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Li M, Wu H, Avery EM, Qin Z, Goronzy DP, Nguyen HD, Liu T, Weiss PS, Hu Y. Electrically gated molecular thermal switch. Science 2023; 382:585-589. [PMID: 37917706 PMCID: PMC11233110 DOI: 10.1126/science.abo4297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 11/04/2023]
Abstract
Controlling heat flow is a key challenge for applications ranging from thermal management in electronics to energy systems, industrial processing, and thermal therapy. However, progress has generally been limited by slow response times and low tunability in thermal conductance. In this work, we demonstrate an electronically gated solid-state thermal switch using self-assembled molecular junctions to achieve excellent performance at room temperature. In this three-terminal device, heat flow is continuously and reversibly modulated by an electric field through carefully controlled chemical bonding and charge distributions within the molecular interface. The devices have ultrahigh switching speeds above 1 megahertz, have on/off ratios in thermal conductance greater than 1300%, and can be switched more than 1 million times. We anticipate that these advances will generate opportunities in molecular engineering for thermal management systems and thermal circuit design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Man Li
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Huan Wu
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Erin M. Avery
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Zihao Qin
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Dominic P. Goronzy
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Huu Duy Nguyen
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Tianhan Liu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Paul S. Weiss
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Yongjie Hu
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
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2
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Janitz E, Herb K, Völker LA, Huxter WS, Degen CL, Abendroth JM. Diamond surface engineering for molecular sensing with nitrogen-vacancy centers. JOURNAL OF MATERIALS CHEMISTRY. C 2022; 10:13533-13569. [PMID: 36324301 PMCID: PMC9521415 DOI: 10.1039/d2tc01258h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 08/06/2022] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Quantum sensing using optically addressable atomic-scale defects, such as the nitrogen-vacancy (NV) center in diamond, provides new opportunities for sensitive and highly localized characterization of chemical functionality. Notably, near-surface defects facilitate detection of the minute magnetic fields generated by nuclear or electron spins outside of the diamond crystal, such as those in chemisorbed and physisorbed molecules. However, the promise of NV centers is hindered by a severe degradation of critical sensor properties, namely charge stability and spin coherence, near surfaces (< ca. 10 nm deep). Moreover, applications in the chemical sciences require methods for covalent bonding of target molecules to diamond with robust control over density, orientation, and binding configuration. This forward-looking Review provides a survey of the rapidly converging fields of diamond surface science and NV-center physics, highlighting their combined potential for quantum sensing of molecules. We outline the diamond surface properties that are advantageous for NV-sensing applications, and discuss strategies to mitigate deleterious effects while simultaneously providing avenues for chemical attachment. Finally, we present an outlook on emerging applications in which the unprecedented sensitivity and spatial resolution of NV-based sensing could provide unique insight into chemically functionalized surfaces at the single-molecule level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika Janitz
- Department of Physics, ETH Zürich Otto-Stern-Weg 1 8093 Zürich Switzerland
| | - Konstantin Herb
- Department of Physics, ETH Zürich Otto-Stern-Weg 1 8093 Zürich Switzerland
| | - Laura A Völker
- Department of Physics, ETH Zürich Otto-Stern-Weg 1 8093 Zürich Switzerland
| | - William S Huxter
- Department of Physics, ETH Zürich Otto-Stern-Weg 1 8093 Zürich Switzerland
| | - Christian L Degen
- Department of Physics, ETH Zürich Otto-Stern-Weg 1 8093 Zürich Switzerland
| | - John M Abendroth
- Department of Physics, ETH Zürich Otto-Stern-Weg 1 8093 Zürich Switzerland
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3
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Barr KB, Chiang N, Bertozzi AL, Gilles J, Osher SJ, Weiss PS. Extraction of Hidden Science from Nanoscale Images. THE JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY. C, NANOMATERIALS AND INTERFACES 2022; 126:3-13. [PMID: 35633819 PMCID: PMC9135097 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcc.1c08712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Scanning probe microscopies and spectroscopies enable investigation of surfaces and even buried interfaces down to the scale of chemical-bonding interactions, and this capability has been enhanced with the support of computational algorithms for data acquisition and image processing to explore physical, chemical, and biological phenomena. Here, we describe how scanning probe techniques have been enhanced by some of these recent algorithmic improvements. One improvement to the data acquisition algorithm is to advance beyond a simple rastering framework by using spirals at constant angular velocity then switching to constant linear velocity, which limits the piezo creep and hysteresis issues seen in traditional acquisition methods. One can also use image-processing techniques to model the distortions that appear from tip motion effects and to make corrections to these images. Another image-processing algorithm we discuss enables researchers to segment images by domains and subdomains, thereby highlighting reactive and interesting disordered sites at domain boundaries. Lastly, we discuss algorithms used to examine the dipole direction of individual molecules and surface domains, hydrogen bonding interactions, and molecular tilt. The computational algorithms used for scanning probe techniques are still improving rapidly and are incorporating machine learning at the next level of iteration. That said, the algorithms are not yet able to perform live adjustments during data recording that could enhance the microscopy and spectroscopic imaging methods significantly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristopher B Barr
- California NanoSystems Institute and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Naihao Chiang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Houston, Houston Texas 77204, United States
| | - Andrea L Bertozzi
- Department of Mathematics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Jérôme Gilles
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, San Diego State University, San Diego, California 92182, United States
| | - Stanley J Osher
- Department of Mathematics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Paul S Weiss
- California NanoSystems Institute, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Department of Bioengineering, and Materials Science and Engineering Department, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
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4
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Zhu M, Zhou Q, Cheng H, Meng Z, Xiang L, Sha Y, Yan H, Li X. Color-tuning and manipulation of aggregation-induced emission efficiency of o-carborane–tetraphenylethylene dyads through substituted o-carboranes. NEW J CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2nj01920e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Two new carborane-containing tetraphenylethylene derivatives (1 and 2) were designed and synthesized. Together with our previously published compounds (3–5), we studied structure–activity relationships in detail. Results showed that compounds 1...
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5
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Héritier M, Pachlatko R, Tao Y, Abendroth JM, Degen CL, Eichler A. Spatial Correlation between Fluctuating and Static Fields over Metal and Dielectric Substrates. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2021; 127:216101. [PMID: 34860104 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.127.216101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
We report spatially resolved measurements of static and fluctuating electric fields over conductive (Au) and nonconductive (SiO_{2}) surfaces. Using an ultrasensitive "nanoladder" cantilever probe to scan over these surfaces at distances of a few tens of nanometers, we record changes in the probe resonance frequency and damping that we associate with static and fluctuating fields, respectively. We find static and fluctuating fields to be spatially correlated. Furthermore, the fields are of similar magnitude for the two materials. We quantitatively describe the observed effects on the basis of trapped surface charges and dielectric fluctuations in an adsorbate layer. Our results are consistent with organic adsorbates significantly contributing to surface dissipation that affects nanomechanical sensors, trapped ions, superconducting resonators, and color centers in diamond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Héritier
- Laboratory for Solid State Physics, ETH Zürich, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Raphael Pachlatko
- Laboratory for Solid State Physics, ETH Zürich, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Ye Tao
- Rowland Institute at Harvard, 100 Edwin H. Land Blvd., Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA
| | - John M Abendroth
- Laboratory for Solid State Physics, ETH Zürich, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Christian L Degen
- Laboratory for Solid State Physics, ETH Zürich, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Alexander Eichler
- Laboratory for Solid State Physics, ETH Zürich, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland
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6
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Li X, Zhou Q, Zhu M, Chen W, Wang B, Sha Y, Yan H. Color-tunable and Highly Emissive Solid Materials Constructed from Tetraphenylethylene-o-carborane-based Building Blocks: Synthesis, Aggregation-induced emission, and Photophysics. Chem Asian J 2021; 16:757-760. [PMID: 33629494 DOI: 10.1002/asia.202100150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Revised: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
A novel kind of expanded tetraphenylethylene (TPE)-carborane-TPE pentad has been synthesized by using two adjacent carborane moieties as central bridges and three TPE units in lateral positions. Its solid-state fluorescence quantum yield was substantially increased to 68.2% by expanding the number of bridges between carborane and TPE. Subsequently, the emission color shifted from blue to orange-yellow (126 nm). Mechanical insights into the electronic structure of the extended TPE-carborane-TPE pentads were obtained from density functional theory (DFT) calculations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pesticide Science and Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, P. R. China
| | - Qin Zhou
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pesticide Science and Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, P. R. China
| | - Miao Zhu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pesticide Science and Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, P. R. China
| | - Wei Chen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pesticide Science and Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, P. R. China
| | - Beibei Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pesticide Science and Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, P. R. China
| | - Ye Sha
- Department of Chemistry and Material Science, College of Science, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, P. R. China
| | - Hong Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210023, P. R. China
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7
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Howe ME, Barbour NA, Garcia RV, Garcia-Garibay MA. Fluorescence Anisotropy Decay of Molecular Rotors with Acene Rotators in Viscous Solution. J Org Chem 2020; 85:6872-6877. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.9b03398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Morgan E. Howe
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095-1569, United States
| | - Nicole A. Barbour
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095-1569, United States
| | - Ronnie V. Garcia
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095-1569, United States
| | - Miguel A. Garcia-Garibay
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095-1569, United States
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8
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Cheung KM, Stemer DM, Zhao C, Young TD, Belling JN, Andrews AM, Weiss PS. Chemical Lift-Off Lithography of Metal and Semiconductor Surfaces. ACS MATERIALS LETTERS 2020; 2:76-83. [PMID: 32405626 PMCID: PMC7220117 DOI: 10.1021/acsmaterialslett.9b00438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Chemical lift-off lithography (CLL) is a subtractive soft-lithographic technique that uses polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) stamps to pattern self-assembled monolayers of functional molecules for applications ranging from biomolecule patterning to transistor fabrication. A hallmark of CLL is preferential cleavage of Au-Au bonds, as opposed to bonds connecting the molecular layer to the substrate, i.e., Au-S bonds. Herein, we show that CLL can be used more broadly as a technique to pattern a variety of substrates composed of coinage metals (Pt, Pd, Ag, Cu), transition and reactive metals (Ni, Ti, Al), and a semiconductor (Ge) using straightforward alkanethiolate self-assembly chemistry. We demonstrate high-fidelity patterning in terms of precise features over large areas on all surfaces investigated. We use patterned monolayers as chemical resists for wet etching to generate metal microstructures. Substrate atoms, along with alkanethiolates, were removed as a result of lift-off, as previously observed for Au. We demonstrate the formation of PDMS-stamp-supported bimetallic monolayers by performing CLL on two different metal surfaces using the same PDMS stamp. By expanding the scope of the surfaces compatible with CLL, we advance and generalize CLL as a method to pattern a wide range of substrates, as well as to produce supported metal monolayers, both with broad applications in surface and materials science.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin M. Cheung
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
- California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Dominik M. Stemer
- California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Chuanzhen Zhao
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
- California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Thomas D. Young
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
- California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Jason N. Belling
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
- California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Anne M. Andrews
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
- California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience & Human Behavior, and Hatos Center for Neuropharmacology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Paul S. Weiss
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
- California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
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9
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Howe ME, Garcia-Garibay MA. The Roles of Intrinsic Barriers and Crystal Fluidity in Determining the Dynamics of Crystalline Molecular Rotors and Molecular Machines. J Org Chem 2019; 84:9835-9849. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.9b00993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Morgan E. Howe
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California—Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095-1569, United States
| | - Miguel A. Garcia-Garibay
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California—Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095-1569, United States
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10
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Segmentation of scanning tunneling microscopy images using variational methods and empirical wavelets. Pattern Anal Appl 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s10044-019-00824-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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11
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Goronzy DP, Ebrahimi M, Rosei F, Fang Y, De Feyter S, Tait SL, Wang C, Beton PH, Wee ATS, Weiss PS, Perepichka DF. Supramolecular Assemblies on Surfaces: Nanopatterning, Functionality, and Reactivity. ACS NANO 2018; 12:7445-7481. [PMID: 30010321 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.8b03513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Understanding how molecules interact to form large-scale hierarchical structures on surfaces holds promise for building designer nanoscale constructs with defined chemical and physical properties. Here, we describe early advances in this field and highlight upcoming opportunities and challenges. Both direct intermolecular interactions and those that are mediated by coordinated metal centers or substrates are discussed. These interactions can be additive, but they can also interfere with each other, leading to new assemblies in which electrical potentials vary at distances much larger than those of typical chemical interactions. Earlier spectroscopic and surface measurements have provided partial information on such interfacial effects. In the interim, scanning probe microscopies have assumed defining roles in the field of molecular organization on surfaces, delivering deeper understanding of interactions, structures, and local potentials. Self-assembly is a key strategy to form extended structures on surfaces, advancing nanolithography into the chemical dimension and providing simultaneous control at multiple scales. In parallel, the emergence of graphene and the resulting impetus to explore 2D materials have broadened the field, as surface-confined reactions of molecular building blocks provide access to such materials as 2D polymers and graphene nanoribbons. In this Review, we describe recent advances and point out promising directions that will lead to even greater and more robust capabilities to exploit designer surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominic P Goronzy
- California NanoSystems Institute , University of California, Los Angeles , Los Angeles , California 90095 , United States
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of California, Los Angeles , Los Angeles , California 90095 , United States
| | - Maryam Ebrahimi
- INRS Centre for Energy, Materials and Telecommunications , 1650 Boul. Lionel Boulet , Varennes , Quebec J3X 1S2 , Canada
| | - Federico Rosei
- INRS Centre for Energy, Materials and Telecommunications , 1650 Boul. Lionel Boulet , Varennes , Quebec J3X 1S2 , Canada
- Institute for Fundamental and Frontier Science , University of Electronic Science and Technology of China , Chengdu 610054 , P.R. China
| | - Yuan Fang
- Department of Chemistry , McGill University , Montreal H3A 0B8 , Canada
| | - Steven De Feyter
- Department of Chemistry , KU Leuven , Celestijnenlaan 200F , Leuven 3001 , Belgium
| | - Steven L Tait
- Department of Chemistry , Indiana University , Bloomington , Indiana 47405 , United States
| | - Chen Wang
- National Center for Nanoscience and Technology , Beijing 100190 , China
| | - Peter H Beton
- School of Physics & Astronomy , University of Nottingham , Nottingham NG7 2RD , United Kingdom
| | - Andrew T S Wee
- Department of Physics , National University of Singapore , 117542 Singapore
| | - Paul S Weiss
- California NanoSystems Institute , University of California, Los Angeles , Los Angeles , California 90095 , United States
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of California, Los Angeles , Los Angeles , California 90095 , United States
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering , University of California, Los Angeles , Los Angeles , California 90095 , United States
| | - Dmitrii F Perepichka
- California NanoSystems Institute , University of California, Los Angeles , Los Angeles , California 90095 , United States
- Department of Chemistry , McGill University , Montreal H3A 0B8 , Canada
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12
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Thomas JC, Goronzy DP, Serino AC, Auluck HS, Irving OR, Jimenez-Izal E, Deirmenjian JM, Macháček J, Sautet P, Alexandrova AN, Baše T, Weiss PS. Acid-Base Control of Valency within Carboranedithiol Self-Assembled Monolayers: Molecules Do the Can-Can. ACS NANO 2018; 12:2211-2221. [PMID: 29393628 PMCID: PMC6350814 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.7b09011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
We use simple acid-base chemistry to control the valency in self-assembled monolayers of two different carboranedithiol isomers on Au{111}. Monolayer formation proceeds via Au-S bonding, where manipulation of pH prior to or during deposition enables the assembly of dithiolate species, monothiol/monothiolate species, or combination. Scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) images identify two distinct binding modes in each unmodified monolayer, where simultaneous spectroscopic imaging confirms different dipole offsets for each binding mode. Density functional theory calculations and STM image simulations yield detailed understanding of molecular chemisorption modes and their relation with the STM images, including inverted contrast with respect to the geometric differences found for one isomer. Deposition conditions are modified with controlled equivalents of either acid or base, where the coordination of the molecules in the monolayers is controlled by protonating or deprotonating the second thiol/thiolate on each molecule. This control can be exercised during deposition to change the valency of the molecules in the monolayers, a process that we affectionately refer to as the "can-can." This control enables us to vary the density of molecule-substrate bonds by a factor of 2 without changing the molecular density of the monolayer.
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Affiliation(s)
- John C. Thomas
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, United States
- California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, United States
| | - Dominic P. Goronzy
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, United States
- California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, United States
| | - Andrew C. Serino
- California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, United States
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, United States
| | - Harsharn S. Auluck
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, United States
- California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, United States
| | - Olivia R. Irving
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, United States
| | - Elisa Jimenez-Izal
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, United States
- Kimika fakultatea, Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea (UPV/EHU), and Donostia International Physics Center (DIPC), P. K. 1072, 20080 Donostia, Euskadi, Spain
| | - Jacqueline M. Deirmenjian
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, United States
- California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, United States
| | - Jan Macháček
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, v.v.i. 250 68 Husinec-Řež, č.p. 1001, Czech Republic
| | - Philippe Sautet
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, United States
| | - Anastassia N. Alexandrova
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, United States
- California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, United States
| | - Tomáš Baše
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, v.v.i. 250 68 Husinec-Řež, č.p. 1001, Czech Republic
| | - Paul S. Weiss
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, United States
- California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, United States
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, United States
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13
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Ultrafast rotation in an amphidynamic crystalline metal organic framework. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:13613-13618. [PMID: 29229859 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1708817115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Amphidynamic crystals are an emergent class of condensed phase matter designed with a combination of lattice-forming elements linked to components that display engineered dynamics in the solid state. Here, we address the design of a crystalline array of molecular rotors with inertial diffusional rotation at the nanoscale, characterized by the absence of steric or electronic barriers. We solved this challenge with 1,4-bicyclo[2.2.2]octane dicarboxylic acid (BODCA)-MOF, a metal-organic framework (MOF) built with a high-symmetry bicyclo[2.2.2]octane dicarboxylate linker in a Zn4O cubic lattice. Using spin-lattice relaxation 1H solid-state NMR at 29.49 and 13.87 MHz in the temperature range of 2.3-80 K, we showed that internal rotation occurs in a potential with energy barriers of 0.185 kcal mol-1 These results were confirmed with 2H solid-state NMR line-shape analysis and spin-lattice relaxation at 76.78 MHz obtained between 6 and 298 K, which, combined with molecular dynamics simulations, indicate that inertial diffusional rotation is characterized by a broad range of angular displacements with no residence time at any given site. The ambient temperature rotation of the bicyclo[2.2.2]octane (BCO) group in BODCA-MOF constitutes an example where engineered rotational dynamics in the solid state are as fast as they would be in a high-density gas or in a low-density liquid phase.
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14
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Slaughter LS, Cheung KM, Kaappa S, Cao HH, Yang Q, Young TD, Serino AC, Malola S, Olson JM, Link S, Häkkinen H, Andrews AM, Weiss PS. Patterning of supported gold monolayers via chemical lift-off lithography. BEILSTEIN JOURNAL OF NANOTECHNOLOGY 2017; 8:2648-2661. [PMID: 29259879 PMCID: PMC5727779 DOI: 10.3762/bjnano.8.265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2017] [Accepted: 11/24/2017] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
The supported monolayer of Au that accompanies alkanethiolate molecules removed by polymer stamps during chemical lift-off lithography is a scarcely studied hybrid material. We show that these Au-alkanethiolate layers on poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) are transparent, functional, hybrid interfaces that can be patterned over nanometer, micrometer, and millimeter length scales. Unlike other ultrathin Au films and nanoparticles, lifted-off Au-alkanethiolate thin films lack a measurable optical signature. We therefore devised fabrication, characterization, and simulation strategies by which to interrogate the nanoscale structure, chemical functionality, stoichiometry, and spectral signature of the supported Au-thiolate layers. The patterning of these layers laterally encodes their functionality, as demonstrated by a fluorescence-based approach that relies on dye-labeled complementary DNA hybridization. Supported thin Au films can be patterned via features on PDMS stamps (controlled contact), using patterned Au substrates prior to lift-off (e.g., selective wet etching), or by patterning alkanethiols on Au substrates to be reactive in selected regions but not others (controlled reactivity). In all cases, the regions containing Au-alkanethiolate layers have a sub-nanometer apparent height, which was found to be consistent with molecular dynamics simulations that predicted the removal of no more than 1.5 Au atoms per thiol, thus presenting a monolayer-like structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liane S Slaughter
- California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Kevin M Cheung
- California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Sami Kaappa
- Department of Physics, Nanoscience Center, University of Jyväskylä, FI-40014 Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Huan H Cao
- California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Qing Yang
- California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Thomas D Young
- California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Andrew C Serino
- California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Sami Malola
- Department of Physics, Nanoscience Center, University of Jyväskylä, FI-40014 Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Jana M Olson
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University, Houston, Texas, 77005, USA
| | - Stephan Link
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University, Houston, Texas, 77005, USA
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas, 77005, USA
| | - Hannu Häkkinen
- Department of Physics, Nanoscience Center, University of Jyväskylä, FI-40014 Jyväskylä, Finland
- Department of Chemistry, Nanoscience Center, University of Jyväskylä, FI-40014 Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Anne M Andrews
- California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, and Hatos Center for Neuropharmacology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Paul S Weiss
- California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
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15
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Serino AC, Anderson ME, Saleh LMA, Dziedzic RM, Mills H, Heidenreich LK, Spokoyny AM, Weiss PS. Work Function Control of Germanium through Carborane-Carboxylic Acid Surface Passivation. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2017; 9:34592-34596. [PMID: 28920673 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.7b10596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) of carborane isomers with different dipole moments passivate germanium to modulate surface work function while maintaining chemical environment and surface energy. To identify head groups capable of monolayer formation on germanium surfaces, we studied thiol-, hydroxyl-, and carboxyl-terminated carboranes. These films were successfully formed with carboxylic acid head groups instead of the archetypal thiol, suggesting that the carborane cluster significantly affects headgroup reactivity. Film characterization included X-ray and ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopies as well as contact angle goniometry. Using these carboranes, the germanium surface work function was tailored over 0.4 eV without significant changes to wetting properties.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mary E Anderson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Hope College , Holland, Michigan 49423, United States
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16
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Li X, Yin Y, Yan H, Lu C. Aggregation-Induced Emission Characteristics of o
-Carborane-Functionalized Tetraphenylethylene Luminogens: The Influence of Carborane Cages on Photoluminescence. Chem Asian J 2017; 12:2207-2210. [DOI: 10.1002/asia.201700922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry; School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Nanjing University; Nanjing 210023 P. R. China
| | - Yongheng Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry; School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Nanjing University; Nanjing 210023 P. R. China
| | - Hong Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry; School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Nanjing University; Nanjing 210023 P. R. China
| | - Changsheng Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry; School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Nanjing University; Nanjing 210023 P. R. China
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17
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Thomas JC, Goronzy DP, Dragomiretskiy K, Zosso D, Gilles J, Osher SJ, Bertozzi AL, Weiss PS. Mapping Buried Hydrogen-Bonding Networks. ACS NANO 2016; 10:5446-51. [PMID: 27096290 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.6b01717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
We map buried hydrogen-bonding networks within self-assembled monolayers of 3-mercapto-N-nonylpropionamide on Au{111}. The contributing interactions include the buried S-Au bonds at the substrate surface and the buried plane of linear networks of hydrogen bonds. Both are simultaneously mapped with submolecular resolution, in addition to the exposed interface, to determine the orientations of molecular segments and directional bonding. Two-dimensional mode-decomposition techniques are used to elucidate the directionality of these networks. We find that amide-based hydrogen bonds cross molecular domain boundaries and areas of local disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- John C Thomas
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles , Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
- California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles , Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Dominic P Goronzy
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles , Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
- California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles , Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Konstantin Dragomiretskiy
- California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles , Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
- Department of Mathematics, University of California, Los Angeles , Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Dominique Zosso
- California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles , Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
- Department of Mathematics, University of California, Los Angeles , Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Jérôme Gilles
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, San Diego State University , San Diego, California 92182, United States
| | - Stanley J Osher
- Department of Mathematics, University of California, Los Angeles , Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Andrea L Bertozzi
- Department of Mathematics, University of California, Los Angeles , Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Paul S Weiss
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles , Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
- California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles , Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles , Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
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18
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Mete E, Yılmaz A, Danışman MF. A van der Waals density functional investigation of carboranethiol self-assembled monolayers on Au(111). Phys Chem Chem Phys 2016; 18:12920-7. [PMID: 27108565 DOI: 10.1039/c6cp01485b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Isolated and full monolayer adsorption of various carboranethiol (C2B10H12S) isomers on the gold(111) surface has been investigated using both the standard and van der Waals density functional theory calculations. The effect of different molecular dipole moment orientations on the low energy adlayer geometries, the binding characteristics and the electronic properties of the self-assembled monolayers of these isomers has been studied. Specifically, the binding energy and work function changes associated with different molecules show a correlation with their dipole moments. The adsorption is favored for the isomers with dipole moments parallel to the surface. Of the two possible unit cell structures, (5 × 5) was found to be more stable than .
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Affiliation(s)
- Ersen Mete
- Department of Physics, Balıkesir University, Balıkesir 10145, Turkey.
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19
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Saleh LMA, Dziedzic RM, Khan SI, Spokoyny AM. Forging Unsupported Metal–Boryl Bonds with Icosahedral Carboranes. Chemistry 2016; 22:8466-70. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201601292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Liban M. A. Saleh
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) 607 Charles E. Young Drive East Los Angeles CA 90095 USA
| | - Rafal M. Dziedzic
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) 607 Charles E. Young Drive East Los Angeles CA 90095 USA
| | - Saeed I. Khan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) 607 Charles E. Young Drive East Los Angeles CA 90095 USA
| | - Alexander M. Spokoyny
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) 607 Charles E. Young Drive East Los Angeles CA 90095 USA
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20
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Schwartz JJ, Mendoza AM, Wattanatorn N, Zhao Y, Nguyen VT, Spokoyny AM, Mirkin CA, Baše T, Weiss PS. Surface Dipole Control of Liquid Crystal Alignment. J Am Chem Soc 2016; 138:5957-67. [PMID: 27090503 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.6b02026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Detailed understanding and control of the intermolecular forces that govern molecular assembly are necessary to engineer structure and function at the nanoscale. Liquid crystal (LC) assembly is exceptionally sensitive to surface properties, capable of transducing nanoscale intermolecular interactions into a macroscopic optical readout. Self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) modify surface interactions and are known to influence LC alignment. Here, we exploit the different dipole magnitudes and orientations of carboranethiol and -dithiol positional isomers to deconvolve the influence of SAM-LC dipolar coupling from variations in molecular geometry, tilt, and order. Director orientations and anchoring energies are measured for LC cells employing various carboranethiol and -dithiol isomer alignment layers. The normal component of the molecular dipole in the SAM, toward or away from the underlying substrate, was found to determine the in-plane LC director orientation relative to the anisotropy axis of the surface. By using LC alignment as a probe of interaction strength, we elucidate the role of dipolar coupling of molecular monolayers to their environment in determining molecular orientations. We apply this understanding to advance the engineering of molecular interactions at the nanoscale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey J Schwartz
- California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles , Los Angeles, California 90095, United States.,Department of Physics & Astronomy, University of California, Los Angeles , Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Alexandra M Mendoza
- California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles , Los Angeles, California 90095, United States.,Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles , Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Natcha Wattanatorn
- California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles , Los Angeles, California 90095, United States.,Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles , Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Yuxi Zhao
- California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles , Los Angeles, California 90095, United States.,Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles , Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Vinh T Nguyen
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles , Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Alexander M Spokoyny
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles , Los Angeles, California 90095, United States.,Department of Chemistry and the International Institute for Nanotechnology, Northwestern University , Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Chad A Mirkin
- Department of Chemistry and the International Institute for Nanotechnology, Northwestern University , Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Tomáš Baše
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, v.v.i. , č.p. 1001, 250 68 Husinec-Řež, Czech Republic
| | - Paul S Weiss
- California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles , Los Angeles, California 90095, United States.,Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles , Los Angeles, California 90095, United States.,Department of Materials Science & Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles , Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
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