1
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Park T, Han Y, Lee S, Kim YH, Yoo H. Wavelength-Dependent Multistate Programmability and Optoelectronic Logic-in-Memory Operation from the Narrow Bandgap pNDI-SVS Floating Gate. NANO LETTERS 2024; 24:9544-9552. [PMID: 38968419 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.4c01998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/07/2024]
Abstract
This study introduces wavelength-dependent multistate programmable optoelectronic logic-in-memory (OLIM) operation using a broadband photoresponsive pNDI-SVS floating gate. The distinct optical absorption of the relatively large bandgap DNTT channel (2.6 eV) and the narrow bandgap pNDI-SVS floating gate (1.37 eV) lead to varying light-induced charge carrier accumulation across different wavelengths. In the proposed OLIM device comprising the p-type pNDI-SVS-based optoelectronic memory (POEM) transistor and an IGZO n-type transistor, we achieve controllable output voltage signals by modulating the pull-up performance through optical wavelength and applied bias manipulation. Real-time OLIM operation yields four discernible output values. The device's high mechanical flexibility and seamless surface integration among the paper substrate, pNDI-SVS, parylene gate dielectric, and DNTT region render it compatible for integration into paper-based optoelectronics. Our flexible POEM device on name card substrates demonstrates stable operational performance, with minimal variation (8%) after 100 cycles of repeated memory operation, remaining reliable across various angle measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taehyun Park
- SDC Research Group, Department of Electronic Engineering, Gachon University, 1342 Seongnam-daero, Seongnam 13120, Republic of Korea
| | - Youngmin Han
- SDC Research Group, Department of Electronic Engineering, Gachon University, 1342 Seongnam-daero, Seongnam 13120, Republic of Korea
| | - Seonjeong Lee
- Department of Chemistry and RIMA, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 660-701 Republic of Korea
| | - Yun-Hi Kim
- Department of Chemistry and RIMA, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 660-701 Republic of Korea
| | - Hocheon Yoo
- SDC Research Group, Department of Electronic Engineering, Gachon University, 1342 Seongnam-daero, Seongnam 13120, Republic of Korea
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2
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Nam TU, Vo NTP, Jeong MW, Jung KH, Lee SH, Lee TI, Oh JY. Intrinsically Stretchable Floating Gate Memory Transistors for Data Storage of Electronic Skin Devices. ACS NANO 2024; 18:14558-14568. [PMID: 38761154 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.4c02303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2024]
Abstract
To propel electronic skin (e-skin) to the next level by integrating artificial intelligence features with advanced sensory capabilities, it is imperative to develop stretchable memory device technology. A stretchable memory device for e-skin must offer, in particular, long-term data storage while ensuring the security of personal information under any type of deformation. However, despite the significance of these needs, technology related to stretchable memory devices remains in its infancy. Here, we report an intrinsically stretchable floating gate (FG) polymer memory transistor. The device features a dual-stimuli (optical and electrical) writing system to prevent easy erasure of recorded data. An FG comprising an intermixture of Ag nanoparticles and elastomer and with proper energy-band alignment between the semiconductor and dielectric facilitated sustainable memory performance, while achieving a high memory on/off ratio (>105) and a long retention time (106 s) with the ability to withstand 50% uniaxial or 30% biaxial strain. In addition, our memory transistor exhibited high mechanical durability over multiple stretching cycles (1000 times), along with excellent environmental stability with respect to factors such as temperature, moisture, air, and delamination. Finally, we fabricated a 7 × 7 active-matrix memory transistor array for personalized storage of e-skin data and successfully demonstrated its functionality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tae Uk Nam
- Department of Chemical Engineering (Integrated Engineering Program), Kyung Hee University, Yongin, Gyeonggi 17104, Korea
| | - Ngoc Thanh Phuong Vo
- Department of Chemical Engineering (Integrated Engineering Program), Kyung Hee University, Yongin, Gyeonggi 17104, Korea
| | - Min Woo Jeong
- Department of Chemical Engineering (Integrated Engineering Program), Kyung Hee University, Yongin, Gyeonggi 17104, Korea
| | - Kyu Ho Jung
- Department of Chemical Engineering (Integrated Engineering Program), Kyung Hee University, Yongin, Gyeonggi 17104, Korea
| | - Seung Hwan Lee
- Department of Electronics Engineering, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, Gyeonggi 17104, Korea
| | - Tae Il Lee
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Gachon University, Seong-nam, Gyeonggi 13120, Korea
| | - Jin Young Oh
- Department of Chemical Engineering (Integrated Engineering Program), Kyung Hee University, Yongin, Gyeonggi 17104, Korea
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3
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Park B, Jeong C, Ok J, Kim TI. Materials and Structural Designs toward Motion Artifact-Free Bioelectronics. Chem Rev 2024; 124:6148-6197. [PMID: 38690686 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Abstract
Bioelectronics encompassing electronic components and circuits for accessing human information play a vital role in real-time and continuous monitoring of biophysiological signals of electrophysiology, mechanical physiology, and electrochemical physiology. However, mechanical noise, particularly motion artifacts, poses a significant challenge in accurately detecting and analyzing target signals. While software-based "postprocessing" methods and signal filtering techniques have been widely employed, challenges such as signal distortion, major requirement of accurate models for classification, power consumption, and data delay inevitably persist. This review presents an overview of noise reduction strategies in bioelectronics, focusing on reducing motion artifacts and improving the signal-to-noise ratio through hardware-based approaches such as "preprocessing". One of the main stress-avoiding strategies is reducing elastic mechanical energies applied to bioelectronics to prevent stress-induced motion artifacts. Various approaches including strain-compliance, strain-resistance, and stress-damping techniques using unique materials and structures have been explored. Future research should optimize materials and structure designs, establish stable processes and measurement methods, and develop techniques for selectively separating and processing overlapping noises. Ultimately, these advancements will contribute to the development of more reliable and effective bioelectronics for healthcare monitoring and diagnostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byeonghak Park
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Chanho Jeong
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Jehyung Ok
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae-Il Kim
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
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4
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Li H, Tan P, Rao Y, Bhattacharya S, Wang Z, Kim S, Gangopadhyay S, Shi H, Jankovic M, Huh H, Li Z, Maharjan P, Wells J, Jeong H, Jia Y, Lu N. E-Tattoos: Toward Functional but Imperceptible Interfacing with Human Skin. Chem Rev 2024; 124:3220-3283. [PMID: 38465831 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/12/2024]
Abstract
The human body continuously emits physiological and psychological information from head to toe. Wearable electronics capable of noninvasively and accurately digitizing this information without compromising user comfort or mobility have the potential to revolutionize telemedicine, mobile health, and both human-machine or human-metaverse interactions. However, state-of-the-art wearable electronics face limitations regarding wearability and functionality due to the mechanical incompatibility between conventional rigid, planar electronics and soft, curvy human skin surfaces. E-Tattoos, a unique type of wearable electronics, are defined by their ultrathin and skin-soft characteristics, which enable noninvasive and comfortable lamination on human skin surfaces without causing obstruction or even mechanical perception. This review article offers an exhaustive exploration of e-tattoos, accounting for their materials, structures, manufacturing processes, properties, functionalities, applications, and remaining challenges. We begin by summarizing the properties of human skin and their effects on signal transmission across the e-tattoo-skin interface. Following this is a discussion of the materials, structural designs, manufacturing, and skin attachment processes of e-tattoos. We classify e-tattoo functionalities into electrical, mechanical, optical, thermal, and chemical sensing, as well as wound healing and other treatments. After discussing energy harvesting and storage capabilities, we outline strategies for the system integration of wireless e-tattoos. In the end, we offer personal perspectives on the remaining challenges and future opportunities in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongbian Li
- Department of Aerospace Engineering and Engineering Mechanics, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Philip Tan
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Yifan Rao
- Department of Aerospace Engineering and Engineering Mechanics, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Sarnab Bhattacharya
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Zheliang Wang
- Department of Aerospace Engineering and Engineering Mechanics, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Sangjun Kim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Susmita Gangopadhyay
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Hongyang Shi
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Matija Jankovic
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Heeyong Huh
- Department of Aerospace Engineering and Engineering Mechanics, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Zhengjie Li
- Department of Aerospace Engineering and Engineering Mechanics, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Pukar Maharjan
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Jonathan Wells
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Hyoyoung Jeong
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California Davis, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Yaoyao Jia
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Nanshu Lu
- Department of Aerospace Engineering and Engineering Mechanics, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
- Texas Materials Institute, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
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5
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Chang S, Koo JH, Yoo J, Kim MS, Choi MK, Kim DH, Song YM. Flexible and Stretchable Light-Emitting Diodes and Photodetectors for Human-Centric Optoelectronics. Chem Rev 2024; 124:768-859. [PMID: 38241488 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2024]
Abstract
Optoelectronic devices with unconventional form factors, such as flexible and stretchable light-emitting or photoresponsive devices, are core elements for the next-generation human-centric optoelectronics. For instance, these deformable devices can be utilized as closely fitted wearable sensors to acquire precise biosignals that are subsequently uploaded to the cloud for immediate examination and diagnosis, and also can be used for vision systems for human-interactive robotics. Their inception was propelled by breakthroughs in novel optoelectronic material technologies and device blueprinting methodologies, endowing flexibility and mechanical resilience to conventional rigid optoelectronic devices. This paper reviews the advancements in such soft optoelectronic device technologies, honing in on various materials, manufacturing techniques, and device design strategies. We will first highlight the general approaches for flexible and stretchable device fabrication, including the appropriate material selection for the substrate, electrodes, and insulation layers. We will then focus on the materials for flexible and stretchable light-emitting diodes, their device integration strategies, and representative application examples. Next, we will move on to the materials for flexible and stretchable photodetectors, highlighting the state-of-the-art materials and device fabrication methods, followed by their representative application examples. At the end, a brief summary will be given, and the potential challenges for further development of functional devices will be discussed as a conclusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sehui Chang
- School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - Ja Hoon Koo
- Department of Semiconductor Systems Engineering, Sejong University, Seoul 05006, Republic of Korea
- Institute of Semiconductor and System IC, Sejong University, Seoul 05006, Republic of Korea
| | - Jisu Yoo
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Seok Kim
- School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - Moon Kee Choi
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
- Graduate School of Semiconductor Materials and Devices Engineering, Center for Future Semiconductor Technology (FUST), UNIST, Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
- Center for Nanoparticle Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Dae-Hyeong Kim
- Center for Nanoparticle Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University (SNU), Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, SNU, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
- Interdisciplinary Program for Bioengineering, SNU, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Min Song
- School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju 61005, Republic of Korea
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
- Artificial Intelligence (AI) Graduate School, GIST, Gwangju 61005, Republic of Korea
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6
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Chen J, Song Z, Yang J. Whether carbon nanotubes are suitable for delivering small drugs with aromatic rings through non-covalent adsorption? J Mol Liq 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2023.121595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/16/2023]
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7
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Xiang L, Wang Y, Xia F, Liu F, He D, Long G, Zeng X, Liang X, Jin C, Wang Y, Pan A, Peng LM, Hu Y. An epidermal electronic system for physiological information acquisition, processing, and storage with an integrated flash memory array. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eabp8075. [PMID: 35977018 PMCID: PMC9385141 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abp8075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Epidermal electronic systems that simultaneously provide physiological information acquisition, processing, and storage are in high demand for health care/clinical applications. However, these system-level demonstrations using flexible devices are still challenging because of obstacles in device performance, functional module construction, or integration scale. Here, on the basis of carbon nanotubes, we present an epidermal system that incorporates flexible sensors, sensor interface circuits, and an integrated flash memory array to collect physiological information from the human body surface; amplify weak biosignals by high-performance differential amplifiers (voltage gain of 27 decibels, common-mode rejection ratio of >43 decibels, and gain bandwidth product of >22 kilohertz); and store the processed information in the memory array with performance on par with industrial standards (retention time of 108 seconds, program/erase voltages of ±2 volts, and endurance of 106 cycles). The results shed light on the great application potential of epidermal electronic systems in personalized diagnostic and physiological monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Xiang
- Key Laboratory for the Physics and Chemistry of Nanodevices, School of Electronics and Center for Carbon-Based Electronics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China
| | - Yuru Wang
- Key Laboratory for the Physics and Chemistry of Nanodevices, School of Electronics and Center for Carbon-Based Electronics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Fan Xia
- Key Laboratory for the Physics and Chemistry of Nanodevices, School of Electronics and Center for Carbon-Based Electronics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
- Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Fang Liu
- Key Laboratory for the Physics and Chemistry of Nanodevices, School of Electronics and Center for Carbon-Based Electronics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Daliang He
- State Key Laboratory of Silicon Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Guanhua Long
- Key Laboratory for the Physics and Chemistry of Nanodevices, School of Electronics and Center for Carbon-Based Electronics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Xiangwen Zeng
- Key Laboratory for the Physics and Chemistry of Nanodevices, School of Electronics and Center for Carbon-Based Electronics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Xuelei Liang
- Key Laboratory for the Physics and Chemistry of Nanodevices, School of Electronics and Center for Carbon-Based Electronics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Chuanhong Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Silicon Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
- Jihua Laboratory, Foshan, Guangdong 528200, China
| | - Yuwei Wang
- College of Electrical and Information Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China
| | - Anlian Pan
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China
| | - Lian-Mao Peng
- Key Laboratory for the Physics and Chemistry of Nanodevices, School of Electronics and Center for Carbon-Based Electronics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
- Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
- Jihua Laboratory, Foshan, Guangdong 528200, China
| | - Youfan Hu
- Key Laboratory for the Physics and Chemistry of Nanodevices, School of Electronics and Center for Carbon-Based Electronics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
- Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
- Corresponding author.
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8
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Song X, Zhang T, Wu L, Hu R, Qian W, Liu Z, Wang J, Shi Y, Xu J, Chen K, Yu L. Highly Stretchable High-Performance Silicon Nanowire Field Effect Transistors Integrated on Elastomer Substrates. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2022; 9:e2105623. [PMID: 35092351 PMCID: PMC8948590 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202105623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2021] [Revised: 01/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Quasi-1D silicon nanowires (SiNWs) field effect transistors (FETs) integrated upon large-area elastomers are advantageous candidates for developing various high-performance stretchable electronics and displays. In this work, it is demonstrated that an orderly array of slim SiNW channels, with a diameter of <80 nm, can be precisely grown into desired locations via an in-plane solid-liquid-solid (IPSLS) mechanism, and reliably batch-transferred onto large area polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) elastomers. Within an optimized discrete FETs-on-islands architecture, the SiNW-FETs can sustain large stretching strains up to 50% and repetitive testing for more than 1000 cycles (under 20% strain), while achieving a high hole carrier mobility, Ion /Ioff current ratio and subthreshold swing (SS) of ≈70 cm2 V-1 s-1 , >105 and 134 - 277 mV decade-1 , respectively, working stably in an ambient environment over 270 days without any passivation protection. These results indicate a promising new routine to batch-manufacture and integrate high-performance, scalable and stretchable SiNW-FET electronics that can work stably in harsh and large-strain environments, which is a key capability for future practical flexible display and wearable electronic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaopan Song
- National Laboratory of Solid‐State MicrostructuresSchool of Electronics Science and EngineeringCollaborative Innovation Center of Advanced MicrostructuresNanjing UniversityNanjing210093P. R. China
| | - Ting Zhang
- National Laboratory of Solid‐State MicrostructuresSchool of Electronics Science and EngineeringCollaborative Innovation Center of Advanced MicrostructuresNanjing UniversityNanjing210093P. R. China
| | - Lei Wu
- National Laboratory of Solid‐State MicrostructuresSchool of Electronics Science and EngineeringCollaborative Innovation Center of Advanced MicrostructuresNanjing UniversityNanjing210093P. R. China
| | - Ruijin Hu
- National Laboratory of Solid‐State MicrostructuresSchool of Electronics Science and EngineeringCollaborative Innovation Center of Advanced MicrostructuresNanjing UniversityNanjing210093P. R. China
| | - Wentao Qian
- National Laboratory of Solid‐State MicrostructuresSchool of Electronics Science and EngineeringCollaborative Innovation Center of Advanced MicrostructuresNanjing UniversityNanjing210093P. R. China
| | - Zongguang Liu
- National Laboratory of Solid‐State MicrostructuresSchool of Electronics Science and EngineeringCollaborative Innovation Center of Advanced MicrostructuresNanjing UniversityNanjing210093P. R. China
| | - Junzhuan Wang
- National Laboratory of Solid‐State MicrostructuresSchool of Electronics Science and EngineeringCollaborative Innovation Center of Advanced MicrostructuresNanjing UniversityNanjing210093P. R. China
| | - Yi Shi
- National Laboratory of Solid‐State MicrostructuresSchool of Electronics Science and EngineeringCollaborative Innovation Center of Advanced MicrostructuresNanjing UniversityNanjing210093P. R. China
| | - Jun Xu
- National Laboratory of Solid‐State MicrostructuresSchool of Electronics Science and EngineeringCollaborative Innovation Center of Advanced MicrostructuresNanjing UniversityNanjing210093P. R. China
| | - Kunji Chen
- National Laboratory of Solid‐State MicrostructuresSchool of Electronics Science and EngineeringCollaborative Innovation Center of Advanced MicrostructuresNanjing UniversityNanjing210093P. R. China
| | - Linwei Yu
- National Laboratory of Solid‐State MicrostructuresSchool of Electronics Science and EngineeringCollaborative Innovation Center of Advanced MicrostructuresNanjing UniversityNanjing210093P. R. China
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Yuan R, Qian W, Liu Z, Wang J, Xu J, Chen K, Yu L. Designable Integration of Silicide Nanowire Springs as Ultra-Compact and Stretchable Electronic Interconnections. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2022; 18:e2104690. [PMID: 34859580 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202104690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Revised: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Stretchable electronics are finding widespread applications in bio-sensing, skin-mimetic electronics, and flexible displays, where high-density integration of elastic and durable interconnections is a key capability. Instead of forming a randomly crossed nanowire (NW) network, here, a large-scale and precise integration of highly conductive nickel silicide nanospring (SiNix -NS) arrays are demonstrated, which are fabricated out of an in-plane solid-liquid-solid guided growth of planar Si nanowires (SiNWs), and subsequent alloy-forming process that boosts the channel conductivity over 4 orders of magnitude (to 2 × 104 S cm-1 ). Thanks to the narrow diameter of the serpentine SiNix -NS channels, the elastic geometry engineering can be accomplished within a very short interconnection distance (down to ≈3 µm), which is crucial for integrating high-density displays or logic units in a rigid-island and elastic-interconnection configuration. Deployed over soft polydimethylsiloxane thin film substrate, the SiNix -NS array demonstrates an excellent stretchability that can sustain up to 50% stretching and for 10 000 cycles (at 15%). This approach paves the way to integrate high-density inorganic electronics and interconnections for high-performance health monitoring, displays, and on-skin electronic applications, based on the mature and rather reliable Si thin film technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rongrong Yuan
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, P. R. China
| | - Wentao Qian
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, P. R. China
| | - Zongguang Liu
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, P. R. China
| | - Junzhuan Wang
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, P. R. China
| | - Jun Xu
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, P. R. China
| | - Kunji Chen
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, P. R. China
| | - Linwei Yu
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, P. R. China
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10
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Cho KW, Sunwoo SH, Hong YJ, Koo JH, Kim JH, Baik S, Hyeon T, Kim DH. Soft Bioelectronics Based on Nanomaterials. Chem Rev 2021; 122:5068-5143. [PMID: 34962131 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Recent advances in nanostructured materials and unconventional device designs have transformed the bioelectronics from a rigid and bulky form into a soft and ultrathin form and brought enormous advantages to the bioelectronics. For example, mechanical deformability of the soft bioelectronics and thus its conformal contact onto soft curved organs such as brain, heart, and skin have allowed researchers to measure high-quality biosignals, deliver real-time feedback treatments, and lower long-term side-effects in vivo. Here, we review various materials, fabrication methods, and device strategies for flexible and stretchable electronics, especially focusing on soft biointegrated electronics using nanomaterials and their composites. First, we summarize top-down material processing and bottom-up synthesis methods of various nanomaterials. Next, we discuss state-of-the-art technologies for intrinsically stretchable nanocomposites composed of nanostructured materials incorporated in elastomers or hydrogels. We also briefly discuss unconventional device design strategies for soft bioelectronics. Then individual device components for soft bioelectronics, such as biosensing, data storage, display, therapeutic stimulation, and power supply devices, are introduced. Afterward, representative application examples of the soft bioelectronics are described. A brief summary with a discussion on remaining challenges concludes the review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyoung Won Cho
- Center for Nanoparticle Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea.,Interdisciplinary Program for Bioengineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Hyuk Sunwoo
- Center for Nanoparticle Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea.,School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Yongseok Joseph Hong
- Center for Nanoparticle Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea.,School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Ja Hoon Koo
- Center for Nanoparticle Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong Hyun Kim
- Center for Nanoparticle Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Seungmin Baik
- Center for Nanoparticle Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea.,School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Taeghwan Hyeon
- Center for Nanoparticle Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea.,Interdisciplinary Program for Bioengineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea.,School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Dae-Hyeong Kim
- Center for Nanoparticle Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea.,Interdisciplinary Program for Bioengineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea.,School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea.,Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
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11
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Su X, Luo C, Yan W, Jiao J, Zhong D. Microdome-Tunable Graphene/Carbon Nanotubes Pressure Sensors Based on Polystyrene Array for Wearable Electronics. MATERIALS 2021; 14:ma14237385. [PMID: 34885540 PMCID: PMC8658608 DOI: 10.3390/ma14237385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Revised: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 11/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Resistive pressure sensors are appealing due to having several advantages, such as simple reading mechanisms, simple construction, and quick dynamic response. Achieving a constantly changeable microstructure of sensing materials is critical for the flexible pressure sensor and remains a difficulty. Herein, a flexible, tunable resistive pressure sensors is developed via simple, low-cost microsphere self-assembly and graphene/carbon nanotubes (CNTs) solution drop coating. The sensor uses polystyrene (PS) microspheres to construct an interlocked dome microstructure with graphene/CNTs as a conductive filler. The results indicate that the interlocked microdome-type pressure sensor has better sensitivity than the single microdome-type and single planar-type without surface microstructure. The pressure sensor’s sensitivity can be adjusted by varying the diameter of PS microspheres. In addition, the resistance of the sensor is also tunable by adjusting the number of graphene/CNT conductive coating layers. The developed flexible pressure sensor effectively detected human finger bending, demonstrating tremendous potential in human motion monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingjie Su
- School of Control and Mechanical Engineering, Tianjin Chengjian University, Tianjin 300384, China; (X.S.); (J.J.)
| | - Chunli Luo
- School of Control and Mechanical Engineering, Tianjin Chengjian University, Tianjin 300384, China; (X.S.); (J.J.)
- Correspondence: (C.L.); (D.Z.)
| | - Weiguo Yan
- School of Science, Tianjin Chengjian University, Tianjin 300384, China;
| | - Junyi Jiao
- School of Control and Mechanical Engineering, Tianjin Chengjian University, Tianjin 300384, China; (X.S.); (J.J.)
| | - Dongzhou Zhong
- School of Information Engineering, Wuyi University, Jiangmen 529020, China
- Correspondence: (C.L.); (D.Z.)
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12
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Skin-like Transparent Polymer-Hydrogel Hybrid Pressure Sensor with Pyramid Microstructures. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13193272. [PMID: 34641088 PMCID: PMC8513041 DOI: 10.3390/polym13193272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Revised: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Soft biomimetic electronic devices primarily comprise an electronic skin (e-skin) capable of implementing various wearable/implantable applications such as soft human–machine interfaces, epidermal healthcare systems, and neuroprosthetics owing to its high mechanical flexibility, tissue conformability, and multifunctionality. The conformal contact of the e-skin with living tissues enables more precise analyses of physiological signals, even in the long term, as compared to rigid electronic devices. In this regard, e-skin can be considered as a promising formfactor for developing highly sensitive and transparent pressure sensors. Specifically, to minimize the modulus mismatch at the biotic–abiotic interface, transparent-conductive hydrogels have been used as electrodes with exceptional pressing durability. However, critical issues such as dehydration and low compatibility with elastomers remain a challenge. In this paper, we propose a skin-like transparent polymer-hydrogel hybrid pressure sensor (HPS) with microstructures based on the polyacrylamide/sodium-alginate hydrogel and p-PVDF-HFP-DBP polymer. The encapsulated HPS achieves conformal contact with skin due to its intrinsically stretchable, highly transparent, widely sensitive, and anti-dehydrative properties. We believe that the HPS is a promising candidate for a robust transparent epidermal stretchable-skin device.
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13
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Shim HJ, Sunwoo S, Kim Y, Koo JH, Kim D. Functionalized Elastomers for Intrinsically Soft and Biointegrated Electronics. Adv Healthc Mater 2021; 10:e2002105. [PMID: 33506654 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202002105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Revised: 12/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Elastomers are suitable materials for constructing a conformal interface with soft and curvilinear biological tissue due to their intrinsically deformable mechanical properties. Intrinsically soft electronic devices whose mechanical properties are comparable to human tissue can be fabricated using suitably functionalized elastomers. This article reviews recent progress in functionalized elastomers and their application to intrinsically soft and biointegrated electronics. Elastomers can be functionalized by adding appropriate fillers, either nanoscale materials or polymers. Conducting or semiconducting elastomers synthesized and/or processed with these materials can be applied to the fabrication of soft biointegrated electronic devices. For facile integration of soft electronics with the human body, additional functionalization strategies can be employed to improve adhesive or autonomous healing properties. Recently, device components for intrinsically soft and biointegrated electronics, including sensors, stimulators, power supply devices, displays, and transistors, have been developed. Herein, representative examples of these fully elastomeric device components are discussed. Finally, the remaining challenges and future outlooks for the field are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyung Joon Shim
- Center for Nanoparticle Research Institute for Basic Science (IBS) Seoul 08826 Republic of Korea
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering and Institute of Chemical Processes Seoul National University Seoul 08826 Republic of Korea
| | - Sung‐Hyuk Sunwoo
- Center for Nanoparticle Research Institute for Basic Science (IBS) Seoul 08826 Republic of Korea
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering and Institute of Chemical Processes Seoul National University Seoul 08826 Republic of Korea
| | - Yeongjun Kim
- Center for Nanoparticle Research Institute for Basic Science (IBS) Seoul 08826 Republic of Korea
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering and Institute of Chemical Processes Seoul National University Seoul 08826 Republic of Korea
| | - Ja Hoon Koo
- Center for Nanoparticle Research Institute for Basic Science (IBS) Seoul 08826 Republic of Korea
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering and Institute of Chemical Processes Seoul National University Seoul 08826 Republic of Korea
| | - Dae‐Hyeong Kim
- Center for Nanoparticle Research Institute for Basic Science (IBS) Seoul 08826 Republic of Korea
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering and Institute of Chemical Processes Seoul National University Seoul 08826 Republic of Korea
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering Seoul National University Seoul 08826 Republic of Korea
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14
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Yoo S, Lee J, Joo H, Sunwoo S, Kim S, Kim D. Wireless Power Transfer and Telemetry for Implantable Bioelectronics. Adv Healthc Mater 2021; 10:e2100614. [PMID: 34075721 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202100614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Implantable bioelectronic devices are becoming useful and prospective solutions for various diseases owing to their ability to monitor or manipulate body functions. However, conventional implantable devices (e.g., pacemaker and neurostimulator) are still bulky and rigid, which is mostly due to the energy storage component. In addition to mechanical mismatch between the bulky and rigid implantable device and the soft human tissue, another significant drawback is that the entire device should be surgically replaced once the initially stored energy is exhausted. Besides, retrieving physiological information across a closed epidermis is a tricky procedure. However, wireless interfaces for power and data transfer utilizing radio frequency (RF) microwave offer a promising solution for resolving such issues. While the RF interfacing devices for power and data transfer are extensively investigated and developed using conventional electronics, their application to implantable bioelectronics is still a challenge owing to the constraints and requirements of in vivo environments, such as mechanical softness, small module size, tissue attenuation, and biocompatibility. This work elucidates the recent advances in RF-based power transfer and telemetry for implantable bioelectronics to tackle such challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seungwon Yoo
- Center for Nanoparticle Research Institute for Basic Science (IBS) Seoul 08826 Republic of Korea
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering Institute of Chemical Processes Seoul National University Seoul 08826 Republic of Korea
| | - Jonghun Lee
- Department of Electronics and Information Convergence Engineering Kyung Hee University Yongin‐si 17104 Republic of Korea
- Institute for Wearable Convergence Electronics Kyung Hee University Yongin‐si 17104 Republic of Korea
| | - Hyunwoo Joo
- Center for Nanoparticle Research Institute for Basic Science (IBS) Seoul 08826 Republic of Korea
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering Institute of Chemical Processes Seoul National University Seoul 08826 Republic of Korea
| | - Sung‐Hyuk Sunwoo
- Center for Nanoparticle Research Institute for Basic Science (IBS) Seoul 08826 Republic of Korea
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering Institute of Chemical Processes Seoul National University Seoul 08826 Republic of Korea
| | - Sanghoek Kim
- Department of Electronics and Information Convergence Engineering Kyung Hee University Yongin‐si 17104 Republic of Korea
- Institute for Wearable Convergence Electronics Kyung Hee University Yongin‐si 17104 Republic of Korea
| | - Dae‐Hyeong Kim
- Center for Nanoparticle Research Institute for Basic Science (IBS) Seoul 08826 Republic of Korea
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering Institute of Chemical Processes Seoul National University Seoul 08826 Republic of Korea
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering Seoul National University Seoul 08826 Republic of Korea
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15
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16
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Sunwoo SH, Ha KH, Lee S, Lu N, Kim DH. Wearable and Implantable Soft Bioelectronics: Device Designs and Material Strategies. Annu Rev Chem Biomol Eng 2021; 12:359-391. [PMID: 34097846 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-chembioeng-101420-024336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
High-performance wearable and implantable devices capable of recording physiological signals and delivering appropriate therapeutics in real time are playing a pivotal role in revolutionizing personalized healthcare. However, the mechanical and biochemical mismatches between rigid, inorganic devices and soft, organic human tissues cause significant trouble, including skin irritation, tissue damage, compromised signal-to-noise ratios, and limited service time. As a result, profuse research efforts have been devoted to overcoming these issues by using flexible and stretchable device designs and soft materials. Here, we summarize recent representative research and technological advances for soft bioelectronics, including conformable and stretchable device designs, various types of soft electronic materials, and surface coating and treatment methods. We also highlight applications of these strategies to emerging soft wearable and implantable devices. We conclude with some current limitations and offer future prospects of this booming field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung-Hyuk Sunwoo
- Center for Nanoparticle Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea; .,School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyoung-Ho Ha
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Texas 78712, USA;
| | - Sangkyu Lee
- Center for Nanoparticle Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea;
| | - Nanshu Lu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Texas 78712, USA; .,Center for Mechanics of Solids, Structures and Materials, Department of Aerospace Engineering and Engineering Mechanics, Department of Biomedical Engineering, and Texas Material Institute, The University of Texas at Austin, Texas 78712, USA
| | - Dae-Hyeong Kim
- Center for Nanoparticle Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea; .,School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea.,Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
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17
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Balakrishna B, Menon A, Cao K, Gsänger S, Beil SB, Villalva J, Shyshov O, Martin O, Hirsch A, Meyer B, Kaiser U, Guldi DM, von Delius M. Dynamic Covalent Formation of Concave Disulfide Macrocycles Mechanically Interlocked with Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:18774-18785. [PMID: 32544289 PMCID: PMC7590186 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202005081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The formation of discrete macrocycles wrapped around single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) has recently emerged as an appealing strategy to functionalize these carbon nanomaterials and modify their properties. Here, we demonstrate that the reversible disulfide exchange reaction, which proceeds under mild conditions, can install relatively large amounts of mechanically interlocked disulfide macrocycles on the one-dimensional nanotubes. Size-selective functionalization of a mixture of SWCNTs of different diameters were observed, presumably arising from error correction and the presence of relatively rigid, curved π-systems in the key building blocks. A combination of UV/Vis/NIR, Raman, photoluminescence excitation, and transient absorption spectroscopy indicated that the small (6,4)-SWCNTs were predominantly functionalized by the small macrocycles 12 , whereas the larger (6,5)-SWCNTs were an ideal match for the larger macrocycles 22 . This size selectivity, which was rationalized computationally, could prove useful for the purification of nanotube mixtures, since the disulfide macrocycles can be removed quantitatively under mild reductive conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bugga Balakrishna
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Arjun Menon
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy & Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstrasse 3, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Kecheng Cao
- Electron Microscopy of Materials Science, Central Facility for Electron Microscopy, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Sebastian Gsänger
- Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM) & Computer-Chemistry-Center (CCC), Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Nägelsbachstrasse 25, 91052, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Sebastian B Beil
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Julia Villalva
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Oleksandr Shyshov
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Oliver Martin
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy & Joint Institute of Advanced Materials and Processes (ZMP), Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Strasse 10, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Andreas Hirsch
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy & Joint Institute of Advanced Materials and Processes (ZMP), Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Strasse 10, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Bernd Meyer
- Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM) & Computer-Chemistry-Center (CCC), Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Nägelsbachstrasse 25, 91052, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Ute Kaiser
- Electron Microscopy of Materials Science, Central Facility for Electron Microscopy, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Dirk M Guldi
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy & Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstrasse 3, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Max von Delius
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081, Ulm, Germany
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18
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Gaviria Rojas WA, Hersam MC. Chirality-Enriched Carbon Nanotubes for Next-Generation Computing. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2020; 32:e1905654. [PMID: 32255238 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201905654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2019] [Revised: 11/10/2019] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
For the past half century, silicon has served as the primary material platform for integrated circuit technology. However, the recent proliferation of nontraditional electronics, such as wearables, embedded systems, and low-power portable devices, has led to increasingly complex mechanical and electrical performance requirements. Among emerging electronic materials, single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) are promising candidates for next-generation computing as a result of their superlative electrical, optical, and mechanical properties. Moreover, their chirality-dependent properties enable a wide range of emerging electronic applications including sub-10 nm complementary field-effect transistors, optoelectronic integrated circuits, and enantiomer-recognition sensors. Here, recent progress in SWCNT-based computing devices is reviewed, with an emphasis on the relationship between chirality enrichment and electronic functionality. In particular, after highlighting chirality-dependent SWCNT properties and chirality enrichment methods, the range of computing applications that have been demonstrated using chirality-enriched SWCNTs are summarized. By identifying remaining challenges and opportunities, this work provides a roadmap for next-generation SWCNT-based computing.
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Affiliation(s)
- William A Gaviria Rojas
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Mark C Hersam
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
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19
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Balakrishna B, Menon A, Cao K, Gsänger S, Beil SB, Villalva J, Shyshov O, Martin O, Hirsch A, Meyer B, Kaiser U, Guldi DM, Delius M. Mechanische Verzahnung von einwandigen Kohlenstoffnanoröhren durch dynamisch‐kovalente Bildung von konkaven Disulfidmakrozyklen. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202005081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Bugga Balakrishna
- Institut für Organische Chemie Universität Ulm Albert-Einstein-Allee 11 89081 Ulm Deutschland
| | - Arjun Menon
- Department Chemie und Pharmazie & Interdisziplinäres Zentrum für Molekulare Materialien Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg Egerlandstrasse 3 91058 Erlangen Deutschland
| | - Kecheng Cao
- Elektronenmikroskopie der Materialwissenschaften Zentrale Einrichtung für Elektronenmikroskopie Universität Ulm Albert-Einstein-Allee 11 89081 Ulm Deutschland
| | - Sebastian Gsänger
- Interdisziplinäres Zentrum für Molekulare Materialien & Computer-Chemie-Zentrum (CCC) Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg Nägelsbachstrasse 25 91052 Erlangen Deutschland
| | - Sebastian B. Beil
- Institut für Organische Chemie Universität Ulm Albert-Einstein-Allee 11 89081 Ulm Deutschland
| | - Julia Villalva
- Institut für Organische Chemie Universität Ulm Albert-Einstein-Allee 11 89081 Ulm Deutschland
| | - Oleksandr Shyshov
- Institut für Organische Chemie Universität Ulm Albert-Einstein-Allee 11 89081 Ulm Deutschland
| | - Oliver Martin
- Department Chemie und Pharmazie & Gemeinsames Institut für Angewandte Materialien und Prozesse (ZMP) Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Strasse 10 91058 Erlangen Deutschland
| | - Andreas Hirsch
- Department Chemie und Pharmazie & Gemeinsames Institut für Angewandte Materialien und Prozesse (ZMP) Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Strasse 10 91058 Erlangen Deutschland
| | - Bernd Meyer
- Interdisziplinäres Zentrum für Molekulare Materialien & Computer-Chemie-Zentrum (CCC) Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg Nägelsbachstrasse 25 91052 Erlangen Deutschland
| | - Ute Kaiser
- Elektronenmikroskopie der Materialwissenschaften Zentrale Einrichtung für Elektronenmikroskopie Universität Ulm Albert-Einstein-Allee 11 89081 Ulm Deutschland
| | - Dirk M. Guldi
- Department Chemie und Pharmazie & Interdisziplinäres Zentrum für Molekulare Materialien Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg Egerlandstrasse 3 91058 Erlangen Deutschland
| | - Max Delius
- Institut für Organische Chemie Universität Ulm Albert-Einstein-Allee 11 89081 Ulm Deutschland
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20
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Hsu LC, Kobayashi S, Isono T, Chiang YC, Ree BJ, Satoh T, Chen WC. Highly Stretchable Semiconducting Polymers for Field-Effect Transistors through Branched Soft–Hard–Soft Type Triblock Copolymers. Macromolecules 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.0c00381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Li-Che Hsu
- Institute of Polymer Science and Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
- Graduate School of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-8628, Japan
| | - Saburo Kobayashi
- Graduate School of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-8628, Japan
| | - Takuya Isono
- Faculty of Engineering, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-8628, Japan
| | - Yun-Chi Chiang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
- Advanced Research Center for Green Materials Science and Technology, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Brian J. Ree
- Graduate School of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-8628, Japan
| | - Toshifumi Satoh
- Faculty of Engineering, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-8628, Japan
| | - Wen-Chang Chen
- Institute of Polymer Science and Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
- Advanced Research Center for Green Materials Science and Technology, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
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21
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Cha GD, Lee WH, Lim C, Choi MK, Kim DH. Materials engineering, processing, and device application of hydrogel nanocomposites. NANOSCALE 2020; 12:10456-10473. [PMID: 32388540 DOI: 10.1039/d0nr01456g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Hydrogels are widely implemented as key materials in various biomedical applications owing to their soft, flexible, hydrophilic, and quasi-solid nature. Recently, however, new material properties over those of bare hydrogels have been sought for novel applications. Accordingly, hydrogel nanocomposites, i.e., hydrogels converged with nanomaterials, have been proposed for the functional transformation of conventional hydrogels. The incorporation of suitable nanomaterials into the hydrogel matrix allows the hydrogel nanocomposite to exhibit multi-functionality in addition to the biocompatible feature of the original hydrogel. Therefore, various hydrogel composites with nanomaterials, including nanoparticles, nanowires, and nanosheets, have been developed for diverse purposes, such as catalysis, environmental purification, bio-imaging, sensing, and controlled drug delivery. Furthermore, novel technologies for the patterning of such hydrogel nanocomposites into desired shapes have been developed. The combination of such material engineering and processing technologies has enabled the hydrogel nanocomposite to become a key soft component of electronic, electrochemical, and biomedical devices. We herein review the recent research trend in the field of hydrogel nanocomposites, particularly focusing on materials engineering, processing, and device applications. Furthermore, the conclusions are presented with the scope of future research outlook, which also includes the current technical limitations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gi Doo Cha
- Center for Nanoparticle Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea. and School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University (SNU), Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Wang Hee Lee
- Center for Nanoparticle Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea. and School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University (SNU), Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Chanhyuk Lim
- Center for Nanoparticle Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea. and School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University (SNU), Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Moon Kee Choi
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Dae-Hyeong Kim
- Center for Nanoparticle Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea. and School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University (SNU), Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
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22
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Kim DC, Shim HJ, Lee W, Koo JH, Kim DH. Material-Based Approaches for the Fabrication of Stretchable Electronics. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2020; 32:e1902743. [PMID: 31408223 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201902743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Revised: 05/28/2019] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Stretchable electronics are mechanically compatible with a variety of objects, especially with the soft curvilinear contours of the human body, enabling human-friendly electronics applications that could not be achieved with conventional rigid electronics. Therefore, extensive research effort has been devoted to the development of stretchable electronics, from research on materials and unit device, to fully integrated systems. In particular, material-processing technologies that encompass the synthesis, assembly, and patterning of intrinsically stretchable electronic materials have been actively investigated and have provided many notable breakthroughs for the advancement of stretchable electronics. Here, the latest studies of such material-based approaches are reviewed, mainly focusing on intrinsically stretchable electronic nanocomposites that generally consist of conducting/semiconducting filler materials inside or on elastomer backbone matrices. Various approaches for fabricating these intrinsically stretchable electronic materials are presented, including the blending of electronic fillers into elastomer matrices, the formation of bi-layered heterogeneous electronic-layer and elastomer support-layer structures, and modifications to polymeric molecular structures in order to impart stretchability. Detailed descriptions of the various conducting/semiconducting composites prepared by each method are provided, along with their electrical/mechanical properties and examples of device applications. To conclude, a brief future outlook is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Chan Kim
- Center for Nanoparticle Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering and Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyung Joon Shim
- Center for Nanoparticle Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering and Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Woongchan Lee
- Center for Nanoparticle Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering and Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Ja Hoon Koo
- Center for Nanoparticle Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering and Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Dae-Hyeong Kim
- Center for Nanoparticle Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering and Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
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23
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Xue Z, Song H, Rogers JA, Zhang Y, Huang Y. Mechanically-Guided Structural Designs in Stretchable Inorganic Electronics. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2020; 32:e1902254. [PMID: 31348578 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201902254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2019] [Revised: 05/27/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Over the past decade, the area of stretchable inorganic electronics has evolved very rapidly, in part because the results have opened up a series of unprecedented applications with broad interest and potential for impact, especially in bio-integrated systems. Low modulus mechanics and the ability to accommodate extreme mechanical deformations, especially high levels of stretching, represent key defining characteristics. Most existing studies exploit structural material designs to achieve these properties, through the integration of hard inorganic electronic components configured into strategic 2D/3D geometries onto patterned soft substrates. The diverse structural geometries developed for stretchable inorganic electronics are summarized, covering the designs of functional devices and soft substrates, with a focus on fundamental principles, design approaches, and system demonstrations. Strategies that allow spatial integration of 3D stretchable device layouts are also highlighted. Finally, perspectives on the remaining challenges and open opportunities are provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaoguo Xue
- Applied Mechanics Laboratory, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Center for Flexible Electronics Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Honglie Song
- Applied Mechanics Laboratory, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Center for Flexible Electronics Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - John A Rogers
- Departments of Materials Science and Engineering, Biomedical Engineering, Neurological Surgery, Chemistry, Mechanical Engineering Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Simpson Querrey Institute and Feinberg Medical School, Center for Bio-Integrated Electronics, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Yihui Zhang
- Applied Mechanics Laboratory, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Center for Flexible Electronics Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Yonggang Huang
- Departments of Mechanical Engineering, Civil and Environmental Engineering, and Materials Science and Engineering, Center for Bio-Integrated Electronics, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
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Polat EO, Mercier G, Nikitskiy I, Puma E, Galan T, Gupta S, Montagut M, Piqueras JJ, Bouwens M, Durduran T, Konstantatos G, Goossens S, Koppens F. Flexible graphene photodetectors for wearable fitness monitoring. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2019; 5:eaaw7846. [PMID: 31548984 PMCID: PMC6744261 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aaw7846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2019] [Accepted: 08/19/2019] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Wearable health and wellness trackers based on optical detection are promising candidates for public health uses due to their noninvasive tracking of vital health signs. However, so far, the use of rigid technologies hindered the ultimate performance and form factor of the wearable. Here, we demonstrate a new class of flexible and transparent wearables based on graphene sensitized with semiconducting quantum dots (GQD). We show several prototype wearable devices that are able to monitor vital health signs noninvasively, including heart rate, arterial oxygen saturation (SpO2), and respiratory rate. Operation with ambient light is demonstrated, offering low-power consumption. Moreover, using heterogeneous integration of a flexible ultraviolet (UV)-sensitive photodetector with a near-field communication circuit board allows wireless communication and power transfer between the photodetectors and a smartphone, offering battery-free operation. This technology paves the way toward seamlessly integrated wearables, and empowers the user through wireless probing of the UV index.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emre O. Polat
- ICFO–Institut de Ciencies Fotoniques, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, 08860 Castelldefels, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Gabriel Mercier
- ICFO–Institut de Ciencies Fotoniques, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, 08860 Castelldefels, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ivan Nikitskiy
- ICFO–Institut de Ciencies Fotoniques, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, 08860 Castelldefels, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Eric Puma
- ICFO–Institut de Ciencies Fotoniques, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, 08860 Castelldefels, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Teresa Galan
- ICFO–Institut de Ciencies Fotoniques, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, 08860 Castelldefels, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Shuchi Gupta
- ICFO–Institut de Ciencies Fotoniques, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, 08860 Castelldefels, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marc Montagut
- ICFO–Institut de Ciencies Fotoniques, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, 08860 Castelldefels, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Juan José Piqueras
- ICFO–Institut de Ciencies Fotoniques, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, 08860 Castelldefels, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Maryse Bouwens
- ICFO–Institut de Ciencies Fotoniques, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, 08860 Castelldefels, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Turgut Durduran
- ICFO–Institut de Ciencies Fotoniques, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, 08860 Castelldefels, Barcelona, Spain
- ICREA—Institució Catalana de Recerça i Estudis Avançats, Lluis Companys 23, 08010 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Gerasimos Konstantatos
- ICFO–Institut de Ciencies Fotoniques, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, 08860 Castelldefels, Barcelona, Spain
- ICREA—Institució Catalana de Recerça i Estudis Avançats, Lluis Companys 23, 08010 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Stijn Goossens
- ICFO–Institut de Ciencies Fotoniques, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, 08860 Castelldefels, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Frank Koppens
- ICFO–Institut de Ciencies Fotoniques, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, 08860 Castelldefels, Barcelona, Spain
- ICREA—Institució Catalana de Recerça i Estudis Avançats, Lluis Companys 23, 08010 Barcelona, Spain
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Ban C, Wang X, Zhou Z, Mao H, Cheng S, Zhang Z, Liu Z, Li H, Liu J, Huang W. A Universal Strategy for Stretchable Polymer Nonvolatile Memory via Tailoring Nanostructured Surfaces. Sci Rep 2019; 9:10337. [PMID: 31316141 PMCID: PMC6637107 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-46884-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2018] [Accepted: 06/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Building stretchable memory is an effective strategy for developing next-generation memory technologies toward stretchable and wearable electronics. Here we demonstrate a universal strategy for the fabrication of high performance stretchable polymer memory via tailoring surface morphology, in which common conjugated polymers and sharp reduced graphene oxide (r-rGO) films are used as active memristive layers and conductive electrodes, respectively. The fabricated devices feature write-once-read-many-times (WORM) memory, with a low switching voltage of 1.1 V, high ON/OFF current ratio of 104, and an ideal long retention time over 12000 s. Sharp surface-induced resistive switching behavior has been proposed to explore the electrical transition. Moreover, the polymer memory show reliable electrical bistable properties with a stretchability up to 30%, demonstrating their great potential candidates as high performance stretchable memory in soft electronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaoyi Ban
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE) & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech), 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing, 211816, China
| | - Xiangjing Wang
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE) & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech), 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing, 211816, China
| | - Zhe Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE) & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech), 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing, 211816, China
| | - Huiwu Mao
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE) & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech), 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing, 211816, China
| | - Shuai Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE) & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech), 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing, 211816, China
| | - Zepu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE) & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech), 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing, 211816, China
| | - Zhengdong Liu
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE) & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech), 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing, 211816, China
| | - Hai Li
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE) & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech), 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing, 211816, China
| | - Juqing Liu
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE) & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech), 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing, 211816, China.
| | - Wei Huang
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE) & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech), 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing, 211816, China. .,Shaanxi Institute of Flexible Electronics (SIFE), Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an, 710072, China. .,Key Laboratory for Organic Electronics and Information Displays & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), SICAM, Nanjing University of Posts & Telecommunications, 9 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing, 210023, China.
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Ercan E, Tsai PC, Chen JY, Lam JY, Hsu LC, Chueh CC, Chen WC. Stretchable and Ambient Stable Perovskite/Polymer Luminous Hybrid Nanofibers of Multicolor Fiber Mats and Their White LED Applications. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:23605-23615. [PMID: 31252500 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b05527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
We report the fabrication and optical/mechanical properties of perovskite/thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU)-based multicolor luminescent core-shell nanofibers and their large-scale fiber mats. One-step coaxial perovskite/TPU nanofibers had a high photoluminescence quantum yield value exceeding 23.3%, surpassing that of its uniaxial counterpart, due to the homogeneous distribution of perovskite nanoparticles (NPs) by the confinement of the TPU shell. The fabricated core-shell nanofibers exhibited a high mechanical endurance owing to the well elastic properties of TPU and maintained the luminescence intensity even under a 100% stretched state after 1000 stretching-relaxing cycles. By taking advantage of the hydrophobic nature of TPU, the ambient and moisture stability of the fabricated fibers were enhanced up to 1 month. Besides, large-area stretchable nanofibers with a dimension of 15 cm × 30 cm exhibiting various visible-light emission peaks were fabricated by changing the composition of perovskite NPs. Moreover, a large-scale luminescent and stretchable fiber mat was successfully fabricated by electrospinning. Furthermore, the white-light emission from the fabricated fibers and mats was achieved by incorporating orange-light-emitting poly[2-methoxy-5-(2-ethylhexyloxy)-1,4-phenylenevinylene] into the TPU shell and coupling the turquoise blue-light-emitting perovskite NPs in the core site. Finally, the integrity of the perovskite-based TPU fibers was realized by fabricating a light-emitting diode (LED) device containing the orange-light-emitting fibers embedded in the polyfluorene emissive layer. This work demonstrated an effective way to prepare stable and stretchable luminous nanofibers and the integration of such nanofibers into LED devices, which could facilitate the future development of wearable electronic devices.
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Venkataraman A, Amadi EV, Chen Y, Papadopoulos C. Carbon Nanotube Assembly and Integration for Applications. NANOSCALE RESEARCH LETTERS 2019; 14:220. [PMID: 31263975 PMCID: PMC6603253 DOI: 10.1186/s11671-019-3046-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2019] [Accepted: 06/10/2019] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) have attracted significant interest due to their unique combination of properties including high mechanical strength, large aspect ratios, high surface area, distinct optical characteristics, high thermal and electrical conductivity, which make them suitable for a wide range of applications in areas from electronics (transistors, energy production and storage) to biotechnology (imaging, sensors, actuators and drug delivery) and other applications (displays, photonics, composites and multi-functional coatings/films). Controlled growth, assembly and integration of CNTs is essential for the practical realization of current and future nanotube applications. This review focuses on progress to date in the field of CNT assembly and integration for various applications. CNT synthesis based on arc-discharge, laser ablation and chemical vapor deposition (CVD) including details of tip-growth and base-growth models are first introduced. Advances in CNT structural control (chirality, diameter and junctions) using methods such as catalyst conditioning, cloning, seed-, and template-based growth are then explored in detail, followed by post-growth CNT purification techniques using selective surface chemistry, gel chromatography and density gradient centrifugation. Various assembly and integration techniques for multiple CNTs based on catalyst patterning, forest growth and composites are considered along with their alignment/placement onto different substrates using photolithography, transfer printing and different solution-based techniques such as inkjet printing, dielectrophoresis (DEP) and spin coating. Finally, some of the challenges in current and emerging applications of CNTs in fields such as energy storage, transistors, tissue engineering, drug delivery, electronic cryptographic keys and sensors are considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anusha Venkataraman
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Victoria, P.O. Box 1700 STN CSC, Victoria, BC V8W 2Y2 Canada
| | - Eberechukwu Victoria Amadi
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Victoria, P.O. Box 1700 STN CSC, Victoria, BC V8W 2Y2 Canada
| | - Yingduo Chen
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Victoria, P.O. Box 1700 STN CSC, Victoria, BC V8W 2Y2 Canada
| | - Chris Papadopoulos
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Victoria, P.O. Box 1700 STN CSC, Victoria, BC V8W 2Y2 Canada
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Electrochemical biosensor for methyl parathion based on single-walled carbon nanotube/glutaraldehyde crosslinked acetylcholinesterase-wrapped bovine serum albumin nanocomposites. Anal Chim Acta 2019; 1074:131-141. [PMID: 31159933 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2019.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2019] [Revised: 04/19/2019] [Accepted: 05/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Semiconducting single-walled carbon nanotubes (s-SWCNTs) have been demonstrated as an excellent material for transistors, miniaturized devices and sensors due to their high carrier mobility, stability, scattering-free ballistic transport of carriers etc. Herein, we have designed a biosensor to selectively detect methyl parathion (MP, organophosphorus pesticide) using glutaraldehyde (Glu) cross-linked with acetylcholinesterase (AChE) immobilized on s-SWCNTs wrapped with bovine serum albumin (BSA). The fabricated biosensor was characterized and confirmed by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), cyclic voltammetry (CV), electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and square wave voltammetry (SWV). In the presence of MP, the effective interaction between AChE and MP favours the accumulation of MP-AChE complex on the glassy carbon electrode (GCE) surface which reduces the electron transfer property. Based on this interaction, detection of various concentration of MP was demonstrated by SWV using BSA/AChE-Glu-s-SWCNTs composite modified electrode. The proposed biosensor exhibited a wide linear range (WLR) for MP target in 100 mM phosphate buffered saline solution (PBS) (pH 7.4) from 1 × 10-10 M to 5 × 10-6 M with a limit of detection (LOD) of 3.75 × 10-11 M. In addition, the BSA/AChE-Glu-s-SWCNTs/GCE biosensor showed good repeatability and reproducibility for MP detection. Moreover, the proposed biosensor showed better electrode stability when stored at 4 °C. This new electrochemical biosensor is also exhibited high selectivity and sensitivity for MP, which made it possible to test MP in real strawberry and apple juices. Furthermore, the BSA/AChE-Glu-s-SWCNTs/GCE offered a favourable electron transfer between the acetylthiocholine chloride (ATCl) and electrode interface than BSA/AChE-s-SWCNTs/GCE, s-SWCNTs/GCE and bare GCE.
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Koo JH, Song JK, Kim DH. Solution-processed thin films of semiconducting carbon nanotubes and their application to soft electronics. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2019; 30:132001. [PMID: 30605897 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/aafbbe] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Semiconducting single-walled carbon nanotube (SWNT) networks are promising for use as channel materials in field-effect transistors (FETs) in next-generation soft electronics, owing to their high intrinsic carrier mobility, mechanical flexibility, potential for low-cost production, and good processability. In this article, we review the recent progress related to carbon nanotube (CNT) devices in soft electronics by describing the materials and devices, processing methods, and example applications in soft electronic systems. First, solution-processed semiconducting SWNT deposition methods along with doping techniques used to achieve stable complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor devices are discussed. Various strategies for developing high-performance SWNT-based FETs, such as the proper material choices for the gates, dielectrics, and sources/drains of FETs, and methods of improving FET performance, such as hysteresis repression in SWNT-based FETs, are described next. These SWNT-based FETs have been used in flexible, stretchable, and wearable electronic devices to realize functionalities that could not be achieved using conventional silicon-based devices. We conclude this review by discussing the challenges faced by and outlook for CNT-based soft electronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ja Hoon Koo
- Center for Nanoparticle Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea. Interdisciplinary Program for Bioengineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
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Sun WJ, Zhao YY, Zhou J, Cheng XF, He JH, Lu JM. One-Step Fabrication of Bio-Compatible Coordination Complex Film on Diverse Substrates for Ternary Flexible Memory. Chemistry 2019; 25:4808-4813. [PMID: 30689240 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201806420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Recently, resistance random access memories (RRAMs) have been studied extensively, because the demand for information storage is increasing. However, it remains challenging to obtain a flexible device because the active materials involved need to be nontoxic, nonpolluting, distortion-tolerable, and biodegradable as well adhesive to diverse flexible substrates. In this paper, tannic acid (TA) and an iron ion (FeIII ) coordination complex were employed as the active layer in a sandwich-like (Al/active layer/substrate) device to achieve memory performance. A nontoxic, biocompatible TA-FeIII coordination complex was synthesized by a one-step self-assembly solution method. The retention time of the TA-FeIII memory performance was up to 15 000 s, the yield up to 53 %. Furthermore, the TA-FeIII coordination complex can form a high-quality film and shows stable ternary memory behavior on various flexible substrates, such as polyethylene terephthalate (PET), polyimide (PI), printer paper, and leaf. The device can be degraded by immersing it in vinegar solution. Our work will broaden the application of organic coordination complexes in flexible memory devices with diverse substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wu-Ji Sun
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials, Science Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology, National United Engineering Laboratory of Functionalized Environmental Adsorption Materials, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, P. R. China
| | - Yong-Yan Zhao
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials, Science Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology, National United Engineering Laboratory of Functionalized Environmental Adsorption Materials, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, P. R. China
| | - Jin Zhou
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials, Science Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology, National United Engineering Laboratory of Functionalized Environmental Adsorption Materials, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, P. R. China
| | - Xue-Feng Cheng
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials, Science Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology, National United Engineering Laboratory of Functionalized Environmental Adsorption Materials, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, P. R. China
| | - Jing-Hui He
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials, Science Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology, National United Engineering Laboratory of Functionalized Environmental Adsorption Materials, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, P. R. China
| | - Jian-Mei Lu
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials, Science Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology, National United Engineering Laboratory of Functionalized Environmental Adsorption Materials, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, P. R. China
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Choi S, Han SI, Kim D, Hyeon T, Kim DH. High-performance stretchable conductive nanocomposites: materials, processes, and device applications. Chem Soc Rev 2019; 48:1566-1595. [PMID: 30519703 DOI: 10.1039/c8cs00706c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 198] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Highly conductive and intrinsically stretchable electrodes are vital components of soft electronics such as stretchable transistors and circuits, sensors and actuators, light-emitting diode arrays, and energy harvesting devices. Many kinds of conducting nanomaterials with outstanding electrical and mechanical properties have been integrated with elastomers to produce stretchable conductive nanocomposites. Understanding the characteristics of these nanocomposites and assessing the feasibility of their fabrication are therefore critical for the development of high-performance stretchable conductors and electronic devices. We herein summarise the recent advances in stretchable conductors based on the percolation networks of nanoscale conductive fillers in elastomeric media. After discussing the material-, dimension-, and size-dependent properties of conductive fillers and their implications, we highlight various techniques that are used to reduce the contact resistance between the conductive filler materials. Furthermore, we categorize elastomer matrices with different stretchabilities and mechanical properties based on their polymeric chain structures. Then, we discuss the fabrication techniques of stretchable conductive nanocomposites toward their use in soft electronics. Finally, we provide representative examples of stretchable device applications and conclude the review with a brief outlook for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suji Choi
- Center for Nanoparticle Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
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Abstract
Gold, one of the noble metals, has played a significant role in human society throughout history. Gold's excellent electrical, optical and chemical properties make the element indispensable in maintaining a prosperous modern electronics industry. In the emerging field of stretchable electronics (elastronics), the main challenge is how to utilize these excellent material properties under various mechanical deformations. This review covers the recent progress in developing "softening" gold chemistry for various applications in elastronics. We systematically present material synthesis and design principles, applications, and challenges and opportunities ahead.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bowen Zhu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia.
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Wang C, Wang C, Huang Z, Xu S. Materials and Structures toward Soft Electronics. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2018; 30:e1801368. [PMID: 30073715 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201801368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 216] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Revised: 05/14/2018] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Soft electronics are intensively studied as the integration of electronics with dynamic nonplanar surfaces has become necessary. Here, a discussion of the strategies in materials innovation and structural design to build soft electronic devices and systems is provided. For each strategy, the presentation focuses on the fundamental materials science and mechanics, and example device applications are highlighted where possible. Finally, perspectives on the key challenges and future directions of this field are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunfeng Wang
- Department of Nanoengineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, National Engineering Research Center for Advanced Polymer Processing Technology, School of Physics and Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450001, P. R. China
| | - Chonghe Wang
- Department of Nanoengineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Zhenlong Huang
- Department of Nanoengineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
- State Key Laboratory of Electronic Thin Films and Integrated Devices, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610054, P. R. China
| | - Sheng Xu
- Department of Nanoengineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
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Fabrication of super-stretchable and electrical conductive membrane of spandex/multi-wall carbon nanotube/reduced graphene oxide composite. JOURNAL OF POLYMER RESEARCH 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s10965-018-1597-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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35
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Cai P, Hu B, Leow WR, Wang X, Loh XJ, Wu YL, Chen X. Biomechano-Interactive Materials and Interfaces. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2018; 30:e1800572. [PMID: 29882230 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201800572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2018] [Revised: 02/19/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The reciprocal mechanical interaction of engineered materials with biointerfaces have long been observed and exploited in biomedical applications. It contributes to the rise of biomechano-responsive materials and biomechano-stimulatory materials, constituting the biomechano-interactive interfaces. Here, endogenous and exogenous biomechanical stimuli available for mechanoresponsive interfaces are briefed and their mechanistic responses, including deformation and volume change, mechanomanipulation of physical and chemical bonds, dissociation of assemblies, and coupling with thermoresponsiveness are summarized. The mechanostimulatory materials, however, are capable of delivering mechanical cues, including stiffness, viscoelasticity, geometrical constraints, and mechanical loads, to modulate physiological and pathological behaviors of living tissues through the adaptive cellular mechanotransduction. The biomechano-interactive materials and interfaces are widely implemented in such fields as mechanotriggered therapeutics and diagnosis, adaptive biophysical sensors, biointegrated soft actuators, and mechanorobust tissue engineering, which have offered unprecedented opportunities for precision and personalized medicine. Pending challenges are also addressed to shed a light on future advances with respect to translational implementations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pingqiang Cai
- Innovative Center for Flexible Devices (iFLEX), School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - Benhui Hu
- Innovative Center for Flexible Devices (iFLEX), School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - Wan Ru Leow
- Innovative Center for Flexible Devices (iFLEX), School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - Xiaoyuan Wang
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Target Research and State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, P. R. China
| | - Xian Jun Loh
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Singapore, 138634, Singapore
| | - Yun-Long Wu
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Target Research and State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, P. R. China
| | - Xiaodong Chen
- Innovative Center for Flexible Devices (iFLEX), School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
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Lee H, Hong YJ, Baik S, Hyeon T, Kim D. Enzyme-Based Glucose Sensor: From Invasive to Wearable Device. Adv Healthc Mater 2018; 7:e1701150. [PMID: 29334198 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201701150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 294] [Impact Index Per Article: 49.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2017] [Revised: 10/28/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Blood glucose concentration is a key indicator of patients' health, particularly for symptoms associated with diabetes mellitus. Because of the large number of diabetic patients, many approaches for glucose measurement have been studied to enable continuous and accurate glucose level monitoring. Among them, electrochemical analysis is prominent because it is simple and quantitative. This technology has been incorporated into commercialized and research-level devices from simple test strips to wearable devices and implantable systems. Although directly monitoring blood glucose assures accurate information, the invasive needle-pinching step to collect blood often results in patients (particularly young patients) being reluctant to adopt the process. An implantable glucose sensor may avoid the burden of repeated blood collections, but it is quite invasive and requires periodic replacement of the sensor owing to biofouling and its short lifetime. Therefore, noninvasive methods to estimate blood glucose levels from tears, saliva, interstitial fluid (ISF), and sweat are currently being studied. This review discusses the evolution of enzyme-based electrochemical glucose sensors, including materials, device structures, fabrication processes, and system engineering. Furthermore, invasive and noninvasive blood glucose monitoring methods using various biofluids or blood are described, highlighting the recent progress in the development of enzyme-based glucose sensors and their integrated systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyunjae Lee
- Center for Nanoparticle ResearchInstitute for Basic Science (IBS) Seoul 08826 Republic of Korea
- School of Chemical and Biological EngineeringInstitute of Chemical ProcessesSeoul National University (SNU) Seoul 08826 Republic of Korea
| | - Yongseok Joseph Hong
- Center for Nanoparticle ResearchInstitute for Basic Science (IBS) Seoul 08826 Republic of Korea
- School of Chemical and Biological EngineeringInstitute of Chemical ProcessesSeoul National University (SNU) Seoul 08826 Republic of Korea
| | - Seungmin Baik
- Center for Nanoparticle ResearchInstitute for Basic Science (IBS) Seoul 08826 Republic of Korea
- School of Chemical and Biological EngineeringInstitute of Chemical ProcessesSeoul National University (SNU) Seoul 08826 Republic of Korea
| | - Taeghwan Hyeon
- Center for Nanoparticle ResearchInstitute for Basic Science (IBS) Seoul 08826 Republic of Korea
- School of Chemical and Biological EngineeringInstitute of Chemical ProcessesSeoul National University (SNU) Seoul 08826 Republic of Korea
| | - Dae‐Hyeong Kim
- Center for Nanoparticle ResearchInstitute for Basic Science (IBS) Seoul 08826 Republic of Korea
- School of Chemical and Biological EngineeringInstitute of Chemical ProcessesSeoul National University (SNU) Seoul 08826 Republic of Korea
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Lee H, Song C, Baik S, Kim D, Hyeon T, Kim DH. Device-assisted transdermal drug delivery. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2018; 127:35-45. [PMID: 28867296 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2017.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 172] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2017] [Revised: 08/19/2017] [Accepted: 08/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Transdermal drug delivery is a prospective drug delivery strategy to complement the limitations of conventional drug delivery systems including oral and injectable methods. This delivery route allows both convenient and painless drug delivery and a sustained release profile with reduced side effects. However, physiological barriers in the skin undermine the delivery efficiency of conventional patches, limiting drug candidates to small-molecules and lipophilic drugs. Recently, transdermal drug delivery technology has advanced from unsophisticated methods simply relying on natural diffusion to drug releasing systems that dynamically respond to external stimuli. Furthermore, physical barriers in the skin have been overcome using microneedles, and controlled delivery by wearable biosensors has been enabled ultimately. In this review, we classify the evolution of advanced drug delivery strategies based on generations and provide a comprehensive overview. Finally, the recent progress in advanced diagnosis and therapy through customized drug delivery systems based on real-time analysis of physiological cues is highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyunjae Lee
- Center for Nanoparticle Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Changyeong Song
- Center for Nanoparticle Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea; School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Seungmin Baik
- Center for Nanoparticle Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea; School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Dokyoon Kim
- Center for Nanoparticle Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Taeghwan Hyeon
- Center for Nanoparticle Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea; School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea.
| | - Dae-Hyeong Kim
- Center for Nanoparticle Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea; School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea.
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38
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Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS)-Based Flexible Resistive Strain Sensors for Wearable Applications. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/app8030345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
There is growing attention and rapid development on flexible electronic devices with electronic materials and sensing technology innovations. In particular, strain sensors with high elasticity and stretchability are needed for several potential applications including human entertainment technology, human–machine interface, personal healthcare, and sports performance monitoring, etc. This article presents recent advancements in the development of polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS)-based flexible resistive strain sensors for wearable applications. First of all, the article shows that PDMS-based stretchable resistive strain sensors are successfully fabricated by different methods, such as the filtration method, printing technology, micromolding method, coating techniques, and liquid phase mixing. Next, strain sensing performances including stretchability, gauge factor, linearity, and durability are comprehensively demonstrated and compared. Finally, potential applications of PDMS-based flexible resistive strain sensors are also discussed. This review indicates that the era of wearable intelligent electronic systems has arrived.
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Hsu LC, Shih CC, Hsieh HC, Chiang YC, Wu PH, Chueh CC, Chen WC. Intrinsically stretchable, solution-processable functional poly(siloxane-imide)s for stretchable resistive memory applications. Polym Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1039/c8py01283k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
A stretchable WORM-type resistive memory device was fabricated using poly(siloxane-imide) ODPA-A12 with favorable mechanical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Che Hsu
- Institute of Polymer Science and Engineering
- National Taiwan University
- Taipei 10617
- Taiwan
| | - Chien-Chung Shih
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- National Taiwan University
- Taipei 10617
- Taiwan
- Advanced Research Center for Green Materials Science and Technology
| | - Hui-Ching Hsieh
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- National Taiwan University
- Taipei 10617
- Taiwan
| | - Yun-Chi Chiang
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- National Taiwan University
- Taipei 10617
- Taiwan
| | - Ping-Han Wu
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- National Taiwan University
- Taipei 10617
- Taiwan
| | - Chu-Chen Chueh
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- National Taiwan University
- Taipei 10617
- Taiwan
- Advanced Research Center for Green Materials Science and Technology
| | - Wen-Chang Chen
- Institute of Polymer Science and Engineering
- National Taiwan University
- Taipei 10617
- Taiwan
- Department of Chemical Engineering
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40
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Ding Y, Zhu C, Liu J, Duan Y, Yi Z, Xiao J, Wang S, Huang Y, Yin Z. Flexible small-channel thin-film transistors by electrohydrodynamic lithography. NANOSCALE 2017; 9:19050-19057. [PMID: 29094745 DOI: 10.1039/c7nr06075k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Small-channel organic thin-film transistors (OTFTs) are an essential component of microelectronic devices. With the advent of flexible electronics, the fabrication of OTFTs still faces numerous hurdles in the realization of highly-functional, devices of commercial value. Herein, a concise and efficient procedure is proposed for the fabrication of flexible, small-channel organic thin-film transistor (OTFT) arrays on large-area substrates that circumvents the use of photolithography. By employing a low-cost and high-resolution mechano-electrospinning technology, large-scale micro/nanofiber-based patterns can be digitally printed on flexible substrates (Si wafer or plastic), which can act as the channel mask of TFT instead of a photolithography reticle. The dimensions of the micro/nanochannel can be manipulated by tuning the processing parameters such as the nozzle-to-substrate distance, applied voltage, and fluid supply. The devices exhibit excellent electrical properties with high mobilities (∼0.62 cm2 V-1 s-1) and high on/off current ratios (∼2.47 × 106), and they are able to maintain stability upon being bent from 25 mm to 2.75 mm (bending radius) over 120 testing cycles. This electrohydrodynamic lithography-based approach is a digital, programmable, and reliable alternative for easily fabricating flexible, small-channel OTFTs, which can be integrated into flexible and wearable devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yajiang Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Digital Manufacturing Equipment and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
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41
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Hwang I, Kim J, Lee M, Lee MW, Kim HJ, Kwon HI, Hwang DK, Kim M, Yoon H, Kim YH, Park SK. Wide-spectral/dynamic-range skin-compatible phototransistors enabled by floated heterojunction structures with surface functionalized SWCNTs and amorphous oxide semiconductors. NANOSCALE 2017; 9:16711-16721. [PMID: 29067384 DOI: 10.1039/c7nr05729f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Purified semiconducting single-walled carbon nanotubes (sc-SWCNTs) have been researched for optoelectronic applications due to their high absorption coefficient from the visible to even the near-infrared (NIR) region. Nevertheless, the insufficient electrical characteristics and incompatibility with conventional CMOS processing have limited their wide utilization in this emerging field. Here, we demonstrate highly detective and wide spectral/dynamic range phototransistors incorporating floated heterojunction active layers which are composed of low-temperature sol-gel processed n-type amorphous indium gallium zinc oxide (a-IGZO) stacked with a purified p-type sc-SWCNT layer. To achieve a high and broad spectral/dynamic range photo-response of the heterogeneous transistors, photochemically functionalized sc-SWCNT layers were carefully implemented onto the a-IGZO channel area with a floating p-n heterojunction active layer, resulting in the suppression of parasitic charge leakage and good bias driven opto-electrical properties. The highest photosensitivity (R) of 9.6 × 102 A W-1 and a photodetectivity (D*) of 4 × 1014 Jones along with a dynamic range of 100-180 dB were achieved for our phototransistor in the spectral range of 400-780 nm including continuous and minimal frequency independent behaviors. More importantly, to demonstrate the diverse application of the ultra-flexible hybrid photosensor platform as skin compatible electronics, the sc-SWCNT/a-IGZO phototransistors were fabricated on an ultra-thin (∼1 μm) polyimide film along with a severe static and dynamic electro-mechanical test. The skin-like phototransistors showed excellent mechanical stability such as sustainable good electrical performance and high photosensitivity in a wide dynamic range without any visible cracks or damage and little noise interference after being rolled-up on the 150 μm-thick optical fiber as well as more than 1000 times cycling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Insik Hwang
- School of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06974, Korea.
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42
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Koo JH, Jeong S, Shim HJ, Son D, Kim J, Kim DC, Choi S, Hong JI, Kim DH. Wearable Electrocardiogram Monitor Using Carbon Nanotube Electronics and Color-Tunable Organic Light-Emitting Diodes. ACS NANO 2017; 11:10032-10041. [PMID: 28837773 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.7b04292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
With the rapid advances in wearable electronics, the research on carbon-based and/or organic materials and devices has become increasingly important, owing to their advantages in terms of cost, weight, and mechanical deformability. Here, we report an effective material and device design for an integrative wearable cardiac monitor based on carbon nanotube (CNT) electronics and voltage-dependent color-tunable organic light-emitting diodes (CTOLEDs). A p-MOS inverter based on four CNT transistors allows high amplification and thereby successful acquisition of the electrocardiogram (ECG) signals. In the CTOLEDs, an ultrathin exciton block layer of bis[2-(diphenylphosphino)phenyl]ether oxide is used to manipulate the balance of charges between two adjacent emission layers, bis[2-(4,6-difluorophenyl)pyridinato-C2,N](picolinato)iridium(III) and bis(2-phenylquinolyl-N,C(2'))iridium(acetylacetonate), which thereby produces different colors with respect to applied voltages. The ultrathin nature of the fabricated devices supports extreme wearability and conformal integration of the sensor on human skin. The wearable CTOLEDs integrated with CNT electronics are used to display human ECG changes in real-time using tunable colors. These materials and device strategies provide opportunities for next generation wearable health indicators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ja Hoon Koo
- Center for Nanoparticle Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS) , Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Hyung Joon Shim
- Center for Nanoparticle Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS) , Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Donghee Son
- Center for Nanoparticle Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS) , Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaemin Kim
- Center for Nanoparticle Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS) , Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Chan Kim
- Center for Nanoparticle Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS) , Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Suji Choi
- Center for Nanoparticle Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS) , Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Dae-Hyeong Kim
- Center for Nanoparticle Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS) , Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
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43
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Liu Y, He K, Chen G, Leow WR, Chen X. Nature-Inspired Structural Materials for Flexible Electronic Devices. Chem Rev 2017; 117:12893-12941. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.7b00291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 448] [Impact Index Per Article: 64.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yaqing Liu
- Innovative Centre for Flexible
Devices (iFLEX), School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, 639798, Singapore
| | - Ke He
- Innovative Centre for Flexible
Devices (iFLEX), School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, 639798, Singapore
| | - Geng Chen
- Innovative Centre for Flexible
Devices (iFLEX), School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, 639798, Singapore
| | - Wan Ru Leow
- Innovative Centre for Flexible
Devices (iFLEX), School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, 639798, Singapore
| | - Xiaodong Chen
- Innovative Centre for Flexible
Devices (iFLEX), School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, 639798, Singapore
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44
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Lee Y, Kim J, Koo JH, Kim TH, Kim DH. Nanomaterials for bioelectronics and integrated medical systems. KOREAN J CHEM ENG 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s11814-017-0236-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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45
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Liu Y, Liu Z, Zhu B, Yu J, He K, Leow WR, Wang M, Chandran BK, Qi D, Wang H, Chen G, Xu C, Chen X. Stretchable Motion Memory Devices Based on Mechanical Hybrid Materials. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2017; 29. [PMID: 28681955 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201701780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2017] [Revised: 05/21/2017] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Animals possess various functional systems such as sensory, nervous, and motor systems, which show effective cooperation in order to realize complicated and intelligent behaviors. This inspires rational designs for the integration of individual electronic devices to exhibit a series of functions, such as sensing, memory, and feedback. Inspired by the fact that humans can monitor and memorize various body motions, a motion memory device is developed to mimic this biological process. In this work, mechanical hybrid substrates are introduced, in which rigid memory devices and stretchable strain sensors are integrated into a single module, which enables them to work cooperatively in the wearable state. When attached to the joints of limbs, the motion memory device can detect the deformations caused by limb motions and simultaneously store the corresponding information in the memory device. This work would be valuable in materials design and electronics technology toward the realization of wearable and multifunctional electronic modules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaqing Liu
- Innovative Centre for Flexible Devices (iFLEX), School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, 639798, Singapore
| | - Zhiyuan Liu
- Innovative Centre for Flexible Devices (iFLEX), School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, 639798, Singapore
| | - Bowen Zhu
- Innovative Centre for Flexible Devices (iFLEX), School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, 639798, Singapore
| | - Jiancan Yu
- Innovative Centre for Flexible Devices (iFLEX), School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, 639798, Singapore
| | - Ke He
- Innovative Centre for Flexible Devices (iFLEX), School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, 639798, Singapore
| | - Wan Ru Leow
- Innovative Centre for Flexible Devices (iFLEX), School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, 639798, Singapore
| | - Ming Wang
- Innovative Centre for Flexible Devices (iFLEX), School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, 639798, Singapore
| | - Bevita K Chandran
- Innovative Centre for Flexible Devices (iFLEX), School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, 639798, Singapore
| | - Dianpeng Qi
- Innovative Centre for Flexible Devices (iFLEX), School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, 639798, Singapore
| | - Hong Wang
- Innovative Centre for Flexible Devices (iFLEX), School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, 639798, Singapore
| | - Geng Chen
- Innovative Centre for Flexible Devices (iFLEX), School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, 639798, Singapore
| | - Cai Xu
- Innovative Centre for Flexible Devices (iFLEX), School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, 639798, Singapore
| | - Xiaodong Chen
- Innovative Centre for Flexible Devices (iFLEX), School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, 639798, Singapore
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46
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Chen D, Pei Q. Electronic Muscles and Skins: A Review of Soft Sensors and Actuators. Chem Rev 2017; 117:11239-11268. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.7b00019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 349] [Impact Index Per Article: 49.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dustin Chen
- Department of Materials Science
and Engineering, Henry Samueli School of Engineering and Applied Science, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Qibing Pei
- Department of Materials Science
and Engineering, Henry Samueli School of Engineering and Applied Science, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
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47
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Mehrjouei E, Akbarzadeh H, Shamkhali AN, Abbaspour M, Salemi S, Abdi P. Delivery of Cisplatin Anti-Cancer Drug from Carbon, Boron Nitride, and Silicon Carbide Nanotubes Forced by Ag-Nanowire: A Comprehensive Molecular Dynamics Study. Mol Pharm 2017; 14:2273-2284. [PMID: 28595387 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.7b00106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
In this work, liberation of cisplatin molecules from interior of a nanotube due to entrance of an Ag-nanowire inside it was simulated by classical molecular dynamics method. The aim of this simulation was investigation on the effects of diameter, chirality, and composition of the nanotube, as well as the influence of temperature on this process. For this purpose, single walled carbon, boron nitride, and silicon carbide nanotube were considered. In order for a more concise comparison of the results, a new parameter namely efficiency of drug release, was introduced. The results demonstrated that the efficiency of drug release is sensitive to its adsorption on outer surface of the nanotube. Moreover, this efficiency is also sensitive to the nanotube composition and its diameter. For the effect of nanotube composition, the results indicated that silicon carbide nanotube has the least efficiency for drug release, due to its strong drug-nanotube. Also, the most important acting forces on drug delivery are van der Waals interactions. Finally, the kinetic of drug release is fast and is not related to the structural parameters of the nanotube and temperature, significantly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esmat Mehrjouei
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Basic Sciences, Hakim Sabzevari University , 96179-76487 Sabzevar, Iran
| | - Hamed Akbarzadeh
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Basic Sciences, Hakim Sabzevari University , 96179-76487 Sabzevar, Iran
| | - Amir Nasser Shamkhali
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili , 56199-11367 Ardabil, Iran
| | - Mohsen Abbaspour
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Basic Sciences, Hakim Sabzevari University , 96179-76487 Sabzevar, Iran
| | - Sirous Salemi
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Basic Sciences, Hakim Sabzevari University , 96179-76487 Sabzevar, Iran
| | - Pooya Abdi
- Department of Life Science Engineering, Faculty of New Sciences and Technologies, University of Tehran , 14395-1561 Tehran, Iran
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48
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Pahalagedara LR, Siriwardane I, Tissera ND, Wijesena RN, de Silva KMN. Carbon black functionalized stretchable conductive fabrics for wearable heating applications. RSC Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ra02184d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
There is an increasing interest on robust electrically conductive textiles with light weight and flexibility to meet the applications in wearable electronics.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Induni W. Siriwardane
- Sri Lanka Institute of Nanotechnology (SLINTEC)
- Nanotechnology and Science Park
- Pitipana
- Sri Lanka
| | - Nadeeka D. Tissera
- Sri Lanka Institute of Nanotechnology (SLINTEC)
- Nanotechnology and Science Park
- Pitipana
- Sri Lanka
| | - Ruchira N. Wijesena
- Sri Lanka Institute of Nanotechnology (SLINTEC)
- Nanotechnology and Science Park
- Pitipana
- Sri Lanka
| | - K. M. Nalin de Silva
- Sri Lanka Institute of Nanotechnology (SLINTEC)
- Nanotechnology and Science Park
- Pitipana
- Sri Lanka
- Department of Chemistry
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49
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Sun Q, Ho DH, Choi Y, Pan C, Kim DH, Wang ZL, Cho JH. Piezopotential-Programmed Multilevel Nonvolatile Memory As Triggered by Mechanical Stimuli. ACS NANO 2016; 10:11037-11043. [PMID: 27935289 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.6b05895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
We report the development of a piezopotential-programmed nonvolatile memory array using a combination of ion gel-gated field-effect transistors (FETs) and piezoelectric nanogenerators (NGs). Piezopotentials produced from the NGs under external strains were able to replace the gate voltage inputs associated with the programming/erasing operation of the memory, which reduced the power consumption compared with conventional memory devices. Multilevel data storage in the memory device could be achieved by varying the external bending strain applied to the piezoelectric NGs. The resulting devices exhibited good memory performance, including a large programming/erasing current ratio that exceeded 103, multilevel data storage of 2 bits (over 4 levels), performance stability over 100 cycles, and stable data retention over 3000 s. The piezopotential-programmed multilevel nonvolatile memory device described here is important for applications in data-storable electronic skin and advanced human-robot interface operations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qijun Sun
- Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences, National Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (NCNST), Beijing 100083, P. R. China
| | | | | | - Caofeng Pan
- Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences, National Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (NCNST), Beijing 100083, P. R. China
| | - Do Hwan Kim
- Department of Organic Materials and Fiber Engineering, Soongsil University , Seoul 156-743, Korea
| | - Zhong Lin Wang
- Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences, National Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (NCNST), Beijing 100083, P. R. China
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology , Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0245, United States
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50
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Chang YH, Olukan T, Lai CY, Marbou K, Apostoleris HN, Ghaferi AA, Chiesa M. Divergent surface properties of multidimensional sp (2) carbon allotropes: the effect of aging phenomena. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2016; 27:295701. [PMID: 27285084 DOI: 10.1088/0957-4484/27/29/295701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Despite the current interest in the scientific community in exploiting divergent surface properties of graphitic carbon allotropes, conclusive differentiation remains elusive even when dealing with parameters as fundamental as adhesion. Here, we set out to provide conclusive experimental evidence on the time evolution of the surface properties of highly oriented pyrolytic graphite (HOPG), graphene monolayer (GML) and multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) as we expose these materials to airborne contaminants, by providing (1) statistically significant results based on large datasets consisting of thousands of force measurements, and (2) errors sufficiently self-consistent to treat the comparison between datasets in atomic force microscopy (AFM) measurements. We first consider HOPG as a model system and then employ our results to draw conclusions from the GML and MWCNT samples. We find that the surface properties of aged HOPG are indistinguishable from those of aged GML and MWCNT, while being distinct from those of cleaved HOPG. Herein, we provide a sufficient body of evidence to disregard any divergence in surface properties for multidimensional sp (2) carbon allotropes that undergo similar aging processes.
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