronic Science & Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096 P. R. China
| | - Meng Nie
- SEU-FEI Nano-Pico Center, Key Laboratory of MEMS of Ministry of Education, School of Electronic Science & Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096 P. R. China
| | - Pengfan Chen
- SEU-FEI Nano-Pico Center, Key Laboratory of MEMS of Ministry of Education, School of Electronic Science & Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096 P. R. China
| | - Yu-na Zhao
- SEU-FEI Nano-Pico Center, Key Laboratory of MEMS of Ministry of Education, School of Electronic Science & Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096 P. R. China
| | - Jingcheng Shen
- SEU-FEI Nano-Pico Center, Key Laboratory of MEMS of Ministry of Education, School of Electronic Science & Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096 P. R. China
| | - Chongqing Wang
- SEU-FEI Nano-Pico Center, Key Laboratory of MEMS of Ministry of Education, School of Electronic Science & Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096 P. R. China
| | - Yuwei Xiong
- SEU-FEI Nano-Pico Center, Key Laboratory of MEMS of Ministry of Education, School of Electronic Science & Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096 P. R. China
| | - Kuibo Yin
- SEU-FEI Nano-Pico Center, Key Laboratory of MEMS of Ministry of Education, School of Electronic Science & Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096 P. R. China
| | - Litao Sun
- SEU-FEI Nano-Pico Center, Key Laboratory of MEMS of Ministry of Education, School of Electronic Science & Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096 P. R. China
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28
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Li T, Chen T, Shen X, Shi HH, Jabari E, Naguib HE. A binder jet 3D printed MXene composite for strain sensing and energy storage application. NANOSCALE ADVANCES 2022; 4:916-925. [PMID: 36131835 PMCID: PMC9419545 DOI: 10.1039/d1na00698c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Polymer composite materials have been proven to have numerous electrical related applications ranging from energy storage to sensing, and 3D printing is a promising technique to fabricate such materials with a high degree of freedom and low lead up time. Compared to the existing 3D printing technique for polymer materials, binder jet (BJ) printing offers unique advantages such as a fast production rate, room temperature printing of large volume objects, and the ability to print complex geometries without additional support materials. However, there is a serious lack of research in BJ printing of polymer materials. In this work we introduce a strategy to print poly(vinyl alcohol) composites with MXene-surfactant ink. By ejecting highly conductive MXene particles onto a PVOH matrix, the resulting sample achieved conductive behaviour in the order of mS m-1 with demonstrated potential for strain sensing and energy storage. This work demonstrates that BJ printing has the potential to directly fabricate polymer composite materials with different end applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terek Li
- Faculty of Applied Science and Engineering, University of Toronto Toronto Ontario Canada M5S 3G8
| | - Tianhao Chen
- Faculty of Applied Science and Engineering, University of Toronto Toronto Ontario Canada M5S 3G8
| | - Xuechen Shen
- Faculty of Applied Science and Engineering, University of Toronto Toronto Ontario Canada M5S 3G8
| | - HaoTian Harvey Shi
- Faculty of Applied Science and Engineering, University of Toronto Toronto Ontario Canada M5S 3G8
| | - Elahe Jabari
- Faculty of Applied Science and Engineering, University of Toronto Toronto Ontario Canada M5S 3G8
| | - Hani E Naguib
- Faculty of Applied Science and Engineering, University of Toronto Toronto Ontario Canada M5S 3G8
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29
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Carvalho AF, Kulyk B, Fernandes AJS, Fortunato E, Costa FM. A Review on the Applications of Graphene in Mechanical Transduction. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2022; 34:e2101326. [PMID: 34288155 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202101326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2021] [Revised: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
A pressing need to develop low-cost, environmentally friendly, and sensitive sensors has arisen with the advent of the always-connected paradigm of the internet-of-things (IoT). In particular, mechanical sensors have been widely studied in recent years for applications ranging from health monitoring, through mechanical biosignals, to structure integrity analysis. On the other hand, innovative ways to implement mechanical actuation have also been the focus of intense research in an attempt to close the circle of human-machine interaction, and move toward applications in flexible electronics. Due to its potential scalability, disposability, and outstanding properties, graphene has been thoroughly studied in the field of mechanical transduction. The applications of graphene in mechanical transduction are reviewed here. An overview of sensor and actuator applications is provided, covering different transduction mechanisms such as piezoresistivity, capacitive sensing, optically interrogated displacement, piezoelectricity, triboelectricity, electrostatic actuation, chemomechanical and thermomechanical actuation, as well as thermoacoustic emission. A critical review of the main approaches is presented within the scope of a wider discussion on the future of this so-called wonder material in the field of mechanical transduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre F Carvalho
- I3N-Aveiro, Department of Physics, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, 3810-193, Portugal
| | - Bohdan Kulyk
- I3N-Aveiro, Department of Physics, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, 3810-193, Portugal
| | | | - Elvira Fortunato
- I3N/CENIMAT, Materials Science Department, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa and CEMOP/UNINOVA, Caparica, 2829-516, Portugal
| | - Florinda M Costa
- I3N-Aveiro, Department of Physics, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, 3810-193, Portugal
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30
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Automatic strain sensor design via active learning and data augmentation for soft machines. NAT MACH INTELL 2022. [DOI: 10.1038/s42256-021-00434-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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31
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Tiboni M, Borboni A, Vérité F, Bregoli C, Amici C. Sensors and Actuation Technologies in Exoskeletons: A Review. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 22:884. [PMID: 35161629 PMCID: PMC8839165 DOI: 10.3390/s22030884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Revised: 01/16/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Exoskeletons are robots that closely interact with humans and that are increasingly used for different purposes, such as rehabilitation, assistance in the activities of daily living (ADLs), performance augmentation or as haptic devices. In the last few decades, the research activity on these robots has grown exponentially, and sensors and actuation technologies are two fundamental research themes for their development. In this review, an in-depth study of the works related to exoskeletons and specifically to these two main aspects is carried out. A preliminary phase investigates the temporal distribution of scientific publications to capture the interest in studying and developing novel ideas, methods or solutions for exoskeleton design, actuation and sensors. The distribution of the works is also analyzed with respect to the device purpose, body part to which the device is dedicated, operation mode and design methods. Subsequently, actuation and sensing solutions for the exoskeletons described by the studies in literature are analyzed in detail, highlighting the main trends in their development and spread. The results are presented with a schematic approach, and cross analyses among taxonomies are also proposed to emphasize emerging peculiarities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Tiboni
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Brescia, Via Branze, 38, 25123 Brescia, Italy; (M.T.); (C.A.)
| | - Alberto Borboni
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Brescia, Via Branze, 38, 25123 Brescia, Italy; (M.T.); (C.A.)
| | - Fabien Vérité
- Agathe Group INSERM U 1150, UMR 7222 CNRS, ISIR (Institute of Intelligent Systems and Robotics), Sorbonne Université, 75005 Paris, France;
| | - Chiara Bregoli
- Institute of Condensed Matter Chemistry and Technologies for Energy (ICMATE), National Research Council (CNR), Via Previati 1/E, 23900 Lecco, Italy;
| | - Cinzia Amici
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Brescia, Via Branze, 38, 25123 Brescia, Italy; (M.T.); (C.A.)
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32
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Madhavan R. Network crack-based high performance stretchable strain sensors for human activity and healthcare monitoring. NEW J CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2nj03297j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
In this study, high performance wearable and stretchable strain sensors are developed for human activity and healthcare monitoring, and wearable electronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- R. Madhavan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru 560012, Karnataka, India
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33
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Niu S, Chang X, Zhu Z, Qin Z, Li J, Jiang Y, Wang D, Yang C, Gao Y, Sun S. Low-Temperature Wearable Strain Sensor Based on a Silver Nanowires/Graphene Composite with a Near-Zero Temperature Coefficient of Resistance. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:55307-55318. [PMID: 34762410 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c14671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Currently, the exploration of wearable strain sensors that can work under subzero temperatures while simultaneously possessing anti-interference capability toward temperature is still a grand challenge. Herein, we present a low-temperature wearable strain sensor that is constructed via the incorporation of a Ag nanowires/graphene (Ag NWs/G) composite into the polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) polymer. The Ag NWs/G/PDMS strain sensor exhibits promising flexibility at a very low temperature (-40 °C), outstanding fatigue resistance with low hysteresis energy, and near-zero temperature coefficient of resistance (TCR). The Ag NWs/G/PDMS strain sensor shows excellent sensing performance under subzero temperatures with a very high gauge factor of 9156 under a strain of >36%, accompanied by a noninterference characteristic to temperature (-40 to 20 °C). The Ag NWs/G/PDMS strain sensor also demonstrates the feasibility of monitoring various human movements such as finger bending, arm waving, wrist rotation, and knee bending under both room temperature and low-temperature conditions. This work initiates a new promising strategy to construct next-generation wearable strain sensors that can work stably and effectively under very low temperatures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shicong Niu
- Institute of Marine Materials Science and Engineering, College of Ocean Science and Engineering, Shanghai Maritime University, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Xueting Chang
- Institute of Marine Materials Science and Engineering, College of Ocean Science and Engineering, Shanghai Maritime University, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Zhihao Zhu
- College of Logistics Engineering, Shanghai Maritime University, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Zhiwei Qin
- College of Logistics Engineering, Shanghai Maritime University, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Junfeng Li
- College of Logistics Engineering, Shanghai Maritime University, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Yingchang Jiang
- Institute of Marine Materials Science and Engineering, College of Ocean Science and Engineering, Shanghai Maritime University, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Dongsheng Wang
- Institute of Marine Materials Science and Engineering, College of Ocean Science and Engineering, Shanghai Maritime University, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Chuanxiao Yang
- College of Logistics Engineering, Shanghai Maritime University, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Yang Gao
- School of Mechanical and Power Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Shibin Sun
- College of Logistics Engineering, Shanghai Maritime University, Shanghai 201306, China
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Li Y, Chen Y, Yang Y, Gu JD, Ke K, Yin B, Yang MB. Aligned wave-like elastomer fibers with robust conductive layers via electroless deposition for stretchable electrode applications. J Mater Chem B 2021; 9:8801-8808. [PMID: 34633022 DOI: 10.1039/d1tb01441b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Flexible wearable electronics play an important role in the healthcare industry due to their unique skin affinity, portability and breathability. Despite great progress, it still remains a big challenge to facilely fabricate stretchable electrodes with low resistance, excellent stability and a wide tensile range. Here, we propose a handy and time-saving strategy for the fabrication of elastomeric films consisting of wave-like fibers with a robust conductive layer of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) immobilized using polydopamine (PDA) and silicone rubber (SR). To realize better stretchability, electrospun thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) mats with oriented nanofibers were treated via ethanol to achieve a wavy structure, which also allowed for the decoration of AgNP precursors on the TPU surface via PDA assisted electroless deposition (ELD). Therefore, the electrodes achieved a stretchability of 120% with high electrical conductivity (486 S cm-1). The films with a reduction time of 30 min showed superior electrical conductivity indicated by a resistance increase of only 100% within 50% strain. The TPU/PDA/AgNP/SR composites with a shorter reduction time of silver precursors could monitor human motions as wearable strain sensors with a wide work strain range (0-98%) and a high sensitivity (with a gauge factor (GF) of up to 81.76) for a strain of 80-98%. Therefore, they are an excellent candidate for potential application in prospective stretchable electronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Li
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Chengdu, 610065, Sichuan, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yi Chen
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Chengdu, 610065, Sichuan, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yi Yang
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Chengdu, 610065, Sichuan, People's Republic of China.
| | - Jun-Di Gu
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Chengdu, 610065, Sichuan, People's Republic of China.
| | - Kai Ke
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Chengdu, 610065, Sichuan, People's Republic of China.
| | - Bo Yin
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Chengdu, 610065, Sichuan, People's Republic of China.
| | - Ming-Bo Yang
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Chengdu, 610065, Sichuan, People's Republic of China.
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Lei D, Zhang H, Liu N, Zhang Q, Su T, Wang L, Ren Z, Zhang Z, Su J, Gao Y. Tensible and flexible high-sensitive spandex fiber strain sensor enhanced by carbon nanotubes/Ag nanoparticles. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2021; 32:505509. [PMID: 34547730 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/ac28d8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Although the wearable strain sensors have received extensive research interest in recent years, it remains a huge challenge conforming the requirements in both of ultrahigh stretchability and high strain coefficient (gauge factor). Herein, a stretchable and flexible spandex fiber strain sensor coupled with carbon nanotubes (CNTs)/Ag nanoparticles (Ag NPs) that assembled through an efficient and large-scale layer-by layer self-assembly is presented. To ensure CNTs and Ag NPs can attach well to the spandex fiber without falling off, achieving high sensitivity under large tensile, sodium dodecyl benzene sulfonate, polyvinyl alcohol, and polystyrene sulfonic acid are introduced to improve the adhesion via the molecular entanglement and other interactions between them. Consequently, the strain sensor exhibits remarkable performance, such as an ultrahigh gauge factor of 58.5 in the low-strain range from 0% to 20%, a wide strain range (0%-200%), a fast response time of 42 ms and good working stability (>5000 stretching-releasing cycles). Subsequently, detailed mechanism of the sensor and its use in full range of human motion monitoring are further studied. It is worth noting that with the distinctive mechanism and structure, the special spandex fiber sensor is able to monitor minimum strain as low as 0.053%, showing tremendous prospect for the field of smart fabrics and wearable health care devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dandan Lei
- School of Physics & Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics (WNLO), Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), 1037 Luoyu Road, Wuhan 430074, People's Republic of China
| | - Hui Zhang
- School of Physics & Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics (WNLO), Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), 1037 Luoyu Road, Wuhan 430074, People's Republic of China
| | - Nishuang Liu
- School of Physics & Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics (WNLO), Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), 1037 Luoyu Road, Wuhan 430074, People's Republic of China
| | - Qixiang Zhang
- School of Physics & Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics (WNLO), Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), 1037 Luoyu Road, Wuhan 430074, People's Republic of China
| | - Tuoyi Su
- School of Physics & Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics (WNLO), Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), 1037 Luoyu Road, Wuhan 430074, People's Republic of China
| | - Luoxin Wang
- School of Physics & Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics (WNLO), Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), 1037 Luoyu Road, Wuhan 430074, People's Republic of China
| | - Ziqi Ren
- School of Physics & Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics (WNLO), Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), 1037 Luoyu Road, Wuhan 430074, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhi Zhang
- School of Physics & Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics (WNLO), Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), 1037 Luoyu Road, Wuhan 430074, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun Su
- School of Physics & Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics (WNLO), Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), 1037 Luoyu Road, Wuhan 430074, People's Republic of China
| | - Yihua Gao
- School of Physics & Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics (WNLO), Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), 1037 Luoyu Road, Wuhan 430074, People's Republic of China
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Lee HJ, Baik S, Hwang GW, Song JH, Kim DW, Park BY, Min H, Kim JK, Koh JS, Yang TH, Pang C. An Electronically Perceptive Bioinspired Soft Wet-Adhesion Actuator with Carbon Nanotube-Based Strain Sensors. ACS NANO 2021; 15:14137-14148. [PMID: 34425674 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.1c05130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The development of bioinspired switchable adhesive systems has promising solutions in various industrial/medical applications. Switchable and perceptive adhesion regardless of the shape or surface shape of the object is still challenging in dry and aquatic surroundings. We developed an electronic sensory soft adhesive device that recapitulates the attaching, mechanosensory, and decision-making capabilities of a soft adhesion actuator. The soft adhesion actuator of an artificial octopus sucker may precisely control its robust attachment against surfaces with various topologies in wet environments as well as a rapid detachment upon deflation. Carbon nanotube-based strain sensors are three-dimensionally coated onto the irregular surface of the artificial octopus sucker to mimic nerve-like functions of an octopus and identify objects via patterns of strain distribution. An integration with machine learning complements decision-making capabilities to predict the weight and center of gravity for samples with diverse shapes, sizes, and mechanical properties, and this function may be useful in turbid water or fragile environments, where it is difficult to utilize vision.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heon Joon Lee
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, 2066 Seobu-ro, Jangan-gu, Suwon 16419, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Sangyul Baik
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, 2066 Seobu-ro, Jangan-gu, Suwon 16419, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Gui Won Hwang
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, 2066 Seobu-ro, Jangan-gu, Suwon 16419, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Ho Song
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, 2066 Seobu-ro, Jangan-gu, Suwon 16419, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
- Department SKKU Advanced Institute of Nanotechnology, Sungkyunkwan University, 2066 Seobu-ro, Jangan-gu, Suwon 16419, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Da Wan Kim
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, 2066 Seobu-ro, Jangan-gu, Suwon 16419, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Bo-Yong Park
- McConnell Brain Imaging Centre, Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, McGill University, Montreal H3A 2B4, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Data Science, Inha University, Incheon 22212, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeongho Min
- Department SKKU Advanced Institute of Nanotechnology, Sungkyunkwan University, 2066 Seobu-ro, Jangan-gu, Suwon 16419, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung Kyu Kim
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, 2066 Seobu-ro, Jangan-gu, Suwon 16419, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Je-Sung Koh
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Ajou University, Suwon 16499, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae-Heon Yang
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Korea National University of Transportation, Chungju-si 27469, Chungbuk, Republic of Korea
| | - Changhyun Pang
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, 2066 Seobu-ro, Jangan-gu, Suwon 16419, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
- Samsung Advanced Institute for Health Sciences and Technology, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Gyunggi-do, Republic of Korea
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Zhang L, Zhang S, Wang C, Zhou Q, Zhang H, Pan GB. Highly Sensitive Capacitive Flexible Pressure Sensor Based on a High-Permittivity MXene Nanocomposite and 3D Network Electrode for Wearable Electronics. ACS Sens 2021; 6:2630-2641. [PMID: 34228442 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.1c00484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
With the fast development of consumer electronic and artificial intelligence equipment, flexible pressure sensors (FPSs) have become a momentous component in the application of wearable electronic, electronic skin, and human-machine interfacing. The capacitive FPS possesses the merits of low energy consumption, high resolution, and fast dynamic response, so it is ideal for mobile and wearable electronics. However, capacitive FPS is vulnerable to electromagnetic interference and parasitic capacitance due to its low sensitivity. Microstructure or porous dielectric materials have been applied to improve the sensitivity of the capacitive FPS, but the high sensitivity is just limited to a narrow region. In this work, we propose a different strategy that incorporates a high-permittivity MXene nanocomposite dielectric with a 3D network electrode (3DNE) to improve the sensing performance of the capacitive FPS. Thanks to the high permittivity of the dielectric layer and hierarchical deformation of the electrode, the fabricated capacitive FPS exhibits a high sensitivity of 10.2 kPa-1 in the low pressure range (0-8.6 kPa) and still maintains a relatively high sensitivity of 3.65 kPa-1 with a near-linear response in a wide pressure range (8.6-100 kPa). In addition, the capacitive FPS can withstand over 20,000 times pressure loads without significant signal damping. Furthermore, the working mechanism of the capacitive FPS is illustrated by the finite element analysis (FEA) method and theoretical calculation. The application potential of the sensor in wearable electronics was demonstrated by human pulse wave monitoring and pressure mapping tests with a 4 × 6 sensor microarray.
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Affiliation(s)
- Long Zhang
- Division of Interdisciplinary and Comprehensive Research, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 398, Ruoshui Road, Industrial Park, Suzhou 215123, P.R. China
- School of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, University of Science and Technology of China, No. 96, Jinzhai Road, Baohe District, Hefei 230026, P.R. China
| | - Shaohui Zhang
- Division of Interdisciplinary and Comprehensive Research, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 398, Ruoshui Road, Industrial Park, Suzhou 215123, P.R. China
- School of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, University of Science and Technology of China, No. 96, Jinzhai Road, Baohe District, Hefei 230026, P.R. China
| | - Chao Wang
- Division of Interdisciplinary and Comprehensive Research, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 398, Ruoshui Road, Industrial Park, Suzhou 215123, P.R. China
| | - Quan Zhou
- Division of Interdisciplinary and Comprehensive Research, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 398, Ruoshui Road, Industrial Park, Suzhou 215123, P.R. China
- School of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, University of Science and Technology of China, No. 96, Jinzhai Road, Baohe District, Hefei 230026, P.R. China
| | - Haifeng Zhang
- Division of Interdisciplinary and Comprehensive Research, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 398, Ruoshui Road, Industrial Park, Suzhou 215123, P.R. China
| | - Ge-Bo Pan
- Division of Interdisciplinary and Comprehensive Research, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 398, Ruoshui Road, Industrial Park, Suzhou 215123, P.R. China
- School of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, University of Science and Technology of China, No. 96, Jinzhai Road, Baohe District, Hefei 230026, P.R. China
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38
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Jing L, Hsiao LY, Li S, Yang H, Ng PLP, Ding M, Truong TV, Gao SP, Li K, Guo YX, Valdivia Y Alvarado P, Chen PY. 2D-Material-integrated hydrogels as multifunctional protective skins for soft robots. MATERIALS HORIZONS 2021; 8:2065-2078. [PMID: 34846484 DOI: 10.1039/d0mh01594f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Soft robots provide compliant object-machine interactions, but they exhibit insufficient material stability, which restricts them from working in harsh environments. Herein, we developed a class of soft robotic skins based on two-dimensional materials (2DMs) and gelatin hydrogels, featuring skin-like multifunctionality (stretchability, thermoregulation, threat protection, and strain sensing). The 2DM-integrated hydrogel (2DM/H) skins enabled soft robots to execute designated missions in the presence of high levels of heat and various environmental threats while maintaining mild machine temperatures. Via adopting different 2DMs (graphene oxide (GO), montmorillonite (MMT), and titanium carbide (MXene)), the 2DM/H-protected robots were able to perform soft grasping in organic liquids (GO/H) and open fire (MMT/H), and in the presence of electromagnetic radiation and biocontamination (MXene/H). Through blending MXene nanosheets into gelatin, the MXene-blended hydrogel (M-H) skin became strain sensitive, and a GO/M-H gripper exhibited the high-level integration of skin-mimicking capabilities. Finally, we incorporated 2DM/H skins onto an origami-inspired walker robot and a soft batoid-like robot to execute vision-guided searching in fire and underwater locomotion/navigation in chemical spills.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Jing
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore, 4 Engineering Drive 4, Singapore 117585, Singapore.
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Han F, Li M, Ye H, Zhang G. Materials, Electrical Performance, Mechanisms, Applications, and Manufacturing Approaches for Flexible Strain Sensors. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 11:1220. [PMID: 34063165 PMCID: PMC8148098 DOI: 10.3390/nano11051220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Revised: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
With the recent great progress made in flexible and wearable electronic materials, the upcoming next generation of skin-mountable and implantable smart devices holds extensive potential applications for the lifestyle modifying, including personalized health monitoring, human-machine interfaces, soft robots, and implantable biomedical devices. As a core member within the wearable electronics family, flexible strain sensors play an essential role in the structure design and functional optimization. To further enhance the stretchability, flexibility, sensitivity, and electricity performances of the flexible strain sensors, enormous efforts have been done covering the materials design, manufacturing approaches and various applications. Thus, this review summarizes the latest advances in flexible strain sensors over recent years from the material, application, and manufacturing strategies. Firstly, the critical parameters measuring the performances of flexible strain sensors and materials development contains different flexible substrates, new nano- and hybrid- materials are introduced. Then, the developed working mechanisms, theoretical analysis, and computational simulation are presented. Next, based on different material design, diverse applications including human motion detection and health monitoring, soft robotics and human-machine interface, implantable devices, and biomedical applications are highlighted. Finally, synthesis consideration of the massive production industry of flexible strain sensors in the future; different fabrication approaches that are fully expected are classified and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Han
- Institute of Future Lighting, Academy for Engineering and Technology, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China; (F.H.); (M.L.)
- Shenzhen Institute of Wide-Bandgap Semiconductors, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Min Li
- Institute of Future Lighting, Academy for Engineering and Technology, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China; (F.H.); (M.L.)
| | - Huaiyu Ye
- Shenzhen Institute of Wide-Bandgap Semiconductors, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Guoqi Zhang
- Institute of Future Lighting, Academy for Engineering and Technology, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China; (F.H.); (M.L.)
- Shenzhen Institute of Wide-Bandgap Semiconductors, Shenzhen 518055, China
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40
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Chen W, Liu LX, Zhang HB, Yu ZZ. Kirigami-Inspired Highly Stretchable, Conductive, and Hierarchical Ti 3C 2T x MXene Films for Efficient Electromagnetic Interference Shielding and Pressure Sensing. ACS NANO 2021; 15:7668-7681. [PMID: 33861590 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.1c01277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Although Ti3C2Tx MXene sheets are highly conductive, it is still a challenge to design highly stretchable MXene electrodes for flexible electronic devices. Inspired by the high stretchability of kirigami patterns, we demonstrate a bottom-up methodology to design highly stretchable and conductive polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS)/Ti3C2Tx MXene films for electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding and pressure sensing applications by constructing wrinkled MXene patterns on a flexible PDMS substrate to create a hierarchical surface with primary and secondary surface wrinkles. The self-controlled microcracks created in the valley domains of the hierarchical film via a nonuniform deformation during prestretching/releasing cycles endow the hierarchical PDMS/MXene film with a high stretchability (100%), strain-invariant conductivity in a strain range of 0%-100%, and stable conductivities over an 1000-cycle fatigue measurement. The stretchable film exhibits a highly stable EMI shielding performance of ≈30 dB at a tensile strain of 50%, and its EMI shielding efficiency increases further to 103 dB by constructing a two-film structure. Furthermore, a highly stretchable and sensitive iontronic sensor array with integrated MXene-based electrodes and circuits is fabricated by a stencil printing process, exhibiting high sensitivity (66.3 nF kPa-1), excellent dynamic cycle stability over 1000 cycles under different frequencies, and sensitive pressure monitoring capability under a tensile strain of 50%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Liu-Xin Liu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Composites, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Hao-Bin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Zhong-Zhen Yu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Composites, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
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41
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Pei Y, Zhang X, Hui Z, Zhou J, Huang X, Sun G, Huang W. Ti 3C 2T X MXene for Sensing Applications: Recent Progress, Design Principles, and Future Perspectives. ACS NANO 2021; 15:3996-4017. [PMID: 33705113 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.1c00248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 167] [Impact Index Per Article: 55.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Sensors are becoming increasingly significant in our daily life because of the rapid development in electronic and information technologies, including Internet of Things, wearable electronics, home automation, intelligent industry, etc. There is no doubt that their performances are primarily determined by the sensing materials. Among all potential candidates, layered nanomaterials with two-dimensional (2D) planar structure have numerous superior properties to their bulk counterparts which are suitable for building various high-performance sensors. As an emerging 2D material, MXenes possess several advantageous features of adjustable surface properties, tunable bandgap, and excellent mechanical strength, making them attractive in various applications. Herein, we particularly focus on the recent research progress in MXene-based sensors, discuss the merits of MXenes and their derivatives as sensing materials for collecting various signals, and try to elucidate the design principles and working mechanisms of the corresponding MXene-based sensors, including strain/stress sensors, gas sensors, electrochemical sensors, optical sensors, and humidity sensors. In the end, we analyze the main challenges and future outlook of MXene-based materials in sensor applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangyang Pei
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics, Xi'an Institute of Flexible Electronics (IFE), and Xi'an Institute of Biomedical Materials and Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), Xi'an 710072, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoli Zhang
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics, Xi'an Institute of Flexible Electronics (IFE), and Xi'an Institute of Biomedical Materials and Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), Xi'an 710072, P.R. China
| | - Zengyu Hui
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics, Xi'an Institute of Flexible Electronics (IFE), and Xi'an Institute of Biomedical Materials and Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), Xi'an 710072, P.R. China
| | - Jinyuan Zhou
- School of Physical Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, P.R. China
| | - Xiao Huang
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics, Xi'an Institute of Flexible Electronics (IFE), and Xi'an Institute of Biomedical Materials and Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), Xi'an 710072, P.R. China
| | - Gengzhi Sun
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics, Xi'an Institute of Flexible Electronics (IFE), and Xi'an Institute of Biomedical Materials and Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), Xi'an 710072, P.R. China
- Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech), Nanjing 211816, P.R. China
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Henan Polytechnic University, Jiaozuo 454003, P.R. China
| | - Wei Huang
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics, Xi'an Institute of Flexible Electronics (IFE), and Xi'an Institute of Biomedical Materials and Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), Xi'an 710072, P.R. China
- Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech), Nanjing 211816, P.R. China
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