1
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Lu H, Feng Y, Wang S, Liu J, Han Q, Meng Q. A high-performance, sensitive, low-cost LIG/PDMS strain sensor for impact damage monitoring and localization in composite structures. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2024; 35:355702. [PMID: 38821045 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/ad5298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2024] [Indexed: 06/02/2024]
Abstract
Health monitoring of composite structures in aircraft is critical, as these structures are commonly utilized in weight-sensitive areas and innovative designs that directly impact flight safety and reliability. Traditional monitoring methods have limitations in monitoring area, strain limit, and signal processing. In this paper, a multifunctional sensor has been developed using acid-treated laser-induced graphene (A-LIG) with a multi-layer three-dimensional conductive network. Compared to untreated laser-induced graphene, the sensitivity of A-LIG sensor is increased by 100%. Furthermore, PDMS is used to fill the pores, which improves the fatigue performance of the A-LIG sensor. To obtain clear monitoring results, a data conversion algorithm is provided to convert the electrical signal obtained by the sensor into a strain field contour cloud map. The impact test of the A-LIG/PDMS sensor on the carbon fiber panel of the aircraft wing box segment verifies the effectiveness of its strain sensing. This work introduces a novel approach to fabricating flexible sensors with improved sensitivity, extended strain range, and cost-effectiveness. The sensor exhibits high sensitivity (gauge factor,GF≈ 387), is low hysteresis (∼53 ms), and has a wide working range (up to 47%), and a highly stable and reproducible response over multiple test cycles (>18 000) with good switching response. It presents a promising and innovative direction for utilizing flexible sensors in the field of aircraft structural health monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haojie Lu
- College of Civil Aviation, Shenyang Aerospace University, Shenyang 110136, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuanyuan Feng
- College of Aerospace Engineering, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing 210016, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuo Wang
- College of Aerospace Engineering, Shenyang Aerospace University, Shenyang 110136, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianbang Liu
- College of Civil Aviation, Shenyang Aerospace University, Shenyang 110136, People's Republic of China
| | - Quanjiabao Han
- College of Aerospace Engineering, Shenyang Aerospace University, Shenyang 110136, People's Republic of China
| | - Qingshi Meng
- College of Aerospace Engineering, Shenyang Aerospace University, Shenyang 110136, People's Republic of China
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2
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Li H, Tan P, Rao Y, Bhattacharya S, Wang Z, Kim S, Gangopadhyay S, Shi H, Jankovic M, Huh H, Li Z, Maharjan P, Wells J, Jeong H, Jia Y, Lu N. E-Tattoos: Toward Functional but Imperceptible Interfacing with Human Skin. Chem Rev 2024; 124:3220-3283. [PMID: 38465831 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/12/2024]
Abstract
The human body continuously emits physiological and psychological information from head to toe. Wearable electronics capable of noninvasively and accurately digitizing this information without compromising user comfort or mobility have the potential to revolutionize telemedicine, mobile health, and both human-machine or human-metaverse interactions. However, state-of-the-art wearable electronics face limitations regarding wearability and functionality due to the mechanical incompatibility between conventional rigid, planar electronics and soft, curvy human skin surfaces. E-Tattoos, a unique type of wearable electronics, are defined by their ultrathin and skin-soft characteristics, which enable noninvasive and comfortable lamination on human skin surfaces without causing obstruction or even mechanical perception. This review article offers an exhaustive exploration of e-tattoos, accounting for their materials, structures, manufacturing processes, properties, functionalities, applications, and remaining challenges. We begin by summarizing the properties of human skin and their effects on signal transmission across the e-tattoo-skin interface. Following this is a discussion of the materials, structural designs, manufacturing, and skin attachment processes of e-tattoos. We classify e-tattoo functionalities into electrical, mechanical, optical, thermal, and chemical sensing, as well as wound healing and other treatments. After discussing energy harvesting and storage capabilities, we outline strategies for the system integration of wireless e-tattoos. In the end, we offer personal perspectives on the remaining challenges and future opportunities in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongbian Li
- Department of Aerospace Engineering and Engineering Mechanics, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Philip Tan
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Yifan Rao
- Department of Aerospace Engineering and Engineering Mechanics, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Sarnab Bhattacharya
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Zheliang Wang
- Department of Aerospace Engineering and Engineering Mechanics, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Sangjun Kim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Susmita Gangopadhyay
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Hongyang Shi
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Matija Jankovic
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Heeyong Huh
- Department of Aerospace Engineering and Engineering Mechanics, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Zhengjie Li
- Department of Aerospace Engineering and Engineering Mechanics, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Pukar Maharjan
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Jonathan Wells
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Hyoyoung Jeong
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California Davis, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Yaoyao Jia
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Nanshu Lu
- Department of Aerospace Engineering and Engineering Mechanics, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
- Texas Materials Institute, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
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3
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Geng Y, Chen G, Cao R, Dai H, Hu Z, Yu S, Wang L, Zhu L, Xiang H, Zhu M. A Skin-Inspired Self-Adaptive System for Temperature Control During Dynamic Wound Healing. NANO-MICRO LETTERS 2024; 16:152. [PMID: 38466482 DOI: 10.1007/s40820-024-01345-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 03/13/2024]
Abstract
The thermoregulating function of skin that is capable of maintaining body temperature within a thermostatic state is critical. However, patients suffering from skin damage are struggling with the surrounding scene and situational awareness. Here, we report an interactive self-regulation electronic system by mimicking the human thermos-reception system. The skin-inspired self-adaptive system is composed of two highly sensitive thermistors (thermal-response composite materials), and a low-power temperature control unit (Laser-induced graphene array). The biomimetic skin can realize self-adjusting in the range of 35-42 °C, which is around physiological temperature. This thermoregulation system also contributed to skin barrier formation and wound healing. Across wound models, the treatment group healed ~ 10% more rapidly compared with the control group, and showed reduced inflammation, thus enhancing skin tissue regeneration. The skin-inspired self-adaptive system holds substantial promise for next-generation robotic and medical devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaqi Geng
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, 2999 North Renmin Road, Shanghai, 201620, People's Republic of China
| | - Guoyin Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, 2999 North Renmin Road, Shanghai, 201620, People's Republic of China
| | - Ran Cao
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, 2999 North Renmin Road, Shanghai, 201620, People's Republic of China.
| | - Hongmei Dai
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, 2999 North Renmin Road, Shanghai, 201620, People's Republic of China
| | - Zexu Hu
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, 2999 North Renmin Road, Shanghai, 201620, People's Republic of China
| | - Senlong Yu
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, 2999 North Renmin Road, Shanghai, 201620, People's Republic of China
| | - Le Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, 2999 North Renmin Road, Shanghai, 201620, People's Republic of China
| | - Liping Zhu
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, 2999 North Renmin Road, Shanghai, 201620, People's Republic of China
| | - Hengxue Xiang
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, 2999 North Renmin Road, Shanghai, 201620, People's Republic of China.
| | - Meifang Zhu
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, 2999 North Renmin Road, Shanghai, 201620, People's Republic of China.
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4
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Yu H, Bian J, Chen F, Li K, Huang Y. Laser-Guided, Self-Confined Graphitization for High-Conductivity Embedded Electronics. RESEARCH (WASHINGTON, D.C.) 2024; 7:0305. [PMID: 38628354 PMCID: PMC11020139 DOI: 10.34133/research.0305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Accepted: 12/31/2023] [Indexed: 04/19/2024]
Abstract
Facile fabrication of highly conductive and self-encapsulated graphene electronics is in urgent demand for carbon-based integrated circuits, field effect transistors, optoelectronic devices, and flexible sensors. The current fabrication of these electronic devices is mainly based on layer-by-layer techniques (separate circuit preparation and encapsulation procedures), which show multistep fabrication procedures, complicated renovation/repair procedures, and poor electrical property due to graphene oxidation and exfoliation. Here, we propose a laser-guided interfacial writing (LaserIW) technique based on self-confined, nickel-catalyzed graphitization to directly fabricate highly conductive, embedded graphene electronics inside multilayer structures. The doped nickel is used to induce chain carbonization, which firstly enhances the photothermal effect to increase the confined temperature for initial carbonization, and the generated carbon further increases the light-absorption capacity to fabricate high-quality graphene. Meanwhile, the nickel atoms contribute to the accelerated connection of carbon atoms. This interfacial carbonization inherently avoids the exfoliation and oxidation of the as-formed graphene, resulting in an 8-fold improvement in electrical conductivity (~20,000 S/m at 7,958 W/cm2 and 2 mm/s for 20% nickel content). The LaserIW technique shows excellent stability and reproducibility, with ±2.5% variations in the same batch and ±2% variations in different batches. Component-level wireless light sensors and flexible strain sensors exhibit excellent sensitivity (665 kHz/(W/cm2) for passive wireless light sensors) and self-encapsulation (<1% variations in terms of waterproof, antifriction, and antithermal shock). Additionally, the LaserIW technique allows for one-step renovation of in-service electronics and nondestructive repair of damaged circuits without the need to disassemble encapsulation layers. This technique reverses the layer-by-layer processing mode and provides a powerful manufacturing tool for the fabrication, modification, and repair of multilayer, multifunctional embedded electronics, especially demonstrating the immense potential for in-space manufacturing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiyang Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Intelligent Manufacturing Equipment and Technology,
Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
- Flexible Electronics Research Center,
Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Jing Bian
- State Key Laboratory of Intelligent Manufacturing Equipment and Technology,
Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
- Flexible Electronics Research Center,
Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
- College of Electronic and Optical Engineering & College of Flexible Electronic (Future Technology),
Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Furong Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Intelligent Manufacturing Equipment and Technology,
Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
- Flexible Electronics Research Center,
Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Kan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Intelligent Manufacturing Equipment and Technology,
Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
- Flexible Electronics Research Center,
Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - YongAn Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Intelligent Manufacturing Equipment and Technology,
Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
- Flexible Electronics Research Center,
Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
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5
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Gong S, Lu Y, Yin J, Levin A, Cheng W. Materials-Driven Soft Wearable Bioelectronics for Connected Healthcare. Chem Rev 2024; 124:455-553. [PMID: 38174868 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
In the era of Internet-of-things, many things can stay connected; however, biological systems, including those necessary for human health, remain unable to stay connected to the global Internet due to the lack of soft conformal biosensors. The fundamental challenge lies in the fact that electronics and biology are distinct and incompatible, as they are based on different materials via different functioning principles. In particular, the human body is soft and curvilinear, yet electronics are typically rigid and planar. Recent advances in materials and materials design have generated tremendous opportunities to design soft wearable bioelectronics, which may bridge the gap, enabling the ultimate dream of connected healthcare for anyone, anytime, and anywhere. We begin with a review of the historical development of healthcare, indicating the significant trend of connected healthcare. This is followed by the focal point of discussion about new materials and materials design, particularly low-dimensional nanomaterials. We summarize material types and their attributes for designing soft bioelectronic sensors; we also cover their synthesis and fabrication methods, including top-down, bottom-up, and their combined approaches. Next, we discuss the wearable energy challenges and progress made to date. In addition to front-end wearable devices, we also describe back-end machine learning algorithms, artificial intelligence, telecommunication, and software. Afterward, we describe the integration of soft wearable bioelectronic systems which have been applied in various testbeds in real-world settings, including laboratories that are preclinical and clinical environments. Finally, we narrate the remaining challenges and opportunities in conjunction with our perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu Gong
- Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Yan Lu
- Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Jialiang Yin
- Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Arie Levin
- Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Wenlong Cheng
- Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
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6
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Tian H, Li X, Gou GY, Jian JM, Zhu B, Ji S, Ding H, Guo Z, Yang Y, Ren TL. Graphene-based Two-Stage Enhancement Pressure Sensor for Subtle Mechanical Force Monitoring. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024; 16:1005-1014. [PMID: 38134343 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c12422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2023]
Abstract
The development of pressure sensors with high sensitivity and a low detection limit for subtle mechanical force monitoring and the understanding of the sensing mechanism behind subtle mechanical force monitoring are of great significance for intelligent technology. Here, we proposed a graphene-based two-stage enhancement pressure sensor (GTEPS), and we analyzed the difference between subtle mechanical force monitoring and conventional mechanical force monitoring. The GTEPS exhibited a high sensitivity of 62.2 kPa-1 and a low detection limit of 0.1 Pa. Leveraging its excellent performance, the GTEPS was successfully applied in various subtle mechanical force monitoring applications, including acoustic wave detection, voice-print recognition, and pulse wave monitoring. In acoustic wave detection, the GTEPS achieved a 100% recognition accuracy for six words. In voiceprint recognition, the sensor exhibited accurate identification of distinct voiceprints among individuals. Furthermore, in pulse wave monitoring, GTEPS demonstrated effective detection of pulse waves. By combination of the pulse wave signals with electrocardiogram (ECG) signals, it enabled the assessment of blood pressure. These results demonstrate the excellent performance of GTEPS and highlight its great potential for subtle mechanical force monitoring and its various applications. The current results indicate that GTEPS shows great potential for applications in subtle mechanical force monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- He Tian
- School of Integrated Circuits & Beijing National Research on Information Science and Technology (BNRist), Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Xiaoshi Li
- School of Integrated Circuits & Beijing National Research on Information Science and Technology (BNRist), Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Guang-Yang Gou
- Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100094, China
| | - Jin-Ming Jian
- School of Integrated Circuits & Beijing National Research on Information Science and Technology (BNRist), Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Boyi Zhu
- School of Integrated Circuits & Beijing National Research on Information Science and Technology (BNRist), Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Shourui Ji
- School of Integrated Circuits & Beijing National Research on Information Science and Technology (BNRist), Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Hengbin Ding
- School of Integrated Circuits & Beijing National Research on Information Science and Technology (BNRist), Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Zhanfeng Guo
- School of Integrated Circuits & Beijing National Research on Information Science and Technology (BNRist), Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yi Yang
- School of Integrated Circuits & Beijing National Research on Information Science and Technology (BNRist), Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Tian-Ling Ren
- School of Integrated Circuits & Beijing National Research on Information Science and Technology (BNRist), Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
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7
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Yang H, Zheng H, Duan Y, Xu T, Xie H, Du H, Si C. Nanocellulose-graphene composites: Preparation and applications in flexible electronics. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 253:126903. [PMID: 37714239 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.126903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Revised: 08/18/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 09/17/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, the pursuit of high-performance nano-flexible electronic composites has led researchers to focus on nanocellulose-graphene composites. Nanocellulose has garnered widespread interest due to its exceptional properties and unique structure, such as renewability, biodegradability, and biocompatibility. However, nanocellulose materials are deficient in electrical conductivity, which limits their applications in flexible electronics. On the other hand, graphene boasts remarkable properties, including a high specific surface area, robust mechanical strength, and high electrical conductivity, making it a promising carbon-based nanomaterial. Consequently, research efforts have intensified in exploring the preparation of graphene-nanocellulose flexible electronic composites. Although there have been studies on the application of nanocellulose and graphene, there is still a lack of comprehensive information on the application of nanocellulose/graphene in flexible electronic composites. This review examines the recent developments in nanocellulose/graphene flexible electronic composites and their applications. In this review, the preparation of nanocellulose/graphene flexible electronic composites from three aspects: composite films, aerogels, and hydrogels are first introduced. Next, the recent applications of nanocellulose/graphene flexible electronic composites were summarized including sensors, supercapacitors, and electromagnetic shielding. Finally, the challenges and future directions in this emerging field was discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongbin Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Fiber Manufacturing Technology, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Hongjun Zheng
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Yaxin Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Fiber Manufacturing Technology, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Ting Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Fiber Manufacturing Technology, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China.
| | - Hongxiang Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Fiber Manufacturing Technology, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China.
| | - Haishun Du
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA.
| | - Chuanling Si
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Fiber Manufacturing Technology, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China; National Engineering Research Center of Low-Carbon Processing and Utilization of Forest Biomass, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China.
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8
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Zhao N, Zhang H, Yang S, Sun Y, Zhao G, Fan W, Yan Z, Lin J, Wan C. Direct Induction of Porous Graphene from Mechanically Strong and Waterproof Biopaper for On-Chip Multifunctional Flexible Electronics. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2023; 19:e2300242. [PMID: 37381614 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202300242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Revised: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/30/2023]
Abstract
Graphene with a 3D porous structure is directly laser-induced on lignocellulosic biopaper under ambient conditions and is further explored for multifunctional biomass-based flexible electronics. The mechanically strong, flexible, and waterproof biopaper is fabricated by surface-functionalizing cellulose with lignin-based epoxy acrylate (LBEA). This composite biopaper shows as high as a threefold increase in tensile strength and excellent waterproofing compared with pure cellulose one. Direct laser writing (DLW) rapidly induces porous graphene from the biopaper in a single step. The porous graphene shows an interconnected carbon network, well-defined graphene domains, and high electrical conductivity (e.g., ≈3 Ω per square), which can be tuned by lignin precursors and loadings as well as lasing conditions. The biopaper in situ embedded with porous graphene is facilely fabricated into flexible electronics for on-chip and paper-based applications. The biopaper-based electronic devices, including the all-solid-state planer supercapacitor, electrochemical and strain biosensors, and Joule heater, show great performances. This study demonstrates the facile, versatile, and low-cost fabrication of multifunctional graphene-based electronics from lignocellulose-based biopaper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Zhao
- Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, University of Missouri, 1406 East Rollins Street, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
- School of Ecology and Environment, Zhengzhou University, 100 Kexue Blvd, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, 450001, China
| | - Hanwen Zhang
- Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, University of Missouri, 1406 East Rollins Street, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
| | - Shuhong Yang
- Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, University of Missouri, 1406 East Rollins Street, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
| | - Yisheng Sun
- Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, University of Missouri, 1406 East Rollins Street, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
| | - Ganggang Zhao
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of Missouri, 416 South 6th Street, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
| | - Wenjun Fan
- Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, University of Missouri, 1406 East Rollins Street, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
| | - Zheng Yan
- Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, University of Missouri, 1406 East Rollins Street, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of Missouri, 416 South 6th Street, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
| | - Jian Lin
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of Missouri, 416 South 6th Street, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
| | - Caixia Wan
- Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, University of Missouri, 1406 East Rollins Street, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
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Wang T, Qiu Z, Li H, Lu H, Gu Y, Zhu S, Liu GS, Yang BR. High Sensitivity, Wide Linear-Range Strain Sensor Based on MXene/AgNW Composite Film with Hierarchical Microcrack. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2023:e2304033. [PMID: 37649175 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202304033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2023] [Revised: 08/02/2023] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
Stretchable strain sensors suffer the trade-off between sensitivity and linear sensing range. Developing sensors with both high sensitivity and wide linear range remains a formidable challenge. Different from conventional methods that rely on the structure design of sensing nanomaterial or substrate, here a heterogeneous-surface strategy for silver nanowires (AgNWs) and MXene is proposed to construct a hierarchical microcrack (HMC) strain sensor. The heterogeneous surface with distinct differences in cracks and adhesion strengths divides the sensor into two regions. One region contributes to high sensitivity through penetrating microcracks of the AgNW/MXene composite film during stretching. The other region maintains conductive percolation pathways to provide a wide linear sensing range through network microcracks. As a result, the HMC sensor exhibits ultrahigh sensitivity (gauge factor ≈ 244), broad linear range (ɛ = 60%, R2 ≈ 99.25%), and fast response time (<30 ms). These merits are confirmed in the detection of large and subtle human motions and digital joint movement for Morse coding. The manipulation of cracks on the heterogeneous surface provides a new paradigm for designing high-performance stretchable strain sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Display Material and Technology, School of Electronics and Information Technology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Zhiguang Qiu
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Display Material and Technology, School of Electronics and Information Technology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Haichuan Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Optical Fiber Sensing and Communications, Key Laboratory of Visible Light Communications of Guangzhou, Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Information and Sensing Technologies of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, College of Science & Engineering, Department of Optoelectronic Engineering, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Hao Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Display Material and Technology, School of Electronics and Information Technology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Yifan Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Display Material and Technology, School of Electronics and Information Technology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Simu Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Display Material and Technology, School of Electronics and Information Technology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Gui-Shi Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Optical Fiber Sensing and Communications, Key Laboratory of Visible Light Communications of Guangzhou, Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Information and Sensing Technologies of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, College of Science & Engineering, Department of Optoelectronic Engineering, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Bo-Ru Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Display Material and Technology, School of Electronics and Information Technology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
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10
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Pei Y, An J, Wang K, Hui Z, Zhang X, Pan H, Zhou J, Sun G. Ti 3 C 2 T X MXene Ink Direct Writing Flexible Sensors for Disposable Paper Toys. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2023; 19:e2301884. [PMID: 37162447 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202301884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2023] [Revised: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Flexible electronics have gained great attention in recent years owing to their promising applications in biomedicine, sustainable energy, human-machine interaction, and toys for children. Paper mainly produced from cellulose fibers is attractive substrate for flexible electronics because it is biodegradable, foldable, tailorable, and light-weight. Inspired by daily handwriting, the rapid prototyping of sensing devices with arbitrary patterns can be achieved by directly drawing conductive inks on flat or curved paper surfaces; this provides huge freedom for children to design and integrate "do-it-yourself (DIY)" electronic toys. Herein, viscous and additive-free ink made from Ti3 C2 TX MXene sediment is employed to prepare disposable paper electronics through a simple ball pen drawing. The as-drawn paper sensors possess hierarchical microstructures with interweaving nanosheets, nanoflakes, and nanoparticles, therefore exhibiting superior mechanosensing performances to those based on single/fewer-layer MXene nanosheets. As proof-of-concept applications, several popular children's games are implemented by the MXene-based paper sensors, including "You say, I guess," "Emotional expression," "Rock-Paper-Scissors," "Arm wrestling," "Throwing game," "Carrot squat," and "Grab the cup," as well as a DIY smart whisker for a cartoon mouse. Moreover, MXene-based paper sensors are safe and disposable, free from producing any e-waste and hazard to the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangyang Pei
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics, Xi'an Institute of Flexible Electronics (IFE) and Xi'an Institute of Biomedical Materials & Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), Xi'an, 710129, P. R. China
| | - Jianing An
- Institute of Photonics Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, P. R. China
| | - Ke Wang
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics, Xi'an Institute of Flexible Electronics (IFE) and Xi'an Institute of Biomedical Materials & Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), Xi'an, 710129, P. R. China
| | - Zengyu Hui
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics, Xi'an Institute of Flexible Electronics (IFE) and Xi'an Institute of Biomedical Materials & Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), Xi'an, 710129, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoli Zhang
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics, Xi'an Institute of Flexible Electronics (IFE) and Xi'an Institute of Biomedical Materials & Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), Xi'an, 710129, P. R. China
| | - Hongqing Pan
- Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, 230031, P. R. China
| | - Jinyuan Zhou
- School of Physical Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, P. R. China
| | - Gengzhi Sun
- Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech), Nanjing, 211816, P. R. China
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11
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Zhao B, Yan J, Long F, Qiu W, Meng G, Zeng Z, Huang H, Wang H, Lin N, Liu XY. Bioinspired Conductive Enhanced Polyurethane Ionic Skin as Reliable Multifunctional Sensors. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2023:e2300857. [PMID: 37092565 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202300857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2023] [Revised: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Ionogels prepared from ionic liquid (IL) have the characteristics of nonevaporation and stable performance relative to traditional hydrogels. However, the conductivities of commonly used ionogels are at very low relative to traditional hydrogels because the large sizes of the cation and anion in an IL impedes ion migration in polymer networks. In this study, ultradurable ionogels with suitable mechanical properties and high conductivities are prepared by impregnating IL into a safe, environmentally friendly water-based polyurethane (WPU) network by mimicking the ion transport channels in the phospholipid bilayer of the cell membrane. The increase in electrical conductivity is attributed to the introduction of carboxylic acid in the hard segment of WPU; this phenomenon regularly arranges hard segment structural domains by hydrogen bonding, forming ionic conduction channels. The conductivities of their ionogels are >28-39 mS cm-1 . These ionogels have adjustable mechanical properties that make the Young's modulus value (0.1-0.6 MPa) similar to that of natural skin. The strain sensor has an ultrahigh sensitivity that ranges from 0.99 to 1.35, with a wide sensing range of 0.1%-200%. The findings are promising for various ionotronics requiring environmental stability and high conductivity characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bicheng Zhao
- Research Institution for Biomimetics and Soft Matter, The Higher Educational Key Laboratory for Biomedical Engineering of Fujian Province, Research Center of Biomedical Engineering of Xiamen, Department of Biomaterials, College of Materials, The State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science (MEL), College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Shenzhen Research Institute of Xiamen University, Xiamen University, 422 Siming Nan Road, Xiamen, 361005, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiaqi Yan
- Research Institution for Biomimetics and Soft Matter, The Higher Educational Key Laboratory for Biomedical Engineering of Fujian Province, Research Center of Biomedical Engineering of Xiamen, Department of Biomaterials, College of Materials, The State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science (MEL), College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Shenzhen Research Institute of Xiamen University, Xiamen University, 422 Siming Nan Road, Xiamen, 361005, People's Republic of China
| | - Fen Long
- Research Institution for Biomimetics and Soft Matter, The Higher Educational Key Laboratory for Biomedical Engineering of Fujian Province, Research Center of Biomedical Engineering of Xiamen, Department of Biomaterials, College of Materials, The State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science (MEL), College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Shenzhen Research Institute of Xiamen University, Xiamen University, 422 Siming Nan Road, Xiamen, 361005, People's Republic of China
| | - Wu Qiu
- Research Institution for Biomimetics and Soft Matter, The Higher Educational Key Laboratory for Biomedical Engineering of Fujian Province, Research Center of Biomedical Engineering of Xiamen, Department of Biomaterials, College of Materials, The State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science (MEL), College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Shenzhen Research Institute of Xiamen University, Xiamen University, 422 Siming Nan Road, Xiamen, 361005, People's Republic of China
| | - Guoqing Meng
- Research Institution for Biomimetics and Soft Matter, The Higher Educational Key Laboratory for Biomedical Engineering of Fujian Province, Research Center of Biomedical Engineering of Xiamen, Department of Biomaterials, College of Materials, The State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science (MEL), College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Shenzhen Research Institute of Xiamen University, Xiamen University, 422 Siming Nan Road, Xiamen, 361005, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhicheng Zeng
- Research Institution for Biomimetics and Soft Matter, The Higher Educational Key Laboratory for Biomedical Engineering of Fujian Province, Research Center of Biomedical Engineering of Xiamen, Department of Biomaterials, College of Materials, The State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science (MEL), College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Shenzhen Research Institute of Xiamen University, Xiamen University, 422 Siming Nan Road, Xiamen, 361005, People's Republic of China
| | - Hui Huang
- Printed Intelligent Device Group, Singapore Institute of Manufacturing Technology (SIMTech), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, 636732, Republic of Singapore
| | - Han Wang
- Selangor, Sepang A1-476, Xiamen University Malaysia, Jalan Sunsuria, 43900, Federation of Malaysia
| | - Naibo Lin
- Research Institution for Biomimetics and Soft Matter, The Higher Educational Key Laboratory for Biomedical Engineering of Fujian Province, Research Center of Biomedical Engineering of Xiamen, Department of Biomaterials, College of Materials, The State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science (MEL), College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Shenzhen Research Institute of Xiamen University, Xiamen University, 422 Siming Nan Road, Xiamen, 361005, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiang-Yang Liu
- Research Institution for Biomimetics and Soft Matter, The Higher Educational Key Laboratory for Biomedical Engineering of Fujian Province, Research Center of Biomedical Engineering of Xiamen, Department of Biomaterials, College of Materials, The State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science (MEL), College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Shenzhen Research Institute of Xiamen University, Xiamen University, 422 Siming Nan Road, Xiamen, 361005, People's Republic of China
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12
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Qiao Y, Luo J, Cui T, Liu H, Tang H, Zeng Y, Liu C, Li Y, Jian J, Wu J, Tian H, Yang Y, Ren TL, Zhou J. Soft Electronics for Health Monitoring Assisted by Machine Learning. NANO-MICRO LETTERS 2023; 15:66. [PMID: 36918452 PMCID: PMC10014415 DOI: 10.1007/s40820-023-01029-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Due to the development of the novel materials, the past two decades have witnessed the rapid advances of soft electronics. The soft electronics have huge potential in the physical sign monitoring and health care. One of the important advantages of soft electronics is forming good interface with skin, which can increase the user scale and improve the signal quality. Therefore, it is easy to build the specific dataset, which is important to improve the performance of machine learning algorithm. At the same time, with the assistance of machine learning algorithm, the soft electronics have become more and more intelligent to realize real-time analysis and diagnosis. The soft electronics and machining learning algorithms complement each other very well. It is indubitable that the soft electronics will bring us to a healthier and more intelligent world in the near future. Therefore, in this review, we will give a careful introduction about the new soft material, physiological signal detected by soft devices, and the soft devices assisted by machine learning algorithm. Some soft materials will be discussed such as two-dimensional material, carbon nanotube, nanowire, nanomesh, and hydrogel. Then, soft sensors will be discussed according to the physiological signal types (pulse, respiration, human motion, intraocular pressure, phonation, etc.). After that, the soft electronics assisted by various algorithms will be reviewed, including some classical algorithms and powerful neural network algorithms. Especially, the soft device assisted by neural network will be introduced carefully. Finally, the outlook, challenge, and conclusion of soft system powered by machine learning algorithm will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yancong Qiao
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, No. 66, Gongchang Road, Guangming District, Shenzhen, 518107, People's Republic of China.
- Key Laboratory of Sensing Technology and Biomedical Instruments of Guangdong Province, School of Biomedical Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, People's Republic of China.
| | - Jinan Luo
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, No. 66, Gongchang Road, Guangming District, Shenzhen, 518107, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Sensing Technology and Biomedical Instruments of Guangdong Province, School of Biomedical Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, People's Republic of China
| | - Tianrui Cui
- School of Integrated Circuits and Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology (BNRist), Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, People's Republic of China
| | - Haidong Liu
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, No. 66, Gongchang Road, Guangming District, Shenzhen, 518107, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Sensing Technology and Biomedical Instruments of Guangdong Province, School of Biomedical Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, People's Republic of China
| | - Hao Tang
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, No. 66, Gongchang Road, Guangming District, Shenzhen, 518107, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Sensing Technology and Biomedical Instruments of Guangdong Province, School of Biomedical Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, People's Republic of China
| | - Yingfen Zeng
- School of Integrated Circuits and Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology (BNRist), Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, People's Republic of China
| | - Chang Liu
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, No. 66, Gongchang Road, Guangming District, Shenzhen, 518107, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Sensing Technology and Biomedical Instruments of Guangdong Province, School of Biomedical Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuanfang Li
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, No. 66, Gongchang Road, Guangming District, Shenzhen, 518107, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Sensing Technology and Biomedical Instruments of Guangdong Province, School of Biomedical Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinming Jian
- School of Integrated Circuits and Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology (BNRist), Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, People's Republic of China
| | - Jingzhi Wu
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, No. 66, Gongchang Road, Guangming District, Shenzhen, 518107, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Sensing Technology and Biomedical Instruments of Guangdong Province, School of Biomedical Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, People's Republic of China
| | - He Tian
- School of Integrated Circuits and Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology (BNRist), Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi Yang
- School of Integrated Circuits and Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology (BNRist), Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, People's Republic of China
| | - Tian-Ling Ren
- School of Integrated Circuits and Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology (BNRist), Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, People's Republic of China.
| | - Jianhua Zhou
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, No. 66, Gongchang Road, Guangming District, Shenzhen, 518107, People's Republic of China.
- Key Laboratory of Sensing Technology and Biomedical Instruments of Guangdong Province, School of Biomedical Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, People's Republic of China.
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13
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Multifunctional bio-films based on silk nanofibres/peach gum polysaccharide for highly sensitive temperature, flame, and water detection. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 231:123472. [PMID: 36736982 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.123472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Revised: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Given their environment friendliness, light weight, and availability, bio-films have attracted wide interest for various applications in sensor materials. However, obtaining sensors with good environmental stability, excellent flame retardancy, and high wet strength remains a challenge. Herein, we prepared sensitive water, temperature and flame-responsive multi-function bio-films (named as PSCG bio-films) by combining peach gum polysaccharide, silk nanofibres, citric acid, and graphene. The PSCG bio-films demonstrated good flexibility, rapid and consistent water absorption, and stable wet strength at different temperatures. The bio-films showed excellent water sensitivity and rapid fire responsiveness within a short time frame (2 s); moreover, the response and recovery times of the bio-films in the temperature range of 50-150 °C were 0.1 and 0.3 s, respectively. In addition, the bio-films can be applied to micro-sized fire early warning devices and personalized breath monitoring. Our work presents a facile and green approach (without toxic solvent) to fabricate multi-function sensors with applications in various industries.
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14
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Lu T, Ji S, Jin W, Yang Q, Luo Q, Ren TL. Biocompatible and Long-Term Monitoring Strategies of Wearable, Ingestible and Implantable Biosensors: Reform the Next Generation Healthcare. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 23:2991. [PMID: 36991702 PMCID: PMC10054135 DOI: 10.3390/s23062991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Revised: 12/31/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Sensors enable the detection of physiological indicators and pathological markers to assist in the diagnosis, treatment, and long-term monitoring of diseases, in addition to playing an essential role in the observation and evaluation of physiological activities. The development of modern medical activities cannot be separated from the precise detection, reliable acquisition, and intelligent analysis of human body information. Therefore, sensors have become the core of new-generation health technologies along with the Internet of Things (IoTs) and artificial intelligence (AI). Previous research on the sensing of human information has conferred many superior properties on sensors, of which biocompatibility is one of the most important. Recently, biocompatible biosensors have developed rapidly to provide the possibility for the long-term and in-situ monitoring of physiological information. In this review, we summarize the ideal features and engineering realization strategies of three different types of biocompatible biosensors, including wearable, ingestible, and implantable sensors from the level of sensor designing and application. Additionally, the detection targets of the biosensors are further divided into vital life parameters (e.g., body temperature, heart rate, blood pressure, and respiratory rate), biochemical indicators, as well as physical and physiological parameters based on the clinical needs. In this review, starting from the emerging concept of next-generation diagnostics and healthcare technologies, we discuss how biocompatible sensors revolutionize the state-of-art healthcare system unprecedentedly, as well as the challenges and opportunities faced in the future development of biocompatible health sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian Lu
- School of Integrated Circuit and Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology (BNRist), Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Shourui Ji
- School of Integrated Circuit and Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology (BNRist), Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Weiqiu Jin
- Shanghai Lung Cancer Center, Shanghai Chest Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200030, China
| | - Qisheng Yang
- School of Integrated Circuit and Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology (BNRist), Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Qingquan Luo
- Shanghai Lung Cancer Center, Shanghai Chest Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200030, China
| | - Tian-Ling Ren
- School of Integrated Circuit and Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology (BNRist), Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
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15
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Xu J, Pan J, Cui T, Zhang S, Yang Y, Ren TL. Recent Progress of Tactile and Force Sensors for Human-Machine Interaction. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 23:1868. [PMID: 36850470 PMCID: PMC9961639 DOI: 10.3390/s23041868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2022] [Revised: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Human-Machine Interface (HMI) plays a key role in the interaction between people and machines, which allows people to easily and intuitively control the machine and immersively experience the virtual world of the meta-universe by virtual reality/augmented reality (VR/AR) technology. Currently, wearable skin-integrated tactile and force sensors are widely used in immersive human-machine interactions due to their ultra-thin, ultra-soft, conformal characteristics. In this paper, the recent progress of tactile and force sensors used in HMI are reviewed, including piezoresistive, capacitive, piezoelectric, triboelectric, and other sensors. Then, this paper discusses how to improve the performance of tactile and force sensors for HMI. Next, this paper summarizes the HMI for dexterous robotic manipulation and VR/AR applications. Finally, this paper summarizes and proposes the future development trend of HMI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiandong Xu
- School of Integrated Circuits and Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology (BNRist), Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Jiong Pan
- School of Integrated Circuits and Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology (BNRist), Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Tianrui Cui
- School of Integrated Circuits and Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology (BNRist), Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Sheng Zhang
- Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Yi Yang
- School of Integrated Circuits and Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology (BNRist), Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Tian-Ling Ren
- School of Integrated Circuits and Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology (BNRist), Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- Center for Flexible Electronics Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
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16
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Kim D, Chhetry A, Zahed MA, Sharma S, Jeong S, Song H, Park JY. Highly Sensitive and Reliable Piezoresistive Strain Sensor Based on Cobalt Nanoporous Carbon-Incorporated Laser-Induced Graphene for Smart Healthcare Wearables. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:1475-1485. [PMID: 36571793 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c15500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The development of highly sensitive, reliable, and cost-effective strain sensors is a big challenge for wearable smart electronics and healthcare applications, such as soft robotics, point-of-care systems, and electronic skins. In this study, we newly fabricated a highly sensitive and reliable piezoresistive strain sensor based on polyhedral cobalt nanoporous carbon (Co-NPC)-incorporated laser-induced graphene (LIG) for wearable smart healthcare applications. The synergistic integration of Co-NPC and LIG enables the performance improvement of the strain sensor by providing an additional conductive pathway and robust mechanical properties with a high surface area of Co-NPC nanoparticles. The proposed porous graphene nanosheets exploited with Co-NPC nanoparticles demonstrated an outstanding sensitivity of 1,177 up to a strain of 18%, which increased to 39,548 beyond 18%. Additionally, the fabricated sensor exhibited an ultralow limit of detection (0.02%) and excellent stability over 20,000 cycles even under high strain conditions (10%). Finally, we successfully demonstrated and evaluated the sensor performance for practical use in healthcare wearables by monitoring wrist pulse, neck pulse, and joint flexion movement. Owing to the outstanding performance of the sensor, the fabricated sensor has great potential in electronic skins, human-machine interactions, and soft robotics applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongkyun Kim
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Kwangwoon University, Seoul01897, Republic of Korea
| | - Ashok Chhetry
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Kwangwoon University, Seoul01897, Republic of Korea
| | - Md Abu Zahed
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Kwangwoon University, Seoul01897, Republic of Korea
| | - Sudeep Sharma
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Kwangwoon University, Seoul01897, Republic of Korea
| | - Seonghoon Jeong
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Kwangwoon University, Seoul01897, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyesu Song
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Kwangwoon University, Seoul01897, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Yeong Park
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Kwangwoon University, Seoul01897, Republic of Korea
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17
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Pinheiro T, Correia R, Morais M, Coelho J, Fortunato E, Sales MGF, Marques AC, Martins R. Water Peel-Off Transfer of Electronically Enhanced, Paper-Based Laser-Induced Graphene for Wearable Electronics. ACS NANO 2022; 16:20633-20646. [PMID: 36383513 PMCID: PMC9798867 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.2c07596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Laser-induced graphene (LIG) has gained preponderance in recent years, as a very attractive material for the fabrication and patterning of graphitic structures and electrodes, for multiple applications in electronics. Typically, polymeric substrates, such as polyimide, have been used as precursor materials, but other organic, more sustainable, and accessible precursor materials have emerged as viable alternatives, including cellulose substrates. However, these substrates have lacked the conductive and chemical properties achieved by conventional LIG precursor substrates and have not been translated into fully flexible, wearable scenarios. In this work, we expand the conductive properties of paper-based LIG, by boosting the graphitization potential of paper, through the introduction of external aromatic moieties and meticulous control of laser fluence. Colored wax printing over the paper substrates introduces aromatic chemical structures, allowing for the synthesis of LIG chemical structures with sheet resistances as low as 5 Ω·sq-1, translating to an apparent conductivity as high as 28.2 S·cm-1. Regarding chemical properties, ID/IG ratios of 0.28 showcase low defect densities of LIG chemical structures and improve on previous reports on paper-based LIG, where sheet resistance has been limited to values around 30 Ω·sq-1, with more defect dense and less crystalline chemical structures. With these improved properties, a simple transfer methodology was developed, based on a water-induced peel-off process that efficiently separates patterned LIG structures from the native paper substrates to conformable, flexible substrates, harnessing the multifunctional capabilities of LIG toward multiple applications in wearable electronics. Proof-of concept electrodes for electrochemical sensors, strain sensors, and in-plane microsupercapacitors were patterned, transferred, and characterized, using paper as a high-value LIG precursor for multiples scenarios in wearable technologies, for improved sustainability and accessibility of such applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomás Pinheiro
- CENIMAT|i3N,
Departamento de Ciência de Materiais, Faculdade de Ciências
e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa
and CEMOP/UNINOVA, Campus da Caparica, 2829-516Caparica, Portugal
- BioMark@UC,
Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Science and Technology, Coimbra University, 3030-790, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Ricardo Correia
- CENIMAT|i3N,
Departamento de Ciência de Materiais, Faculdade de Ciências
e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa
and CEMOP/UNINOVA, Campus da Caparica, 2829-516Caparica, Portugal
| | - Maria Morais
- CENIMAT|i3N,
Departamento de Ciência de Materiais, Faculdade de Ciências
e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa
and CEMOP/UNINOVA, Campus da Caparica, 2829-516Caparica, Portugal
| | - João Coelho
- CENIMAT|i3N,
Departamento de Ciência de Materiais, Faculdade de Ciências
e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa
and CEMOP/UNINOVA, Campus da Caparica, 2829-516Caparica, Portugal
| | - Elvira Fortunato
- CENIMAT|i3N,
Departamento de Ciência de Materiais, Faculdade de Ciências
e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa
and CEMOP/UNINOVA, Campus da Caparica, 2829-516Caparica, Portugal
| | - M. Goreti F. Sales
- BioMark@UC,
Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Science and Technology, Coimbra University, 3030-790, Coimbra, Portugal
- CEB
− Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal
| | - Ana C. Marques
- CENIMAT|i3N,
Departamento de Ciência de Materiais, Faculdade de Ciências
e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa
and CEMOP/UNINOVA, Campus da Caparica, 2829-516Caparica, Portugal
| | - Rodrigo Martins
- CENIMAT|i3N,
Departamento de Ciência de Materiais, Faculdade de Ciências
e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa
and CEMOP/UNINOVA, Campus da Caparica, 2829-516Caparica, Portugal
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18
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Raza T, Tufail MK, Ali A, Boakye A, Qi X, Ma Y, Ali A, Qu L, Tian M. Wearable and Flexible Multifunctional Sensor Based on Laser-Induced Graphene for the Sports Monitoring System. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:54170-54181. [PMID: 36411520 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c14847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The conversion of diverse polymeric substrates into laser-induced graphene (LIG) has recently emerged as a single-step method for the fabrication of patterned graphene-based wearable electronics with a wide range of applications in sensing, actuation, and energy storage. Laser-induced pyrolysis technology has many advantages over traditional graphene design: eco-friendly, designable patterning, roll-to-roll production, and controllable morphology. In this work, we designed wearable and flexible graphene-based strain and pressure sensors by laminating LIG from a commercial polyimide (PI) film. The as-prepared LIG was transferred onto a thin polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) sheet, interwoven inside an elastic cotton sports fabric with the fabric glue as a wearable sensor. The single LIG/PDMS layer acts as a strain sensor, and a two-layer perpendicular stacking of LIG/PDMS (x and y laser-directed films) is designed for pressure sensing. This newly designed graphene textile (IGT) sensor performs four functions in volleyball sportswear, including volleyball reception detection, finger touch foul detection during blocking the ball from an opponent player, spike force measurements, and player position monitoring. An inexpensive sensor assists athletes in training and helps the coach formulate competition strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tahir Raza
- Research Center for Intelligent and Wearable Technology, College of Textiles and Clothing, State Key Laboratory of Bio-Fibers and Eco-Textiles, Intelligent Wearable Engineering Research Center of Qingdao, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong266071, P. R. China
| | - Muhammad Khurram Tufail
- College of Physics, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong266071, P. R. China
- College of Material Science and Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong266071, P. R. China
| | - Afzal Ali
- Ocean University of China, Qingdao, Shandong266071, P. R. China
| | - Andrews Boakye
- Research Center for Intelligent and Wearable Technology, College of Textiles and Clothing, State Key Laboratory of Bio-Fibers and Eco-Textiles, Intelligent Wearable Engineering Research Center of Qingdao, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong266071, P. R. China
| | - Xiangjun Qi
- Research Center for Intelligent and Wearable Technology, College of Textiles and Clothing, State Key Laboratory of Bio-Fibers and Eco-Textiles, Intelligent Wearable Engineering Research Center of Qingdao, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong266071, P. R. China
| | - Yulong Ma
- Research Center for Intelligent and Wearable Technology, College of Textiles and Clothing, State Key Laboratory of Bio-Fibers and Eco-Textiles, Intelligent Wearable Engineering Research Center of Qingdao, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong266071, P. R. China
| | - Amjad Ali
- Materials Science & Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang212013, China
| | - Lijun Qu
- Research Center for Intelligent and Wearable Technology, College of Textiles and Clothing, State Key Laboratory of Bio-Fibers and Eco-Textiles, Intelligent Wearable Engineering Research Center of Qingdao, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong266071, P. R. China
| | - Mingwei Tian
- Research Center for Intelligent and Wearable Technology, College of Textiles and Clothing, State Key Laboratory of Bio-Fibers and Eco-Textiles, Intelligent Wearable Engineering Research Center of Qingdao, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong266071, P. R. China
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19
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Long Y, Wang Z, Xu F, Jiang B, Xiao J, Yang J, Wang ZL, Hu W. Mechanically Ultra-Robust, Elastic, Conductive, and Multifunctional Hybrid Hydrogel for a Triboelectric Nanogenerator and Flexible/Wearable Sensor. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2022; 18:e2203956. [PMID: 36228096 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202203956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Revised: 08/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Flexibility/wearable electronics such as strain/pressure sensors in human-machine interactions (HMI) are highly developed nowadays. However, challenges remain because of the lack of flexibility, fatigue resistance, and versatility, leading to mechanical damage to device materials during practical applications. In this work, a triple-network conductive hydrogel is fabricated by combining 2D Ti3 C2 Tx nanosheets with two kinds of 1D polymer chains, polyacrylamide, and polyvinyl alcohol. The Ti3 C2 Tx nanosheets act as the crosslinkers, which combine the two polymer chains of PAM and PVA via hydrogen bonds. Such a unique structure endows the hydrogel (MPP-hydrogel) with merits such as mechanical ultra-robust, super-elasticity, and excellent fatigue resistance. More importantly, the introduced Ti3 C2 Tx nanosheets not only enhance the hydrogel's conductivity but help form double electric layers (DELs) between the MXene nanosheets and the free water molecules inside the MPP-hydrogel. When the MPP-hydrogel is used as the electrode of the triboelectric nanogenerator (MPP-TENG), due to the dynamic balance of the DELs under the initial potential difference generated from the contact electrification as the driving force, an enhanced electrical output of the TENG is generated. Moreover, flexible strain/pressure sensors for tiny and low-frequency human motion detection are achieved. This work demonstrates a promising flexible electronic material for e-skin and HMI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Long
- CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, Beijing Key Laboratory of Micro-nano Energy and Sensor, Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 101400, P. R. China
| | - Zhuo Wang
- CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, Beijing Key Laboratory of Micro-nano Energy and Sensor, Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 101400, P. R. China
| | - Fan Xu
- CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, Beijing Key Laboratory of Micro-nano Energy and Sensor, Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 101400, P. R. China
- School of Nanoscience and Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Bin Jiang
- CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, Beijing Key Laboratory of Micro-nano Energy and Sensor, Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 101400, P. R. China
- Center on Nanoenergy Research, School of Physical Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, P. R. China
| | - Junfeng Xiao
- School of Electronic Communication Technology, Shenzhen Institute of Information Technology, Shenzhen, 518172, P. R. China
| | - Jun Yang
- Shenzhen Institute for Advanced Study, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Shenzhen, 518000, P. R. China
| | - Zhong Lin Wang
- CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, Beijing Key Laboratory of Micro-nano Energy and Sensor, Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 101400, P. R. China
- School of Nanoscience and Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
- Center on Nanoenergy Research, School of Physical Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, P. R. China
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332-0245, USA
| | - Weiguo Hu
- CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, Beijing Key Laboratory of Micro-nano Energy and Sensor, Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 101400, P. R. China
- School of Nanoscience and Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
- Center on Nanoenergy Research, School of Physical Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, P. R. China
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20
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Oh J, Kim DY, Kim H, Hur ON, Park SH. Comparative Study of Carbon Nanotube Composites as Capacitive and Piezoresistive Pressure Sensors under Varying Conditions. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 15:7637. [PMID: 36363228 PMCID: PMC9657234 DOI: 10.3390/ma15217637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2022] [Revised: 10/07/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Conducting polymer composites consisting of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) as a conductive filler and polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) as a polymer matrix were fabricated to investigate their capacitive and piezoresistive effects as pressure sensors. The pressure-sensing behavior and mechanism of the composites were compared in terms of basic configuration with a parallel plate structure. Various sensing experiments, such as sensitivity, repeatability, hysteresis, and temperature dependence according to the working principle, were conducted with varying filler contents. The hysteresis and repeatability of the pressure-sensing properties were investigated using cyclic tensile tests. In addition, a temperature test was performed at selected temperatures to monitor the change in the resistance/capacitance.
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21
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Kil MS, Kim SJ, Park HJ, Yoon JH, Jeong JM, Choi BG. Highly Stretchable Sensor Based on Fluid Dynamics-Assisted Graphene Inks for Real-Time Monitoring of Sweat. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:48072-48080. [PMID: 36222414 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c10638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Graphene inks have recently attracted attention for the development of printed wearable and flexible electronics and sensors not only because of their high conductivity and low cost but also because they are suitable for high-speed printing. Although reliable and scalable printing technologies are well established, further improvement in graphene inks in terms of electrical conductivity, stretchability/flexibility, and mass production is necessary for sensors for real-time monitoring. Herein, highly stretchable and conductive graphene inks were prepared by an efficient and scalable fluid dynamics-assisted exfoliation of graphite and a mixing process with elastomeric Ecoflex. After printing inks onto textile substrates, the serpentine-patterned conductors exhibited high conductivity and stable resistance even under a mechanically stretched state (a strain of 150%). Electrochemical sensors that detect sodium ions were fabricated on this conducting platform. These sensors indicated high potentiometric sensing ability under different mechanical deformations. To demonstrate the on-body performance of the developed sensors, real-time monitoring of sodium-ion concentration in the sweat of a human subject was carried out during an indoor stationary cycling exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Sik Kil
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Kangwon National University, Samcheok 25913, Republic of Korea
| | - Seo Jin Kim
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Kangwon National University, Samcheok 25913, Republic of Korea
| | - Hong Jun Park
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Kangwon National University, Samcheok 25913, Republic of Korea
| | - Jo Hee Yoon
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Kangwon National University, Samcheok 25913, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Min Jeong
- Mineral Resources Research Division, Korea Institute of Geoscience and Mineral Resources (KIGAM), Daejeon 34132, Republic of Korea
| | - Bong Gill Choi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Kangwon National University, Samcheok 25913, Republic of Korea
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22
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Cai Y, Shen J, Fu JH, Qaiser N, Chen C, Tseng CC, Hakami M, Yang Z, Yen HJ, Dong X, Li LJ, Han Y, Tung V. Graphdiyne-Based Nanofilms for Compliant On-Skin Sensing. ACS NANO 2022; 16:16677-16689. [PMID: 36125976 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.2c06169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Thin-film electronics pliably laminated onto the epidermis for noninvasive, specific, and multifunctional sensing are ideal wearable systems for health monitoring and information technologies. However, it remains a critical challenge to fabricate ultrathin and compliant skin-like sensors with high imperceptibility and sensitivities. Here we report a design of conductive hydrogen-substituted graphdiyne (HsGDY) nanofilms with conjugated porous structure and inherent softness for on-skin sensors that allow minimization of stress and discomfort with wear. Dominated by the subtle deformation-induced changes in the interdomain tunneling conductance, the engineered HsGDY sensors show continuous and accurate results. Real-time noninvasive spatial mapping of dynamic/static strains in both tensile/compressive directions monitors various body motions with high sensitivity (GF ∼22.6, under 2% strain), fast response (∼60 ms), and long-term durability (∼5000 cycles). Moreover, such devices can dynamically distinguish between the temperature difference and frequency of air inhaled and exhaled through the nostril, revealing a quantitative assessment of the movement/health of the human body. The proof-of-concept strategy provides an alternative route for the design of next-generation wearable organic bioelectronics with multiple electronic functionalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yichen Cai
- Physical Science and Engineering Division, Material Science and Engineering Program, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Jie Shen
- Physical Science and Engineering Division, Advanced Membranes and Porous Materials Center, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Jui-Han Fu
- Department of Chemical System Engineering, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8654, Japan
| | - Nadeem Qaiser
- Physical Science and Engineering Division, Material Science and Engineering Program, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Cailing Chen
- Physical Science and Engineering Division, Advanced Membranes and Porous Materials Center, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Chien-Chih Tseng
- Physical Science and Engineering Division, Material Science and Engineering Program, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
- Department of Chemical System Engineering, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8654, Japan
| | - Mariam Hakami
- Department of Chemical System Engineering, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8654, Japan
| | - Zheng Yang
- Physical Science and Engineering Division, Material Science and Engineering Program, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Hung-Ju Yen
- Institute of Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan
| | - Xiaochen Dong
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE) and Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech), Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Lain-Jong Li
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong
| | - Yu Han
- Physical Science and Engineering Division, Advanced Membranes and Porous Materials Center, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Vincent Tung
- Physical Science and Engineering Division, Material Science and Engineering Program, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
- Department of Chemical System Engineering, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8654, Japan
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23
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Yang Y, Wei Y, Guo Z, Hou W, Liu Y, Tian H, Ren TL. From Materials to Devices: Graphene toward Practical Applications. SMALL METHODS 2022; 6:e2200671. [PMID: 36008156 DOI: 10.1002/smtd.202200671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Graphene, as an emerging 2D material, has been playing an important role in flexible electronics since its discovery in 2004. The representative fabrication methods of graphene include mechanical exfoliation, liquid-phase exfoliation, chemical vapor deposition, redox reaction, etc. Based on its excellent mechanical, electrical, thermo-acoustical, optical, and other properties, graphene has made a great progress in the development of mechanical sensors, microphone, sound source, electrophysiological detection, solar cells, synaptic transistors, light-emitting devices, and so on. In different application fields, large-scale, low-cost, high-quality, and excellent performance are important factors that limit the industrialization development of graphene. Therefore, laser scribing technology, roll-to-roll technology is used to reduce the cost. High-quality graphene can be obtained through chemical vapor deposition processes. The performance can be improved through the design of structure of the devices, and the homogeneity and stability of devices can be achieved by mechanized machining means. In total, graphene devices show promising prospect for the practical fields of sports monitoring, health detection, voice recognition, energy, etc. There is a hot issue for industry to create and maintain the market competitiveness of graphene products through increasing its versatility and killer application fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Yang
- School of Integrated Circuits & Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology (BNRist), Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Yuhong Wei
- School of Integrated Circuits & Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology (BNRist), Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Zhanfeng Guo
- School of Integrated Circuits & Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology (BNRist), Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Weiwei Hou
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Yingjie Liu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - He Tian
- School of Integrated Circuits & Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology (BNRist), Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Tian-Ling Ren
- School of Integrated Circuits & Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology (BNRist), Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
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24
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Hu G, Huang F, Tang C, Gu J, Yu Z, Zhao Y. High-Performance Flexible Piezoresistive Pressure Sensor Printed with 3D Microstructures. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 12:nano12193417. [PMID: 36234544 PMCID: PMC9565629 DOI: 10.3390/nano12193417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Revised: 09/25/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Flexible pressure sensors have been widely used in health detection, robot sensing, and shape recognition. The micro-engineered design of the intermediate dielectric layer (IDL) has proven to be an effective way to optimize the performance of flexible pressure sensors. Nevertheless, the performance development of flexible pressure sensors is limited due to cost and process difficulty, prepared by inverted mold lithography. In this work, microstructured arrays printed by aerosol printing act as the IDL of the sensor. It is a facile way to prepare flexible pressure sensors with high performance, simplified processes, and reduced cost. Simultaneously, the effects of microstructure size, PDMS/MWCNTs film, microstructure height, and distance between the microstructures on the sensitivity and response time of the sensor are studied. When the microstructure size, height, and distance are 250 µm, 50 µm, and 400 µm, respectively, the sensor shows a sensitivity of 0.172 kPa-1 with a response time of 98.2 ms and a relaxation time of 111.4 ms. Studies have proven that the microstructured dielectric layer printed by aerosol printing could replace the inverted mold technology. Additionally, applications of the designed sensor are tested, such as the finger pressing test, elbow bending test, and human squatting test, which show good performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guohong Hu
- College of Mechanical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
- College of Information Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory of Advanced Manufacturing Technology of Jiaxing City, Jiaxing University, Jiaxing 341000, China
| | - Fengli Huang
- College of Information Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory of Advanced Manufacturing Technology of Jiaxing City, Jiaxing University, Jiaxing 341000, China
| | - Chengli Tang
- College of Information Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory of Advanced Manufacturing Technology of Jiaxing City, Jiaxing University, Jiaxing 341000, China
| | - Jinmei Gu
- College of Information Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory of Advanced Manufacturing Technology of Jiaxing City, Jiaxing University, Jiaxing 341000, China
| | - Zhiheng Yu
- College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Jiaxing Nanhu University, Jiaxing 314000, China
| | - Yun Zhao
- College of Information Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory of Advanced Manufacturing Technology of Jiaxing City, Jiaxing University, Jiaxing 341000, China
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25
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Yang Q, Liu N, Yin J, Tian H, Yang Y, Ren TL. Understanding the Origin of Tensile Response in a Graphene Textile Strain Sensor with Negative Differential Resistance. ACS NANO 2022; 16:14230-14238. [PMID: 36094408 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.2c04348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The flexible strain sensors based on the textile substrate have natural flexibility, high sensitivity, and wide-range tensile response. However, the textile's complex and anisotropic substructure leads to a negative differential resistance (NDR) response, lacking a deeper understanding of the mechanism. Therefore, we examined a graphene textile strain sensor with a conspicuous NDR tensile response, providing a requisite research platform for mechanism investigation. The pioneering measurement of single fiber bundles confirmed the existence of the NDR effect on the subgeometry scale. Based on the in situ characterization of tensile morphology and measurement, we conducted quantitative behavior analyses to reveal the origin of tensile electrical responses in the full range comprehensively. The results showed that the dominant factor in generating the NDR effect is the relative displacement of fibers within the textile bundles. Based on the neural spiking-like tensile response, we further demonstrated the application potential of the textile strain sensor in threshold detection and near-sensor signal processing. The proposed NDR behavior model would provide a reference for the design and application of wearable intelligent textiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qisheng Yang
- School of Integrated Circuits & Beijing National Research on Information Science and Technology (BNRist), Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Ning Liu
- School of Integrated Circuits & Beijing National Research on Information Science and Technology (BNRist), Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Jiaju Yin
- School of Integrated Circuits & Beijing National Research on Information Science and Technology (BNRist), Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- School of Aerospace Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - He Tian
- School of Integrated Circuits & Beijing National Research on Information Science and Technology (BNRist), Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yi Yang
- School of Integrated Circuits & Beijing National Research on Information Science and Technology (BNRist), Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Tian-Ling Ren
- School of Integrated Circuits & Beijing National Research on Information Science and Technology (BNRist), Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
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26
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Liu Z, Wang J, Zhang Q, Li Z, Li Z, Cheng L, Dai F. Electrospinning Silk Fibroin/Graphene Nanofiber Membrane Used for 3D Wearable Pressure Sensor. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14183875. [PMID: 36146023 PMCID: PMC9502556 DOI: 10.3390/polym14183875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Revised: 09/01/2022] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
With the improvement of science and technology, flexible sensors have become a hot research topic. Flexible sensors have broad application in human health detection and motion detection and other fields. In this paper, the silk fibroin/graphene nanofiber membranes were prepared by double needle electrospinning. In addition, the high sensitivity of the three-dimensional composite hierarchy was obtained by superimposing a monolayer silk fibroin/graphene nanofiber membrane, which was prepared via double needle electrospinning. In addition, the three-dimensional hierarchy was encapsulated by polydimethylsiloxane to prepare a pressure sensor. The sensitivity of the pressure sensor can achieve 7.7 Pa−1. In addition, this pressure sensor has excellent durability (>2000 cycles) and shorter response times (490 ms), which has broad research prospects in human health detection and motion detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zulan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Key Laboratory of Sericultural Biology and Genetic Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
- Chongqing Engineering Research Center of Biomaterial Fiber and Modern Textile, College of Sericulture, Textile and Biomass Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Jiaxuan Wang
- Chongqing Engineering Research Center of Biomaterial Fiber and Modern Textile, College of Sericulture, Textile and Biomass Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Qian Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Key Laboratory of Sericultural Biology and Genetic Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Zheng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Key Laboratory of Sericultural Biology and Genetic Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Zhi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Key Laboratory of Sericultural Biology and Genetic Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
- Chongqing Engineering Research Center of Biomaterial Fiber and Modern Textile, College of Sericulture, Textile and Biomass Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Lan Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Key Laboratory of Sericultural Biology and Genetic Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
- Chongqing Engineering Research Center of Biomaterial Fiber and Modern Textile, College of Sericulture, Textile and Biomass Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
- Correspondence: (L.C.); (F.D.)
| | - Fangyin Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Key Laboratory of Sericultural Biology and Genetic Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
- Chongqing Engineering Research Center of Biomaterial Fiber and Modern Textile, College of Sericulture, Textile and Biomass Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
- Correspondence: (L.C.); (F.D.)
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27
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Cheng X, Cai J, Xu J, Gong D. High-Performance Strain Sensors Based on Au/Graphene Composite Films with Hierarchical Cracks for Wide Linear-Range Motion Monitoring. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:39230-39239. [PMID: 35988067 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c10226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Stretchable strain sensors based on nanomaterial thin films have aroused extensive interest for the strain perception of smart skins. However, it still remains challenging to have them achieve high sensitivity over wide linear working ranges. Herein, we propose a facile strategy to fabricate stretchable strain sensors based on Au/graphene composite films (AGCFs) with hierarchical cracks and demonstrate their superior sensing performances. The polydimethylsiloxane substrates were covered with self-assembled graphene films (SAGFs) and sputtered with Au, and then prestretching was applied to introduce hierarchical cracks. The AGCF strain sensors exhibited high sensitivity (gauge factor (GF) ≈ 153) and favorable linearity (R2 ≈ 0.9975) in the wide working range (0-20%) with ultralow overshooting (∼1.7% at 20%), fast response (<42.5 ms), and also excellent cycling stability (1500 cycles). Besides, these patternable sensors could further achieve higher GF (∼320) via pattern designing. The dominant effect of the intermediate wrinkled SAGFs in forming hierarchical cracks was studied, and the linear sensing mechanism of the as-formed fractal microstructures was also revealed in detail. Moreover, the AGCF strain sensors were tested for motion monitoring of the human body and electronic bird. Due to the remarkable versatility, scalable fabrication, and integration capability, these sensors demonstrate great potential to construct smart skins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Cheng
- School of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, Beihang University, No. 37 Xueyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Jun Cai
- School of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, Beihang University, No. 37 Xueyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Jiahua Xu
- School of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, Beihang University, No. 37 Xueyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100191, China
| | - De Gong
- School of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, Beihang University, No. 37 Xueyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100191, China
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28
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Muhammed Ajmal C, Cha S, Kim W, Faseela KP, Yang H, Baik S. Invariable resistance of conductive nanocomposite over 30% strain. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eabn3365. [PMID: 35960794 PMCID: PMC9374331 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abn3365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The dependence of the electrical resistance on materials' geometry determines the performance of conductive nanocomposites. Here, we report the invariable resistance of a conductive nanocomposite over 30% strain. This is enabled by the in situ-generated hierarchically structured silver nanosatellite particles, realizing a short interparticle distance (4.37 nm) in a stretchable silicone rubber matrix. Furthermore, the barrier height is tuned to be negligible by matching the electron affinity of silicone rubber to the work function of silver. The stretching results in the electron flow without additional scattering in the silicone rubber matrix. The transport is changed to quantum tunneling if the barrier height is gradually increased by using different matrix polymers with smaller electron affinities, such as ethyl vinyl acetates and thermoplastic polyurethane. The tunneling current decreases with increasing strain, which is accurately described by the Simmons approximation theory. The tunable transport in nanocomposites provides an advancement in the design of stretchable conductors.
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Affiliation(s)
- C. Muhammed Ajmal
- Center for Nanotubes and Nanostructured Composites, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Seokjae Cha
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Wonjoon Kim
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - K. P. Faseela
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Heejun Yang
- Department of Physics, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Seunghyun Baik
- Center for Nanotubes and Nanostructured Composites, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
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Lian H, Xue M, Ma K, Mo D, Wang L, Cui Z, Chen X. Three-Dimensional Printed Carbon Black/PDMS Composite Flexible Strain Sensor for Human Motion Monitoring. MICROMACHINES 2022; 13:mi13081247. [PMID: 36014169 PMCID: PMC9416005 DOI: 10.3390/mi13081247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2022] [Revised: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 07/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
High-performance flexible strain sensors with a low cost, simple structure, and large-scale fabrication methods have a high demand in soft robotics, wearable devices, and health monitoring. Here, a direct-ink-writing-based 3D printing method, which fabricates structural layers in an efficient, layered manner, was developed to fabricate a stretchable and flexible strain sensor composed of carbon black/silicone elastomer (CB/PDMS) composites as the strain-sensing elements and electrodes. As the sensing element, the CB/PDMS composite had a sensitivity of 5.696 in the linear strain detection range of 0 to 60%, with good stability and low hysteresis. The flexible strain sensor demonstrates potential in monitoring various human motions, including large deformation motions of the human body, and muscle motions with facial micro-expressions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haishan Lian
- School of Mechanical and Electronic Engineering, Lingnan Normal University, Zhanjiang 524048, China; (H.L.); (K.M.); (D.M.); (Z.C.)
| | - Ming Xue
- School of Intelligent Manufacturing, Dongguan Technician College, Dongguan 523112, China;
| | - Kanglin Ma
- School of Mechanical and Electronic Engineering, Lingnan Normal University, Zhanjiang 524048, China; (H.L.); (K.M.); (D.M.); (Z.C.)
| | - Deyun Mo
- School of Mechanical and Electronic Engineering, Lingnan Normal University, Zhanjiang 524048, China; (H.L.); (K.M.); (D.M.); (Z.C.)
| | - Lei Wang
- School of Mechanical and Electronic Engineering, Lingnan Normal University, Zhanjiang 524048, China; (H.L.); (K.M.); (D.M.); (Z.C.)
- Correspondence: (L.W.); (X.C.)
| | - Zaifu Cui
- School of Mechanical and Electronic Engineering, Lingnan Normal University, Zhanjiang 524048, China; (H.L.); (K.M.); (D.M.); (Z.C.)
| | - Xiaojun Chen
- School of Mechanical and Electronic Engineering, Lingnan Normal University, Zhanjiang 524048, China; (H.L.); (K.M.); (D.M.); (Z.C.)
- Correspondence: (L.W.); (X.C.)
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30
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Zhang X, Zhang G, Huang X, He J, Bai Y, Zhang L. Antifreezing and Nondrying Sensors of Ionic Hydrogels with a Double-Layer Structure for Highly Sensitive Motion Monitoring. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:30256-30267. [PMID: 35749282 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c08589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Freezing and dehydration together with interfacial failure are capable of causing the functional reduction of hydrogels for sensing applications. Herein, we develop a multifunctional bilayer that consists of a mussel-inspired adhesive layer and a functionally ionic layer that is composed of sodium p-styrene sulfonate (SSS) and an ionic liquid of [BMIM]Cl. The adhesive layer enables the strong adhesion of the bilayer to the surface of the skin. The introduction of ionic elements of SSS-[BMIM]Cl not only provides the bilayer with sensing adaptability in a wide temperature range of -25 to 75 °C, but also endows it with elastic, stretchable, self-healing, and conductive features. These mechanical properties are utilized to assemble a wearable sensor that has unprecedented sensitivity and reusability in monitoring human motions, including stretching, pulsing, frowning, and speaking. It is thus expected that the concept in this work would provide a promising route to design soft sensing devices that can work in a wide temperature range.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyong Zhang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Mining Response and Disaster Prevention and Control in Deep Coal Mines, Anhui University of Science and Technology, Huainan, Anhui 232001, P. R. China
| | - Gui Zhang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Mining Response and Disaster Prevention and Control in Deep Coal Mines, Anhui University of Science and Technology, Huainan, Anhui 232001, P. R. China
| | - Xinhua Huang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Mining Response and Disaster Prevention and Control in Deep Coal Mines, Anhui University of Science and Technology, Huainan, Anhui 232001, P. R. China
| | - Jinmei He
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150000, P. R. China
| | - Yongping Bai
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150000, P. R. China
| | - Lidong Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, P. R. China
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31
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Ding H, Wu Z, Wang H, Zhou Z, Wei Y, Tao K, Xie X, Wu J. An ultrastretchable, high-performance, and crosstalk-free proximity and pressure bimodal sensor based on ionic hydrogel fibers for human-machine interfaces. MATERIALS HORIZONS 2022; 9:1935-1946. [PMID: 35535758 DOI: 10.1039/d2mh00281g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The traditional human-machine interaction mode of communicating solely with pressure sensors needs modification, especially at a time when COVID-19 is circulating globally. Here, a transparent, stretchable, resilient, and high-performance hydrogel fiber-based bimodal sensor is fabricated by using a polyacrylamide-alginate double network hydrogel, which features high sensitivity (3.17% cm-1), wide working range (18 cm), fast response/recovery speeds (90/90 ms) and good stability in proximity sensing, and impressive pressure sensing performance, including high sensitivity (0.91 kPa-1), short response/recovery time (40/40 ms), low detection limit (63 Pa) and good linearity. Moreover, the response switch between proximity/pressure modes is measured and non-interfering dual-mode detection is achieved. Notably, the stretchable bimodal sensor is capable of working under 100% tensile strain without degrading the sensing performance. Specifically, the proximity sensor shows good immunity to the strain, while the pressure sensitivity is even promoted. Furthermore, the sensor is tough enough to work normally after punctures from a knife and strikes from a wrench. Notably, the sensor can be used for gesture recognition and subtle pressure detection, such as small water droplets (10 mg), wrist pulse, etc. A 3 × 3 array is further shown for accurate spatial sensing and location identification, verifying the feasibility of its practical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haojun Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies and the Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Display Material and Technology, School of Electronics and Information Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China.
| | - Zixuan Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies and the Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Display Material and Technology, School of Electronics and Information Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China.
| | - Hao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies and the Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Display Material and Technology, School of Electronics and Information Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China.
| | - Zijing Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies and the Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Display Material and Technology, School of Electronics and Information Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China.
| | - Yaoming Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies and the Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Display Material and Technology, School of Electronics and Information Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China.
| | - Kai Tao
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Micro and Nano Systems for Aerospace, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China
| | - Xi Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies and the Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Display Material and Technology, School of Electronics and Information Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China.
| | - Jin Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies and the Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Display Material and Technology, School of Electronics and Information Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China.
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The era of nano-bionic: 2D materials for wearable and implantable body sensors. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2022; 186:114315. [PMID: 35513130 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2022.114315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Revised: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 04/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Nano-bionics have the potential of revolutionizing modern medicine. Among nano-bionic devices, body sensors allow to monitor in real-time the health of patients, to achieve personalized medicine, and even to restore or enhance human functions. The advent of two-dimensional (2D) materials is facilitating the manufacturing of miniaturized and ultrathin bioelectronics, that can be easily integrated in the human body. Their unique electronic properties allow to efficiently transduce physical and chemical stimuli into electric current. Their flexibility and nanometric thickness facilitate the adaption and adhesion to human body. The low opacity permits to obtain transparent devices. The good cellular adhesion and reduced cytotoxicity are advantageous for the integration of the devices in vivo. Herein we review the latest and more significant examples of 2D material-based sensors for health monitoring, describing their architectures, sensing mechanisms, advantages and, as well, the challenges and drawbacks that hampers their translation into commercial clinical devices.
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33
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Frontiñan-Rubio J, Llanos-González E, González VJ, Vázquez E, Durán-Prado M. Subchronic Graphene Exposure Reshapes Skin Cell Metabolism. J Proteome Res 2022; 21:1675-1685. [PMID: 35611947 PMCID: PMC9251767 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.2c00064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
![]()
In recent years,
the toxicity of graphene-related materials (GRMs)
has been evaluated in diverse models to guarantee their safety. In
most applications, sublethal doses of GRMs contact human barriers
such as skin in a subchronic way. Herein, the subchronic effect (30
day exposure) of three GRMs (GO 1, GO 2, and FLG) with different oxidation
degrees and sizes was studied. The effects of these materials on human
skin cells, HaCaTs, were assayed through high-throughput metabolic-based
readout and other cell-based assays. A differential effect was found
between the different GRMs. GO 2 induced a metabolic remodeling in
epithelial cells, increasing the level of tricarboxylic acid components,
mirrored by increased cell proliferation and changes in cell phenotype.
The oxidation degree, size, and method of manufacture of GRMs dictated
harmful effects on cell metabolism and behavior generated by nontoxic
exposures. Therefore, a “safe by design” procedure is
necessary when working with these nanomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Viviana Jehová González
- Instituto Regional de Investigación Científica Aplicada (IRICA), Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain.,Faculty of Chemical Science and Technology, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Ester Vázquez
- Instituto Regional de Investigación Científica Aplicada (IRICA), Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain.,Faculty of Chemical Science and Technology, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Mario Durán-Prado
- Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain
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34
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Lipase induced highly hydrophobic nanofibrillated cellulose film for strain sensor application. Carbohydr Polym 2022; 284:119193. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2022.119193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Revised: 01/02/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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35
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Graphene-Based Flexible Electrode for Electrocardiogram Signal Monitoring. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/app12094526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
With the rapidly aging society and increased concern for personal cardiovascular health, novel, flexible electrodes suitable for electrocardiogram (ECG) signal monitoring are in demand. Based on the excellent electrical and mechanical properties of graphene and the rapid development of graphene device fabrication technologies, graphene-based ECG electrodes have recently attracted much attention, and many flexible graphene electrodes with excellent performance have been developed. To understand the current research progress of graphene-based ECG electrodes and help researchers clarify current development conditions and directions, we systematically review the recent advances in graphene-based flexible ECG electrodes. Graphene electrodes are classified as bionic, fabric-based, biodegradable, laser-induced/scribed, modified-graphene, sponge-like, invasive, etc., based on their design concept, structural characteristics, preparation methods, and material properties. Moreover, some categories are further divided into dry or wet electrodes. Then, their performance, including electrode–skin impedance, signal-to-noise ratio, skin compatibility, and stability, is analyzed. Finally, we discuss possible development directions of graphene ECG electrodes and share our views.
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36
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Qiao Y, Tang H, Liu H, Jian J, Ji S, Han F, Liu Z, Liu Y, Li Y, Cui T, Cai J, Gou G, Zhou B, Yang Y, Ren TL, Zhou J. Intelligent and highly sensitive strain sensor based on indium tin oxide micromesh with a high crack density. NANOSCALE 2022; 14:4234-4243. [PMID: 35234767 DOI: 10.1039/d1nr08005a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Cracks play an important role in strain sensors. However, a systematic analysis of how cracks influence the strain sensors has not been proposed. In this work, an intelligent and highly sensitive strain sensor based on indium tin oxide (ITO)/polyurethane (PU) micromesh is realized. The micromesh has good skin compatibility, water vapor permeability, and stability. Due to the color of the ITO/PU micromesh, it can be invisible on the skin. Based on the fragility of ITO, the density and resistance of cracks in the micromesh are greatly improved. Therefore, the ITO/PU micromesh strain sensor (IMSS) has an ultrahigh gauge factor (744.3). In addition, a finite element model based on four resistance layers is proposed to explain the performance of the IMSS and show the importance of high-density cracks. Compared with other strain sensors based on low-density cracks, the IMSS based on high-density cracks has larger sensitivity and better linearity. Physiological signals, such as respiration, pulse, and joint motion, can be monitored using the IMSS self-fixed on the skin. Finally, an invisible and artificial throat has been realized by combining the IMSS with a convolutional neural network algorithm. The artificial throat can translate the throat vibrations of the tester automatically with an accuracy of 86.5%. This work has great potential in health care and language function reconstruction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yancong Qiao
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen, 518107, China.
| | - Hao Tang
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen, 518107, China.
| | - Haidong Liu
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen, 518107, China.
| | - Jinming Jian
- School of Integrated Circuits (SIC) and Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology (BNRist), Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China.
| | - Shourui Ji
- School of Integrated Circuits (SIC) and Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology (BNRist), Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China.
| | - Fei Han
- CAS Key Laboratory of Human-Machine Intelligence-Synergy Systems, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Zhiyuan Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Human-Machine Intelligence-Synergy Systems, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Ying Liu
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen, 518107, China.
| | - Yuanfang Li
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen, 518107, China.
| | - Tianrui Cui
- School of Integrated Circuits (SIC) and Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology (BNRist), Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China.
| | - Jingxuan Cai
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen, 518107, China.
| | - Guangyang Gou
- School of Integrated Circuits (SIC) and Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology (BNRist), Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China.
| | - Bingpu Zhou
- Joint Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Applied Physics and Materials Engineering, University of Macau, Avenida da Universidade, Taipa, Macau 999078, China
| | - Yi Yang
- School of Integrated Circuits (SIC) and Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology (BNRist), Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China.
| | - Tian-Ling Ren
- School of Integrated Circuits (SIC) and Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology (BNRist), Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China.
| | - Jianhua Zhou
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen, 518107, China.
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37
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Caffrey E, Garcia JR, O'Suilleabhain D, Gabbett C, Carey T, Coleman JN. Quantifying the Piezoresistive Mechanism in High-Performance Printed Graphene Strain Sensors. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:7141-7151. [PMID: 35099920 PMCID: PMC8832394 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c21623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Printed strain sensors will be important in applications such as wearable devices, which monitor breathing and heart function. Such sensors need to combine high sensitivity and low resistance with other factors such as cyclability, low hysteresis, and minimal frequency/strain-rate dependence. Although nanocomposite sensors can display a high gauge factor (G), they often perform poorly in the other areas. Recently, evidence has been growing that printed, polymer-free networks of nanoparticles, such as graphene nanosheets, display very good all-round sensing performance, although the details of the sensing mechanism are poorly understood. Here, we perform a detailed characterization of the thickness dependence of piezoresistive sensors based on printed networks of graphene nanosheets. We find both conductivity and gauge factor to display percolative behavior at low network thickness but bulk-like behavior for networks above ∼100 nm thick. We use percolation theory to derive an equation for gauge factor as a function of network thickness, which well-describes the observed thickness dependence, including the divergence in gauge factor as the percolation threshold is approached. Our analysis shows that the dominant contributor to the sensor performance is not the effect of strain on internanosheet junctions but the strain-induced modification of the network structure. Finally, we find these networks display excellent cyclability, hysteresis, and frequency/strain-rate dependence as well as gauge factors as high as 350.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eoin Caffrey
- School of Physics, CRANN & AMBER Research Centres, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin D2, Ireland
| | - James R Garcia
- School of Physics, CRANN & AMBER Research Centres, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin D2, Ireland
| | - Domhnall O'Suilleabhain
- School of Physics, CRANN & AMBER Research Centres, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin D2, Ireland
| | - Cian Gabbett
- School of Physics, CRANN & AMBER Research Centres, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin D2, Ireland
| | - Tian Carey
- School of Physics, CRANN & AMBER Research Centres, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin D2, Ireland
| | - Jonathan N Coleman
- School of Physics, CRANN & AMBER Research Centres, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin D2, Ireland
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Qiao Y, Li X, Wang J, Ji S, Hirtz T, Tian H, Jian J, Cui T, Dong Y, Xu X, Wang F, Wang H, Zhou J, Yang Y, Someya T, Ren TL. Intelligent and Multifunctional Graphene Nanomesh Electronic Skin with High Comfort. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2022; 18:e2104810. [PMID: 34882950 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202104810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Revised: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
As the aging population increases in many countries, electronic skin (e-skin) for health monitoring has been attracting much attention. However, to realize the industrialization of e-skin, two factors must be optimized. The first is to achieve high comfort, which can significantly improve the user experience. The second is to make the e-skin intelligent, so it can detect and analyze physiological signals at the same time. In this article, intelligent and multifunctional e-skin consisting of laser-scribed graphene and polyurethane (PU) nanomesh is realized with high comfort. The e-skin can be used as a strain sensor with large measurement range (>60%), good sensitivity (GF≈40), high linearity range (60%), and excellent stability (>1000 cycles). By analyzing the morphology of e-skin, a parallel networks model is proposed to express the mechanism of the strain sensor. In addition, laser scribing is also applied to etch the insulating PU, which greatly decreases the impedance in detecting electrophysiology signals. Finally, the e-skin is applied to monitor the electrocardiogram, electroencephalogram (EEG), and electrooculogram signals. A time- and frequency-domain concatenated convolution neural network is built to analyze the EEG signal detected using the e-skin on the forehead and classify the attention level of testers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yancong Qiao
- School of Integrated Circuits (SIC) and Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology (BNRist), Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen, 518707, China
| | - Xiaoshi Li
- School of Integrated Circuits (SIC) and Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology (BNRist), Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Jiabin Wang
- Electrical and Electronic Engineering and Information Systems, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8656, Japan
| | - Shourui Ji
- School of Integrated Circuits (SIC) and Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology (BNRist), Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Thomas Hirtz
- School of Integrated Circuits (SIC) and Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology (BNRist), Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - He Tian
- School of Integrated Circuits (SIC) and Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology (BNRist), Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Jinming Jian
- School of Integrated Circuits (SIC) and Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology (BNRist), Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Tianrui Cui
- School of Integrated Circuits (SIC) and Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology (BNRist), Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Ying Dong
- School of Integrated Circuits (SIC) and Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology (BNRist), Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Xinwei Xu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Fei Wang
- School of Microelectronics, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Hong Wang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Jianhua Zhou
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen, 518707, China
| | - Yi Yang
- School of Integrated Circuits (SIC) and Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology (BNRist), Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Takao Someya
- Electrical and Electronic Engineering and Information Systems, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8656, Japan
| | - Tian-Ling Ren
- School of Integrated Circuits (SIC) and Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology (BNRist), Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
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39
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Femtosecond Laser-Based Additive Manufacturing: Current Status and Perspectives. QUANTUM BEAM SCIENCE 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/qubs6010005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/10/2022]
Abstract
The ever-growing interest in additive manufacturing (AM) is evidenced by its extensive utilisation to manufacture a broad spectrum of products across a range of industries such as defence, medical, aerospace, automotive, and electronics. Today, most laser-based AM is carried out by employing continuous-wave (CW) and long-pulsed lasers. The CW and long-pulsed lasers have the downside in that the thermal energy imparted by the laser diffuses around the irradiated spot and often leads to the creation of heat-affected zones (HAZs). Heat-affected zones may degrade the material strength by producing micro-cracks, porous structures and residual stresses. To address these issues, currently, attempts are being made to employ ultrafast laser sources, such as femtosecond (fs) lasers, in AM processes. Femtosecond lasers with pulse durations in the order of 10−15 s limit the destructive laser–material interaction and, thus, minimise the probability of the HAZs. This review summarises the current advancements in the field of femtosecond laser-based AM of metals and alloys. It also reports on the comparison of CW laser, nanosecond (ns)/picosecond (ps) lasers with fs laser-based AM in the context of heat-affected zones, substrate damage, microstructural changes and thermomechanical properties. To shed light on the principal mechanisms ruling the manufacturing processes, numerical predictions are discussed and compared with the experimental results. To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this review is the first of its kind to encompass the current status, challenges and opportunities of employing fs lasers in additive manufacturing.
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40
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Wang W, Lu L, Li Z, Lin L, Liang Z, Lu X, Xie Y. Fingerprint-Inspired Strain Sensor with Balanced Sensitivity and Strain Range Using Laser-Induced Graphene. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:1315-1325. [PMID: 34931519 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c16646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Sensitivity and strain range are two mutually exclusive features of strain sensors, where a significant improvement in flexibility is usually accompanied by a reduction in sensitivity. The skin of a human fingertip, due to its undulating fingerprint pattern, can easily detect environmental signals and enhances sensitivity without losing elasticity. Inspired by this characteristic, laser-induced graphene (LIG) with a fingerprint structure is prepared in one step on a polyimide (PI) film and transferred into an Ecoflex substrate to assemble resistive strain sensors. Experimentally, the fingerprint-inspired strain sensor exhibits a superfast response time (∼70 ms), balanced sensitivity and strain range (a gauge factor of 191.55 in the 42-50% strain range), and good reliability (>1500 cycles). Self-organized microcracks, initiated in weak mechanical areas, cause prominent resistance changes during reconnection/disconnection but irreversibly fail after excessive stretching. The robust function of fingerprint-inspired sensors is further demonstrated by real-time monitoring of tiny pulses, large body movements, gestures, and voice recognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wentao Wang
- School of Mechanical & Automotive Engineering, South China University of Technology, 381#Wushan Road, Guangzhou 510641, China
| | - Longsheng Lu
- School of Mechanical & Automotive Engineering, South China University of Technology, 381#Wushan Road, Guangzhou 510641, China
| | - Zehong Li
- School of Mechanical & Automotive Engineering, South China University of Technology, 381#Wushan Road, Guangzhou 510641, China
| | - Lihui Lin
- School of Mechanical & Automotive Engineering, South China University of Technology, 381#Wushan Road, Guangzhou 510641, China
| | - Zhanbo Liang
- School of Mechanical & Automotive Engineering, South China University of Technology, 381#Wushan Road, Guangzhou 510641, China
| | - Xiaoyu Lu
- School of Mechanical & Automotive Engineering, South China University of Technology, 381#Wushan Road, Guangzhou 510641, China
| | - Yingxi Xie
- School of Mechanical & Automotive Engineering, South China University of Technology, 381#Wushan Road, Guangzhou 510641, China
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Machine Learning Methods for Automatic Silent Speech Recognition Using a Wearable Graphene Strain Gauge Sensor. SENSORS 2021; 22:s22010299. [PMID: 35009845 PMCID: PMC8749657 DOI: 10.3390/s22010299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 12/25/2021] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Silent speech recognition is the ability to recognise intended speech without audio information. Useful applications can be found in situations where sound waves are not produced or cannot be heard. Examples include speakers with physical voice impairments or environments in which audio transference is not reliable or secure. Developing a device which can detect non-auditory signals and map them to intended phonation could be used to develop a device to assist in such situations. In this work, we propose a graphene-based strain gauge sensor which can be worn on the throat and detect small muscle movements and vibrations. Machine learning algorithms then decode the non-audio signals and create a prediction on intended speech. The proposed strain gauge sensor is highly wearable, utilising graphene’s unique and beneficial properties including strength, flexibility and high conductivity. A highly flexible and wearable sensor able to pick up small throat movements is fabricated by screen printing graphene onto lycra fabric. A framework for interpreting this information is proposed which explores the use of several machine learning techniques to predict intended words from the signals. A dataset of 15 unique words and four movements, each with 20 repetitions, was developed and used for the training of the machine learning algorithms. The results demonstrate the ability for such sensors to be able to predict spoken words. We produced a word accuracy rate of 55% on the word dataset and 85% on the movements dataset. This work demonstrates a proof-of-concept for the viability of combining a highly wearable graphene strain gauge and machine leaning methods to automate silent speech recognition.
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Adamatzky A, Ayres P, Beasley AE, Chiolerio A, Dehshibi MM, Gandia A, Albergati E, Mayne R, Nikolaidou A, Roberts N, Tegelaar M, Tsompanas MA, Phillips N, Wösten HAB. Fungal electronics. Biosystems 2021; 212:104588. [PMID: 34979157 DOI: 10.1016/j.biosystems.2021.104588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2021] [Revised: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Fungal electronics is a family of living electronic devices made of mycelium bound composites or pure mycelium. Fungal electronic devices are capable of changing their impedance and generating spikes of electrical potential in response to external control parameters. Fungal electronics can be embedded into fungal materials and wearables or used as stand alone sensing and computing devices.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Phil Ayres
- The Centre for Information Technology and Architecture, Royal Danish Academy, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Alessandro Chiolerio
- Unconventional Computing Laboratory, UWE, Bristol, UK; Center for Bioinspired Soft Robotics, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego 30, 10163 Genova, Italy
| | - Mohammad M Dehshibi
- Department of Computer Science, Multimedia and Telecommunications, Universitat Oberta de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Antoni Gandia
- Institute for Plant Molecular and Cell Biology, CSIC-UPV, Valencia, Spain
| | - Elena Albergati
- Department of Design, Politecnico di Milano, Milan, Italy; MOGU S.r.l., Inarzo, Italy
| | - Richard Mayne
- Unconventional Computing Laboratory, UWE, Bristol, UK
| | | | - Nic Roberts
- Unconventional Computing Laboratory, UWE, Bristol, UK
| | - Martin Tegelaar
- Microbiology, Department of Biology, University of Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | | | - Neil Phillips
- Unconventional Computing Laboratory, UWE, Bristol, UK
| | - Han A B Wösten
- Microbiology, Department of Biology, University of Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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43
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Wei Y, Li X, Wang Y, Hirtz T, Guo Z, Qiao Y, Cui T, Tian H, Yang Y, Ren TL. Graphene-Based Multifunctional Textile for Sensing and Actuating. ACS NANO 2021; 15:17738-17747. [PMID: 34723481 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.1c05701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Textiles are materials that are extensively used in everyday life; textile-based sensors can, therefore, be regarded as ideal devices for a health monitor. However, previously reported textile sensors have limited prospects due to their single function or incompatibility. Traditional textile sensors generally focus on signal detection, which has not been able to be combined with an actuator to provide real-time health status feedback. Thus, to date, there are no well-established health monitoring systems based on intelligent textiles. Herein, we present a wearable batch-prepared graphene-based textile based on laser-scribing and thermal-transfer technology. Integrated with four functions of strain sensing, pressure sensing, physiological electrical sensing, and sound emitting, the GT is able to detect human body signals and transduce them to sound signals when the user is in an abnormal physical state. Moreover, the GT has high linearity for both strain and pressure sensing; the coefficients of determination exceed 99.3% and 98.2%, respectively. The performance of the device remains stable up to a pressure of 1000 kPa. The response time of the GT possession reaches as low as 85 ms at 4.2 Pa pressure. Therefore, due to their diversified functions and good performance, the research on GT is expected to extend to the fields of health monitoring, sports monitoring, and so forth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhong Wei
- School of Integrated Circuits and Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology (BNRist), Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Xiaoshi Li
- School of Integrated Circuits and Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology (BNRist), Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yunfan Wang
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Thomas Hirtz
- School of Integrated Circuits and Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology (BNRist), Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Zhanfeng Guo
- School of Integrated Circuits and Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology (BNRist), Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yancong Qiao
- School of Integrated Circuits and Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology (BNRist), Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Tianrui Cui
- School of Integrated Circuits and Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology (BNRist), Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - He Tian
- School of Integrated Circuits and Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology (BNRist), Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yi Yang
- School of Integrated Circuits and Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology (BNRist), Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Tian-Ling Ren
- School of Integrated Circuits and Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology (BNRist), Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
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Structure-Activity Relationship of Graphene-Based Materials: Impact of the Surface Chemistry, Surface Specific Area and Lateral Size on Their In Vitro Toxicity. NANOMATERIALS 2021; 11:nano11112963. [PMID: 34835726 PMCID: PMC8619174 DOI: 10.3390/nano11112963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Revised: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Predictive toxicity and structure–activity relationships (SARs) are raising interest since the number of nanomaterials has become unmanageable to assess their toxicity with a classical case-by-case approach. Graphene-based materials (GBMs) are among the most promising nanomaterials of this decade and their application might lead to several innovations. However, their toxicity impact needs to be thoroughly assessed. In this regard, we conducted a study on 22 GBMs to investigate their potential SARs by performing a complete physicochemical characterization and in vitro toxicity assessment (on RAW264.7 cells). We used GBMs of variable lateral size (0.5–38 µm), specific surface area (SSA, 30–880 m²/g), and surface oxidation (2–17%). We observed that reduced graphene oxides (RGOs) were more reactive than graphene nanoplatelets (GNPs), potentially highlighting the role of GBM’s surface chemistry and surface defects density in their biological impact. We also observed that for GNPs, a smaller lateral size caused higher cytotoxicity. Lastly, GBMs showing a SSA higher than 200 m²/g were found to induce a higher ROS production. Mechanistic explanations are proposed in the discussion. In conclusion, pairing a full physicochemical characterization with a standardized toxicity assessment of a large set of samples allowed us to clarify SARs and provide an additional step toward safe-by-design GBMs.
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Facile preparation of superhydrophobic conductive textiles and the application of real-time sensor of joint motion sensor. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2021.127257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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46
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Das S, Singh R, Das A, Bag S, Paily RP, Manna U. Abrasion tolerant, non-stretchable and super-water-repellent conductive & ultrasensitive pattern for identifying slow, fast, weak and strong human motions under diverse conditions. MATERIALS HORIZONS 2021; 8:2851-2858. [PMID: 34498655 DOI: 10.1039/d1mh01071a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The conversion of mechanical deformation into electrical signals is a widely used principle for various relevant applications. Facile & scalable fabrication, ultrahigh-sensitivity, low-response time and uninterrupted performance under severe conditions are hallmarks of an efficient strain-sensor that would be suitable for realistic application. In the past, various approaches were introduced to achieve high gauge factor-mainly associated with a large tensile deformation. But, in reality, a flexible strain sensor that displays a high gauge factor at low applied strain and remains efficient under practically relevant diverse and challenging conditions would be more appropriate for unambiguous and effective monitoring of human motions and other relevant applications. But, a low-strain sensor with ultrahigh sensitivity and durability is yet to be introduced in the literature. Here, a metal-free, chemically reactive and conductive ink is unprecedentedly introduced following a 1,4-conjugate addition reaction. Furthermore, a strategic integration of a chemically reactive porous paper with the prepared conductive ink allowed the development of a chemically reactive and conductive interface that allowed desired post covalent modification with selected alkylamines under ambient conditions. Taking advantage of the spatially selective deposition of the prepared ink on chemically recative paper and the ability of post covalent modification of the prepared ink, an abrasion tolerant superhydrophobic & conductive patterned interface was developed for achieving a low-strain (below 0.2%) based flexible strain sensor with an ultrahigh sensitivity (gauge factor ∼18 300) and low response time (8 ms). The external low-strain induced cracks on the flexible & durable superhydrophobic and conductive patterned interface provided a facile basis for real-time & wireless monitoring of slow, fast, weak and strong human motions & expressions-under diverse conditions, including continuous aqueous exposures, physical abrasions etc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Supriya Das
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology-Guwahati, Kamrup, Assam 781039, India.
| | - Rajan Singh
- Department of Electronics and Electrical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology-Guwahati, Kamrup, Assam 781039, India.
| | - Avijit Das
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology-Guwahati, Kamrup, Assam 781039, India.
| | - Sudipta Bag
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology-Guwahati, Kamrup, Assam 781039, India.
| | - Roy P Paily
- Department of Electronics and Electrical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology-Guwahati, Kamrup, Assam 781039, India.
- Centre for Nanotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology-Guwahati, Kamrup, Assam 781039, India
- School of Healthcare Science & Technology, Indian Institute of Technology-Guwahati, Kamrup, Assam 781039, India
| | - Uttam Manna
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology-Guwahati, Kamrup, Assam 781039, India.
- Centre for Nanotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology-Guwahati, Kamrup, Assam 781039, India
- School of Healthcare Science & Technology, Indian Institute of Technology-Guwahati, Kamrup, Assam 781039, India
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47
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Wang DC, Yu HY, Jiang L, Qi D, Zhang X, Chen L, Lv W, Xu W, Tam KC. Flexible, anti-damage, and non-contact sensing electronic skin implanted with MWCNT to block public pathogens contact infection. NANO RESEARCH 2021; 15:2616-2625. [PMID: 34608406 PMCID: PMC8482958 DOI: 10.1007/s12274-021-3831-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Revised: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED If a person comes into contact with pathogens on public facilities, there is a threat of contact (skin/wound) infections. More urgently, there are also reports about COVID-19 coronavirus contact infection, which once again reminds that contact infection is a very easily overlooked disease exposure route. Herein, we propose an innovative implantation strategy to fabricate a multi-walled carbon nanotube/polyvinyl alcohol (MWCNT/PVA, MCP) interpenetrating interface to achieve flexibility, anti-damage, and non-contact sensing electronic skin (E-skin). Interestingly, the MCP E-skin had a fascinating non-contact sensing function, which can respond to the finger approaching 0-20 mm through the spatial weak field. This non-contact sensing can be applied urgently to human-machine interactions in public facilities to block pathogen. The scratches of the fruit knife did not damage the MCP E-skin, and can resist chemical corrosion after hydrophobic treatment. In addition, the MCP E-skin was developed to real-time monitor the respiratory and cough for exercise detection and disease diagnosis. Notably, the MCP E-skin has great potential for emergency applications in times of infectious disease pandemics. ELECTRONIC SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL Supplementary material (fabrication of MCP E-skin, laser confocal tomography, parameter optimization, mechanical property characterization, finite element simulation, sensing mechanism, signal processing) is available in the online version of this article at 10.1007/s12274-021-3831-z.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duan-Chao Wang
- National Engineering Lab for Textile Fiber Materials & Processing Technology, College of Textile Science and Engineering, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, 310018 China
| | - Hou-Yong Yu
- National Engineering Lab for Textile Fiber Materials & Processing Technology, College of Textile Science and Engineering, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, 310018 China
- College of Information Science and Technology, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, 310018 China
| | - Lurong Jiang
- College of Information Science and Technology, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, 310018 China
| | - Dongming Qi
- National Engineering Lab for Textile Fiber Materials & Processing Technology, College of Textile Science and Engineering, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, 310018 China
| | - Xinxing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering Polymer Research Institute of Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065 China
| | - Lumin Chen
- National Engineering Lab for Textile Fiber Materials & Processing Technology, College of Textile Science and Engineering, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, 310018 China
| | - Wentao Lv
- College of Information Science and Technology, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, 310018 China
| | - Weiqiang Xu
- National Engineering Lab for Textile Fiber Materials & Processing Technology, College of Textile Science and Engineering, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, 310018 China
| | - Kam Chiu Tam
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Waterloo Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1 Canada
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48
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Li Q, Wu T, Zhao W, Ji J, Wang G. Laser-Induced Corrugated Graphene Films for Integrated Multimodal Sensors. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:37433-37444. [PMID: 34324306 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c12686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Microstructures play a dominant role in flexible electronics to improve the performance of the devices, including sensitivity, durability, stretchability, and so on. However, the complicated and expensive fabrication process of these microstructures extremely hampers the large-scale application of high-performance devices. Herein, we propose a novel method to fabricate flexible graphene-based sensors with a 3D microstructure by generating laser-induced graphene (LIG) on the 3D printed polyether ether ketone corrugated substrate, which is referred to as CLIG. Based on that, two integrated piezoresistive sensors are developed to monitor the precise strain and pressure signals. Contributed to the 3D corrugated graphene structure, the sensitivities of strain and pressure sensors can be up to 2203.5 and 678.2 kPa-1, respectively. In particular, the CLIG-based strain sensor exhibits a high resolution to the microdeformation (small as 1 μm or 0.01% strain) and remarkable durability (15,000 cycles); meanwhile, the pressure sensor presents a remarkable working range (1-500 kPa) and fast response time (24 ms). Furthermore, the CLIG-based sensors provide a stable data source in the applications of human-motion monitoring, pressure array, and self-sensing soft robotic systems. High accuracy allows CLIG sensors to recognize more subtle signals, such as pulse, swallowing, gesture distinction of human, and movement status of soft robotics. Overall, this technology shows a promising strategy to fabricate high-performance sensors with high efficiency and low cost.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiushi Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Space Manufacturing Technology, Technology and Engineering Center for Space Utilization, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100094, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Tongyu Wu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Space Manufacturing Technology, Technology and Engineering Center for Space Utilization, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100094, China
| | - Wei Zhao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Space Manufacturing Technology, Technology and Engineering Center for Space Utilization, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100094, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jiawen Ji
- CAS Key Laboratory of Space Manufacturing Technology, Technology and Engineering Center for Space Utilization, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100094, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Gong Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Space Manufacturing Technology, Technology and Engineering Center for Space Utilization, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100094, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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49
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Abstract
Electrodermal devices that capture the physiological response of skin are crucial for monitoring vital signals, but they often require convoluted layered designs with either electronic or ionic active materials relying on complicated synthesis procedures, encapsulation, and packaging techniques. Here, we report that the ionic transport in living systems can provide a simple mode of iontronic sensing and bypass the need of artificial ionic materials. A simple skin-electrode mechanosensing structure (SEMS) is constructed, exhibiting high pressure-resolution and spatial-resolution, being capable of feeling touch and detecting weak physiological signals such as fingertip pulse under different skin humidity. Our mechanical analysis reveals the critical role of instability in high-aspect-ratio microstructures on sensing. We further demonstrate pressure mapping with millimeter-spatial-resolution using a fully textile SEMS-based glove. The simplicity and reliability of SEMS hold great promise of diverse healthcare applications, such as pulse detection and recovering the sensory capability in patients with tactile dysfunction. Sensing mechanical signals is an important aspect for a range of applications of E-skins. Here, the authors report on the creation of deforming iontronic sensing structures which can use ionic transport through tissues to create a simple and sensitive E-skin for sensing touch, pulse and motion demonstrating application.
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50
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Zhou K, Xu W, Yu Y, Zhai W, Yuan Z, Dai K, Zheng G, Mi L, Pan C, Liu C, Shen C. Tunable and Nacre-Mimetic Multifunctional Electronic Skins for Highly Stretchable Contact-Noncontact Sensing. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2021; 17:e2100542. [PMID: 34174162 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202100542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Revised: 04/10/2021] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Electronic skins (e-skins) have attracted great attention for their applications in disease diagnostics, soft robots, and human-machine interaction. The integration of high sensitivity, low detection limit, large stretchability, and multiple stimulus response capacity into a single e-skin remains an enormous challenge. Herein, inspired by the structure of nacre, an ultra-stretchable and multifunctional e-skin with tunable strain detection range based on nacre-mimetic multi-layered silver nanowires /reduced graphene oxide /thermoplastic polyurethane mats is fabricated. The e-skin possesses extraordinary strain response performance with a tunable detection range (50 to 200% strain), an ultralow response limit (0.1% strain), a high sensitivity (gauge factor up to 1902.5), a fast response time (20 ms), and an excellent stability (stretching/releasing test of 11 000 cycles). These excellent response behaviors enable the e-skin to accurately monitor full-range human body motions. Additionally, the e-skin can detect relative humidity quickly and sensitively through a reversible physical adsorption/desorption of water vapor, and the assembled e-skin array exhibits excellent performance in noncontact sensing. The tunable and multifunctional e-skins show promising applications in motion monitoring and contact-noncontact human machine interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kangkang Zhou
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and Mold (Zhengzhou University), Ministry of Education, National Engineering Research Center for Advanced Polymer Processing Technology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, Beijing Key Laboratory of Micro-nano Energy and Sensor, Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 101400, P. R. China
| | - Wangjiehao Xu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and Mold (Zhengzhou University), Ministry of Education, National Engineering Research Center for Advanced Polymer Processing Technology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Yunfei Yu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and Mold (Zhengzhou University), Ministry of Education, National Engineering Research Center for Advanced Polymer Processing Technology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Wei Zhai
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and Mold (Zhengzhou University), Ministry of Education, National Engineering Research Center for Advanced Polymer Processing Technology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Zuqing Yuan
- CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, Beijing Key Laboratory of Micro-nano Energy and Sensor, Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 101400, P. R. China
| | - Kun Dai
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and Mold (Zhengzhou University), Ministry of Education, National Engineering Research Center for Advanced Polymer Processing Technology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Guoqiang Zheng
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and Mold (Zhengzhou University), Ministry of Education, National Engineering Research Center for Advanced Polymer Processing Technology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Liwei Mi
- School of Materials and Chemical Engineering, Zhongyuan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, Henan, 451191, China
| | - Caofeng Pan
- CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, Beijing Key Laboratory of Micro-nano Energy and Sensor, Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 101400, P. R. China
| | - Chuntai Liu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and Mold (Zhengzhou University), Ministry of Education, National Engineering Research Center for Advanced Polymer Processing Technology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Changyu Shen
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and Mold (Zhengzhou University), Ministry of Education, National Engineering Research Center for Advanced Polymer Processing Technology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
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