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Noh S, Kim J, Kim H, Lee M, Kim N, Ryu H, Lee J. High Performance Proprioceptive Fiber Actuators Based on Ag Nanoparticles-Incorporated Hybrid Twisted and Coiled System. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024; 20:e2309429. [PMID: 38553811 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202309429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2023] [Revised: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024]
Abstract
Thermally driven fiber actuators are emerging as promising tools for a range of robotic applications, encompassing soft and wearable robots, muscle function restoration, assistive systems, and physical augmentation. Yet, to realize their full potential in practical applications, several challenges, such as a high operational temperature, incorporation of intrinsic self-sensing capabilities for closed-loop feedback control, and reliance on bulky, intricate actuation systems, must be addressed. Here, an Ag nanoparticles-based twisted and coiled fiber actuator that achieves a high contractile actuation of ≈36% is reported at a considerably low operational temperature of ≈83 °C based on a synergistic effect of constituent fiber elements with low glass transition temperatures. The fiber actuator can monitor its contractile actuation in real-time based on the piezoresistive properties inherent to its Ag-based conductive region, demonstrating its proprioceptive sensing capability. By exploiting this capability, the proprioceptive fiber actuator adeptly maintains its intended contractile behavior, even when faced with unplanned external disturbances. To demonstrate the capabilities of the fiber actuator, this study integrates it into a closed-loop feedback-controlled bionic arm as an artificial muscle, offering fresh perspectives on the future development of intelligent wearable devices and soft robotic systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seungbeom Noh
- Department of Robotics and Mechatronics Engineering, DGIST, 333, Techno jungang-daero, Hyeonpung-eup, Dalseong-gun, Daegu, 42988, Republic of Korea
| | - Jinho Kim
- Department of Robotics and Mechatronics Engineering, DGIST, 333, Techno jungang-daero, Hyeonpung-eup, Dalseong-gun, Daegu, 42988, Republic of Korea
| | - Hwajoong Kim
- Department of Robotics and Mechatronics Engineering, DGIST, 333, Techno jungang-daero, Hyeonpung-eup, Dalseong-gun, Daegu, 42988, Republic of Korea
| | - Muguen Lee
- Department of Robotics and Mechatronics Engineering, DGIST, 333, Techno jungang-daero, Hyeonpung-eup, Dalseong-gun, Daegu, 42988, Republic of Korea
| | - Namjung Kim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Gachon University, 1342, Seongnam-daero, Sujeong-gu, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do, 13120, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeji Ryu
- Department of Robotics and Mechatronics Engineering, DGIST, 333, Techno jungang-daero, Hyeonpung-eup, Dalseong-gun, Daegu, 42988, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaehong Lee
- Department of Robotics and Mechatronics Engineering, DGIST, 333, Techno jungang-daero, Hyeonpung-eup, Dalseong-gun, Daegu, 42988, Republic of Korea
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2
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Xie M, Wang Y, Zhang Z, Lin T, Wang Y, Sheng L, Li J, Peng J, Zhai M. Mechanically Excellent, Notch-Insensitive, and Highly Conductive Double-Network Hydrogel for Flexible Strain Sensor. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024; 16:22604-22613. [PMID: 38627235 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.4c04310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2024]
Abstract
A novel double-network conductive hydrogel based on lithium acetate/gelatin/polyacrylamide (PAAM) was synthesized by heating-cooling and subsequent γ-ray radiation-induced polymerization and cross-linking. Owing to the hydrogen bonding interaction between lithium acetate, physical cross-linked gelatin, and chemical cross-linked PAAM, the resultant hydrogel exhibited high tensile strength (1260 kPa), high ionic conductivity (35.2 mS cm-1), notch-insensitivity (tensile strength 415 kPa, elongation at break 872% with transverse notch), and extensive strain monitoring range (0.15-800%) under optimum conditions. The lithium acetate/gelatin/polyacrylamide hydrogel strain sensor attached to the skin can sensitively monitor the subtle movements of the human body. The strain sensor based on the resultant hydrogel with transverse notch can still work for 1200 cycles, due to that the covalent-cross-linked PAAm chain bridges the cracks and stabilizes the deformation, while the physical-cross-linked gelatin was unzipped to make the blunting of notch. The conductive hydrogel with high-sensitivity and high stability is expected to be used as materials for the preparation of flexible strain sensors in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingshu Xie
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Radiochemistry and Radiation Chemistry Key Laboratory of Fundamental Science, The Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, P.R. China
| | - Yimeng Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Radiochemistry and Radiation Chemistry Key Laboratory of Fundamental Science, The Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, P.R. China
| | - Zeyu Zhang
- Institute of Chemical Defense, Beijing 100191, P R. China
| | - Tingrui Lin
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Architectural Coating, Skshu Paint Co., Ltd., 518 North Liyuan Avenue, Licheng District, Putian, Fujian 351100, P.R. China
| | - Yicheng Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Radiochemistry and Radiation Chemistry Key Laboratory of Fundamental Science, The Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, P.R. China
| | - Lang Sheng
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Radiochemistry and Radiation Chemistry Key Laboratory of Fundamental Science, The Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, P.R. China
| | - Jiuqiang Li
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Radiochemistry and Radiation Chemistry Key Laboratory of Fundamental Science, The Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, P.R. China
| | - Jing Peng
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Radiochemistry and Radiation Chemistry Key Laboratory of Fundamental Science, The Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, P.R. China
| | - Maolin Zhai
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Radiochemistry and Radiation Chemistry Key Laboratory of Fundamental Science, The Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, P.R. China
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Wang X, Wang Y, Ren M, Dong L, Zhou T, Yang G, Yang H, Zhao Y, Cui B, Li Y, Li W, Yuan X, Qiao G, Wu Y, Wang X, Xu P, Di J. Knittable Electrochemical Yarn Muscle for Morphing Textiles. ACS NANO 2024; 18:9500-9510. [PMID: 38477715 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c12362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/14/2024]
Abstract
Morphing textiles, crafted using electrochemical artificial muscle yarns, boast features such as adaptive structural flexibility, programmable control, low operating voltage, and minimal thermal effect. However, the progression of these textiles is still impeded by the challenges in the continuous production of these yarn muscles and the necessity for proper structure designs that bypass operation in extensive electrolyte environments. Herein, a meters-long sheath-core structured carbon nanotube (CNT)/nylon composite yarn muscle is continuously prepared. The nylon core not only reduces the consumption of CNTs but also amplifies the surface area for interaction between the CNT yarn and the electrolyte, leading to an enhanced effective actuation volume. When driven electrochemically, the CNT@nylon yarn muscle demonstrates a maximum contractile stroke of 26.4%, a maximum contractile rate of 15.8% s-1, and a maximum power density of 0.37 W g-1, surpassing pure CNT yarn muscles by 1.59, 1.82, and 5.5 times, respectively. By knitting the electrochemical CNT@nylon artificial muscle yarns into a soft fabric that serves as both a soft scaffold and an electrolyte container, we achieved a morphing textile is achieved. This textile can perform programmable multiple motion modes in air such as contraction and sectional bending.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaobo Wang
- School of Nano-Technology and Nano-Bionics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- Key Laboratory of Multifunctional Nanomaterials and Smart Systems, Advanced Materials Division, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Yulian Wang
- Key Laboratory of Multifunctional Nanomaterials and Smart Systems, Advanced Materials Division, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Ming Ren
- Key Laboratory of Multifunctional Nanomaterials and Smart Systems, Advanced Materials Division, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Lizhong Dong
- Key Laboratory of Multifunctional Nanomaterials and Smart Systems, Advanced Materials Division, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Tao Zhou
- Division of Nanomaterials and Jiangxi Key Lab of Carbonene Materials, Jiangxi Institute of Nanotechnology, Nanchang 330200, China
| | - Guang Yang
- School of Nano-Technology and Nano-Bionics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- Key Laboratory of Multifunctional Nanomaterials and Smart Systems, Advanced Materials Division, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Hao Yang
- Key Laboratory of Multifunctional Nanomaterials and Smart Systems, Advanced Materials Division, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Yueran Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Multifunctional Nanomaterials and Smart Systems, Advanced Materials Division, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Bo Cui
- Key Laboratory of Multifunctional Nanomaterials and Smart Systems, Advanced Materials Division, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Yuxin Li
- School of Nano-Technology and Nano-Bionics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- Key Laboratory of Multifunctional Nanomaterials and Smart Systems, Advanced Materials Division, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Wei Li
- Key Laboratory of Multifunctional Nanomaterials and Smart Systems, Advanced Materials Division, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Xiaojie Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Multifunctional Nanomaterials and Smart Systems, Advanced Materials Division, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Guanlong Qiao
- Key Laboratory of Multifunctional Nanomaterials and Smart Systems, Advanced Materials Division, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - You Wu
- Key Laboratory of Multifunctional Nanomaterials and Smart Systems, Advanced Materials Division, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Xiaona Wang
- Key Laboratory of Multifunctional Nanomaterials and Smart Systems, Advanced Materials Division, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Panpan Xu
- Key Laboratory of Multifunctional Nanomaterials and Smart Systems, Advanced Materials Division, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Jiangtao Di
- School of Nano-Technology and Nano-Bionics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- Key Laboratory of Multifunctional Nanomaterials and Smart Systems, Advanced Materials Division, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou 215123, China
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4
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Aziz S, Zhang X, Naficy S, Salahuddin B, Jager EWH, Zhu Z. Plant-Like Tropisms in Artificial Muscles. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023; 35:e2212046. [PMID: 36965152 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202212046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Revised: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Helical plants have the ability of tropisms to respond to natural stimuli, and biomimicry of such helical shapes into artificial muscles has been vastly popular. However, the shape-mimicked actuators only respond to artificially provided stimulus, they are not adaptive to variable natural conditions, thus being unsuitable for real-life applications where on-demand, autonomous operations are required. Novel artificial muscles made of hierarchically patterned helically wound yarns that are self-adaptive to environmental humidity and temperature changes are demonstrated here. Unlike shape-mimicked artificial muscles, a unique microstructural biomimicking approach is adopted, where the muscle yarns can effectively replicate the hydrotropism and thermotropism of helical plants to their microfibril level using plant-like microstructural memories. Large strokes, with rapid movement, are obtained when the individual microfilament of yarn is inlaid with hydrogel and further twisted into a coil-shaped hierarchical structure. The developed artificial muscle provides an average actuation speed of ≈5.2% s-1 at expansion and ≈3.1% s-1 at contraction cycles, being the fastest amongst previously demonstrated actuators of similar type. It is demonstrated that these muscle yarns can autonomously close a window in wet climates. The building block yarns are washable without any material degradation, making them suitable for smart, reusable textile and soft robotic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shazed Aziz
- School of Chemical Engineering, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Xi Zhang
- School of Chemical Engineering, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Sina Naficy
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Bidita Salahuddin
- School of Chemical Engineering, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Edwin W H Jager
- Division of Sensor and Actuator Systems, Department of Physics, Chemistry, and, Biology (IFM), Linköping University, Linköping, SE-58183, Sweden
| | - Zhonghua Zhu
- School of Chemical Engineering, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia
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5
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Jiang M, Hu H, Jin C, Lv R, Guo J, Jiang S, Bai Z. Three-Directional Spacer-Knitted Piezoresistant Strain and Pressure Sensor for Electronic Integration and On-Body Applications. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:55009-55021. [PMID: 37922204 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c09238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2023]
Abstract
The advancement of smart textiles has resulted in significant development in wearable textile sensors and offers novel interfaces to sense physical movements in daily life. Knitting, as a traditional textile fabrication method, is being used in promising ways to realize fully seamless fabrication and unobtrusive sensing in wearable textile applications. However, current flat-knitted sensors can sense strain only in the horizontal plane. This research presents a novel fully machine-knitted spacer piezoresistive sensor structure with a three-directional sensing ability that can detect both the pressure in the vertical direction and the strain in the warp/weft direction. Besides, it can sense the pressure under 1 kPa, which is critical in comfortable on-body interaction, one-piece integration, and wearable applications. Three sizes spacer-knitted sensors are evaluated in terms of their mechanical performance, stability cycles, and reaction to external factors such as sweat, laundering, etc. Then, the effect of material choice on sensor performance is evaluated and the rationale behind the use of different materials is summarized. Specifically, this research presents a detailed evaluation of the applications with both a single sensor and multiple sensor arrays for fine and gross motion sensing in several scenarios. The testing results demonstrate a fully machine-knitted piezoresistive sensor that can detect multidirectional motions (vertical, warp, and weft directions). In addition, this knitted sensor is scalable and can be facilely and seamlessly integrated into any garment piece. This universal knitted sensor structure could be made with a wide variety of materials for high sensitivity for multidirectional strain/pressure sensing, making it a high-compatibility sensor structure for wearable applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengqi Jiang
- Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, Guangdong, China
| | - Hongci Hu
- Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, Guangdong, China
- Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, 100782, Hong Kong SAR
| | - Chun Jin
- Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, Guangdong, China
| | - Ru Lv
- Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, Guangdong, China
| | - Jiawei Guo
- Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, Guangdong, China
| | - Shouxiang Jiang
- Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, 100782, Hong Kong SAR
| | - Ziqian Bai
- Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, Guangdong, China
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6
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Feng M, Yang D, Ren L, Wei G, Gu G. X-crossing pneumatic artificial muscles. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eadi7133. [PMID: 37729399 PMCID: PMC10511197 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adi7133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2023] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 09/22/2023]
Abstract
Artificial muscles are promising in soft exoskeletons, locomotion robots, and operation machines. However, their performance in contraction ratio, output force, and dynamic response is often imbalanced and limited by materials, structures, or actuation principles. We present lightweight, high-contraction ratio, high-output force, and positive pressure-driven X-crossing pneumatic artificial muscles (X-PAMs). Unlike PAMs, our X-PAMs harness the X-crossing mechanism to directly convert linear motion along the actuator axis, achieving an unprecedented 92.9% contraction ratio and an output force of 207.9 Newtons per kilogram per kilopascal with excellent dynamic properties, such as strain rate (1603.0% per second), specific power (5.7 kilowatts per kilogram), and work density (842.9 kilojoules per meter cubed). These properties can overcome the slow actuation of conventional PAMs, providing robotic elbow, jumping robot, and lightweight gripper with fast, powerful performance. The robust design of X-PAMs withstands extreme environments, including high-temperature, underwater, and long-duration actuation, while being scalable to parallel, asymmetric, and ring-shaped configurations for potential applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miao Feng
- Robotics Institute, School of Mechanical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
- State Key Laboratory of Mechanical System and Vibration, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
- Department of Mechanical, Aerospace and Civil Engineering, The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
- School of Science, Engineering and Environment, The University of Salford, Salford M5 4WT, UK
| | - Dezhi Yang
- Robotics Institute, School of Mechanical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
- State Key Laboratory of Mechanical System and Vibration, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Lei Ren
- Department of Mechanical, Aerospace and Civil Engineering, The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
- Key Laboratory of Bionic Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130015, China
| | - Guowu Wei
- School of Science, Engineering and Environment, The University of Salford, Salford M5 4WT, UK
| | - Guoying Gu
- Robotics Institute, School of Mechanical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
- State Key Laboratory of Mechanical System and Vibration, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
- Meta Robotics Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
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7
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Meshot ER, Baker A, Malone D, Hayes S, Hamza H, Wang C, Marcus MA, Lepró X. High-Resolution X-ray Spectromicroscopy Reveals Process-Structure Correlations in sub-5-μm Diameter Carbon Nanotube-Polymer Composite Dry-Spun Yarns. ACS NANO 2023. [PMID: 37186946 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c01537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
A persistent lack of detailed and quantitative structural analysis of these hierarchical carbon nanotube (CNT) ensembles precludes establishing processing-structure-property relationships that are essential to enhance macroscale performance (e.g., in mechanical, electrical, thermal applications). Here, we use scanning transmission X-ray microscopy (STXM) to analyze the hierarchical, twisted morphology of dry-spun CNT yarns and their composites, quantifying key structural characteristics such as density, porosity, alignment, and polymer loading. As the yarn twist density increases (15,000 to 150,000 turns per meter), the yarn diameter decreased (4.4-1.4 μm) and density increased (0.55-1.26 g·cm-3), as intuitively expected. Yarn density, ρ, ubiquitously scaled with diameter d according to ρ ∼ d-2 for all parameters studied here. Spectromicroscopy probes with 30 nm resolution and elemental specificity were employed to analyze the radial and longitudinal distribution of the oxygen-containing polymer content (∼30% weight fraction), demonstrating nearly perfect filling of the voids between CNTs with a vapor-phase polymer coating and cross-linking process. These quantitative correlations highlight the intimate connections between processing conditions and yarn structure with important implications for translating the nanoscale properties of CNTs to the macroscale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric R Meshot
- Materials Engineering Division, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Avenue, Livermore, California 94550, United States
| | - Alexander Baker
- Physical and Life Sciences Directorate, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Avenue, Livermore, California 94550, United States
| | - Daniel Malone
- Physical and Life Sciences Directorate, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Avenue, Livermore, California 94550, United States
| | - Sean Hayes
- Physical and Life Sciences Directorate, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Avenue, Livermore, California 94550, United States
| | - Haley Hamza
- Physical and Life Sciences Directorate, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Avenue, Livermore, California 94550, United States
| | - Cheng Wang
- Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Matthew A Marcus
- Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Xavier Lepró
- Physical and Life Sciences Directorate, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Avenue, Livermore, California 94550, United States
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8
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Dong L, Zhang W, Ren M, Li Y, Wang Y, Zhou Y, Wu Y, Zhang Z, Di J. Moisture-Adaptive Contractile Biopolymer-Derived Fibers for Wound Healing Promotion. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2023:e2300589. [PMID: 36970836 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202300589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Revised: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The advancement in thermosensitive active hydrogels has opened promising opportunities to dynamic full-thickness skin wound healing. However, conventional hydrogels lack breathability to avoid wound infection and cannot adapt to wounds with different shapes due to the isotropic contraction. Herein, a moisture-adaptive fiber that rapidly absorbs wound tissue fluid and produces a large lengthwise contractile force during the drying process is reported. The incorporation of hydroxyl-rich silica nanoparticles in the sodium alginate/gelatin composite fiber greatly improves the hydrophilicity, toughness, and axial contraction performance of the fiber. This fiber exhibits a dynamic contractile behavior as a function of humidity, generating ≈15% maximum contraction strain or ≈24 MPa maximum isometric contractile stress. The textile knitted by the fibers features excellent breathability and generates adaptive contraction in the target direction during the natural desorption of tissue fluid from the wounds. In vivo animal experiments further demonstrate the advantages of the textiles over traditional dressings in accelerating wound healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lizhong Dong
- School of Nano-Technology and Nano-Bionics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, P. R. China
- Advanced Materials Division, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, 215123, P. R. China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Nano-Bio Interface, Division of Nanobiomedicine, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, 215123, P. R. China
| | - Ming Ren
- Advanced Materials Division, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, 215123, P. R. China
| | - Yuxuan Li
- Key Laboratory of Nano-Bio Interface, Division of Nanobiomedicine, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, 215123, P. R. China
| | - Yulian Wang
- Advanced Materials Division, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, 215123, P. R. China
| | - Yurong Zhou
- School of Nano-Technology and Nano-Bionics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, P. R. China
- Advanced Materials Division, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, 215123, P. R. China
| | - Yulong Wu
- Advanced Materials Division, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, 215123, P. R. China
| | - Zhijun Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Nano-Bio Interface, Division of Nanobiomedicine, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, 215123, P. R. China
| | - Jiangtao Di
- School of Nano-Technology and Nano-Bionics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, P. R. China
- Advanced Materials Division, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, 215123, P. R. China
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9
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Hossain MM, Lubna MM, Bradford PD. Multifunctional and Washable Carbon Nanotube-Wrapped Textile Yarns for Wearable E-Textiles. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:3365-3376. [PMID: 36622361 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c19826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Carbon nanotube (CNT) yarns are promising for wearable electronic applications due to their excellent electromechanical and thermal properties and structural flexibility. A spinning system was customized to produce CNT-wrapped textile yarns for wearable applications. By adjusting the spinning parameters and core yarn, a highly tailored hybrid CNT yarn could be produced for textile processing, e.g., knitting and weaving. The electrical resistance and mechanical properties of the yarn are influenced by the core yarn. The high flexibility of the yarn enabled state-of-the-art three-dimensional (3D) knitting of the CNT-wrapped yarn for the first time. Using the 3D knitted technology, CNT-wrapped textile yarns were seamlessly integrated into a wrist band and the index finger of a glove. The knitted structure exhibited a large resistance change under strain and precisely recorded the signal under the different movements of the finger and wrist. When the knitted fabric was connected to a power source, rapid heating above skin temperature was observed at a low voltage. This work presents a novel hybrid yarn for the first time, which sustained 30 washing cycles without performance degradation. By changing the core yarn, a highly stretchable and multimodal sensing system could be developed for wearable applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Milon Hossain
- Department of Textile Engineering, Chemistry and Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina27606, United States
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York14850, United States
| | - Mostakima M Lubna
- Department of Textile Engineering, Chemistry and Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina27606, United States
| | - Philip D Bradford
- Department of Textile Engineering, Chemistry and Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina27606, United States
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10
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Nie M, Li B, Hsieh YL, Fu KK, Zhou J. Stretchable One-Dimensional Conductors for Wearable Applications. ACS NANO 2022; 16:19810-19839. [PMID: 36475644 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.2c08166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Continuous, one-dimensional (1D) stretchable conductors have attracted significant attention for the development of wearables and soft-matter electronics. Through the use of advanced spinning, printing, and textile technologies, 1D stretchable conductors in the forms of fibers, wires, and yarns can be designed and engineered to meet the demanding requirements for different wearable applications. Several crucial parameters, such as microarchitecture, conductivity, stretchability, and scalability, play essential roles in designing and developing wearable devices and intelligent textiles. Methodologies and fabrication processes have successfully realized 1D conductors that are highly conductive, strong, lightweight, stretchable, and conformable and can be readily integrated with common fabrics and soft matter. This review summarizes the latest advances in continuous, 1D stretchable conductors and emphasizes recent developments in materials, methodologies, fabrication processes, and strategies geared toward applications in electrical interconnects, mechanical sensors, actuators, and heaters. This review classifies 1D conductors into three categories on the basis of their electrical responses: (1) rigid 1D conductors, (2) piezoresistive 1D conductors, and (3) resistance-stable 1D conductors. This review also evaluates the present challenges in these areas and presents perspectives for improving the performance of stretchable 1D conductors for wearable textile and flexible electronic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingyu Nie
- School of Material Science and Engineering Key Laboratory for Polymeric Composite & Functional Materials of Ministry of Education Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronic Materials and Wearable Devices, Sun Yat-sen University Guangzhou, Guangdong510275, China
| | - Boxiao Li
- School of Material Science and Engineering Key Laboratory for Polymeric Composite & Functional Materials of Ministry of Education Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronic Materials and Wearable Devices, Sun Yat-sen University Guangzhou, Guangdong510275, China
| | - You-Lo Hsieh
- Biological and Agricultural Engineering, University of California at Davis, California95616, United States
| | - Kun Kelvin Fu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware19716, United States
| | - Jian Zhou
- School of Material Science and Engineering Key Laboratory for Polymeric Composite & Functional Materials of Ministry of Education Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronic Materials and Wearable Devices, Sun Yat-sen University Guangzhou, Guangdong510275, China
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11
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Dou L, Zeng Z, Cheng D, Li S, Ke W, Cai G. Weft-Knitted Spacer Fabric for Highly Stretchable-Compressible Strain Sensor, Supercapacitor, and Joule Heater. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 12:nano12203684. [PMID: 36296874 PMCID: PMC9608609 DOI: 10.3390/nano12203684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Revised: 10/09/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The development of wearable electronic devices has greatly stimulated the research interest of textile-based strain sensors, which can effectively combine functionality with wearability. In this work, the fabrication of highly stretchable and compressible strain sensors from weft-knitted spacer fabric was reported. Carbon nanotubes and polypyrrole were deposited on the surface of fabric via an in situ polymerization approach to reduce the electrical resistance. The as-fabricated WSP-CNT-PPy strain sensor exhibits high electrical conductivity and stable strain-sensing performance under different stretching deformations. The WSP-CNT-PPy strain sensor can be stretched up to 450% and compressed to 60% with a pressure of less than 50 KPa, which can be attributed to the unique loop and interval filament structures. The distinguishing response efficiency of WSP-CNT-PPy can effectively detect faint and strenuous body movements. In addition, the electrochemical behavior of WSP-CNT-PPy was also characterized to study the comprehensive properties. The electro-heating performance was also evaluated for feasible Joule heater applications. This work demonstrates the practicability of WSP-CNT-PPy strain sensor fabric for real-time monitoring in promising wearable garments.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Wei Ke
- Correspondence: (S.L.); (W.K.); (G.C.)
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12
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Wang W, Yu A, Wang Y, Jia M, Guo P, Ren L, Guo D, Pu X, Wang ZL, Zhai J. Elastic Kernmantle E-Braids for High-Impact Sports Monitoring. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2022; 9:e2202489. [PMID: 35758560 PMCID: PMC9443433 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202202489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Revised: 06/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The kernmantle construction, a kind of braiding structure that is characterized by the kern absorbing most of the stress and the mantle protecting the kern, is widely employed in the field of loading and rescue services, but rarely in flexible electronics. Here, a novel kernmantle electronic braid (E-braid) for high-impact sports monitoring, is proposed. The as-fabricated E-braids not only demonstrate high strength (31 Mpa), customized elasticity, and nice machine washability (>500 washes) but also exhibit excellent electrical stability (>200 000 cycles) during stretching. For demonstration, the E-braids are mounted to different parts of the trampoline for athletes' locomotor behavior monitoring. Furthermore, the E-braids are proved to act as multifarious intelligent sports gear or wearable equipment such as electronic jump rope and respiration monitoring belt. This study expands the kernmantle structure to soft flexible electronics and then accelerates the development of quantitative analysis in modern sports industry and athletes' healthcare.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wang
- CAS Center for Excellence in NanoscienceBeijing Key Laboratory of Micro‐nano Energy and SensorBeijing Institute of Nanoenergy and NanosystemsChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing101400China
- School of Nanoscience and TechnologyUniversity of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100049P. R. China
| | - Aifang Yu
- CAS Center for Excellence in NanoscienceBeijing Key Laboratory of Micro‐nano Energy and SensorBeijing Institute of Nanoenergy and NanosystemsChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing101400China
- School of Nanoscience and TechnologyUniversity of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100049P. R. China
- Center on Nanoenergy ResearchSchool of Physical Science and TechnologyGuangxi UniversityNanning530004P. R. China
| | - Yulong Wang
- CAS Center for Excellence in NanoscienceBeijing Key Laboratory of Micro‐nano Energy and SensorBeijing Institute of Nanoenergy and NanosystemsChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing101400China
- Center on Nanoenergy ResearchSchool of Physical Science and TechnologyGuangxi UniversityNanning530004P. R. China
| | - Mengmeng Jia
- CAS Center for Excellence in NanoscienceBeijing Key Laboratory of Micro‐nano Energy and SensorBeijing Institute of Nanoenergy and NanosystemsChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing101400China
- School of Nanoscience and TechnologyUniversity of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100049P. R. China
| | - Pengwen Guo
- CAS Center for Excellence in NanoscienceBeijing Key Laboratory of Micro‐nano Energy and SensorBeijing Institute of Nanoenergy and NanosystemsChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing101400China
- School of Nanoscience and TechnologyUniversity of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100049P. R. China
| | - Lele Ren
- CAS Center for Excellence in NanoscienceBeijing Key Laboratory of Micro‐nano Energy and SensorBeijing Institute of Nanoenergy and NanosystemsChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing101400China
- School of Nanoscience and TechnologyUniversity of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100049P. R. China
| | - Di Guo
- CAS Center for Excellence in NanoscienceBeijing Key Laboratory of Micro‐nano Energy and SensorBeijing Institute of Nanoenergy and NanosystemsChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing101400China
- Center on Nanoenergy ResearchSchool of Physical Science and TechnologyGuangxi UniversityNanning530004P. R. China
| | - Xiong Pu
- CAS Center for Excellence in NanoscienceBeijing Key Laboratory of Micro‐nano Energy and SensorBeijing Institute of Nanoenergy and NanosystemsChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing101400China
- School of Nanoscience and TechnologyUniversity of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100049P. R. China
- Center on Nanoenergy ResearchSchool of Physical Science and TechnologyGuangxi UniversityNanning530004P. R. China
| | - Zhong Lin Wang
- CAS Center for Excellence in NanoscienceBeijing Key Laboratory of Micro‐nano Energy and SensorBeijing Institute of Nanoenergy and NanosystemsChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing101400China
- School of Nanoscience and TechnologyUniversity of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100049P. R. China
- School of Materials Science and EngineeringGeorgia Institute of TechnologyAtlantaGA30332USA
| | - Junyi Zhai
- CAS Center for Excellence in NanoscienceBeijing Key Laboratory of Micro‐nano Energy and SensorBeijing Institute of Nanoenergy and NanosystemsChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing101400China
- School of Nanoscience and TechnologyUniversity of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100049P. R. China
- Center on Nanoenergy ResearchSchool of Physical Science and TechnologyGuangxi UniversityNanning530004P. R. China
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13
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Shen X, Gao P, Jin T, Ding Y, Bao C. An Investigation into the Adsorption Mechanism of Organic Anions on a New Spandex. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14153108. [PMID: 35956622 PMCID: PMC9371182 DOI: 10.3390/polym14153108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Revised: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, there has been significant interest in the study of spandex in high-elasticity sensors. As a new kind of special spandex, dyeable spandex shows strong adsorption capacity for anions. In this study, neutral red G was used as an anion adsorption simulator to study the adsorption mechanism of dyeable spandex on anionic materials. The structure of dyeable spandex was characterized by the modern instrumental analysis method, and the adsorption kinetics and thermodynamics of neutral red G on dyeable spandex were discussed. The results show that the use of mixed amines as chain extenders for dyeable spandex reduced the regularity of molecules and the crystallinity of spandex, which was beneficial to the diffusion adsorption of anions. On the other hand, the number of secondary amino groups increased, providing more adsorption sites under acidic conditions. The adsorption of neutral red G on dyeable spandex satisfied the quasi-second-order kinetics and the Langmuir adsorption model, indicating that dye adsorption on spandex was mainly electrostatic. The diffusion coefficient and equilibrium adsorption capacity of neutral red G on dyeable spandex increased significantly, whereas enthalpy and entropy decreased.
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14
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Wei W, Liu J, Huang J, Cao F, Qian K, Yao Y, Li W. Recent advances and perspectives of shape memory polymer fibers. Eur Polym J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2022.111385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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15
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Zhang X, Ke L, Zhang X, Xu F, Hu Y, Lin H, Zhu J. Breathable and Wearable Strain Sensors Based on Synergistic Conductive Carbon Nanotubes/Cotton Fabrics for Multi-directional Motion Detection. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:25753-25762. [PMID: 35621731 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c04790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Flexible strain-sensitive sensors have been receiving intensive attention in many aspects ranging from human motion capture to health-related signal monitoring. However, the fabric strain sensor with multi-directional sensing capability, besides having a wide strain range and high response sensitivity, is still very challenging and deserves further exploration. Here, we have prepared a wearable cotton fabric strain sensor uniformly decorated with single-walled carbon nanotubes through a facile solution process. The unique hierarchical architecture of the cotton fabric woven from twisted yarns combined with the conductive carbon nanotube network endows the fabric strain sensors with attractive performance, including low detection limit, large workable strain range, fascinating stability and durability, excellent direction-dependent strain response, and good air permeability. The strain sensor without polymer encapsulation can not only monitor subtle and large multi-directional motions but also fit well to the human body with satisfactory comfort, demonstrating its potential application in wearable electronics and intelligent clothing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaopei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics & Institute of Advanced Materials, Nanjing Tech University, 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Longwei Ke
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics & Institute of Advanced Materials, Nanjing Tech University, 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Xiaomin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics & Institute of Advanced Materials, Nanjing Tech University, 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Feng Xu
- Shaanxi Institute of Flexible Electronics, Northwestern Polytechnical University, 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an 710072, China
| | - Yunfeng Hu
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics & Institute of Advanced Materials, Nanjing Tech University, 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Huijuan Lin
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics & Institute of Advanced Materials, Nanjing Tech University, 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Jixin Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics & Institute of Advanced Materials, Nanjing Tech University, 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing 211816, China
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16
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Heat-stimuli controllability of shape memory thermoplastic epoxy filaments by adding polyethylene glycol. POLYMER 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2022.124818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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17
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Zhang H, Yang G, Zheng T, Shen W, Wang Y, Zhang G, Fang Z, Zhang C. Design and Modeling of a Compound Twisted and Coiled Actuator Based on Spandex Fibers and an SMA Skeleton. IEEE Robot Autom Lett 2022. [DOI: 10.1109/lra.2021.3137567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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18
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Liu Z, Zhu T, Wang J, Zheng Z, Li Y, Li J, Lai Y. Functionalized Fiber-Based Strain Sensors: Pathway to Next-Generation Wearable Electronics. NANO-MICRO LETTERS 2022; 14:61. [PMID: 35165824 PMCID: PMC8844338 DOI: 10.1007/s40820-022-00806-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/07/2022] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Wearable strain sensors are arousing increasing research interests in recent years on account of their potentials in motion detection, personal and public healthcare, future entertainment, man-machine interaction, artificial intelligence, and so forth. Much research has focused on fiber-based sensors due to the appealing performance of fibers, including processing flexibility, wearing comfortability, outstanding lifetime and serviceability, low-cost and large-scale capacity. Herein, we review the latest advances in functionalization and device fabrication of fiber materials toward applications in fiber-based wearable strain sensors. We describe the approaches for preparing conductive fibers such as spinning, surface modification, and structural transformation. We also introduce the fabrication and sensing mechanisms of state-of-the-art sensors and analyze their merits and demerits. The applications toward motion detection, healthcare, man-machine interaction, future entertainment, and multifunctional sensing are summarized with typical examples. We finally critically analyze tough challenges and future remarks of fiber-based strain sensors, aiming to implement them in real applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zekun Liu
- Department of Materials, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
| | - Tianxue Zhu
- College of Chemical Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, 350116, China
| | - Junru Wang
- Department of Materials, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
| | - Zijian Zheng
- Institute of Textiles and Clothing, Research Institute for Intelligent Wearable Systems, Research Institute for Smart Energy, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Hong Kong, SAR, China
| | - Yi Li
- Department of Materials, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK.
| | - Jiashen Li
- Department of Materials, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK.
| | - Yuekun Lai
- College of Chemical Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, 350116, China.
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19
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Effect of Curing Temperature of Epoxy Matrix on the Electrical Response of Carbon Nanotube Yarn Monofilament Composites. JOURNAL OF COMPOSITES SCIENCE 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/jcs6020043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In order to evaluate the capability of carbon nanotube yarn (CNTY)-based composites for self-sensing of temperature, the temperature-dependent electrical resistance of CNTY monofilament composites was investigated using two epoxy resins: one that cures at 130 °C (CNTY/ERHT) and one that cures at room temperature (CNTY/ERRT). The effect of the curing kinetics of these epoxy resins on the electrical response of the embedded CNTY was investigated in prior studies. It was observed that the viscosity and curing kinetics affect the level of wetting and resin infiltration, which govern the electrical response of the embedded CNTY. In this work, the cyclic thermoresistive characterization of CNTY monofilament composites was conducted under heating–cooling, incremental heating–cooling, and incremental dwell cycles in order to study the effect of the curing temperature of the epoxy matrix on the electrical response of the CNTY monofilament composites. Both monofilament composites showed nearly linear and negative temperature coefficients of resistance (TCR) of −7.07 × 10−4 °C−1 for specimens cured at a high temperature and −5.93 × 10−4 °C−1 for specimens cured at room temperature. The hysteresis loops upon heating–cooling cycles were slightly smaller for high-temperature cured specimens in comparison to those cured at room temperature. A combination of factors, such as resin infiltration, curing mechanisms, intrinsic thermoresistivity of CNTY, variations in tunneling and contact resistance between the nanotubes and CNT bundles, and the polymer structure, are paramount factors in the thermoresistive sensitivity of the CNTY monofilament composites.
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20
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Tian S, Peng H, Liu H, Zhou J, Zhang J. Scalable Fabrication of Metallic Conductive Fibers from Rheological Tunable Semi-Liquid Metals. RESEARCH (WASHINGTON, D.C.) 2022; 2022:9890686. [PMID: 36349337 PMCID: PMC9639447 DOI: 10.34133/2022/9890686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Accepted: 09/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Conductive polymer fibers/wires (CPFs) are important materials in modern technologies due to their unique one-dimension geometry, electrical conductivity, and flexibility. However, the advanced applications of current CPFs are limited by their low electrical conductivities (<500 S/m) and poor interfacial interactions between conductive fillers (e.g., graphite) and polymers. Therefore, in current electrical applications, metal wires/foils like copper and aluminum are the most frequently utilized conductive fibers/wires instead of the inferior conductive CPFs. This work successfully addresses the heavy phase segregation between polymers and conductive inorganic materials to obtain semiliquid metal polymer fibers (SLMPFs) which exhibit an ultrahigh electrical conductivity (over 106 S/m), remarkable thermal processability, and considerable mechanical performance (Young's modulus: ~300 MPa). Semiliquid metal (gallium-tin alloy) with tunable viscosities is the key to achieve the excellent miscibility between metals and polymers. Both the rheological results and numerical simulations demonstrate the critical viscosity matching for the successful preparation of the fibers. More importantly, the fibers are adapted with classic polymer melt-processing like melt injection, which indicates the scalable production of the highly conductive fibers. The SLMPFs are highly promising substitutes for metal wires/fibers in modern electrical applications such as electricity transmission, data communication, and underwater works.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shujun Tian
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu Hi-Tech Key Laboratory for Biomedical Research, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, China
| | - Hao Peng
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu Hi-Tech Key Laboratory for Biomedical Research, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, China
| | - Huaizhi Liu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu Hi-Tech Key Laboratory for Biomedical Research, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, China
| | - Jiancheng Zhou
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu Hi-Tech Key Laboratory for Biomedical Research, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, China
| | - Jiuyang Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu Hi-Tech Key Laboratory for Biomedical Research, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, China
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21
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Wang W, Wang S, Xiang C, Liu S, Li M, Wang D. Graphene Oxide/Nanofiber-Based Actuation Films with Moisture and Photothermal Stimulation Response for Remote Intelligent Control Applications. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:48179-48188. [PMID: 34586793 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c11117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The rapid development of intelligent technology and industry has induced higher requirements for multifunctional materials, especially intelligent materials with stimulus-responsive self-actuation behavior. In this study, a Cu@PVA-co-PE/GO composite actuation film, with an asymmetric sandwich structure, was prepared by attaching graphene oxide (GO) to the surface of a polyvinyl alcohol ethylene copolymer (PVA-co-PE) nanofiber composite film containing copper nanoparticles (Cu) through layer-on-layer adsorption. This unique structural design endowed the composite film with not only excellent structural stability but also different bending directions (in response to moisture and infrared light). The actuation performance shows that when the adsorption time was 4 h, the maximum bending angle of the Cu@PVA-co-PE/GO composite film was up to 90° within 5.99 s. Furthermore, the actuation behavior was stable after 100 cycles of reversible moisture stimulation. Additionally, the maximum actuation strain of the composite film was up to 1.35 MPa during the illumination time of 6.8 s and maintained an excellent stability for 400 s under continuous infrared stimulation of 0.53 W/cm2. The rapid and sensitive stimulus response of the Cu@PVA-co-PE/GO composite film exhibited self-actuation behavior under the remote control of moisture and infrared light. This, in turn, suggests prospects for wide applications in emerging technologies, such as intelligent switches, artificial muscles, intelligent medical treatment, and flexible robots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Wang
- Key Laboratory of Textile Fiber and Products (Wuhan Textile University), Ministry of Education, Wuhan 430200, China
| | - Shuang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Textile Fiber and Products (Wuhan Textile University), Ministry of Education, Wuhan 430200, China
| | - Chenxue Xiang
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Shuying Liu
- Key Laboratory of Textile Fiber and Products (Wuhan Textile University), Ministry of Education, Wuhan 430200, China
| | - Mufang Li
- Key Laboratory of Textile Fiber and Products (Wuhan Textile University), Ministry of Education, Wuhan 430200, China
| | - Dong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Textile Fiber and Products (Wuhan Textile University), Ministry of Education, Wuhan 430200, China
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
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22
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Lei D, Zhang H, Liu N, Zhang Q, Su T, Wang L, Ren Z, Zhang Z, Su J, Gao Y. Tensible and flexible high-sensitive spandex fiber strain sensor enhanced by carbon nanotubes/Ag nanoparticles. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2021; 32:505509. [PMID: 34547730 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/ac28d8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Although the wearable strain sensors have received extensive research interest in recent years, it remains a huge challenge conforming the requirements in both of ultrahigh stretchability and high strain coefficient (gauge factor). Herein, a stretchable and flexible spandex fiber strain sensor coupled with carbon nanotubes (CNTs)/Ag nanoparticles (Ag NPs) that assembled through an efficient and large-scale layer-by layer self-assembly is presented. To ensure CNTs and Ag NPs can attach well to the spandex fiber without falling off, achieving high sensitivity under large tensile, sodium dodecyl benzene sulfonate, polyvinyl alcohol, and polystyrene sulfonic acid are introduced to improve the adhesion via the molecular entanglement and other interactions between them. Consequently, the strain sensor exhibits remarkable performance, such as an ultrahigh gauge factor of 58.5 in the low-strain range from 0% to 20%, a wide strain range (0%-200%), a fast response time of 42 ms and good working stability (>5000 stretching-releasing cycles). Subsequently, detailed mechanism of the sensor and its use in full range of human motion monitoring are further studied. It is worth noting that with the distinctive mechanism and structure, the special spandex fiber sensor is able to monitor minimum strain as low as 0.053%, showing tremendous prospect for the field of smart fabrics and wearable health care devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dandan Lei
- School of Physics & Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics (WNLO), Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), 1037 Luoyu Road, Wuhan 430074, People's Republic of China
| | - Hui Zhang
- School of Physics & Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics (WNLO), Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), 1037 Luoyu Road, Wuhan 430074, People's Republic of China
| | - Nishuang Liu
- School of Physics & Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics (WNLO), Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), 1037 Luoyu Road, Wuhan 430074, People's Republic of China
| | - Qixiang Zhang
- School of Physics & Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics (WNLO), Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), 1037 Luoyu Road, Wuhan 430074, People's Republic of China
| | - Tuoyi Su
- School of Physics & Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics (WNLO), Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), 1037 Luoyu Road, Wuhan 430074, People's Republic of China
| | - Luoxin Wang
- School of Physics & Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics (WNLO), Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), 1037 Luoyu Road, Wuhan 430074, People's Republic of China
| | - Ziqi Ren
- School of Physics & Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics (WNLO), Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), 1037 Luoyu Road, Wuhan 430074, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhi Zhang
- School of Physics & Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics (WNLO), Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), 1037 Luoyu Road, Wuhan 430074, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun Su
- School of Physics & Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics (WNLO), Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), 1037 Luoyu Road, Wuhan 430074, People's Republic of China
| | - Yihua Gao
- School of Physics & Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics (WNLO), Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), 1037 Luoyu Road, Wuhan 430074, People's Republic of China
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23
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Textiles in soft robots: Current progress and future trends. Biosens Bioelectron 2021; 196:113690. [PMID: 34653713 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2021.113690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Revised: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 10/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Soft robotics have substantial benefits of safety, adaptability, and cost efficiency compared to conventional rigid robotics. Textiles have applications in soft robotics either as an auxiliary material to reinforce the conventional soft material or as an active soft material. Textiles of various types and configurations have been fabricated into key components of soft robotics in adaptable formats. Despite significant advancements, the efficiency and characteristics of textile actuators in practical applications remain unsatisfactory. To address these issues, novel structural and material designs as well as new textile technologies have been introduced. Herein, we aim at giving an insight into the current state of the art in textile technology for soft robotic manufacturing. We firstly discuss the fundamental actuation mechanisms for soft robotics. We then provide a critical review on the recently developed functional textiles as reinforcements, sensors, and actuators in soft robotics. Finally, the future trends and current strategies that can be employed in textile-based actuator manufacturing process have been explored to address the critical challenges in soft robotics.
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Seyedin S, Carey T, Arbab A, Eskandarian L, Bohm S, Kim JM, Torrisi F. Fibre electronics: towards scaled-up manufacturing of integrated e-textile systems. NANOSCALE 2021; 13:12818-12847. [PMID: 34477768 DOI: 10.1039/d1nr02061g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The quest for a close human interaction with electronic devices for healthcare, safety, energy and security has driven giant leaps in portable and wearable technologies in recent years. Electronic textiles (e-textiles) are emerging as key enablers of wearable devices. Unlike conventional heavy, rigid, and hard-to-wear gadgets, e-textiles can lead to lightweight, flexible, soft, and breathable devices, which can be worn like everyday clothes. A new generation of fibre-based electronics is emerging which can be made into wearable e-textiles. A suite of start-of-the-art functional materials have been used to develop novel fibre-based devices (FBDs), which have shown excellent potential in creating wearable e-textiles. Recent research in this area has led to the development of fibre-based electronic, optoelectronic, energy harvesting, energy storage, and sensing devices, which have also been integrated into multifunctional e-textile systems. Here we review the key technological advancements in FBDs and provide an updated critical evaluation of the status of the research in this field. Focusing on various aspects of materials development, device fabrication, fibre processing, textile integration, and scaled-up manufacturing we discuss current limitations and present an outlook on how to address the future development of this field. The critical analysis of key challenges and existing opportunities in fibre electronics aims to define a roadmap for future applications in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shayan Seyedin
- Molecular Sciences Research Hub, Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, London, W12 0BZ, UK.
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Fu X, Yang H, Li Z, Liu NC, Lee PS, Li K, Li S, Ding M, Ho JS, Li YCE, Lee IC, Chen PY. Cation-Induced Assembly of Conductive MXene Fibers for Wearable Heater, Wireless Communication, and Stem Cell Differentiation. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2021; 9:2129-2139. [PMID: 34297522 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.1c00591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Emerging wearable electronics, wireless communication, and tissue engineering require the development of conductive fiber-shaped electrodes and biointerfaces. Ti3C2Tx MXene nanosheets serve as promising building block units for the construction of highly conductive fibers with integrated functionalities, yet a facile and scalable fabrication scheme is highly required. Herein, a cation-induced assembly process is developed for the scalable fabrication of conductive fibers with MXene sheaths and alginate cores (abbreviated as MXene@A). The fabrication scheme of MXene@A fibers includes the fast extrusion of alginate fibers followed by electrostatic assembly of MXene nanosheets, enabling high-speed fiber production. When multiple fabrication parameters are optimized, the MXene@A fibers exhibit a superior electrical conductivity of 1083 S cm-1, which can be integrated as Joule heaters into textiles for wearable thermal management. By triggering reversible de/hydration of alginate cores upon heating, the MXene@A fibers can be repeatedly contracted and generate large contraction stress that is >40 times higher than the ones of mammalian skeletal muscle. Furthermore, the MXene@A springs demonstrate large contraction strains up to 65.5% and are then fabricated into a reconfigurable dipole antenna to wirelessly monitor the surrounding heat sources. In the end, with the biocompatibility of MXene nanosheets, the MXene@A fibers enable the guidance of neural stem/progenitor cells differentiation and the promotion of neurite outgrowth. With a cation-induced assembly process, our multifunctional MXene@A fibers exhibit high scalability for future manufacturing and hold the prospect to inspire other applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuemei Fu
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117585, Singapore
| | - Haitao Yang
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117585, Singapore
| | - Zhipeng Li
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117583, Singapore
| | - Nien-Che Liu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Environmental Sciences, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 300044, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Shan Lee
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Feng Chia University, Taichung 40724, Taiwan
| | - Kerui Li
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117585, Singapore
| | - Shuo Li
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117585, Singapore
| | - Meng Ding
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117585, Singapore
| | - John S Ho
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117583, Singapore
| | - Yi-Chen Ethan Li
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Feng Chia University, Taichung 40724, Taiwan
| | - I-Chi Lee
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Environmental Sciences, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 300044, Taiwan
| | - Po-Yen Chen
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
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Jiang C, Wang K, Liu Y, Zhang C, Wang B. Application of textile technology in tissue engineering: A review. Acta Biomater 2021; 128:60-76. [PMID: 33962070 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2021.04.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2020] [Revised: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
One of the key elements in tissue engineering is to design and fabricate scaffolds with tissue-like properties. Among various scaffold fabrication methods, textile technology has shown its unique advantages in mimicking human tissues' properties such as hierarchical, anisotropic, and strain-stiffening properties. As essential components in textile technology, textile patterns affect the porosity, architecture, and mechanical properties of textile-based scaffolds. However, the potential of various textile patterns has not been fully explored when fabricating textile-based scaffolds, and the effect of different textile patterns on scaffold properties has not been thoroughly investigated. This review summarizes textile technology development and highlights its application in tissue engineering to facilitate the broader application of textile technology, especially various textile patterns in tissue engineering. The potential of using different textile methods such as weaving, knitting, and braiding to mimic properties of human tissues is discussed, and the effect of process parameters in these methods on fabric properties is summarized. Finally, perspectives on future directions for explorations are presented. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Recently, biomedical engineers have applied textile technology to fabricate scaffolds for tissue engineering applications. Various textile methods, especially weaving, knitting, and braiding, enables engineers to customize the physical, mechanical, and biological properties of scaffolds. However, most textile-based scaffolds only use simple textile patterns, and the effect of different textile patterns on scaffold properties has not been thoroughly investigated. In this review, we cover for the first time the effect of process parameters in different textile methods on fabric properties, exploring the potential of using different textile methods to mimic properties of human tissues. Previous advances in textile technology are presented, and future directions for explorations are presented, hoping to facilitate new breakthroughs of textile-based tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Jiang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, United States; Georgia Tech Manufacturing Institute, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, United States
| | - Kan Wang
- Georgia Tech Manufacturing Institute, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, United States.
| | - Yi Liu
- Georgia Tech Manufacturing Institute, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, United States; School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30318, United States
| | - Chuck Zhang
- Georgia Tech Manufacturing Institute, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, United States; H. Milton Stewart School of Industrial and System Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, United States
| | - Ben Wang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, United States; Georgia Tech Manufacturing Institute, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, United States; H. Milton Stewart School of Industrial and System Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, United States
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Xiong J, Chen J, Lee PS. Functional Fibers and Fabrics for Soft Robotics, Wearables, and Human-Robot Interface. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2021; 33:e2002640. [PMID: 33025662 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202002640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2020] [Revised: 05/25/2020] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Soft robotics inspired by the movement of living organisms, with excellent adaptability and accuracy for accomplishing tasks, are highly desirable for efficient operations and safe interactions with human. With the emerging wearable electronics, higher tactility and skin affinity are pursued for safe and user-friendly human-robot interactions. Fabrics interlocked by fibers perform traditional static functions such as warming, protection, and fashion. Recently, dynamic fibers and fabrics are favorable to deliver active stimulus responses such as sensing and actuating abilities for soft-robots and wearables. First, the responsive mechanisms of fiber/fabric actuators and their performances under various external stimuli are reviewed. Fiber/yarn-based artificial muscles for soft-robots manipulation and assistance in human motion are discussed, as well as smart clothes for improving human perception. Second, the geometric designs, fabrications, mechanisms, and functions of fibers/fabrics for sensing and energy harvesting from the human body and environments are summarized. Effective integration between the electronic components with garments, human skin, and living organisms is illustrated, presenting multifunctional platforms with self-powered potential for human-robot interactions and biomedicine. Lastly, the relationships between robotic/wearable fibers/fabrics and the external stimuli, together with the challenges and possible routes for revolutionizing the robotic fibers/fabrics and wearables in this new era are proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaqing Xiong
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - Jian Chen
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - Pooi See Lee
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
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Yu JC, Chen K, Ji H, Zhang Y, Zhang YM, Pan ZJ. Facile and Large-scale Fabrication of Self-crimping Elastic Fibers for Large Strain Sensors. CHINESE JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s10118-021-2560-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Rodríguez-Uicab O, Guay I, Abot JL, Avilés F. Effect of Polymer Viscosity and Polymerization Kinetics on the Electrical Response of Carbon Nanotube Yarn/Vinyl Ester Monofilament Composites. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:783. [PMID: 33806431 PMCID: PMC7962033 DOI: 10.3390/polym13050783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2021] [Revised: 02/27/2021] [Accepted: 02/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The effect of polymerization kinetics and resin viscosity on the electrical response of a single carbon nanotube yarn (CNTY) embedded in a vinyl ester resin (VER) during polymerization was investigated. To analyze the effect of the polymerization kinetics, the concentration of initiator (methyl ethyl ketone peroxide) was varied at three levels, 0.6, 0.9, and 1.2 wt.%. Styrene monomer was added to VER, to reduce the polymer viscosity and to determine its effect on the electrical response of the CNTY upon resin wetting and infiltration. Upon wetting and wicking of the CNTY by VER, a transient decrease in the CNTY electrical resistance (ca. -8%) was observed for all initiator concentrations. For longer times, this initial decrease in electrical resistance may become a monotonic decrease (up to ca. -17%) or change its trend, depending on the initiator concentration. A higher concentration of initiator showed faster and more negative electrical resistance changes, which correlate with faster gel times and higher build-up of residual stresses. An increase in styrene monomer concentration (reduced viscosity) resulted in an upward shift of the electrical resistance to less negative values. Several mechanisms, including wetting, wicking, infiltration, electronic transfer, and shrinkage, are attributed to the complex electrical response of the CNTY upon resin wetting and infiltration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omar Rodríguez-Uicab
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The Catholic University of America, Washington, DC 20064, USA; (O.R.-U.); (I.G.); (J.L.A.)
| | - Ian Guay
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The Catholic University of America, Washington, DC 20064, USA; (O.R.-U.); (I.G.); (J.L.A.)
| | - Jandro L. Abot
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The Catholic University of America, Washington, DC 20064, USA; (O.R.-U.); (I.G.); (J.L.A.)
| | - Francis Avilés
- Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán A.C., Unidad de Materiales, Calle 43 No. 130 × 32 y 34, Col. Chuburná de Hidalgo, C.P. 97205 Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico
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Jansen KMB. Performance Evaluation of Knitted and Stitched Textile Strain Sensors. SENSORS 2020; 20:s20247236. [PMID: 33348785 PMCID: PMC7767045 DOI: 10.3390/s20247236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2020] [Revised: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
By embedding conductive yarns in, or onto, knitted textile fabrics, simple but robust stretch sensor garments can be manufactured. In that way resistance based sensors can be fully integrated in textiles without compromising wearing comfort, stretchiness, washability, and ease of use in daily life. The many studies on such textile strain sensors that have been published in recent years show that these sensors work in principle, but closer inspection reveals that many of them still have severe practical limitations like a too narrow working range, lack of sensitivity, and undesired time-dependent and hysteresis effects. For those that intend to use this technology it is difficult to determine which manufacturing parameters, shape, stitch type, and materials to apply to realize a functional sensor for a given application. This paper therefore aims to serve as a guideline for the fashion designers, electronic engineers, textile researchers, movement scientists, and human–computer interaction specialists planning to create stretch sensor garments. The paper is limited to textile based sensors that can be constructed using commercially available conductive yarns and existing knitting and embroidery equipment. Within this subtopic, relevant literature is discussed, and a detailed quantitative comparison is provided focusing on sensor characteristics like the gauge factor, working range, and hysteresis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaspar M B Jansen
- Emerging Materials Group, Department Industrial Design Engineering, Delft University of Technology, 2628 DE Delft, The Netherlands
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Eschen K, Granberry R, Holschuh B, Abel J. Amplifying and Leveraging Generated Force Upon Heating and Cooling in SMA Knitted Actuators. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:54155-54167. [PMID: 33201679 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c14206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
This work reexamines traditional shape memory alloy (SMA) loading paths commonly used in SMA-based actuator applications and presents a novel, superimposed condition in which SMA generates substantial forces upon heating and cooling. This atypical effect, which is investigated with a textile-based actuator, was found to be prominent at the completion of material phase transformation, at which point thermal expansion/contraction became the dominant force-generating mechanism. We demonstrate that amplification of generated forces can be accomplished by varying the applied thermal load, applied structural strain, as well as actuator architecture. Specifically, we present SMA knitted actuators as an actuator architecture that increases the effect by aggregating SMA wires within a complex strain profile-effectively providing a larger operational window for the effect to propagate. The amplification of blocking forces through this novel operational procedure suggests reconsidering traditional blocking force design paradigms and opens untapped actuator application spaces, such as the highlighted medical and aerospace wearable technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Eschen
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Rachael Granberry
- College of Design, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota 55108, United States
| | - Bradley Holschuh
- College of Design, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota 55108, United States
| | - Julianna Abel
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
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Foroughi J, Safaei F, Raad R, Mitew T. Advances in Wearable Sensors: Signalling the Provenance of Garments Using Radio Frequency Watermarks. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 20:s20226661. [PMID: 33233745 PMCID: PMC7699914 DOI: 10.3390/s20226661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2020] [Revised: 11/11/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
There is a significant nascent market for ethically produced products with enormous commercial potential around the world. A reliable method to signal the provenance of products is therefore critical for industry, given that competition based on price is not a viable strategy. The ability to trace and signal ethical treatment of animals is also of significant value to textiles manufactures. The efficacy of such a method can be measured with respect to the cost of implementation, scalability, and the difficulty of counterfeiting. The key to traceability is to win the trust of the consumer about the veracity of this information. Wearable sensors make it possible to monitor and improve the management of traceability and/or provenance. In this paper, we introduce a method for signalling the provenance of garments using radio frequency watermarks. The proposed model consists of two levels of authentication that are easy to use by legitimate vendors, but extremely difficult to imitate or hack, because the watermark is built-in and based on the radiation signature of electroactive materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javad Foroughi
- School of Electrical, Computer and Telecommunications Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Information Sciences, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia;
- Westgerman Heart and Vascular Center, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45122 Essen, Germany
| | - Farzad Safaei
- School of Electrical, Computer and Telecommunications Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Information Sciences, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia;
| | - Raad Raad
- School of Electrical, Computer and Telecommunications Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Information Sciences, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia;
| | - Teodor Mitew
- School of the Arts, English and Media, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia;
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Azizi-Lalabadi M, Hashemi H, Feng J, Jafari SM. Carbon nanomaterials against pathogens; the antimicrobial activity of carbon nanotubes, graphene/graphene oxide, fullerenes, and their nanocomposites. Adv Colloid Interface Sci 2020; 284:102250. [PMID: 32966964 DOI: 10.1016/j.cis.2020.102250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Revised: 08/22/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Recently, antibiotic resistance of pathogens has grown given the excessive and inappropriate usage of common antimicrobial agents. Hence, producing novel antimicrobial compounds is a necessity. Carbon nanomaterials (CNMs) such as carbon nanotubes, graphene/graphene oxide, and fullerenes, as an emerging class of novel materials, can exhibit a considerable antimicrobial activity, especially in the nanocomposite forms suitable for different fields including biomedical and food applications. These nanomaterials have attracted a great deal of interest due to their broad efficiency and novel features. The most important factor affecting the antimicrobial activity of CNMs is their size. Smaller particles with a higher surface to volume ratio can easily attach onto the microbial cells and affect their cell membrane integrity, metabolic procedures, and structural components. As these unique characteristics are found in CNMs, a wide range of possibilities have raised in terms of antimicrobial applications. This study aims to cover the antimicrobial activities of CNMs (both as individual forms and in nanocomposites) and comprehensively explain their mechanisms of action. The results of this review will present a broad perspective, summarizes the most remarkable findings, and provides an outlook regarding the antimicrobial properties of CNMs and their potential applications.
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Abstract
Fabrics are ubiquitous materials that have conventionally been passive assemblies of interlacing, inactive fibers. However, the recent emergence of active fibers with actuation, sensing, and structural capabilities provides the opportunity to impart robotic function into fabric substrates. Here we present an implementation of robotic fabrics by integrating functional fibers into conventional fabrics using typical textile manufacturing techniques. We introduce a set of actuating and variable-stiffness fibers, as well as printable in-fabric sensors, which allows for robotic closed-loop control of everyday fabrics while remaining lightweight and maintaining breathability. Finally, we demonstrate the utility of robotic fabrics through their application to an active wearable tourniquet, a transforming and load-bearing deployable structure, and an untethered, self-stowing airfoil.
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Jha R, Singh A, Sharma P, Fuloria NK. Smart carbon nanotubes for drug delivery system: A comprehensive study. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2020.101811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Mirabedini A, Ang A, Nikzad M, Fox B, Lau K, Hameed N. Evolving Strategies for Producing Multiscale Graphene-Enhanced Fiber-Reinforced Polymer Composites for Smart Structural Applications. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2020; 7:1903501. [PMID: 32537406 PMCID: PMC7284224 DOI: 10.1002/advs.201903501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2019] [Revised: 02/03/2020] [Accepted: 02/10/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Graphene has become an important research focus in many current fields of science including composite manufacturing. Developmental work in the field of graphene-enhanced composites has revealed several functional and structural characteristics that promise great benefits for their use in a broad range of applications. There has been much interest in the production of multiscale high-performance, lightweight, yet robust, multifunctional graphene-enhanced fiber-reinforced polymer (gFRP) composites. Although there are many reports that document performance enhancement in materials through the inclusion of graphene nanomaterials into a matrix, or its integration onto the reinforcing fiber component, only a few graphene-based products have actually made the transition to the marketplace. The primary focus of this work concerns the structural gFRPs and discussion on the corresponding manufacturing methodologies for the effective incorporation of graphene into these systems. Another important aspect of this work is to present recent results and highlight the excellent functional and structural properties of the resulting gFRP materials with a view to their future applications. Development of clear standards for the assessment of graphene material properties, improvement of existing materials and scalable manufacturing technologies, and specific regulations concerning human health and environmental safety are key factors to accelerate the successful commercialization of gFRPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azadeh Mirabedini
- Faculty of Science, Engineering and TechnologySwinburne University of TechnologyHawthornVIC3122Australia
- DMTC Limited (Australia)HawthornVIC3122Australia
| | - Andrew Ang
- Faculty of Science, Engineering and TechnologySwinburne University of TechnologyHawthornVIC3122Australia
| | - Mostafa Nikzad
- Faculty of Science, Engineering and TechnologySwinburne University of TechnologyHawthornVIC3122Australia
| | - Bronwyn Fox
- Faculty of Science, Engineering and TechnologySwinburne University of TechnologyHawthornVIC3122Australia
| | - Kin‐Tak Lau
- Faculty of Science, Engineering and TechnologySwinburne University of TechnologyHawthornVIC3122Australia
| | - Nishar Hameed
- Faculty of Science, Engineering and TechnologySwinburne University of TechnologyHawthornVIC3122Australia
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Hui Z, Chen R, Chang J, Gong Y, Zhang X, Xu H, Sun Y, Zhao Y, Wang L, Zhou R, Ju F, Chen Q, Zhou J, An J, Sun G, Huang W. Solution-Processed Sensing Textiles with Adjustable Sensitivity and Linear Detection Range Enabled by Twisting Structure. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:12155-12164. [PMID: 32053344 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c00564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Wearable strain sensors are emerging rapidly for their promising applications in human motion detection for diagnosis, healthcare, training instruction, and rehabilitation exercise assessment. However, it remains a bottleneck in gaining comfortable and breathable devices with the features of high sensitivity, linear response, and tunable detection range. Textiles possess fascinating advantages of good breathability, aesthetic property, tailorability, and excellent mechanical compliance to conformably attach to human body. As the meandering loops in a textile can be extended in different directions, it provides plenty of room for exploring ideal sensors by tuning a twisting structure with rationally selected yarn materials. Herein, textile sensors with twisting architecture are designed via a solution-based process by using a stable water-based conductive ink that is composed of polypyrrole/polyvinyl alcohol nanoparticles with a mean diameter of 50 nm. Depending on the predesigned twisting models, the thus-fabricated textile sensors show adjustable performances, exhibiting a high sensitivity of 38.9 with good linearity and a broad detection range of 200%. Such sensors can be integrated into fabrics and conformably attached to skin for monitoring subtle (facial expressions, breathing, and speaking) and large (stretching, jumping, running and jogging, and sign language) human motions. As a proof-of-concept application, by integrating with a wireless transmitter, the signals detected by our sensors during exercise (e.g., running) can be remotely received and displayed on a smartphone. It is believed that the integration of our textile sensors with selected twisting models into a cloth promises full-range motion detection for wearable electronics and human-machine interfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zengyu Hui
- Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech), Nanjing 211816, P. R. China
| | - Ruyi Chen
- Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech), Nanjing 211816, P. R. China
| | - Jin Chang
- Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech), Nanjing 211816, P. R. China
| | - Yujiao Gong
- Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech), Nanjing 211816, P. R. China
| | - Xianwang Zhang
- School of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing 210016, P. R. China
| | - Hai Xu
- Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech), Nanjing 211816, P. R. China
| | - Yue Sun
- Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech), Nanjing 211816, P. R. China
| | - Yue Zhao
- Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech), Nanjing 211816, P. R. China
| | - Lumin Wang
- Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech), Nanjing 211816, P. R. China
| | - Ruicong Zhou
- Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech), Nanjing 211816, P. R. China
| | - Feng Ju
- School of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing 210016, P. R. China
| | - Qiang Chen
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Henan Polytechnic University, Jiaozuo 454003, P. R. China
| | - Jinyuan Zhou
- School of Physical Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, P. R. China
| | - Jianing An
- School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, 639798, Singapore
| | - Gengzhi Sun
- Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech), Nanjing 211816, P. R. China
- Institute of Flexible Electronics (IFE), Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), Xi'an 710072, P. R. China
| | - Wei Huang
- Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech), Nanjing 211816, P. R. China
- Institute of Flexible Electronics (IFE), Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), Xi'an 710072, P. R. China
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Shi J, Liu S, Zhang L, Yang B, Shu L, Yang Y, Ren M, Wang Y, Chen J, Chen W, Chai Y, Tao X. Smart Textile-Integrated Microelectronic Systems for Wearable Applications. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2020; 32:e1901958. [PMID: 31273850 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201901958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 186] [Impact Index Per Article: 46.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2019] [Revised: 05/02/2019] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The programmable nature of smart textiles makes them an indispensable part of an emerging new technology field. Smart textile-integrated microelectronic systems (STIMES), which combine microelectronics and technology such as artificial intelligence and augmented or virtual reality, have been intensively explored. A vast range of research activities have been reported. Many promising applications in healthcare, the internet of things (IoT), smart city management, robotics, etc., have been demonstrated around the world. A timely overview and comprehensive review of progress of this field in the last five years are provided. Several main aspects are covered: functional materials, major fabrication processes of smart textile components, functional devices, system architectures and heterogeneous integration, wearable applications in human and nonhuman-related areas, and the safety and security of STIMES. The major types of textile-integrated nonconventional functional devices are discussed in detail: sensors, actuators, displays, antennas, energy harvesters and their hybrids, batteries and supercapacitors, circuit boards, and memory devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jidong Shi
- Research Centre for Smart Wearable Technology, Institute of Textiles and Clothing, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, 999077, China
| | - Su Liu
- Research Centre for Smart Wearable Technology, Institute of Textiles and Clothing, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, 999077, China
| | - Lisha Zhang
- Research Centre for Smart Wearable Technology, Institute of Textiles and Clothing, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, 999077, China
| | - Bao Yang
- Research Centre for Smart Wearable Technology, Institute of Textiles and Clothing, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, 999077, China
| | - Lin Shu
- School of Electronic and Information Engineering, Southern China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, Guangdong, China
| | - Ying Yang
- i-Lab, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Ming Ren
- i-Lab, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Yang Wang
- Department of Applied Physics, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, 999077, China
| | - Jiewei Chen
- Department of Applied Physics, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, 999077, China
| | - Wei Chen
- Research Centre for Smart Wearable Technology, Institute of Textiles and Clothing, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, 999077, China
| | - Yang Chai
- Research Centre for Smart Wearable Technology, Institute of Textiles and Clothing, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, 999077, China
- Department of Applied Physics, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, 999077, China
| | - Xiaoming Tao
- Research Centre for Smart Wearable Technology, Institute of Textiles and Clothing, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, 999077, China
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Weng W, Yang J, Zhang Y, Li Y, Yang S, Zhu L, Zhu M. A Route Toward Smart System Integration: From Fiber Design to Device Construction. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2020; 32:e1902301. [PMID: 31328845 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201902301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2019] [Revised: 05/03/2019] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Fiber is a symbol of human civilization, being ubiquitous but obscure in society over most of history. Fiber has been revived upon the advent of fiber-based electronic devices in the past two decades. This is due to its desirable lightweight, flexible, and conformable characteristics, which enable it to play a fundamental role in the electronic and information era. Numerous fiber-based electronic devices have sprung up in energy conversion, energy storage, sensing, actuation, etc. A possibility is thereby conceived that they can be integrated into smart systems compatible with the human body, consisting of biotic fiber-based organs and tissues, which possess similar but more advanced functions. However, the design of mono-/multifibers, the construction of fiber-based devices, and the integration of these smart systems represent great challenges in fundamental understanding and practical implementation. A systematic review of the current state of the art with respect to the design and fabrication of electronic fiber materials, construction of fiber-based devices, and integration of smart systems is presented. In addition, limitations of current fiber-based devices and perspectives are explored toward potential and promising smart integration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Weng
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai, 201620, China
| | - Junjie Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai, 201620, China
| | - Yang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai, 201620, China
| | - Yuxing Li
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai, 201620, China
| | - Shengyuan Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai, 201620, China
| | - Liping Zhu
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai, 201620, China
| | - Meifang Zhu
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai, 201620, China
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Mohamed AEMA, Mohamed MA. Carbon nanotubes: Synthesis, characterization, and applications. CARBON NANOMATERIALS FOR AGRI-FOOD AND ENVIRONMENTAL APPLICATIONS 2020:21-32. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-819786-8.00002-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
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42
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Liu Y, Liu L, Li Z, Zhao Y, Liu J, Yao J. 3D network structure and sensing performance of woven fabric as promising flexible strain sensor. SN APPLIED SCIENCES 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s42452-019-1857-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
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43
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Granberry R, Eschen K, Holschuh B, Abel J. Functionally Graded Knitted Actuators with NiTi-Based Shape Memory Alloys for Topographically Self-Fitting Wearables. ADVANCED MATERIALS TECHNOLOGIES 2019; 4:10.1002/admt.201900548. [PMID: 32083167 PMCID: PMC7032067 DOI: 10.1002/admt.201900548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2019] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Advances in actuating fabrics can enable a paradigm shift in the field of smart wearables by dynamically fitting themselves to the unique topography of the human body. Applications including soft wearable robotics, continuous health monitoring, and body-mounted haptic feedback systems are dependent upon simultaneous body proximity and garment stiffness for functionality. Passive fabrics and fitting mechanisms are unable to conform around surface concavities and require either high elasticity or a multiplicity of closure devices to achieve garment fit. The design, manufacture, and validation of the first circumferentially contractile and topographic self-fitting garments composed of NiTi-based shape memory alloy (SMA) knitted actuators that dynamically conform to the unique shape and size of the wearer's body in response to a change of the garment's temperature is introduced. Advanced materials and systems innovations 1) enable novel garment manufacturing and application strategies, 2) facilitate topographical fitting (spatial actuation) through garment architectural design, and 3) provide tunable NiTi-based SMA actuation temperatures to enable actuation on the surface of human skin. This research represents a paradigm shift for wearable applications by redefining garment fit to fully topographical conformation to the wearer through advanced materials and structures design.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kevin Eschen
- Department of Mechanical Engineering University of Minnesota
| | - Brad Holschuh
- Department of Design, Housing, and Apparel University of Minnesota
| | - Julianna Abel
- Department of Mechanical Engineering University of Minnesota
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Application-Based Production and Testing of a Core-Sheath Fiber Strain Sensor for Wearable Electronics: Feasibility Study of Using the Sensors in Measuring Tri-Axial Trunk Motion Angles. SENSORS 2019; 19:s19194288. [PMID: 31623321 PMCID: PMC6806223 DOI: 10.3390/s19194288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2019] [Revised: 09/26/2019] [Accepted: 09/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Wearable electronics are recognized as a vital tool for gathering in situ kinematic information of human body movements. In this paper, we describe the production of a core–sheath fiber strain sensor from readily available materials in a one-step dip-coating process, and demonstrate the development of a smart sleeveless shirt for measuring the kinematic angles of the trunk relative to the pelvis in complicated three-dimensional movements. The sensor’s piezoresistive properties and characteristics were studied with respect to the type of core material used. Sensor performance was optimized by straining above the intended working region to increase the consistency and accuracy of the piezoresistive sensor. The accuracy of the sensor when tracking random movements was tested using a rigorous 4-h random wave pattern to mimic what would be required for satisfactory use in prototype devices. By processing the raw signal with a machine learning algorithm, we were able to track a strain of random wave patterns to a normalized root mean square error of 1.6%, highlighting the consistency and reproducible behavior of the relatively simple sensor. Then, we evaluated the performance of these sensors in a prototype motion capture shirt, in a study with 12 participants performing a set of eight different types of uniaxial and multiaxial movements. A machine learning random forest regressor model estimated the trunk flexion, lateral bending, and rotation angles with errors of 4.26°, 3.53°, and 3.44° respectively. These results demonstrate the feasibility of using smart textiles for capturing complicated movements and a solution for the real-time monitoring of daily activities.
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Venkataraman A, Amadi EV, Chen Y, Papadopoulos C. Carbon Nanotube Assembly and Integration for Applications. NANOSCALE RESEARCH LETTERS 2019; 14:220. [PMID: 31263975 PMCID: PMC6603253 DOI: 10.1186/s11671-019-3046-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2019] [Accepted: 06/10/2019] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) have attracted significant interest due to their unique combination of properties including high mechanical strength, large aspect ratios, high surface area, distinct optical characteristics, high thermal and electrical conductivity, which make them suitable for a wide range of applications in areas from electronics (transistors, energy production and storage) to biotechnology (imaging, sensors, actuators and drug delivery) and other applications (displays, photonics, composites and multi-functional coatings/films). Controlled growth, assembly and integration of CNTs is essential for the practical realization of current and future nanotube applications. This review focuses on progress to date in the field of CNT assembly and integration for various applications. CNT synthesis based on arc-discharge, laser ablation and chemical vapor deposition (CVD) including details of tip-growth and base-growth models are first introduced. Advances in CNT structural control (chirality, diameter and junctions) using methods such as catalyst conditioning, cloning, seed-, and template-based growth are then explored in detail, followed by post-growth CNT purification techniques using selective surface chemistry, gel chromatography and density gradient centrifugation. Various assembly and integration techniques for multiple CNTs based on catalyst patterning, forest growth and composites are considered along with their alignment/placement onto different substrates using photolithography, transfer printing and different solution-based techniques such as inkjet printing, dielectrophoresis (DEP) and spin coating. Finally, some of the challenges in current and emerging applications of CNTs in fields such as energy storage, transistors, tissue engineering, drug delivery, electronic cryptographic keys and sensors are considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anusha Venkataraman
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Victoria, P.O. Box 1700 STN CSC, Victoria, BC V8W 2Y2 Canada
| | - Eberechukwu Victoria Amadi
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Victoria, P.O. Box 1700 STN CSC, Victoria, BC V8W 2Y2 Canada
| | - Yingduo Chen
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Victoria, P.O. Box 1700 STN CSC, Victoria, BC V8W 2Y2 Canada
| | - Chris Papadopoulos
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Victoria, P.O. Box 1700 STN CSC, Victoria, BC V8W 2Y2 Canada
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Abstract
Flexible sensors have the potential to be seamlessly applied to soft and irregularly shaped surfaces such as the human skin or textile fabrics. This benefits conformability dependant applications including smart tattoos, artificial skins and soft robotics. Consequently, materials and structures for innovative flexible sensors, as well as their integration into systems, continue to be in the spotlight of research. This review outlines the current state of flexible sensor technologies and the impact of material developments on this field. Special attention is given to strain, temperature, chemical, light and electropotential sensors, as well as their respective applications.
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47
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Dual-response of temperature and humidity asymmetrical cotton fabric prepared based on thiol-ene click chemistry. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2019.01.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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48
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Actuator Materials: Review on Recent Advances and
Future Outlook for Smart Textiles. FIBERS 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/fib7030021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Smart textiles based on actuator materials are of practical interest, but few types have been commercially exploited. The challenge for researchers has been to bring the concept out of the laboratory by working out how to build these smart materials on an industrial scale and permanently incorporate them into textiles. Smart textiles are considered as the next frontline for electronics. Recent developments in advance technologies have led to the appearance of wearable electronics by fabricating, miniaturizing and embedding flexible conductive materials into textiles. The combination of textiles and smart materials have contributed to the development of new capabilities in fabrics with the potential to change how athletes, patients, soldiers, first responders, and everyday consumers interact with their clothes and other textile products. Actuating textiles in particular, have the potential to provide a breakthrough to the area of smart textiles in many ways. The incorporation of actuating materials in to textiles is a striking approach as a small change in material anisotropy properties can be converted into significant performance enhancements, due to the densely interconnected structures. Herein, the most recent advances in smart materials based on actuating textiles are reviewed. The use of novel emerging twisted synthetic yarns, conducting polymers, hybrid carbon nanotube and spandex yarn actuators, as well as most of the cutting–edge polymeric actuators which are deployed as smart textiles are discussed.
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49
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Jayathilaka WADM, Qi K, Qin Y, Chinnappan A, Serrano-García W, Baskar C, Wang H, He J, Cui S, Thomas SW, Ramakrishna S. Significance of Nanomaterials in Wearables: A Review on Wearable Actuators and Sensors. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2019; 31:e1805921. [PMID: 30589117 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201805921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 196] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2018] [Revised: 10/23/2018] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Together with the evolution of digital health care, the wearable electronics field has evolved rapidly during the past few years and is expected to be expanded even further within the first few years of the next decade. As the next stage of wearables is predicted to move toward integrated wearables, nanomaterials and nanocomposites are in the spotlight of the search for novel concepts for integration. In addition, the conversion of current devices and attachment-based wearables into integrated technology may involve a significant size reduction while retaining their functional capabilities. Nanomaterial-based wearable sensors have already marked their presence with a significant distinction while nanomaterial-based wearable actuators are still at their embryonic stage. This review looks into the contribution of nanomaterials and nanocomposites to wearable technology with a focus on wearable sensors and actuators.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kun Qi
- Centre for Nanofiber and Nanotechnology, Department of Mechanical Engineering, National University of Singapore, 119260, Singapore
- School of Textile and Clothing, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
| | - Yanli Qin
- Centre for Nanofiber and Nanotechnology, Department of Mechanical Engineering, National University of Singapore, 119260, Singapore
- Key Laboratory of Semiconductor Photovoltaic Technology of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, School of Physical Science and Technology, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, 010021, China
| | - Amutha Chinnappan
- Centre for Nanofiber and Nanotechnology, Department of Mechanical Engineering, National University of Singapore, 119260, Singapore
| | - William Serrano-García
- Centre for Nanofiber and Nanotechnology, Department of Mechanical Engineering, National University of Singapore, 119260, Singapore
- Advanced Materials Bio & Integration Research Laboratory, Department of Electrical Engineering, University of South Florida - Tampa, FL, 33620, USA
| | - Chinnappan Baskar
- THDC Institute of Hydropower Engineering and Technology Tehri, Uttarakhand Technical University, Dehradun, Uttarakhand, 248007, India
| | - Hongbo Wang
- School of Textile and Clothing, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
| | - Jianxin He
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Textile and Garment Industry, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450007, China
- Provincial Key Laboratory of Functional Textile Materials, Zhongyuan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450007, China
| | - Shizhong Cui
- Provincial Key Laboratory of Functional Textile Materials, Zhongyuan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450007, China
| | - Sylvia W Thomas
- Advanced Materials Bio & Integration Research Laboratory, Department of Electrical Engineering, University of South Florida - Tampa, FL, 33620, USA
| | - Seeram Ramakrishna
- Centre for Nanofiber and Nanotechnology, Department of Mechanical Engineering, National University of Singapore, 119260, Singapore
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50
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Liao X, Wang W, Wang L, Tang K, Zheng Y. Controllably Enhancing Stretchability of Highly Sensitive Fiber-Based Strain Sensors for Intelligent Monitoring. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:2431-2440. [PMID: 30575372 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b20245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Functional strain sensing is essential to develop health monitoring and Internet of Things. The performance of either narrow sensing range or low sensitivity restricts strain sensors in a wider range of future applications. Attaining both high sensitivity and wide sensing range of a strain sensor remains challenging. Herein, a cluster-type microstructures strategy is proposed for engineering high stretchability of highly sensitive strain sensor. The resistance change of the strain sensor is determined by the deformation of the cluster-type microstructures from close arrangement to orderly interval state during being stretched. Because of the unique geometric structure and conductive connection type of the sensing material, the strain sensor achieves a considerable performance that features both high sensitivity (gauge factor up to 2700) and high stretchability (sensing range of 160% strain). Fast response time and long-term stability are other characteristics of the strain sensor. Monitoring of multiple limb joints and controlling of audible and visual devices are demonstrated as the proof-of-concept abilities of the strain sensor. This study not only puts forward a novel design thought of strain sensor but also offers considerable insights into its potential value toward burgeoning fields including but not limited to real-time health monitoring and intelligent controls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinqin Liao
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering , Nanyang Technological University , 50 Nanyang Avenue , Singapore 639798 , Singapore
| | - Wensong Wang
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering , Nanyang Technological University , 50 Nanyang Avenue , Singapore 639798 , Singapore
| | - Liang Wang
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering , University of Miami , Coral Gables , Florida 33124 , United States
| | - Kai Tang
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering , Nanyang Technological University , 50 Nanyang Avenue , Singapore 639798 , Singapore
| | - Yuanjin Zheng
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering , Nanyang Technological University , 50 Nanyang Avenue , Singapore 639798 , Singapore
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