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Li X, Jamali M, Fielding LA. Pyrene-functionalized poly(methacrylic acid) acts as an efficient stabilizer for graphene nanoplatelets and facilitates their use in waterborne latex formulations. J Colloid Interface Sci 2024; 676:396-407. [PMID: 39033674 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2024.07.116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2024] [Revised: 07/10/2024] [Accepted: 07/13/2024] [Indexed: 07/23/2024]
Abstract
HYPOTHESIS Pyrene derivatives are effective motifs when designing graphene-philic surfactants, enabling the use of hydrophobic graphene-based nanomaterials in waterborne formulations. Hence, novel pyrene end-functionalized polymeric stabilizers show promise for stabilizing aqueous graphene nanomaterial dispersions, and offer benefits over traditional small molecule surfactants. EXPERIMENTS Pyrene end-functionalized poly(methacrylic acid) (Py-PMAAn, where n = 68 to 128) was synthesized by reversible addition-fragmentation chain-transfer (RAFT) polymerization of MAA using a pyrene-containing RAFT chain-transfer agent. These polymers were evaluated as aqueous graphene nanoplatelet (GNP) stabilizers. Subsequently, polymer-stabilized GNPs were formulated into film-forming polymer latex dispersions and the properties of the resulting GNP-containing films measured. FINDINGS Py-PMAAn homopolymers with well-defined molecular weights were prepared via RAFT solution polymerization. They served as efficient stabilizers for aqueous GNP dispersions and performed better than a traditional small molecule surfactant and non-functionalized PMAA, especially at higher pH and with higher molecular weight polymers. The use of Py-PMAAn allowed GNPs to be readily formulated into waterborne latex coatings. When compared to controls, the resulting films were significantly reinforced due to the improved homogeneity of dried nanocomposite films and chain entanglement between the polymer matrix and stabilizers. Thus, the ability to readily incorporate GNPs into aqueous formulations and enhance GNP/polymer matrix interfaces was demonstrated for these novel amphiphilic stabilizers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueyuan Li
- Department of Materials, School of Natural Sciences, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK; Henry Royce Institute, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - Mohammed Jamali
- Department of Materials, School of Natural Sciences, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK; Henry Royce Institute, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - Lee A Fielding
- Department of Materials, School of Natural Sciences, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK; Henry Royce Institute, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK.
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2
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Martínez-Moro R, Vázquez L, Pérez M, Del Pozo M, Vilas-Varela M, Castro-Esteban J, Petit-Domínguez MD, Casero E, Quintana C. Enhanced Electrochemical Detection of Nonelectroactive Compounds Based on Surface Supramolecular Interactions on Chevron-like Graphene Nanoribbons Modified through Click Chemistry. ACS OMEGA 2024; 9:39242-39252. [PMID: 39310175 PMCID: PMC11411676 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.4c06639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2024] [Accepted: 08/02/2024] [Indexed: 09/25/2024]
Abstract
In this study, we have developed a nanostructured electrochemical sensor based on modified graphene nanoribbons tailored for the analysis of nonelectroactive compounds via a surface competitive assay. Stigmasterol, a nonelectroactive phytosterol, was selected as a representative case. Chevron-like graphene nanoribbons, chemically synthesized, were immobilized onto glassy carbon electrodes and covalently functionalized to allow the on-surface formation of a supramolecular complex. To this end, the nanoribbons were first modified through a diazotization process by electrochemical reduction of a 4-azidoaniline diazonium salt, leaving the electrode surface with azide groups exposed to solution. Next, the incorporation of a ferrocene group, as a redox probe, was carried out by a click chemistry reaction between ethynylferrocene and these azide groups. Finally, the recognition event leads to the formation of a supramolecular complex between ferrocene and a macrocyclic receptor on the electrode surface. To this end, the receptors cucurbit[7]uril, cucurbit[8]uril, and β-cyclodextrin were evaluated, with the better results obtained with β-cyclodextrin. Atomic force microscopy and scanning electron microscopy measurements were performed for the morphological characterization of the resulting electrochemical platform surface. The ability of β-cyclodextrin to form an inclusion complex with ferrocene or with stigmasterol allows to perform a competitive assay, which translates into the decrease and recovery of the ferrocene electrochemical signal. For stigmasterol determination, a linear concentration range between 200 and 750 μM and a detection limit of 60 μM were obtained, with relative errors and relative standard deviations less than 7.1 and 9.8%, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rut Martínez-Moro
- Departamento de Química Analítica y Análisis Instrumental, Facultad de Ciencias, Campus de Excelencia de la Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, c/Francisco Tomás y Valiente, No. 7, Madrid 28049, Spain
| | - Luis Vázquez
- Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Madrid (ICMM), CSIC, Campus de Excelencia de la Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, c/Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz, No. 3, Madrid 28049, Spain
| | - María Pérez
- Departamento de Química Analítica y Análisis Instrumental, Facultad de Ciencias, Campus de Excelencia de la Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, c/Francisco Tomás y Valiente, No. 7, Madrid 28049, Spain
| | - María Del Pozo
- Departamento de Química Analítica y Análisis Instrumental, Facultad de Ciencias, Campus de Excelencia de la Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, c/Francisco Tomás y Valiente, No. 7, Madrid 28049, Spain
| | - Manuel Vilas-Varela
- Centro Singular de Investigación en Química Biolóxica e Materiais Moleculares (CIQUS) and Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela 15782, Spain
| | - Jesús Castro-Esteban
- Centro Singular de Investigación en Química Biolóxica e Materiais Moleculares (CIQUS) and Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela 15782, Spain
| | - M Dolores Petit-Domínguez
- Departamento de Química Analítica y Análisis Instrumental, Facultad de Ciencias, Campus de Excelencia de la Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, c/Francisco Tomás y Valiente, No. 7, Madrid 28049, Spain
| | - Elena Casero
- Departamento de Química Analítica y Análisis Instrumental, Facultad de Ciencias, Campus de Excelencia de la Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, c/Francisco Tomás y Valiente, No. 7, Madrid 28049, Spain
| | - Carmen Quintana
- Departamento de Química Analítica y Análisis Instrumental, Facultad de Ciencias, Campus de Excelencia de la Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, c/Francisco Tomás y Valiente, No. 7, Madrid 28049, Spain
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3
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Xie X, Chang X, Kang S, Fang Y, Ivasenko O. Micro-patterning of C-C covalently-bound grafts by mechanochemical imprint lithography. Chem Commun (Camb) 2024; 60:8375-8378. [PMID: 38957014 DOI: 10.1039/d4cc02154a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/04/2024]
Abstract
A simple, inexpensive and versatile patterned removal of C-C grafts has been realized for scalable multicomponent micropatterned functionalization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoshi Xie
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123 Jiangsu, P. R. China.
| | - Xiaoli Chang
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123 Jiangsu, P. R. China.
| | - Shuilong Kang
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123 Jiangsu, P. R. China.
| | - Yuan Fang
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123 Jiangsu, P. R. China.
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123 Jiangsu, P. R. China
| | - Oleksandr Ivasenko
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123 Jiangsu, P. R. China.
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Negative Carbon Technologies, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123 Jiangsu, P. R. China
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4
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Zhao W, Zhang W, Chen J, Li H, Han L, Li X, Wang J, Song W, Xu C, Cai X, Wang L. Sensitivity-Enhancing Strategies of Graphene Field-Effect Transistor Biosensors for Biomarker Detection. ACS Sens 2024; 9:2705-2727. [PMID: 38843307 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.4c00322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/29/2024]
Abstract
The ultrasensitive recognition of biomarkers plays a crucial role in the precise diagnosis of diseases. Graphene-based field-effect transistors (GFET) are considered the most promising devices among the next generation of biosensors. GFET biosensors possess distinct advantages, including label-free, ease of integration and operation, and the ability to directly detect biomarkers in liquid environments. This review summarized recent advances in GFET biosensors for biomarker detection, with a focus on interface functionalization. Various sensitivity-enhancing strategies have been overviewed for GFET biosensors, from the perspective of optimizing graphene synthesis and transfer methods, refinement of surface functionalization strategies for the channel layer and gate electrode, design of biorecognition elements and reduction of nonspecific adsorption. Further, this review extensively explores GFET biosensors functionalized with antibodies, aptamers, and enzymes. It delves into sensitivity-enhancing strategies employed in the detection of biomarkers for various diseases (such as cancer, cardiovascular diseases, neurodegenerative disorders, infectious viruses, etc.) along with their application in integrated microfluidic systems. Finally, the issues and challenges in strategies for the modulation of biosensing interfaces are faced by GFET biosensors in detecting biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weilong Zhao
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250353, China
- Shandong Institute of Mechanical Design and Research, Jinan 250353, China
| | - Wenhong Zhang
- College of Mechanical Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Jun Chen
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250353, China
- Shandong Institute of Mechanical Design and Research, Jinan 250353, China
| | - Huimin Li
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250353, China
- Shandong Institute of Mechanical Design and Research, Jinan 250353, China
| | - Lin Han
- Shenzhen Research Institute of Shandong University, Shenzhen 518057, China
| | - Xinyu Li
- Department of Oncology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Shandong 250021, China
| | - Jing Wang
- College of Mechanical Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Wei Song
- Department of Oncology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Shandong 250021, China
| | - Chonghai Xu
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250353, China
- Shandong Institute of Mechanical Design and Research, Jinan 250353, China
| | - Xinxia Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Li Wang
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250353, China
- Shandong Institute of Mechanical Design and Research, Jinan 250353, China
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5
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Arroyo-Currás N. Beyond the Gold-Thiol Paradigm: Exploring Alternative Interfaces for Electrochemical Nucleic Acid-Based Sensing. ACS Sens 2024; 9:2228-2236. [PMID: 38661283 PMCID: PMC11129698 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.4c00331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2024] [Revised: 04/04/2024] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
Nucleic acid-based electrochemical sensors (NBEs) use oligonucleotides as affinity reagents for the detection of a variety of targets, ranging from small-molecule therapeutics to whole viruses. Because of their versatility in molecular sensing, NBEs are being developed broadly for diagnostic and biomedical research applications. Benchmark NBEs are fabricated via self-assembly of thiol-based monolayers on gold. Although robust for rapid prototyping, thiol monolayers suffer from limitations in terms of stability under voltage modulation and in the face of competitive ligands such as thiolated molecules naturally occurring in biofluids. Additionally, gold cannot be deployed as an NBE substrate for all biomedical applications, such as in cases where molecular measurements coupled to real-time, under-the-sensor tissue imaging is needed. Seeking to overcome these limitations, the field of NBEs is pursuing alternative ligands and electrode surfaces. In this perspective, I discuss new interface fabrication strategies that have successfully achieved NBE sensing, or that have the potential to allow NBE sensing on conductive surfaces other than gold. I hope this perspective will provide the reader with a fresh view of how future NBE interfaces could be constructed and will serve as inspiration for the pursuit of collaborative developments in the field of NBEs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Netzahualcóyotl Arroyo-Currás
- Department of Pharmacology
and Molecular
Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School
of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, United States
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Hasani MG, Berisha A, Hetemi. D, Decorse P, Pinson J, Podvorica FI. Surface Modification of Lignite with Alkyl and Mixed Alkyl-Aryl Films Generated from an Aryl Diazonium Salt and Alkyl Halides: Experimental Results and Theoretical Analyses. ChemistryOpen 2024; 13:e202300134. [PMID: 38051924 PMCID: PMC11004459 DOI: 10.1002/open.202300134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Revised: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 12/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In search of new possible uses of cheap lignite from the Kosova Bassin, the surface of lignite powders is modified with alkyl or mixed alkyl-aryl layers. Modification is performed in aqueous acid solution containing an aryl diazonium salt and an alkyl halide compound in millimolar concentration, in the presence of potassium iodide as a reducing agent at equimolar concentration. Attachment of alkyl films substituted with carboxylic groups and aryl films with nitro or bis-trifluoromethyl groups is characterized by IRATR and XPS spectroscopy. The formation of a stable interface during the grafting reactions of alkyl and aryl moieties with lignite surface has been confirmed by theoretical calculations. Aryl diazonium salts once chemically or spontaneously reduced are a source of aryl radicals, able to attach chemically to the material surface or to react with alkyl halides by abstracting the halogen atom. If the aryl diazonium salts are unable to graft to the coal surface due to steric hindrance, they can, nevertheless, abstract an iodine or bromine atom to generate alkyl radicals that react with the material surface.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Avni Berisha
- Chemistry DepartmentUniversity of Prishtina10000PrishtinaKosovo
- NanoAlb-Unit of Albanian Nanoscience and Nanotechnology1000TiranaAlbania
| | - Dardan Hetemi.
- Department of PharmacyUniversity of Prishtina10000PrishtinaKosovo
- NanoAlb-Unit of Albanian Nanoscience and Nanotechnology1000TiranaAlbania
| | | | - Jean Pinson
- Université Paris Cité, CNRS, ITODYS75013ParisFrance
| | - Fetah I. Podvorica
- Chemistry DepartmentUniversity of Prishtina10000PrishtinaKosovo
- Academy of Sciences and Arts of Kosova, Rr. “Agim Ramadani” Nr. 30510000PrishtinaKosovo
- NanoAlb-Unit of Albanian Nanoscience and Nanotechnology1000TiranaAlbania
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7
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Daelemans B, Bernaerts S, Eyley S, Thielemans W, Dehaen W, De Feyter S. Covalent immobilization of N-heterocyclic carbenes on pristine carbon substrates: from nanoscale characterization to bulk catalysis. Chem Commun (Camb) 2024; 60:1432-1435. [PMID: 38206104 DOI: 10.1039/d3cc05078e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
To control the synthesis of designer catalysts on graphitic materials up to the nanometer scale, methods should be provided that combine both nanoscale characterization and bulk scale experiments. This work reports the grafting of N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC)-type catalysts on graphite, both at nanometer and bulk scale, as it allows increased insights into the nature of the immobilized catalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brent Daelemans
- Division of Molecular Imaging and Photonics, Department of Chemistry, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, Leuven 3001, Belgium.
- Division of Sustainable Chemistry for Metals and Molecules, Department of Chemistry, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, Leuven 3001, Belgium.
| | - Sven Bernaerts
- Division of Molecular Imaging and Photonics, Department of Chemistry, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, Leuven 3001, Belgium.
| | - Samuel Eyley
- Sustainable Materials Lab, Department of Chemical Engineering, KU Leuven, campus Kulak Kortrijk, E. Sabbelaan 53, Kortrijk 8500, Belgium
| | - Wim Thielemans
- Sustainable Materials Lab, Department of Chemical Engineering, KU Leuven, campus Kulak Kortrijk, E. Sabbelaan 53, Kortrijk 8500, Belgium
| | - Wim Dehaen
- Division of Sustainable Chemistry for Metals and Molecules, Department of Chemistry, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, Leuven 3001, Belgium.
| | - Steven De Feyter
- Division of Molecular Imaging and Photonics, Department of Chemistry, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, Leuven 3001, Belgium.
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8
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Tessari Z, Rinkovec T, De Feyter S. Chiral induction in substrate-supported self-assembled molecular networks under nanoconfinement conditions. NANOSCALE ADVANCES 2024; 6:892-901. [PMID: 38298576 PMCID: PMC10825934 DOI: 10.1039/d3na00894k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 02/02/2024]
Abstract
Self-assembly on surfaces often produces chiral networks, even when starting from achiral building blocks. However, when achiral molecules are used to produce chiral networks, two possible enantiomorphs are created with equal probability, rendering therefore the overall surface achiral. This outcome can be changed by finding a way to promote the preferential formation of one of the two enantiomorphs. In this regard, the creation of nanoconfined space, which has been called molecular corral, having a chosen orientation with respect to the substrate symmetry has been demonstrated to be a valid way to obtain the preferential self-assembly of a network having a determined chirality. In this study we aim to further expand the understanding of the principles of such mechanism, in particular by looking at unexplored parameters that could have a role in the production of the observed bias. In this way a deeper comprehension of the mechanisms at the base of the chiral self-assembly could be obtained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeno Tessari
- Division of Molecular Imaging and Photonics, Department of Chemistry KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200 F 3001 Leuven Belgium
| | - Tamara Rinkovec
- Division of Molecular Imaging and Photonics, Department of Chemistry KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200 F 3001 Leuven Belgium
| | - Steven De Feyter
- Division of Molecular Imaging and Photonics, Department of Chemistry KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200 F 3001 Leuven Belgium
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9
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Inose T, Toyouchi S, Hara S, Sugioka S, Walke P, Oyabu R, Fortuni B, Peeters W, Usami Y, Hirai K, De Feyter S, Uji-I H, Fujita Y, Tanaka H. Visualizing Ribbon-to-Ribbon Heterogeneity of Chemically Unzipped Wide Graphene Nanoribbons by Silver Nanowire-Based Tip-Enhanced Raman Scattering Microscopy. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024; 20:e2301841. [PMID: 37649218 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202301841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2023] [Revised: 08/04/2023] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
Graphene nanoribbons (GNRs), a quasi-one-dimensional form of graphene, have gained tremendous attention due to their potential for next-generation nanoelectronic devices. The chemical unzipping of carbon nanotubes is one of the attractive fabrication methods to obtain single-layered GNRs (sGNRs) with simple and large-scale production. The authors recently found that unzipping from double-walled carbon nanotubes (DWNTs), rather than single- or multi-walled, results in high-yield production of crystalline sGNRs. However, details of the resultant GNR structure, as well as the reaction mechanism, are not fully understood due to the necessity of nanoscale spectroscopy. In this regard, silver nanowire-based tip-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (TERS) is applied for single GNR analysis and investigated ribbon-to-ribbon heterogeneity in terms of defect density and edge structure generated through the unzipping process. The authors found that sGNRs originated from the inner walls of DWNTs showed lower defect densities than those from the outer walls. Furthermore, TERS spectra of sGNRs exhibit a large variety in graphitic Raman parameters, indicating a large variation in edge structures. This work at the single GNR level reveals, for the first time, ribbon-to-ribbon heterogeneity that can never be observed by diffraction-limited techniques and provides deeper insights into unzipped GNR structure as well as the DWNT unzipping reaction mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoko Inose
- Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Sciences (WPI-iCeMS), Kyoto University, iCeMS Research Bldg, Yoshida, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan
| | - Shuichi Toyouchi
- Departement Chemie, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, Heverlee, 3001, Belgium
- Research Institute for Light-induced Acceleration System (RILACS), Osaka Metropolitan University, 1-2 Gakuen-cho, Naka-ku, Sakai, Osaka, 599-8570, Japan
| | - Shinnosuke Hara
- Graduate School of Life Science and Systems Engineering, Kyushu Institute of Technology, 2-4 Hibikino, Wakamatsu, Kitakyushu, 808-0196, Japan
| | - Shoji Sugioka
- Research Institute for Electronic Science (RIES), Hokkaido University, N20W10, Sapporo, 001-0020, Japan
| | - Peter Walke
- Departement Chemie, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, Heverlee, 3001, Belgium
- Department of Materials and Environmental Technology, Tallinn University of Technology, Ehitajate tee 5, Tallinn, 19086, Estonia
| | - Rikuto Oyabu
- Graduate School of Life Science and Systems Engineering, Kyushu Institute of Technology, 2-4 Hibikino, Wakamatsu, Kitakyushu, 808-0196, Japan
| | - Beatrice Fortuni
- Departement Chemie, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, Heverlee, 3001, Belgium
| | - Wannes Peeters
- Departement Chemie, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, Heverlee, 3001, Belgium
| | - Yuki Usami
- Graduate School of Life Science and Systems Engineering, Kyushu Institute of Technology, 2-4 Hibikino, Wakamatsu, Kitakyushu, 808-0196, Japan
- Research Center for Neuromorphic AI Hardware, Kyushu Institute of Technology, 2-4 Hibikino, Wakamatsu, Kitakyushu, 808-0196, Japan
| | - Kenji Hirai
- Research Institute for Electronic Science (RIES), Hokkaido University, N20W10, Sapporo, 001-0020, Japan
| | - Steven De Feyter
- Departement Chemie, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, Heverlee, 3001, Belgium
| | - Hiroshi Uji-I
- Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Sciences (WPI-iCeMS), Kyoto University, iCeMS Research Bldg, Yoshida, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan
- Departement Chemie, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, Heverlee, 3001, Belgium
- Research Institute for Electronic Science (RIES), Hokkaido University, N20W10, Sapporo, 001-0020, Japan
| | - Yasuhiko Fujita
- Departement Chemie, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, Heverlee, 3001, Belgium
- Toray Research Center, Inc., Sonoyama 3-3-7, Otsu, Shiga, 520-8567, Japan
- Research Institute for Sustainable Chemistry, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST Chugoku), Kagamiyama 3-11-32, Higashihiroshima, Hiroshima, 739-0046, Japan
| | - Hirofumi Tanaka
- Graduate School of Life Science and Systems Engineering, Kyushu Institute of Technology, 2-4 Hibikino, Wakamatsu, Kitakyushu, 808-0196, Japan
- Research Center for Neuromorphic AI Hardware, Kyushu Institute of Technology, 2-4 Hibikino, Wakamatsu, Kitakyushu, 808-0196, Japan
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10
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Huang Z. Chemical Patterning on Nanocarbons: Functionality Typewriting. Molecules 2023; 28:8104. [PMID: 38138593 PMCID: PMC10745949 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28248104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Revised: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Nanocarbon materials have become extraordinarily compelling for their significant potential in the cutting-edge science and technology. These materials exhibit exceptional physicochemical properties due to their distinctive low-dimensional structures and tailored surface characteristics. An attractive direction at the forefront of this field involves the spatially resolved chemical functionalization of a diverse range of nanocarbons, encompassing carbon nanotubes, graphene, and a myriad of derivative structures. In tandem with the technological leaps in lithography, these endeavors have fostered the creation of a novel class of nanocarbon materials with finely tunable physical and chemical attributes, and programmable multi-functionalities, paving the way for new applications in fields such as nanoelectronics, sensing, photonics, and quantum technologies. Our review examines the swift and dynamic advancements in nanocarbon chemical patterning. Key breakthroughs and future opportunities are highlighted. This review not only provides an in-depth understanding of this fast-paced field but also helps to catalyze the rational design of advanced next-generation nanocarbon-based materials and devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongjie Huang
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
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11
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Wetzl C, Brosel-Oliu S, Carini M, Di Silvio D, Illa X, Villa R, Guimera A, Prats-Alfonso E, Prato M, Criado A. Covalent functionalisation controlled by molecular design for the aptameric recognition of serotonin in graphene-based field-effect transistors. NANOSCALE 2023; 15:16650-16657. [PMID: 37789811 PMCID: PMC10600654 DOI: 10.1039/d3nr04153k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/05/2023]
Abstract
In the last decade, solution-gated graphene field effect transistors (GFETs) showed their versatility in the development of a miniaturized multiplexed platform for electrophysiological recordings and sensing. Due to their working mechanism, the surface functionalisation and immobilisation of receptors are pivotal to ensure the proper functioning of devices. Herein, we present a controlled covalent functionalisation strategy based on molecular design and electrochemical triggering, which provide a monolayer-like functionalisation of micro-GFET arrays retaining the electronic properties of graphenes. The functionalisation layer as a receptor was then employed as the linker for serotonin aptamer conjugation. The micro-GFET arrays display sensitivity toward the target analyte in the micromolar range in a physiological buffer (PBS 10 mM). The sensor allows the in-flow real-time monitoring of serotonin transient concentrations with fast and reversible responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia Wetzl
- Center for Cooperative Research in Biomaterials (CIC biomaGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Paseo de Miramón 194, 20014, Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain.
- University of the Basque Country, UPV-EHU, 20018 San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Sergi Brosel-Oliu
- Instituto de Microelectrónica de Barcelona, IMB-CNM (CSIC), Campus UAB, Bellaterra, Spain.
| | - Marco Carini
- Center for Cooperative Research in Biomaterials (CIC biomaGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Paseo de Miramón 194, 20014, Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain.
| | - Desiré Di Silvio
- Center for Cooperative Research in Biomaterials (CIC biomaGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Paseo de Miramón 194, 20014, Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain.
| | - Xavi Illa
- Instituto de Microelectrónica de Barcelona, IMB-CNM (CSIC), Campus UAB, Bellaterra, Spain.
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Spain
| | - Rosa Villa
- Instituto de Microelectrónica de Barcelona, IMB-CNM (CSIC), Campus UAB, Bellaterra, Spain.
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Spain
| | - Anton Guimera
- Instituto de Microelectrónica de Barcelona, IMB-CNM (CSIC), Campus UAB, Bellaterra, Spain.
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Spain
| | - Elisabet Prats-Alfonso
- Instituto de Microelectrónica de Barcelona, IMB-CNM (CSIC), Campus UAB, Bellaterra, Spain.
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Spain
| | - Maurizio Prato
- Center for Cooperative Research in Biomaterials (CIC biomaGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Paseo de Miramón 194, 20014, Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain.
- Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, Spain
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche e Farmaceutiche, Università degli Studi di Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Alejandro Criado
- Center for Cooperative Research in Biomaterials (CIC biomaGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Paseo de Miramón 194, 20014, Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain.
- Universidade da Coruña, CICA - Centro Interdisciplinar de Química e Bioloxía, Rúa as Carballeiras, 15071 A Coruña, Spain.
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12
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Kim M, Joo SH, Wang M, Menabde SG, Luo D, Jin S, Kim H, Seong WK, Jang MS, Kwak SK, Lee SH, Ruoff RS. Direct Electrochemical Functionalization of Graphene Grown on Cu Including the Reaction Rate Dependence on the Cu Facet Type. ACS NANO 2023; 17:18914-18923. [PMID: 37781814 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c04138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/03/2023]
Abstract
We present an electrochemical method to functionalize single-crystal graphene grown on copper foils with a (111) surface orientation by chemical vapor deposition (CVD). Graphene on Cu(111) is functionalized with 4-iodoaniline by applying a constant negative potential, and the degree of functionalization depends on the applied potential and reaction time. Our approach stands out from previous methods due to its transfer-free method, which enables more precise and efficient functionalization of single-crystal graphene. We report the suggested effects of the Cu substrate facet by comparing the reactivity of graphene on Cu(111) and Cu(115). The electrochemical reaction rate changes dramatically at the potential threshold for each facet. Kelvin probe force microscopy was used to measure the work function, and the difference in onset potentials of the electrochemical reaction on these two different facets are explained in terms of the difference in work function values. Density functional theory and Monte Carlo calculations were used to calculate the work function of graphene and the thermodynamic stability of the aniline functionalized graphene on these two facets. This study provides a deeper understanding of the electrochemical behavior of graphene (including single-crystal graphene) on Cu(111) and Cu(115). It also serves as a basis for further study of a broad range of reagents and thus functional groups and of the role of metal substrate beneath graphene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minhyeok Kim
- Center for Multidimensional Carbon Materials (CMCM), Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
- Department of Chemistry, School of Natural Science, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Se Hun Joo
- School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Meihui Wang
- Center for Multidimensional Carbon Materials (CMCM), Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Sergey G Menabde
- School of Electrical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Da Luo
- Center for Multidimensional Carbon Materials (CMCM), Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Sunghwan Jin
- Center for Multidimensional Carbon Materials (CMCM), Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
- School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeongjun Kim
- Center for Multidimensional Carbon Materials (CMCM), Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
- School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Won Kyung Seong
- Center for Multidimensional Carbon Materials (CMCM), Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Seok Jang
- School of Electrical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Kyu Kwak
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun Hwa Lee
- Center for Multidimensional Carbon Materials (CMCM), Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Rodney S Ruoff
- Center for Multidimensional Carbon Materials (CMCM), Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
- Department of Chemistry, School of Natural Science, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
- School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
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13
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Zhang C, Zhou X, Zhu C, Zong Y, Cao H. STM studies on porphyrins and phthalocyanines at the liquid/solid interface for molecular-scale electronics. Dalton Trans 2023; 52:11017-11024. [PMID: 37529933 DOI: 10.1039/d3dt01518a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/03/2023]
Abstract
Porphyrins and phthalocyanines are promising candidates for single-molecule electronics. Among the many characterization tools, scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) represents a very powerful one to gain insight into the electronic properties at the molecular level, by correlating the charge transport behaviours of π-conjugated molecules with ultrahigh resolution imaging. In view of the sophistication of molecular self-assembly in the presence of a solution phase, in this frontier, we focus on STM studies on porphyrins and phthalocyanines at the liquid/solid interface, placing emphasis on the electronic and magnetic properties, as well as the switching behaviour of surface-confined or surface-anchored molecules. Furthermore, we have also addressed the topics of potential that can be exploited in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunmei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, China.
| | - Xin Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, China.
| | - Chunlei Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, China.
| | - Yufen Zong
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, China.
| | - Hai Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, China.
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14
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Huynh TMT, Tahara K, De Feyter S, Phan TH. On the role of functional groups in the formation of diazonium based covalent attachments: dendritic vs. layer-by-layer growth. RSC Adv 2023; 13:24576-24582. [PMID: 37593664 PMCID: PMC10427895 DOI: 10.1039/d3ra02661b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 08/04/2023] [Indexed: 08/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Multilayered growth is often observed upon electrografting aryl diazonium derivatives on graphitic substrates due to the reactive nature of aryl radicals. The mechanism of the multilayer formation has been investigated either by measuring the thickness of the grafted layer, the charge transfer, or via simulations. Spectroscopy and in particular microscopy approaches are underrepresented. Herein, we demonstrate a comparative characterization of the multilayer growth of two diazonium derivatives on highly oriented pyrolytic graphite using a combination of cyclic voltammetry, atomic force microscopy, and scanning tunneling microscopy. While dendritic growth is observed for 4-nitro phenyl diazonium (4-NBD), 4-carboxy phenyl diazonium (4-CBD) shows layer-by-layer growth upon increasing the molecular concentration, revealing the impact of the functional groups on the growth mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thi Mien Trung Huynh
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Quy Nhon University 170 An Duong Vuong Quy Nhon Vietnam
| | - Kazukuni Tahara
- Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Science and Technology, Meiji University 1-1-1 Higashimita, Tamaku Kawasaki Kanagawa 214-8571 Japan
| | - Steven De Feyter
- Division of Molecular Imaging and Photonics, Department of Chemistry, KU Leuven Celestijnenlaan 200F Leuven B-3001 Belgium
| | - Thanh Hai Phan
- Department of Physics and Materials Science, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Quy Nhon University 170 An Duong Vuong Quy Nhon Vietnam
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15
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Jiang T, Yi L, Liu X, Ivanov AP, Edel JB, Tang L. Fabrication of electron tunneling probes for measuring single-protein conductance. Nat Protoc 2023; 18:2579-2599. [PMID: 37420088 DOI: 10.1038/s41596-023-00846-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Accepted: 04/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/09/2023]
Abstract
Studying the electrical properties of individual proteins is a prominent research area in the field of bioelectronics. Electron tunnelling or quantum mechanical tunnelling (QMT) probes can act as powerful tools for investigating the electrical properties of proteins. However, current fabrication methods for these probes often have limited reproducibility, unreliable contact or inadequate binding of proteins onto the electrodes, so better solutions are required. Here, we detail a generalizable and straightforward set of instructions for fabricating simple, nanopipette-based, tunnelling probes, suitable for measuring conductance in single proteins. Our QMT probe is based on a high-aspect-ratio dual-channel nanopipette that integrates a pair of gold tunneling electrodes with a gap of less than 5 nm, fabricated via the pyrolytic deposition of carbon followed by the electrochemical deposition of gold. The gold tunneling electrodes can be functionalized using an extensive library of available surface modifications to achieve single-protein-electrode contact. We use a biotinylated thiol modification, in which a biotin-streptavidin-biotin bridge is used to form the single-protein junction. The resulting protein-coupled QMT probes enable the stable electrical measurement of the same single protein in solution for up to several hours. We also describe the analysis method used to interpret time-dependent single-protein conductance measurements, which can provide essential information for understanding electron transport and exploring protein dynamics. The total time required to complete the protocol is ~33 h and it can be carried out by users trained in less than 24 h.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Modern Optical Instrumentation, Institute of Quantum Sensing, Interdisciplinary Centre for Quantum Information, College of Optical Science and Engineering, International Research Center for Advanced Photonics, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Long Yi
- Department of Chemistry, Molecular Science Research Hub, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Xu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Modern Optical Instrumentation, Institute of Quantum Sensing, Interdisciplinary Centre for Quantum Information, College of Optical Science and Engineering, International Research Center for Advanced Photonics, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Aleksandar P Ivanov
- Department of Chemistry, Molecular Science Research Hub, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Joshua B Edel
- Department of Chemistry, Molecular Science Research Hub, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Longhua Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Modern Optical Instrumentation, Institute of Quantum Sensing, Interdisciplinary Centre for Quantum Information, College of Optical Science and Engineering, International Research Center for Advanced Photonics, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.
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16
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Maillot B, Johnson M, Audibert JF, Miomandre F, Brasiliense V. Operando surface optical nanometrology reveals diazonium salts' visible photografting mechanism. NANOSCALE 2023; 15:8754-8761. [PMID: 37097707 DOI: 10.1039/d3nr00439b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
High resolution and quantitative surface modification through photografting is a highly desirable strategy towards the preparation of smart surfaces, enabling chemical functions to be precisely located onto specific regions of inert surfaces. Although promising, the mechanisms leading to direct (without the use of any additive) photoactivation of diazonium salts using visible wavelengths are poorly understood, precluding the generalization of popular diazonium-based electrografting strategies into high resolution photografting ones. In this paper, we employ quantitative phase imaging as a nanometrology tool for evaluating the local grafting rate with diffraction-limited resolution and nanometric precision. By carefully measuring the surface modification kinetics under a range of different conditions, we reveal the reaction mechanism while evaluating the influence of key parameters, such as the power density, the radical precursor concentration and the presence of side reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baptiste Maillot
- Université Paris-Saclay, ENS Paris-Saclay, CNRS, PPSM, 4 avenue des sciences, 91190, Gif-sur-Yvette, France.
| | - Madelyn Johnson
- Université Paris-Saclay, ENS Paris-Saclay, CNRS, PPSM, 4 avenue des sciences, 91190, Gif-sur-Yvette, France.
| | - Jean-Frédéric Audibert
- Université Paris-Saclay, ENS Paris-Saclay, CNRS, PPSM, 4 avenue des sciences, 91190, Gif-sur-Yvette, France.
| | - Fabien Miomandre
- Université Paris-Saclay, ENS Paris-Saclay, CNRS, PPSM, 4 avenue des sciences, 91190, Gif-sur-Yvette, France.
| | - Vitor Brasiliense
- Université Paris-Saclay, ENS Paris-Saclay, CNRS, PPSM, 4 avenue des sciences, 91190, Gif-sur-Yvette, France.
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17
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Aoi S, Hirose S, Soeda W, Kaneko H, Mali KS, De Feyter S, Tahara K. Spatially Controlled Aryl Radical Grafting of Graphite Surfaces Guided by Self-Assembled Molecular Networks of Linear Alkane Derivatives: The Importance of Conformational Dynamics. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2023; 39:5986-5994. [PMID: 37068184 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.2c03434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The covalent functionalization of carbon surfaces with nanometer-scale precision is of interest because of its potential in a range of applications. We herein report the controlled grafting of graphite surfaces using electrochemically generated aryl radicals templated by self-assembled molecular networks (SAMNs) of bisalkylurea derivatives. A bisalkylurea derivative having two butoxy units acts as a template for the covalent functionalization of aryl groups in between self-assembled rows of this molecule. In contrast, grafting occurs without a spatial order when an SAMN of bis(tetradecyl)urea was used as a template. This indicates that a degree of dynamics at the alkyl termini is required to favor controlled covalent attachment, a situation that is suppressed by strong intrarow intermolecular interactions resulting from the hydrogen bonding of the urea groups, but favored by terminal short alkoxy groups. The present information is useful for understanding the mechanism of the template-guided aryl radical grafting and the molecular design of new generations of template molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sota Aoi
- Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Science and Technology, Meiji University, 1-1-1 Higashimita, Tama-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 214-8571, Japan
| | - Shingo Hirose
- Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Science and Technology, Meiji University, 1-1-1 Higashimita, Tama-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 214-8571, Japan
| | - Wakana Soeda
- Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Science and Technology, Meiji University, 1-1-1 Higashimita, Tama-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 214-8571, Japan
| | - Hiromasa Kaneko
- Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Science and Technology, Meiji University, 1-1-1 Higashimita, Tama-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 214-8571, Japan
| | - Kunal S Mali
- Division of Molecular Imaging and Photonics, Department of Chemistry, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200 F, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Steven De Feyter
- Division of Molecular Imaging and Photonics, Department of Chemistry, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200 F, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Kazukuni Tahara
- Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Science and Technology, Meiji University, 1-1-1 Higashimita, Tama-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 214-8571, Japan
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18
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Feng G, Inose T, Suzuki N, Wen H, Taemaitree F, Wolf M, Toyouchi S, Fujita Y, Hirai K, Uji-I H. Liquid-phase photo-induced covalent modification (PICM) of single-layer graphene by short-chain fatty acids. NANOSCALE 2023; 15:4932-4939. [PMID: 36786025 DOI: 10.1039/d2nr06698j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
We report an efficient photo-induced covalent modification (PICM) of graphene by short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) with an alkyl chain at the liquid-solid interface for spatially resolved chemical functionalization of graphene. Light irradiation on monolayer graphene under an aqueous solution of the SCFAs with an alkyl chain efficiently introduces sp3-hybridized defects, where the reaction rates of PICM are significantly higher than those in pure water. Raman and IR spectroscopy revealed that a high density of methyl, methoxy, and acetate groups is covalently attached to the graphene surface while it was partially oxidized by other oxygen-containing functional groups, such as OH and COOH. A greater downshift of the G-band in Raman spectra was observed upon the PICM with longer alkyl chains, suggesting that the charge doping effect can be controlled by the alkyl chain length of the SCFAs. The systematic research and exploration of covalent modification in SCFAs provide new insight and a potentially facile method for bandgap engineering of graphene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guilin Feng
- Research Institute for Electronic Science (RIES) and Division of Information Science and Technology, Graduate School of Information Science and Technology, Hokkaido University, N20W10, Sapporo, Hokkaido 001-0020, Japan.
| | - Tomoko Inose
- Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Science (WPI-iCeMS), Kyoto University, Yoshida, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Nozomu Suzuki
- Department of Human Studies, Faculty of Arts and Humanities, Shikoku Gakuin University, 3-2-1 Bunkyo-cho, Zentsuji, Kagawa 765-8505, Japan
| | - Han Wen
- Research Institute for Electronic Science (RIES) and Division of Information Science and Technology, Graduate School of Information Science and Technology, Hokkaido University, N20W10, Sapporo, Hokkaido 001-0020, Japan.
| | - Farsai Taemaitree
- Research Institute for Electronic Science (RIES) and Division of Information Science and Technology, Graduate School of Information Science and Technology, Hokkaido University, N20W10, Sapporo, Hokkaido 001-0020, Japan.
- Institute of Multidisciplinary Research for Advanced Materials (IMRAM), Tohoku University, 2-1-1 Katahira, Aoba-Ward, Sendai 980-8577, Japan
| | - Mathias Wolf
- Department of Chemistry, Division of Molecular Imaging and Photonics, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Shuichi Toyouchi
- Department of Chemistry, Division of Molecular Imaging and Photonics, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 30010, Taiwan
- Research Institute for Light-induced Acceleration System (RILACS), Osaka Metropolitan University, Sakai, Osaka 599-8570, Japan
| | - Yasuhiko Fujita
- Toray Research Center, Inc., Sonoyama 3-2-11, Otsu 520-8567, Shiga, Japan
| | - Kenji Hirai
- Research Institute for Electronic Science (RIES) and Division of Information Science and Technology, Graduate School of Information Science and Technology, Hokkaido University, N20W10, Sapporo, Hokkaido 001-0020, Japan.
| | - Hiroshi Uji-I
- Research Institute for Electronic Science (RIES) and Division of Information Science and Technology, Graduate School of Information Science and Technology, Hokkaido University, N20W10, Sapporo, Hokkaido 001-0020, Japan.
- Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Science (WPI-iCeMS), Kyoto University, Yoshida, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
- Department of Chemistry, Division of Molecular Imaging and Photonics, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
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19
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Wetzl C, Silvestri A, Garrido M, Hou HL, Criado A, Prato M. The Covalent Functionalization of Surface-Supported Graphene: An Update. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202212857. [PMID: 36279191 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202212857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
In the last decade, the use of graphene supported on solid surfaces has broadened its scope and applications, and graphene has acquire a promising role as a major component of high-performance electronic devices. In this context, the chemical modification of graphene has become essential. In particular, covalent modification offers key benefits, including controllability, stability, and the facility to be integrated into manufacturing operations. In this Review, we critically comment on the latest advances in the covalent modification of supported graphene on substrates. We analyze the different chemical modifications with special attention to radical reactions. In this context, we review the latest achievements in reactivity control, tailoring electronic properties, and introducing active functionalities. Finally, we extended our analysis to other emerging 2D materials supported on surfaces, such as transition metal dichalcogenides, transition metal oxides, and elemental analogs of graphene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia Wetzl
- Center for Cooperative Research in Biomaterials (CIC biomaGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Paseo de Miramon 194, 20014, Donostia, San Sebastián, Spain.,University of the Basque Country UPV-EHU, 20018, Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Alessandro Silvestri
- Center for Cooperative Research in Biomaterials (CIC biomaGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Paseo de Miramon 194, 20014, Donostia, San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Marina Garrido
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, INSTM UdR Trieste, University of Trieste, Via L. Giorgieri 1, 34127, Trieste, Italy
| | - Hui-Lei Hou
- Center for Cooperative Research in Biomaterials (CIC biomaGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Paseo de Miramon 194, 20014, Donostia, San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Alejandro Criado
- Universidade da Coruña, Centro de Investigacións Científicas Avanzadas (CICA), Rúa as Carballeiras, 15071, A Coruña, Spain
| | - Maurizio Prato
- Center for Cooperative Research in Biomaterials (CIC biomaGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Paseo de Miramon 194, 20014, Donostia, San Sebastián, Spain.,Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, INSTM UdR Trieste, University of Trieste, Via L. Giorgieri 1, 34127, Trieste, Italy.,Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science, 48013, Bilbao, Spain
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20
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Li Z, Guo Y, Li K, Wang S, De Bonis E, Cao H, Mertens SF, Teng C. Shape Control of Bimetallic MOF/Graphene Composites for Efficient Oxygen Evolution Reaction. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2023.117144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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21
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Pichereau L, Fillaud L, Kostopoulos N, Maisonhaute E, Cauchy T, Allain M, Noël JM, Gautier C, Breton T. Highly Reactive Diazenyl Radical Species Evidenced during Aryldiazonium Electroreduction. J Phys Chem Lett 2022; 13:11866-11871. [PMID: 36520548 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.2c03089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
We report the experimental reassessment of the widely admitted concerted reduction mechanism for diazonium electroreduction. Ultrafast cyclic voltammetry was exploited to demonstrate the existence of a stepwise pathway, and real-time spectroelectrochemistry experiments allowed visualization of the spectral signature of an evolution product of the phenyldiazenyl radical intermediate. Unambiguous identification of the diazenyl species was achieved by radical trapping followed by X-ray structure resolution. The electrochemical generation of this transient under intermediate energetic conditions calls into question our comprehension of the layer structuration when surface modification is achieved via the diazonium electrografting technique as this azo-containing intermediate could be responsible for the systematic presence of azo bridges in nanometric films.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laure Pichereau
- Université Angers, CNRS, MOLTECH-Anjou, SFR MATRIX, F-49000 Angers, France
| | - Laure Fillaud
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Laboratoire Interfaces et Systèmes Electrochimiques, 4 Place Jussieu, 75005 Paris, France
| | | | - Emmanuel Maisonhaute
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Laboratoire Interfaces et Systèmes Electrochimiques, 4 Place Jussieu, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Thomas Cauchy
- Université Angers, CNRS, MOLTECH-Anjou, SFR MATRIX, F-49000 Angers, France
| | - Magali Allain
- Université Angers, CNRS, MOLTECH-Anjou, SFR MATRIX, F-49000 Angers, France
| | - Jean-Marc Noël
- Université Paris Cité, ITODYS, CNRS, F-75013, Paris, France
| | - Christelle Gautier
- Université Angers, CNRS, MOLTECH-Anjou, SFR MATRIX, F-49000 Angers, France
| | - Tony Breton
- Université Angers, CNRS, MOLTECH-Anjou, SFR MATRIX, F-49000 Angers, France
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22
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Yu LH, Cai ZF, Verstraete L, Xia Y, Fang Y, Cuccia L, Ivasenko O, De Feyter S. Defect-engineered surfaces to investigate the formation of self-assembled molecular networks. Chem Sci 2022; 13:13212-13219. [PMID: 36425498 PMCID: PMC9667956 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc04599k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 08/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Herein we report the impact of covalent modification (grafting), inducing lateral nanoconfinement conditions, on the self-assembly of a quinonoid zwitterion derivative into self-assembled molecular networks at the liquid/solid interface. At low concentrations where the compound does not show self-assembly behaviour on bare highly oriented pyrolytic graphite (HOPG), close-packed self-assembled structures are visualized by scanning tunneling microscopy on covalently modified HOPG. The size of the self-assembled domains decreases with increasing the density of grafted molecules, i.e. the molecules covalently bound to the surface. The dynamics of domains are captured with molecular resolution, revealing not only time-dependent growth and shrinkage processes but also the orientation conversion of assembled domains. Grafted pins play a key role in initiating the formation of on-surface molecular self-assembly and their stabilization, providing an elegant route to study various aspects of nucleation and growth processes of self-assembled molecular networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Hua Yu
- Department of Chemistry, Division of Molecular Imaging and Photonics, KU Leuven Celestijnenlaan 200F B-3001 Leuven Belgium
| | - Zhen-Feng Cai
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich Zurich CH-8093 Switzerland
| | - Lander Verstraete
- Department of Chemistry, Division of Molecular Imaging and Photonics, KU Leuven Celestijnenlaan 200F B-3001 Leuven Belgium
- imec Kapeldreef 75 3001 Leuven Belgium
| | - Yuanzhi Xia
- Department of Chemistry, Division of Molecular Imaging and Photonics, KU Leuven Celestijnenlaan 200F B-3001 Leuven Belgium
| | - Yuan Fang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Soochow University Suzhou 215123 PR China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Negative Carbon Technologies, Soochow University Suzhou 215123 Jiangsu PR China
| | - Louis Cuccia
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Concordia University 7141 Sherbrooke St. W. Montreal Québec Canada
| | - Oleksandr Ivasenko
- Department of Chemistry, Division of Molecular Imaging and Photonics, KU Leuven Celestijnenlaan 200F B-3001 Leuven Belgium
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Joint International Research Laboratory of Carbon-Based Functional Materials and Devices, Soochow University Suzhou 215123 Jiangsu PR China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Soochow University Suzhou 215123 PR China
| | - Steven De Feyter
- Department of Chemistry, Division of Molecular Imaging and Photonics, KU Leuven Celestijnenlaan 200F B-3001 Leuven Belgium
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23
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Xia Y, Sevim S, Vale JP, Seibel J, Rodríguez-San-Miguel D, Kim D, Pané S, Mayor TS, De Feyter S, Puigmartí-Luis J. Covalent transfer of chemical gradients onto a graphenic surface with 2D and 3D control. Nat Commun 2022; 13:7006. [PMID: 36384990 PMCID: PMC9668971 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-34684-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Control over the functionalization of graphenic materials is key to enable their full application in electronic and optical technologies. Covalent functionalization strategies have been proposed as an approach to tailor the interfaces' structure and properties. However, to date, none of the proposed methods allow for a covalent functionalization with control over the grafting density, layer thickness and/or morphology, which are key aspects for fine-tuning the processability and performance of graphenic materials. Here, we show that the no-slip boundary condition at the walls of a continuous flow microfluidic device offers a way to generate controlled chemical gradients onto a graphenic material with 2D and 3D control, a possibility that will allow the sophisticated functionalization of these technologically-relevant materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanzhi Xia
- Department of Chemistry, Division of Molecular Imaging and Photonics, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Semih Sevim
- Multi-Scale Robotics Lab, Institute of Robotics and Intelligent Systems, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - João Pedro Vale
- Transport Phenomena Research Centre (CEFT), Engineering Faculty of Porto University, Porto, Portugal
- Associate Laboratory in Chemical Engineering (ALiCE), Engineering Faculty of Porto University, Porto, Portugal
| | - Johannes Seibel
- Department of Chemistry, Division of Molecular Imaging and Photonics, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - David Rodríguez-San-Miguel
- Departament de Ciència dels Materials i Química Física, Institut de Química Teòrica i Computacional, University of Barcelona (UB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Donghoon Kim
- Multi-Scale Robotics Lab, Institute of Robotics and Intelligent Systems, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Salvador Pané
- Multi-Scale Robotics Lab, Institute of Robotics and Intelligent Systems, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Tiago Sotto Mayor
- Transport Phenomena Research Centre (CEFT), Engineering Faculty of Porto University, Porto, Portugal.
- Associate Laboratory in Chemical Engineering (ALiCE), Engineering Faculty of Porto University, Porto, Portugal.
| | - Steven De Feyter
- Department of Chemistry, Division of Molecular Imaging and Photonics, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Josep Puigmartí-Luis
- Departament de Ciència dels Materials i Química Física, Institut de Química Teòrica i Computacional, University of Barcelona (UB), Barcelona, Spain.
- Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), Barcelona, Spain.
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24
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He Y, Wei Q, An N, Meng C, Hu Z. Organic Small-Molecule Electrodes: Emerging Organic Composite Materials in Supercapacitors for Efficient Energy Storage. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27227692. [PMID: 36431793 PMCID: PMC9694881 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27227692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2022] [Revised: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 11/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Organic small molecules with electrochemically active and reversible redox groups are excellent candidates for energy storage systems due to their abundant natural origin and design flexibility. However, their practical application is generally limited by inherent electrical insulating properties and high solubility. To achieve both high energy density and power density, organic small molecules are usually immobilized on the surface of a carbon substrate with a high specific surface area and excellent electrical conductivity through non-covalent interactions or chemical bonds. The resulting composite materials are called organic small-molecule electrodes (OMEs). The redox reaction of OMEs occurs near the surface with fast kinetic and higher utilization compared to storing charge through diffusion-limited Faraday reactions. In the past decade, our research group has developed a large number of novel OMEs with different connections or molecular skeletons. This paper introduces the latest development of OMEs for efficient energy storage. Furthermore, we focus on the design motivation, structural advantages, charge storage mechanism, and various electrode parameters of OMEs. With small organic molecules as the active center, OMEs can significantly improve the energy density at low molecular weight through proton-coupled electron transfer, which is not limited by lattice size. Finally, we outline possible trends in the rational design of OMEs toward high-performance supercapacitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan He
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Qiaoqiao Wei
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Ning An
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou Jiaotong University, Lanzhou 730070, China
- Correspondence: (N.A.); (Z.H.)
| | - Congcong Meng
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou 730070, China
- School of Electronic and Information Engineering, Lanzhou City University, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Zhongai Hu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou 730070, China
- Correspondence: (N.A.); (Z.H.)
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25
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Mwanza D, Adeniyi O, Tesfalidet S, Nyokong T, Mashazi P. Capacitive label-free ultrasensitive detection of PSA on a covalently attached monoclonal anti-PSA antibody gold surface. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2022.116983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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26
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Zong Y, Zhang C, Cao H. Chiral functionalization of solid surfaces with amino acid derivatives: diazonium grafting regulated by enantioselective processes. Dalton Trans 2022; 51:14906-14911. [PMID: 36106924 DOI: 10.1039/d2dt02418g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Chiral inorganic nanostructures are essential for many enantioselective processes. It is possible to bestow chirality on otherwise achiral inorganic materials, via covalent functionalization of their surfaces with chiral organic molecules. However, controlling the degree of covalent functionalization is challenging, and there is an urgent need to find new avenues that can be applied to attach chiral moieties on different types of surfaces. By taking advantage of the versatility of diazonium chemistry, here we present a combined SPM/Raman study of the covalent grafting of amino acid-derived molecules on two different solid surfaces, with the intention to evaluate the effect of chiral reductants, chirally functionalized surfaces and chiral solvents on the chiral functionalization of solid surfaces. We show that the all three chiral species have an effect on the grafting of amino acid derivatives on solid surfaces, but affect the covalent attachment in different fashions. With a survey of the different aspects at play in chiral functionalization of solid surfaces, this study may offer a potential solution for the controlled production of many chiral nanostructures, and might also shine some light on the understanding of enantiospecific processes on inorganic crystalline surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yufen Zong
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China.
| | - Chunmei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China.
| | - Hai Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China.
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27
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Hashimoto S, Kaneko H, De Feyter S, Tobe Y, Tahara K. Symmetry and spacing controls in periodic covalent functionalization of graphite surfaces templated by self-assembled molecular networks. NANOSCALE 2022; 14:12595-12609. [PMID: 35861168 DOI: 10.1039/d2nr02858a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
We herein present the periodic covalent functionalization of graphite surfaces, creating a range of patterns of different symmetries and pitches at the nanoscale. Self-assembled molecular networks (SAMNs) of rhombic-shaped bis(dehydrobenzo[12]annulene) (bisDBA) derivatives having alkyl chain substituents of different lengths were used as templates for covalent grafting of electrochemically generated aryl radicals. Scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) observations at the 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene/graphite interface revealed that these molecules form a variety of networks that contain pores of different shapes and sizes. The covalently functionalized surfaces show hexagonal, oblique, and quasi-rectangular periodicities. This is attributed to the favorable aryl radical addition at the pore(s). We also confirmed the successful transmission of chirality information from the SAMNs to the alignment of the grafted aryls. In one case, the addition of a guest molecule was used to switch the SAMN symmetry and periodicity, leading to a change in the functionalized surface periodicity from oblique to hexagonal in the presence of the guest molecule. This contribution highlights the potential of SAMNs as templates for the controlled formation of nanopatterned carbon materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shingo Hashimoto
- Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Science and Technology, Meiji University, 1-1-1 Higashimita, Tama-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, 214-8571, Japan.
| | - Hiromasa Kaneko
- Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Science and Technology, Meiji University, 1-1-1 Higashimita, Tama-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, 214-8571, Japan.
| | - Steven De Feyter
- Division of Molecular Imaging and Photonics, Department of Chemistry, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200 F, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Yoshito Tobe
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, 1001 Ta Hsueh Road, Hsinchu 30030, Taiwan
- The Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research, Osaka University, Ibaraki, Osaka 567-0047, Japan
| | - Kazukuni Tahara
- Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Science and Technology, Meiji University, 1-1-1 Higashimita, Tama-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, 214-8571, Japan.
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28
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Gao K, Huang Y, Han Y, Gao Y, Dong C, Liu J, Li F, Zhang L. Designing Heterogeneous Surfaces of Two-Dimensional Nanosheets to Maximize Mechanical Reinforcing of Polymer Nanocomposites via Molecular Dynamics Simulation. Macromolecules 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.2c00375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ke Gao
- Key Laboratory of Beijing City on Preparation and Processing of Novel Polymer Materials, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100013, People’s Republic of China
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Advanced Elastomers, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100013, People’s Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100013, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yongdi Huang
- Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100013, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yue Han
- Key Laboratory of Beijing City on Preparation and Processing of Novel Polymer Materials, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100013, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yangyang Gao
- Key Laboratory of Beijing City on Preparation and Processing of Novel Polymer Materials, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100013, People’s Republic of China
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Advanced Elastomers, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100013, People’s Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100013, People’s Republic of China
| | - Caibo Dong
- Institute of Automation, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100013, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jun Liu
- Key Laboratory of Beijing City on Preparation and Processing of Novel Polymer Materials, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100013, People’s Republic of China
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Advanced Elastomers, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100013, People’s Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100013, People’s Republic of China
| | - Fanzhu Li
- Key Laboratory of Beijing City on Preparation and Processing of Novel Polymer Materials, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100013, People’s Republic of China
| | - Liqun Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Beijing City on Preparation and Processing of Novel Polymer Materials, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100013, People’s Republic of China
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Advanced Elastomers, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100013, People’s Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100013, People’s Republic of China
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29
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Dominguez-Alfaro A, Chau NDQ, Yan S, Mancino D, Pamulapati S, Williams S, Taylor LW, Dewey OS, Pasquali M, Prato M, Bianco A, Criado A. Electrochemical modification of carbon nanotube fibres. NANOSCALE 2022; 14:9313-9322. [PMID: 35579037 DOI: 10.1039/d1nr07495d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Covalent modification of the surface of carbon nanotube fibres (CNTFs) through electrochemical reduction of para-substituted phenyldiazonium salts and electrochemical oxidation of an aliphatic diamine is described. Following these strategies, diverse surface functionalities have been introduced while preserving the fibre bulk properties. The corresponding modified CNTFs were fully characterised by Raman spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, energy dispersive X-Ray, scanning electron microscopy and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, exhibiting different surface properties from those of the unmodified CNTFs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Dominguez-Alfaro
- Center for Cooperative Research in Biomaterials (CIC biomaGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Paseo de Miramón 194, 20014, Donostia San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Ngoc Do Quyen Chau
- CNRS, UPR3572, Immunology, Immunopathology and Therapeutic Chemistry, ISIS, University of Strasbourg, 67000 Strasbourg, France.
| | - Stephen Yan
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Department of Chemistry, The Smalley-Curl Institute, The Carbon Hub, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, USA
| | - Donato Mancino
- Center for Cooperative Research in Biomaterials (CIC biomaGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Paseo de Miramón 194, 20014, Donostia San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Sushma Pamulapati
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Department of Chemistry, The Smalley-Curl Institute, The Carbon Hub, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, USA
| | - Steven Williams
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Department of Chemistry, The Smalley-Curl Institute, The Carbon Hub, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, USA
| | - Lauren W Taylor
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Department of Chemistry, The Smalley-Curl Institute, The Carbon Hub, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, USA
| | - Oliver S Dewey
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Department of Chemistry, The Smalley-Curl Institute, The Carbon Hub, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, USA
| | - Matteo Pasquali
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Department of Chemistry, The Smalley-Curl Institute, The Carbon Hub, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, USA
| | - Maurizio Prato
- Center for Cooperative Research in Biomaterials (CIC biomaGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Paseo de Miramón 194, 20014, Donostia San Sebastián, Spain
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, INSTM, unit of Trieste, University of Trieste, Via L. Giorgieri 1, 34127 Trieste, Italy
- Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science, 48013 Bilbao, Spain
| | - Alberto Bianco
- CNRS, UPR3572, Immunology, Immunopathology and Therapeutic Chemistry, ISIS, University of Strasbourg, 67000 Strasbourg, France.
| | - Alejandro Criado
- Universidade da Coruña, Centro de Investigacións Científicas Avanzadas (CICA), Rúa As Carballeiras, 15071, A Coruña, Spain.
- Center for Cooperative Research in Biomaterials (CIC biomaGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Paseo de Miramón 194, 20014, Donostia San Sebastián, Spain
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30
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Electro-polymerization rates of diazonium salts are dependent on the crystal orientation of the surface. J Colloid Interface Sci 2022; 626:985-994. [PMID: 35839679 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2022.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Revised: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 07/03/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Electro-polymerization of diazonium salts is widely used for modifying surfaces with thin organic films. Initially this method was primarily applied to carbon, then to metals, and more recently to semiconducting Si. Unlike on other surfaces, electrochemical reduction of diazonium salts on Si, which is one of the most industrially dominant material, is not well understood. Here, we report the electrochemical reduction of diazonium salts on a range of silicon electrodes of different crystal orientations (111, 211, 311, 411, and 100). We show that the kinetics of surface reaction and the reduction potential is Si crystal-facet dependent and is more favorable in the hierarchical order (111) > (211) > (311) > (411) > (100), a finding that offers control over the surface chemistry of diazonium salts on Si. The dependence of the surface reaction kinetics on the crystal orientation was found to be directly related to differences in the potential of zero charge (PZC) of each crystal orientation, which in turn controls the adsorption of the diazonium cations prior to reduction. Another consequence of the effect of PZC on the adsorption of diazonium cations, is that molecules terminated by distal diazonium moieties form a compact film in less time and requires less reduction potentials compared to that formed from diazonium molecules terminated by only one diazo moiety. In addition, at higher concentrations of diazonium cations, the mechanism of electrochemical polymerization on the surface becomes PZC-controlled adsorption-dominated inner-sphere electron transfer while at lower concentrations, diffusion-based outer-sphere electron transfer dominates. These findings help understanding the electro-polymerization reaction of diazonium salts on Si en route towards an integrated molecular and Si electronics technology.
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31
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Xia Y, Sun L, Eyley S, Daelemans B, Thielemans W, Seibel J, De Feyter S. Grafting Ink for Direct Writing: Solvation Activated Covalent Functionalization of Graphene. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2022; 9:e2105017. [PMID: 35419972 PMCID: PMC9259721 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202105017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2021] [Revised: 02/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Covalent functionalization of graphene (CFG) has shown attractive advantages in tuning the electronic, mechanical, optical, and thermal properties of graphene. However, facile, large-scale, controllable, and highly efficient CFG remains challenging and often involves highly reactive and volatile compounds, requiring complex control of the reaction conditions. Here, a diazonium-based grafting ink consisting of only two components, i.e., an aryl diazonium salt and the solvent dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) is presented. The efficient functionalization is attributed to the combination of the solvation of the diazonium cations by DMSO and n-doping of graphene by DMSO, thereby promoting electron transfer (ET) from graphene to the diazonium cations, resulting in the generation of aryl radicals which subsequently react with the graphene. The grafting density of CFG is controlled by the reaction time and very high levels of functionalization, up to the failing of the Tuinstra-Koenig (T-K) relation, while the functionalization layer remains at monolayer height. The grafting ink, effective for days at room temperature, can be used at ambient conditions and renders the patterning CFG by direct writing as easy as writing on paper. In combination with thermal sample treatment, reversible functionalization is possible by subsequent writing/erasing cycles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanzhi Xia
- Department of ChemistryDivision of Molecular Imaging and PhotonicsKU LeuvenCelestijnenlaan 200FLeuvenB‐3001Belgium
| | - Li Sun
- Department of ChemistryDivision of Molecular Imaging and PhotonicsKU LeuvenCelestijnenlaan 200FLeuvenB‐3001Belgium
| | - Samuel Eyley
- Department of Chemical EngineeringSustainable Materials LabKU LeuvenCampus Kulak Kortrijk, E. Sabbelaan 53Kortrijk8500Belgium
| | - Brent Daelemans
- Department of ChemistryDivision of Molecular Imaging and PhotonicsKU LeuvenCelestijnenlaan 200FLeuvenB‐3001Belgium
| | - Wim Thielemans
- Department of Chemical EngineeringSustainable Materials LabKU LeuvenCampus Kulak Kortrijk, E. Sabbelaan 53Kortrijk8500Belgium
| | - Johannes Seibel
- Department of ChemistryDivision of Molecular Imaging and PhotonicsKU LeuvenCelestijnenlaan 200FLeuvenB‐3001Belgium
| | - Steven De Feyter
- Department of ChemistryDivision of Molecular Imaging and PhotonicsKU LeuvenCelestijnenlaan 200FLeuvenB‐3001Belgium
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32
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Lombardi L, Kovtun A, Mantovani S, Bertuzzi G, Favaretto L, Bettini C, Palermo V, Melucci M, Bandini M. Visible-Light Assisted Covalent Surface Functionalization of Reduced Graphene Oxide Nanosheets with Arylazo Sulfones. Chemistry 2022; 28:e202200333. [PMID: 35319124 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202200333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
We present an environmentally benign methodology for the covalent functionalization (arylation) of reduced graphene oxide (rGO) nanosheets with arylazo sulfones. A variety of tagged aryl units were conveniently accommodated at the rGO surface via visible-light irradiation of suspensions of carbon nanostructured materials in aqueous media. Mild reaction conditions, absence of photosensitizers, functional group tolerance and high atomic fractions (XPS analysis) represent some of the salient features characterizing the present methodology. Control experiments for the mechanistic elucidation (Raman analysis) and chemical nanomanipulation of the tagged rGO surfaces are also reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Lombardi
- Dipartimento di Chimica "Giacomo Ciamician", Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, Via Selmi 2, 40126, Bologna, Italy.,Center for Chemical Catalysis - C3, Via Selmi 2, 40126, Bologna, Italy
| | - Alessandro Kovtun
- Istituto per la Sintesi e la Fotoreattività (ISOF) - CNR, Via Gobetti, 101, 40129, Bologna, Italy
| | - Sebastiano Mantovani
- Istituto per la Sintesi e la Fotoreattività (ISOF) - CNR, Via Gobetti, 101, 40129, Bologna, Italy
| | - Giulio Bertuzzi
- Dipartimento di Chimica "Giacomo Ciamician", Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, Via Selmi 2, 40126, Bologna, Italy.,Center for Chemical Catalysis - C3, Via Selmi 2, 40126, Bologna, Italy
| | - Laura Favaretto
- Istituto per la Sintesi e la Fotoreattività (ISOF) - CNR, Via Gobetti, 101, 40129, Bologna, Italy
| | - Cristian Bettini
- Center for Chemical Catalysis - C3, Via Selmi 2, 40126, Bologna, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Palermo
- Istituto per la Sintesi e la Fotoreattività (ISOF) - CNR, Via Gobetti, 101, 40129, Bologna, Italy
| | - Manuela Melucci
- Istituto per la Sintesi e la Fotoreattività (ISOF) - CNR, Via Gobetti, 101, 40129, Bologna, Italy
| | - Marco Bandini
- Dipartimento di Chimica "Giacomo Ciamician", Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, Via Selmi 2, 40126, Bologna, Italy.,Center for Chemical Catalysis - C3, Via Selmi 2, 40126, Bologna, Italy
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33
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Bazán CM, Béraud A, Nguyen M, Bencherif A, Martel R, Bouilly D. Dynamic Gate Control of Aryldiazonium Chemistry on Graphene Field-Effect Transistors. NANO LETTERS 2022; 22:2635-2642. [PMID: 35352961 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.1c04397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
As graphene field-effect transistors (GFETs) are becoming increasingly valued for sensor applications, efficiency and control of their surface functionalization become critical. Here, we introduce an innovative method using a gate electrode to precisely modulate aryldiazonium functionalization directly on graphene devices. Although this covalent chemistry is well-known, we show that its spontaneous reaction on GFETs is highly heterogeneous with a low overall yield. By dynamically tuning the gate voltage in the presence of the reactant, we can quickly enable or suppress the reaction, resulting in a high degree of homogeneity between devices. We are also able to monitor and control functionalization kinetics in real time. The mechanism for our approach is based on electron transfer availability, analogous to chemical, substrate-based, or electrochemical doping, but has the practical advantage of being fully implementable on devices or chips. This work illustrates how powerful the FET platforms are to study surface reactions on nanomaterials in real time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia M Bazán
- Institute for Research in Immunology and Cancer (IRIC), Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec H3T 1J4, Canada
| | - Anouk Béraud
- Institute for Research in Immunology and Cancer (IRIC), Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec H3T 1J4, Canada
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Minh Nguyen
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Amira Bencherif
- Institute for Research in Immunology and Cancer (IRIC), Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec H3T 1J4, Canada
- Institute for Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec H3T 1J4, Canada
| | - Richard Martel
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Delphine Bouilly
- Institute for Research in Immunology and Cancer (IRIC), Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec H3T 1J4, Canada
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec H3C 3J7, Canada
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Fini H, Hassan Q, Noroozifar M, Kerman K. Electrografting a Hybrid Bilayer Membrane via Diazonium Chemistry for Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy of Amyloid-β Aggregation. MICROMACHINES 2022; 13:574. [PMID: 35457879 PMCID: PMC9029378 DOI: 10.3390/mi13040574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Revised: 03/20/2022] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Herein, a novel hybrid bilayer membrane is introduced as a platform to study the aggregation of amyloid-β1-42 (Aβ1-42) peptide on surfaces. The first layer was covalently attached to a glassy carbon electrode (GCE) via diazonium electrodeposition, which provided a highly stable template for the hybrid bilayer formation. To prepare the long-chain hybrid bilayer membrane (lcHBLM)-modified electrodes, GCE surfaces were modified with 4-dodecylbenzenediazonium (DDAN) followed by the modification with dihexadecyl phosphate (DHP) as the second layer. For the preparation of short-chain hybrid bilayer membrane (scHBLM)-modified electrodes, GCE surfaces were modified with 4-ethyldiazonium (EDAN) as the first layer and bis(2-ethylhexyl) phosphate (BEHP) was utilized as the second layer. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF-SIMS) were used to characterize the bilayer formation. Both positively charged [Ru(NH3)6]3+ and negatively charged ([Fe(CN)6]3-/4-) redox probes were used for electrochemical characterization of the modified surfaces using cyclic voltammetry (CV) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). EIS results showed a decrease in charge transfer resistance (Rct) upon incubation of Aβ1-42 on the hybrid bilayer-modified surfaces. This framework provides a promising electrochemical platform for designing hybrid bilayers with various physicochemical properties to study the interaction of membrane-bound receptors and biomolecules on surfaces.
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Sainz R, Pozo MD, Vázquez L, Vilas-Varela M, Castro-Esteban J, Blanco E, Petit-Domínguez MD, Quintana C, Casero E. Lactate biosensing based on covalent immobilization of lactate oxidase onto chevron-like graphene nanoribbons via diazotization-coupling reaction. Anal Chim Acta 2022; 1208:339851. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2022.339851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Revised: 04/05/2022] [Accepted: 04/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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Walters F, Burwell G, Mitchell JJ, Ali MM, Daghigh Ahmadi E, Mostert AB, Jenkins CA, Rozhko S, Kazakova O, Guy OJ. A Rapid Graphene Sensor Platform for the Detection of Viral Proteins in Low Volume Samples. ADVANCED NANOBIOMED RESEARCH 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/anbr.202100140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ffion Walters
- Centre for NanoHealth, School of Engineering and Applied Sciences Swansea University Swansea SA2 8PP UK
| | - Gregory Burwell
- Department of Physics, School of Biosciences, Geography and Physics Swansea University Swansea SA2 8PP UK
| | - Jacob John Mitchell
- Centre for NanoHealth, School of Engineering and Applied Sciences Swansea University Swansea SA2 8PP UK
- SPTS Technologies Ltd, R&D and Product department Ringland Way Newport NP18 2TA UK
| | - Muhammad Munem Ali
- Centre for NanoHealth, School of Engineering and Applied Sciences Swansea University Swansea SA2 8PP UK
| | - Ehsaneh Daghigh Ahmadi
- Centre for NanoHealth, School of Engineering and Applied Sciences Swansea University Swansea SA2 8PP UK
| | - A. Bernardus Mostert
- Department of Chemistry, School of Engineering and Applied Sciences Swansea University Swansea SA2 8PP UK
| | | | - Sergiy Rozhko
- National Physical Laboratory Quantum Metrology Institute Teddington Middlesex TW11 0LW UK
| | - Olga Kazakova
- National Physical Laboratory Quantum Metrology Institute Teddington Middlesex TW11 0LW UK
| | - Owen J. Guy
- Centre for NanoHealth, School of Engineering and Applied Sciences Swansea University Swansea SA2 8PP UK
- Department of Chemistry, School of Engineering and Applied Sciences Swansea University Swansea SA2 8PP UK
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Li Z, Li K, Wang S, Teng C. Covalent Patterning of Graphene for Controllable Functionalization from Microscale to Nanoscale: A Mini-Review. Front Chem 2022; 10:829614. [PMID: 35360538 PMCID: PMC8963783 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2022.829614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Covalent patterning of graphene opens many application possibilities in the field of photonics, electronics, sensors, and catalysis due to order-dependent optical properties, band structure engineering, and processibility and reactivity improvement. Owing to the low reactivity of the graphene basal plane, harsh reagents (e.g., radicals) used for covalent functionalization normally result in poor spatial control, which largely compromises the intrinsic properties of graphene. Therefore, precisely spatial control on covalent patterning of graphene is of great importance. Herein, we summarize recent advances for covalent patterning of graphene from the microscale to nanoscale resolution using different techniques such as laser or electrochemical writing, template-directed growth, and tip-induced nanoshaving.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi Li
- Institute of Marine Biomedicine, Shenzhen Polytechnic, Shenzhen, China
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
- *Correspondence: Zhi Li, ; Chao Teng,
| | - Kai Li
- Institute of Marine Biomedicine, Shenzhen Polytechnic, Shenzhen, China
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Shuang Wang
- Institute of Marine Biomedicine, Shenzhen Polytechnic, Shenzhen, China
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Chao Teng
- Institute of Marine Biomedicine, Shenzhen Polytechnic, Shenzhen, China
- *Correspondence: Zhi Li, ; Chao Teng,
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Qu H, Wu X, Fortner J, Kim M, Wang P, Wang Y. Reconfiguring Organic Color Centers on the sp 2 Carbon Lattice of Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes. ACS NANO 2022; 16:2077-2087. [PMID: 35040631 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.1c07669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Organic color centers (OCCs) are atomic defects that can be synthetically created in single-walled carbon nanotube hosts to enable the emission of shortwave infrared single photons at room temperature. However, all known chemistries developed thus far to generate these quantum defects produce a variety of bonding configurations, posing a formidable challenge to the synthesis of identical, uniformly emitting color centers. Herein, we show that laser irradiation of the nanotube host can locally reconfigure the chemical bonding of aryl OCCs on (6,5) nanotubes to significantly reduce their spectral inhomogeneity. After irradiation the defect emission narrows in distribution by ∼26% to yield a single photoluminescence peak. We use hyperspectral photoluminescence imaging to follow this structural transformation on the single nanotube level. Density functional theory calculations corroborate our experimental observations, suggesting that the OCCs convert from kinetic structures to the more thermodynamically stable configuration. This approach may enable localized tuning and creation of identical OCCs for emerging applications in bioimaging, molecular sensing, and quantum information sciences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoran Qu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Xiaojian Wu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Jacob Fortner
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Mijin Kim
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Peng Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - YuHuang Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
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Brasiliense V, Audibert JF, Wu T, Tessier G, Berto P, Miomandre F. Local Surface Chemistry Dynamically Monitored by Quantitative Phase Microscopy. SMALL METHODS 2022; 6:e2100737. [PMID: 35041288 DOI: 10.1002/smtd.202100737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Surface modification by photo grafting constitutes an interesting strategy to prepare functional surfaces. Precision applications, however, demand quantitative methods able to monitor and control the amount and distribution of surface modifications, which is hard to achieve, particularly in operando conditions. In this paper, a label-free, cost-effective, all-optical method based on wavefront sensing which is able to quantitatively track the evolution of grafted layers in real-time, is presented. By positioning a simple thin diffuser in the close vicinity of a camera, the thickness of grafted patterns is directly evaluated with sub-nanometric sensitivity and diffraction-limited lateral resolution. By performing an in-depth kinetic analysis of the local modification of an inert substrate (glass cover slips) through photografting of arydiazonium salts, different growth regimes are characterized and several parameters are estimated, such as the grafting efficiency, density and the apparent refractive index distribution of the resulting grafted layers. Both focused and widefield-grafting can be quantitatively monitored in real time, providing valuable guidelines to maximize functionalization efficiency. The association of a well-characterized versatile photografting reaction with the proposed flexible and sensitive monitoring strategy enables functional surfaces to be prepared, and puts surface micro- to submicro-structuration within the reach of most laboratories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vitor Brasiliense
- PPSM, CNRS UMR 5831, ENS Paris-Saclay, 4 avenue des sciences, Gif-sur-Yvette, 91190, France
| | - Jean-Frédéric Audibert
- PPSM, CNRS UMR 5831, ENS Paris-Saclay, 4 avenue des sciences, Gif-sur-Yvette, 91190, France
| | - Tengfei Wu
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Institut de la Vision, Paris, F-75012, France
- Université de Paris, SPPIN-Saints-Pères Paris Institute for Neurosciences, 45 rue des Saints-Pères, Paris, 75006, France
| | - Gilles Tessier
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Institut de la Vision, Paris, F-75012, France
| | - Pascal Berto
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Institut de la Vision, Paris, F-75012, France
- Université de Paris, SPPIN-Saints-Pères Paris Institute for Neurosciences, 45 rue des Saints-Pères, Paris, 75006, France
| | - Fabien Miomandre
- PPSM, CNRS UMR 5831, ENS Paris-Saclay, 4 avenue des sciences, Gif-sur-Yvette, 91190, France
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40
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Jeong JH, Kang S, Kim N, Joshi RK, Lee GH. Recent trends in covalent functionalization of 2D materials. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2022; 24:10684-10711. [DOI: 10.1039/d1cp04831g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Covalent functionalization of the surface is more crucial in 2D materials than in conventional bulk materials because of their atomic thinness, large surface-to-volume ratio, and uniform surface chemical potential. Because...
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41
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Suriyaprakash J, Bala K, Shan L, Wu L, Gupta N. Molecular Engineered Carbon-Based Sensor for Ultrafast and Specific Detection of Neurotransmitters. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:60878-60893. [PMID: 34920668 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c18137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
In the quest for designing affordable diagnostic devices with high performance, precisely functionalized carbon-based materials with high accuracy and selectivity are required. Every material has its own unique ability to interact with the analyte, and its performance can be enhanced by probing the interaction mechanism. Herein, p-aminophenol (PAP)-functionalized reduced graphene oxide (rGO) nanoscale material is developed by a one-step synthetic route as an all-organic-based sensor. As the PAP molecules are precisely covalently interacted with the rGO at the basal plane and form a wrinkled-paper-like structure, the functionalized material exhibits an outstanding sensing ability (7.5 nM neurotransmitter dopamine (DA) at a wide linear range, 0.01-100 μM) with fast electrical transduction (<3 s) and good recyclability (∼10 cycles) in a real sample. Combining various analytical and density functional theory (DFT) calculation methods, physicochemical properties and the interaction mechanism of analyte-materials transduction are discussed exclusively. Besides, the potential application of the well-dispersed rGO-PAP gravure ink in flexible-printed electronics fields is explored. This study not only provides new insights into the surface/interface chemistry and working principle of this unique anchoring of PAP on rGO but also offers a new pathway for developing other forms of metal-free/organic functionalized biosensors with high efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jagadeesh Suriyaprakash
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Nanophotonic Functional Materials and Devices, School of Information and Optoelectronic Science and Engineering, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Kanchan Bala
- Department of Chemistry, Sri Guru Granth Sahib World University, Fatehgarh Sahib, Punjab 140407, India
| | - Lianwei Shan
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin University of Science and Technology, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Lijun Wu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Nanophotonic Functional Materials and Devices, School of Information and Optoelectronic Science and Engineering, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Neeraj Gupta
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Sciences, Central University of Himachal Pradesh, Dharamshala, Kangra, Himachal Pradesh 176215, India
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42
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Mwanza D, Phal S, Nyokong T, Tesfalidet S, Mashazi P. Electrografting of isophthalic acid monolayer and covalent attachment of antibody onto carbon surfaces: Construction of capacitive biosensor for methotrexate detection. Electrochim Acta 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2021.139360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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43
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Shi A, Villarreal TA, Singh A, Hayes TR, Davis TC, Brooks JT, Claridge SA. Plenty of Room at the Top: A Multi‐Scale Understanding of nm‐Resolution Polymer Patterning on 2D Materials. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202110517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anni Shi
- Department of Chemistry Purdue University West Lafayette IN USA
| | | | - Anamika Singh
- Department of Chemistry Purdue University West Lafayette IN USA
| | - Tyler R. Hayes
- Department of Chemistry Purdue University West Lafayette IN USA
| | - Tyson C. Davis
- Department of Chemistry Purdue University West Lafayette IN USA
| | - Jacob T. Brooks
- Department of Chemistry Purdue University West Lafayette IN USA
| | - Shelley A. Claridge
- Department of Chemistry Purdue University West Lafayette IN USA
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering Purdue University West Lafayette IN USA
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44
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Shi A, Villarreal TA, Singh A, Hayes TR, Davis TC, Brooks JT, Claridge SA. Plenty of Room at the Top: A Multi-Scale Understanding of nm-Resolution Polymer Patterning on 2D Materials. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:25436-25444. [PMID: 34549520 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202110517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Revised: 09/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Lamellar phases of alkyldiacetylenes in which the alkyl chains lie parallel to the substrate represent a straightforward means for scalable 1-nm-resolution interfacial patterning. This capability has the potential for substantial impacts in nanoscale electronics, energy conversion, and biomaterials design. Polymerization is required to set the 1-nm functional patterns embedded in the monolayer, making it important to understand structure-function relationships for these on-surface reactions. Polymerization can be observed for certain monomers at the single-polymer scale using scanning probe microscopy. However, substantial restrictions on the systems that can be effectively characterized have limited utility. Here, using a new multi-scale approach, we identify a large, previously unreported difference in polymerization efficiency between the two most widely used commercial diynoic acids. We further identify a core design principle for maximizing polymerization efficiency in these on-surface reactions, generating a new monomer that also exhibits enhanced polymerization efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anni Shi
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | | | - Anamika Singh
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Tyler R Hayes
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Tyson C Davis
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Jacob T Brooks
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Shelley A Claridge
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA.,Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
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45
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Shkirskiy V, Billon J, Levillain E, Gautier C. From Monolayer to Multilayer: Perylenediimide Diazonium Derivative Acting Either as a Growth Inhibitor or a Growth Enhancer. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2021; 37:12834-12841. [PMID: 34699243 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.1c01808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Fine control of electrografting kinetics of diazonium salts is of paramount importance, particularly when considering the application of diazoniums for the fabrication of 2D nanomaterials. In this work, we develop controlled grafting of a perylenediimide (PDI) moiety separated with a 12-carbon aliphatic chain from aryldiazonium. The particular design of the diazonium cation synthesized for this study allows for fine tuning of the surface coverage by simple adjustment of the applied potential. Indeed, according to the potential imposed at the working electrode, the PDI moiety can either enhance the charge propagation within the growing layer or consume the diazonium salt in the bulk solution via redox cross-reaction. With this approach, the surface functionalization can be restricted to a monolayer or a multilayer in a robust and elegant manner, obeying Langmuir or first-order kinetics of electrografting, respectively. The experimental observations are supported with in situ spectroelectrochemical investigations aimed to differentiate the reduction of PDI moieties in the deposited layer and the bulk solution. A tentative mechanistic scheme is proposed, and numerical simulations are undertaken to rationalize the data.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Julien Billon
- Univ Angers, CNRS, MOLTECH-ANJOU, SFR MATRIX, F-49000 Angers, France
| | - Eric Levillain
- Univ Angers, CNRS, MOLTECH-ANJOU, SFR MATRIX, F-49000 Angers, France
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46
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Legge EJ, Ali MM, Abbasi HY, Reed BP, Brennan B, Matjačić L, Tehrani Z, Stolojan V, Silva SRP, Guy OJ, Pollard AJ. Understanding the bonding mechanisms of organic molecules deposited on graphene for biosensing applications. J Chem Phys 2021; 155:174703. [PMID: 34742208 DOI: 10.1063/5.0064136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Graphene is an ideal material for biosensors due to the large surface area for multiple bonding sites, the high electrical conductivity allowing for high sensitivity, and the high tensile strength providing durability in fabricated sensor devices. For graphene to be successful as a biosensing platform, selectivity must be achieved through functionalization with specific chemical groups. However, the device performance and sensor sensitivity must still be maintained after functionalization, which can be challenging. We compare phenyl amine and 1,5-diaminonaphthalene functionalization methods for chemical vapor deposition grown graphene, both used to obtain graphene modified with amine groups-which is required for surface attachment of highly selective antibody bio-receptors. Through atomic force microscopy (AFM), Raman spectroscopy, and time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry imaging of co-located areas, the chemistry, thickness, and coverage of the functional groups bound to the graphene surface have been comprehensively analyzed. We demonstrate the modification of functionalized graphene using AFM, which unexpectedly suggests the removal of covalently bonded functional groups, resulting in a "recovered" graphene structure with reduced disorder, confirmed with Raman spectroscopy. This removal explains the decrease in the ID/IG ratio observed in Raman spectra from other studies on functionalized graphene after mechanical strain or a chemical reaction and reveals the possibility of reverting to the non-functionalized graphene structure. Through this study, preferred functionalization processes are recommended to maintain the performance properties of graphene as a biosensor.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Muhammad M Ali
- Centre of NanoHealth, College of Engineering, Swansea University, Swansea SA2 8PP, United Kingdom
| | - Hina Y Abbasi
- Centre of NanoHealth, College of Engineering, Swansea University, Swansea SA2 8PP, United Kingdom
| | - Benjamen P Reed
- National Physical Laboratory, Teddington TW11 0LW, United Kingdom
| | - Barry Brennan
- National Physical Laboratory, Teddington TW11 0LW, United Kingdom
| | - Lidija Matjačić
- National Physical Laboratory, Teddington TW11 0LW, United Kingdom
| | - Zari Tehrani
- Centre of NanoHealth, College of Engineering, Swansea University, Swansea SA2 8PP, United Kingdom
| | - Vlad Stolojan
- Advanced Technology Institute, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7XH, United Kingdom
| | - S Ravi P Silva
- Advanced Technology Institute, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7XH, United Kingdom
| | - Owen J Guy
- Centre of NanoHealth, College of Engineering, Swansea University, Swansea SA2 8PP, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew J Pollard
- National Physical Laboratory, Teddington TW11 0LW, United Kingdom
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Médard J, Sun X, Pinson J, Li D, Mangeney C, Michel JP. Electrografting and Langmuir-Blodgett: Covalently Bound Nanometer-Thick Ordered Films on Graphite. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2021; 37:12539-12547. [PMID: 34677986 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.1c01723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
We present two different molecular organizations obtained from octadecylamine (ODA) molecules on a highly oriented pyrolytic graphite (HOPG) surface: (i) self-organized physisorbed ODA molecules lying flat on the surface and (ii) a strongly electrografted compact crystalline monolayer of ODA molecules standing up on the surface. This new structure is obtained by combining the Langmuir-Blodgett transfer of an ODA Langmuir film onto HOPG with oxidative electrografting. The presence of an organic film on HOPG is characterized by attenuated total reflectance-infrared spectroscopy and Raman spectroscopy, while atomic force microscopy and scanning tunneling microscopy allow the observation of the two molecular organizations with adsorbed molecules lying flat on HOPG or strongly grafted in an upright position on the HOPG surface. Interestingly, the second molecular organization preserves a hexagonal symmetry and its lattice parameters are intermediate between those of ODA Langmuir films and that of the HOPG underlying surface. The functionalization of surfaces with organic films is a major issue in the design of sensors with biomedical applications or organic electronics and energy storage devices and these structures may find applications in these fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jérôme Médard
- Université de Paris, ITODYS, CNRS, UMR 7086, 15 rue J-A de Baïf, F-75013 Paris, France
| | - Xiaonan Sun
- Université de Paris, ITODYS, CNRS, UMR 7086, 15 rue J-A de Baïf, F-75013 Paris, France
| | - Jean Pinson
- Université de Paris, ITODYS, CNRS, UMR 7086, 15 rue J-A de Baïf, F-75013 Paris, France
| | - Da Li
- Université de Paris, UMR 8601, CNRS, 45 rue des Saints Pères, 75006 Paris, France
| | - Claire Mangeney
- Université de Paris, UMR 8601, CNRS, 45 rue des Saints Pères, 75006 Paris, France
| | - Jean-Philippe Michel
- Université Paris Saclay, Institut Galien Paris Saclay, CNRS, UMR 8612, 5 rue Jean-Baptiste Clément, F-92296 Châtenay-Malabry, France
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48
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Wei T, Hauke F, Hirsch A. Evolution of Graphene Patterning: From Dimension Regulation to Molecular Engineering. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2021; 33:e2104060. [PMID: 34569112 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202104060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Revised: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The realization that nanostructured graphene featuring nanoscale width can confine electrons to open its bandgap has aroused scientists' attention to the regulation of graphene structures, where the concept of graphene patterns emerged. Exploring various effective methods for creating graphene patterns has led to the birth of a new field termed graphene patterning, which has evolved into the most vigorous and intriguing branch of graphene research during the past decade. The efforts in this field have resulted in the development of numerous strategies to structure graphene, affording a variety of graphene patterns with tailored shapes and sizes. The established patterning approaches combined with graphene chemistry yields a novel chemical patterning route via molecular engineering, which opens up a new era in graphene research. In this review, the currently developed graphene patterning strategies is systematically outlined, with emphasis on the chemical patterning. In addition to introducing the basic concepts and the important progress of traditional methods, which are generally categorized into top-down, bottom-up technologies, an exhaustive review of established protocols for emerging chemical patterning is presented. At the end, an outlook for future development and challenges is proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Wei
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy and Joint Institute of Advance Materials and Processes (ZMP), Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Strasse 10, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Frank Hauke
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy and Joint Institute of Advance Materials and Processes (ZMP), Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Strasse 10, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Andreas Hirsch
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy and Joint Institute of Advance Materials and Processes (ZMP), Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Strasse 10, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
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Fukushima T, Hasebe H, Murakoshi K. Theoretical Study on Proton Permeation Ability of Modified Single-layer Graphene. CHEM LETT 2021. [DOI: 10.1246/cl.210285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tomohiro Fukushima
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0810, Japan
| | - Hidetaka Hasebe
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0810, Japan
| | - Kei Murakoshi
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0810, Japan
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50
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Innovative approach for the synthesis of graphene/MnO
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nanocomposites and their electrochemical behavior. ELECTROCHEMICAL SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/elsa.202100029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
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