1
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Bu Y, Kim BS. Green production of functionalized few-layer borophene decorated with cerium-doped iron oxide nanoparticles for repeatable hydrogen peroxide detection. Biosens Bioelectron 2024; 260:116448. [PMID: 38820720 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2024.116448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2024] [Revised: 05/17/2024] [Accepted: 05/27/2024] [Indexed: 06/02/2024]
Abstract
Functionalized few-layer borophene (FFB) was prepared using gallnut extract and coffee waste extract as natural exfoliating and stabilizing agents in an environmentally friendly ultrasonic and high shear exfoliation. Here, a facile precipitation method was employed to grow iron oxide nanoparticles doped with cerium (Ce-FeONPs) onto the surface of FFB. This intriguing combination of materials yielded Ce-FeONPs nanoparticles that exhibited exceptional peroxidase-like activity, efficiently catalyzing the conversion of 3,3',5,5'-tetramethylbenzidine (TMB) to a blue oxidized TMB (oxTMB) in the presence of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). Additionally, the introduction of FFB contributes a reducibility effect to the catalytic oxidation of TMB, facilitating the restoration of the oxTMB to TMB. Thus, FFB-Ce-FeONPs showcase intriguing properties encompassing both oxidative and reductive characteristics, suggesting their potential as a reagent for repeated detection of H2O2. Moreover, a colorimetric sensing system enabled the liner detection of H2O2 spanning a concentration range from 0.08 to 1 mM, with a detection limit of 0.03 mM. Noteworthily, FFB-Ce-FeONPs demonstrated sustained efficacy over ten successive recycling cycles, as indicated by consistent slopes and observable color changes. In summary, this work reports the first application of nanoenzymes in repetitive H2O2 detection. Even after ten multiple cycles, the detection limit remains virtually unaltered, underscoring the robustness and enduring effectiveness of the engineered nanomaterial. The proposed simultaneous oxidation and reduction strategies for detecting H2O2 showed a commendable capability in ten cycles of H2O2 detection, thus providing a promising approach in the field of H2O2 detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingjie Bu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk 28644, Republic of Korea
| | - Beom Soo Kim
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk 28644, Republic of Korea.
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2
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Aditya T, Moitra P, Alafeef M, Skrodzki D, Pan D. Chiral Induction in 2D Borophene Nanoplatelets through Stereoselective Boron-Sulfur Conjugation. ACS NANO 2024; 18:11921-11932. [PMID: 38651695 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.4c01792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
Chirality is a structural metric that connects biological and abiological forms of matter. Although much progress has been made in understanding the chemistry and physics of chiral inorganic nanoparticles over the past decade, almost nothing is known about chiral two-dimensional (2D) borophene nanoplatelets and their influence on complex biological networks. Borophene's polymorphic nature, derived from the bonding configurations among boron atoms, distinguishes it from other 2D materials and allows for further customization of its material properties. In this study, we describe a synthetic methodology for producing chiral 2D borophene nanoplatelets applicable to a variety of structural polymorphs. Using this methodology, we demonstrate feasibility of top-down synthesis of chiral χ3 and β12 phases of borophene nanoplatelets via interaction with chiral amino acids. The chiral nanoplatelets were physicochemically characterized extensively by various techniques. Results indicated that the thiol presenting amino acids, i.e., cysteine, coordinates with borophene in a site-selective manner, depending on its handedness through boron-sulfur conjugation. The observation has been validated by circular dichroism, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and 11B NMR studies. To understand how chiral nanoplatelets interact with biological systems, mammalian cell lines were exposed to them. Results showed that the achiral as well as the left- and right-handed biomimetic χ3 and β12 borophene nanoplatelets have distinct interaction with the cellular membrane, and their internalization pathway differs with their chirality. By engineering optical, physical, and chemical properties, these chiral 2D nanomaterials could be applied successfully to tuning complex biological events and find applications in photonics, sensing, catalysis, and biomedicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa Aditya
- Department of Nuclear Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
- Center for Infectious Disease Dynamics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Parikshit Moitra
- Department of Nuclear Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
- Center for Infectious Disease Dynamics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Maha Alafeef
- Department of Nuclear Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
- Biomedical Engineering Department, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid 22110, Jordan
| | - David Skrodzki
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Dipanjan Pan
- Department of Nuclear Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
- Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, Millennium Science Complex, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
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3
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Pratihar B, Roy O, Jana A, De S. Mixed-valent cobalt phosphate/borophene nanohybrids for efficient electrocatalytic oxygen evolution reaction. J Colloid Interface Sci 2024; 661:279-288. [PMID: 38301466 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2024.01.188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2023] [Revised: 01/17/2024] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 02/03/2024]
Abstract
Developing efficient, low-cost, non-precious and stable electrocatalyst is necessary for sustainable electrocatalytic water splitting. Recently, borophene has emerged as a novel two-dimensional material with exciting properties. Although several researchers have theoretically predicted its applicability towards effective electrocatalytic water splitting, studies on its practical applications are still limited. In this regard, a mixed-valent cobalt phosphate/borophene nanohybrid (BCoPi) was synthesized using hydrothermal method, and its activity towards oxygen evolution reaction (OER) was systematically studied. The electron-deficient nature of borophene enables activation of catalytic sites and facilitates electron transport owing to its highly conductive nature. It can act as a proton acceptor along with phosphate groups, as well as provide multiple secondary active sites in addition to Co, breaking the scaling relation of OER. For BCoPi, achieving a current density of 50 mA cm-2, 100 mA cm-2 and 500 mA cm-2 requires an overpotential of 337 mV, 357 mV and 401 mV, respectively, in an alkaline medium, that are superior to pristine cobalt phosphate (CoPi). It also exhibits low Tafel slope of 61.81 mV dec-1, suggesting faster OER kinetics and excellent long-term stability. This study will extend the development and application of borophene-based heterostructures for highly active and stable electrocatalysts for various applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bitan Pratihar
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur 721302, India
| | - Omkar Roy
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur 721302, India
| | - Animesh Jana
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur 721302, India; CSIR-National Metallurgical Laboratory, Jamshedpur 831007, India
| | - Sirshendu De
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur 721302, India.
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4
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Kang Y, Yang K, Fu J, Wang Z, Li X, Lu Z, Zhang J, Li H, Zhang J, Ma W. Selective Interfacial Excited-State Carrier Dynamics and Efficient Charge Separation in Borophene-Based Heterostructures. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2307591. [PMID: 37757801 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202307591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2023] [Revised: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
Borophene-based van der Waals heterostructures have demonstrated enormous potential in the realm of optoelectronic and photovoltaic devices, which has sparked a wide range of interest. However, a thorough understanding of the microscopic excited-state electronic dynamics at interfaces is lacking, which is essential for determining the macroscopic optoelectronic and photovoltaic performance of borophene-based devices. In this study, photoexcited carrier dynamics of β12 , χ3 , and α΄ borophene/MoS2 heterostructures are systematically studied based on time-domain nonadiabatic molecular dynamics simulations. Different Schottky contacts are found in borophene/semiconductor heterostructures. The interplay between Schottky barriers, electronic coupling, and the involvement of different phonon modes collectively contribute to the unique carrier dynamics in borophene-based heterostructures. The diverse borophene allotropes within the heterostructures exhibit distinct and selective carrier transfer behaviors on an ultrafast timescale: electrons tunnel into α΄ borophene with an ultrafast transfer rate (≈29 fs) in α΄/MoS2 heterostructures, whereas β12 borophene only allows holes to migrate with a lifetime of 176 fs. The feature enables efficient charge separation and offers promising avenues for applications in optoelectronic and photovoltaic devices. This study provides insight into the interfacial carrier dynamics in borophene-based heterostructures, which is helpful in further design of advanced 2D boron-based optoelectronic and photovoltaic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuchong Kang
- Ningxia Key Laboratory of Photovoltaic Materials, School of Materials and New Energy, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, 750021, P. R. China
| | - Kun Yang
- Ningxia Key Laboratory of Photovoltaic Materials, School of Materials and New Energy, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, 750021, P. R. China
| | - Jing Fu
- Ningxia Key Laboratory of Photovoltaic Materials, School of Materials and New Energy, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, 750021, P. R. China
| | - Zongguo Wang
- Computer Network Information Center, Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
| | - Xuao Li
- Ningxia Key Laboratory of Photovoltaic Materials, School of Materials and New Energy, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, 750021, P. R. China
| | - Zhiqiang Lu
- Ningxia Key Laboratory of Photovoltaic Materials, School of Materials and New Energy, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, 750021, P. R. China
| | - Jia Zhang
- Max Born Institut für Nichtlineare Optik und Kurzzeitspektroskopie, 12489, Berlin, Germany
| | - Haibo Li
- Ningxia Key Laboratory of Photovoltaic Materials, School of Materials and New Energy, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, 750021, P. R. China
| | - Jin Zhang
- Max Planck Institute for the Structure and Dynamics of Matter and Center for Free-Electron Laser Science, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Wei Ma
- Ningxia Key Laboratory of Photovoltaic Materials, School of Materials and New Energy, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, 750021, P. R. China
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Mignon P, Allouche AR, Innis NR, Bousige C. Neural Network Approach for a Rapid Prediction of Metal-Supported Borophene Properties. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:27857-27866. [PMID: 38063165 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c11549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2023]
Abstract
We developed a high-dimensional neural network potential (NNP) to describe the structural and energetic properties of borophene deposited on silver. This NNP has the accuracy of density functional theory (DFT) calculations while achieving computational speedups of several orders of magnitude, allowing the study of extensive structures that may reveal intriguing moiré patterns or surface corrugations. We describe an efficient approach to constructing the training data set using an iterative technique known as the "adaptive learning approach". The developed NNP is able to produce, with excellent agreement, the structure, energy, and forces obtained at the DFT level. Finally, the calculated stability of various borophene polymorphs, including those not initially included in the training data set, shows better stabilization for ν ∼ 0.1 hole density, and in particular for the allotrope α ( ν = 1 / 9 ) . The stability of borophene on the metal surface is shown to depend on its orientation, implying structural corrugation patterns that can be observed only from long-time simulations on extended systems. The NNP also demonstrates its ability to simulate vibrational densities of states and produce realistic structures with simulated STM images closely matching the experimental ones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Mignon
- Institut Lumière Matière, UMR CNRS 5306, Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, F-69622 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Abdul-Rahman Allouche
- Institut Lumière Matière, UMR CNRS 5306, Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, F-69622 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Neil Richard Innis
- Laboratoire des Multimatériaux et Interfaces, UMR CNRS 5615, Univ. Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, F-69622 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Colin Bousige
- Laboratoire des Multimatériaux et Interfaces, UMR CNRS 5615, Univ. Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, F-69622 Villeurbanne, France
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6
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Khelifi W, Canneson D, Berthe M, Legendre S, Coinon C, Desplanque L, Wallart X, Biadala L, Grandidier B, Capiod P. Ultrahigh vacuum Raman spectroscopy for the preparation of III-V semiconductor surfaces. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2023; 94:123702. [PMID: 38051176 DOI: 10.1063/5.0152031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 12/07/2023]
Abstract
Raman spectroscopy is well-suited for the characterization of semiconductor materials. However, due the weakness of the Raman signal, the studies of thin semiconductor layers in complex environments, such as ultrahigh vacuum, are rather scarce. Here, we have designed a Raman apparatus based on the use of a fiber optic probe, with a lens collecting the backscattered light directly inserted in ultrahigh vacuum. The solution has been tested for the preparation of III-V semiconductor surfaces, which requires the recovery of their atomic reconstruction. The surfaces were either protected with a thin As amorphous layer or covered with a native oxide prior to their treatment. The analysis of the Raman spectra, which was correlated with the study of the surfaces with low temperature scanning tunneling microscopy at the end of the cleaning process, shows the high potential of Raman spectroscopy for monitoring the cleanliness of III-V semiconductor heterostructures in situ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wijden Khelifi
- University Lille, CNRS, Centrale Lille, University Polytechnique Hauts-de-France, Junia-ISEN, UMR 8520 - IEMN, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Damien Canneson
- University Lille, CNRS, Centrale Lille, University Polytechnique Hauts-de-France, Junia-ISEN, UMR 8520 - IEMN, F-59000 Lille, France
- HORIBA France SAS, 455 Avenue Eugène Avinée 59120 Loos, Avenue de la Vauve-Passage Jobin Yvon, 91120 Palaiseau, France
| | - Maxime Berthe
- University Lille, CNRS, Centrale Lille, University Polytechnique Hauts-de-France, Junia-ISEN, UMR 8520 - IEMN, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Sébastien Legendre
- HORIBA France SAS, 455 Avenue Eugène Avinée 59120 Loos, Avenue de la Vauve-Passage Jobin Yvon, 91120 Palaiseau, France
| | - Christophe Coinon
- University Lille, CNRS, Centrale Lille, University Polytechnique Hauts-de-France, Junia-ISEN, UMR 8520 - IEMN, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Ludovic Desplanque
- University Lille, CNRS, Centrale Lille, University Polytechnique Hauts-de-France, Junia-ISEN, UMR 8520 - IEMN, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Xavier Wallart
- University Lille, CNRS, Centrale Lille, University Polytechnique Hauts-de-France, Junia-ISEN, UMR 8520 - IEMN, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Louis Biadala
- University Lille, CNRS, Centrale Lille, University Polytechnique Hauts-de-France, Junia-ISEN, UMR 8520 - IEMN, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Bruno Grandidier
- University Lille, CNRS, Centrale Lille, University Polytechnique Hauts-de-France, Junia-ISEN, UMR 8520 - IEMN, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Pierre Capiod
- University Lille, CNRS, Centrale Lille, University Polytechnique Hauts-de-France, Junia-ISEN, UMR 8520 - IEMN, F-59000 Lille, France
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7
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Ye P, Xiao J, Fan J, Chen J, Gao N, Yang X. Structural Characterization of Boron Sheets beyond the Monolayer and Implication for Experimental Synthesis and Identification. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2023; 39:16191-16198. [PMID: 37930136 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.3c02573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2023]
Abstract
The successful synthesis of quasi-freestanding bilayer borophene has aroused much attention for its superior physical properties and holds great promise for future electronic devices. Herein, we comprehensively explore six boron sheets beyond the monolayer and structurally characterize them via various methods using first-principles calculations for experimental references. On the basis of atomic models of borophenes, simulated scanning tunneling microscope (STM) images show different morphologies at different bias voltages and are explained by the partial densities of states and the height differences in the vertical direction. Simulated transmission electron microscope images further probe the internal atomic arrangement of boron sheets and compensate for the shortcomings of STM images to better distinguish different phases of boron sheets. The interlayer coupling strength is stronger in bilayer borophenes than in the three-layer system via the electron localization function and Mulliken bond population. In addition, simulated X-ray diffraction and infrared spectra show different characteristic peaks and corresponding vibrational modes to further characterize these boron sheets. These theoretical results can decrease the prime cost and provide vital guidance for the experimental synthesis and identification of boron sheets beyond the monolayer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panbin Ye
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Taizhou University, Taizhou 318000, China
| | - Jingyi Xiao
- Instrumental Analysis Center, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Junyu Fan
- Department of Physics, Taiyuan Normal University, Jinzhong 030619, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinghuang Chen
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Taizhou University, Taizhou 318000, China
| | - Nan Gao
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Taizhou University, Taizhou 318000, China
| | - Xiaowei Yang
- Key Laboratory of Materials Modification by Laser, Ion and Electron Beams (Dalian University of Technology), Ministry of Education, Dalian 116024, China
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8
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Rivera-Tello CD, Guerrero JA, Huerta L, Flores-Ruiz FJ, Flores M, Quiñones-Galván JG. Influence of plasma kinetic energy during the pulsed laser deposition of borophene films on silicon (100). RSC Adv 2023; 13:29819-29829. [PMID: 37829715 PMCID: PMC10566584 DOI: 10.1039/d3ra04601j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Developing borophene films with good structural stability on non-metallic substrates to maximize their potential in photosensitivity, gas detection, photothermia, energy storage, and deformation detection, among others has been challenging in recent years. Herein, we succeeded in the pulsed laser deposition of multilayered borophene films on Si (100) with β12 or χ3 bonding by tuning the mean kinetic energy in the plasma during the deposition process. Raman and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopies confirm β12 and χ3 bonding in the films. Borophene films with β12 bonding were obtained by tuning a high mean kinetic energy in the plasma, while borophene with χ3 bonding required a relatively low mean kinetic energy. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) micrographs revealed a granular and directional growth of the multilayered borophene films following the linear atomic terraces from the (100) silicon substrate. AFM nanofriction was used to access the borophene surfaces and to reveal the pull-off force and friction coefficient of the films where the surface oxide showed a significant contribution. To summarize, we show that it is possible to deposit multilayered borophene thin films with different bondings by tuning the mean kinetic energy during pulsed laser deposition. The characterization of the plasma during borophene deposition accompanies our findings, providing support for the changes in kinetic energy.
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Affiliation(s)
- César D Rivera-Tello
- Departamento de Ingeniería Mecánica Eléctrica, CUCEI, Universidad de Guadalajara Blvd. Marcelino García Barragán 1421, Olímpica Guadalajara Jalisco C.P. 44430 Mexico
| | - J A Guerrero
- Departamento de Ingeniería Mecánica Eléctrica, CUCEI, Universidad de Guadalajara Blvd. Marcelino García Barragán 1421, Olímpica Guadalajara Jalisco C.P. 44430 Mexico
| | - L Huerta
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Materiales, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México A. P. 70-360 04510 Ciudad de México Mexico
| | - Francisco J Flores-Ruiz
- CONAHCYT-Instituto de Física, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla Ciudad Universitaria, Edif. IF-1 Puebla 72570 México
| | - M Flores
- Departamento de Ingeniería de Proyectos, Universidad de Guadalajara 45150 Zapopan Jalisco Mexico
| | - J G Quiñones-Galván
- Departamento de Física, CUCEI, Universidad de Guadalajara Blvd. Marcelino García Barragán 1421, Olímpica Guadalajara Jalisco C.P. 44430 Mexico
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9
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Hu PJ, Ding JT, Liang ZR, Fang TF, Guo AM, Sun QF. Enhanced electron transport and self-similarity in quasiperiodic borophene nanoribbons with line defects. NANOSCALE 2023. [PMID: 37323016 DOI: 10.1039/d3nr01658g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Recent experiments have revealed multiple borophene phases of distinct lattice structures, suggesting that the unit cells of ν1/6 and ν1/5 boron sheets, namely α and β chains, serve as building blocks to assemble into novel borophene phases. Motivated by these experiments, we present a theoretical study of electron transport along two-terminal quasiperiodic borophene nanoribbons (BNRs), with the arrangement of the α and β chains following the generalized Fibonacci sequence. Our results indicate that the energy spectrum of these quasiperiodic BNRs is multifractal and characterized by numerous transmission peaks. In contrast to the Fibonacci model that all the electronic states should be critical, both delocalized and critical states appear in the quasiperiodic BNRs, where the averaged resistance saturates at the inverse of one conductance quantum for the delocalized states in the large length limit and contrarily exhibits a power-law dependence on the nanoribbon length for the critical states. Besides, the self-similarity is observed from the transmission spectrum, where the conductance curves overlap at different energy regions of two quasiperiodic BNRs of different Fibonacci indices and the resistance curves are analogous to each other at different energy scales of a single quasiperiodic BNR. These results complement previous studies on quasiperiodic systems where the multifractal energy spectrum and the self-similarity are observed by generating quasiperiodic potential energies, suggesting that borophene may provide an intriguing platform for understanding the structure-property relationships and exploring the physical properties of quasiperiodic systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei-Jia Hu
- Hunan Key Laboratory for Super-microstructure and Ultrafast Process, School of Physics and Electronics, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China.
| | - Jin-Ting Ding
- Hunan Key Laboratory for Super-microstructure and Ultrafast Process, School of Physics and Electronics, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China.
| | - Zeng-Ren Liang
- Hunan Key Laboratory for Super-microstructure and Ultrafast Process, School of Physics and Electronics, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China.
| | - Tie-Feng Fang
- School of Sciences, Nantong University, Nantong 226019, China
- Research Center for Quantum Physics and Materials, Nantong University, Nantong 226019, China
| | - Ai-Min Guo
- Hunan Key Laboratory for Super-microstructure and Ultrafast Process, School of Physics and Electronics, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China.
| | - Qing-Feng Sun
- International Center for Quantum Materials, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Quantum Matter, Beijing 100871, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Topological Quantum Computation, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
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10
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Sheng S, Oeter AC, Abdo M, Lichtenberg K, Hentschel M, Loth S. Launching Coherent Acoustic Phonon Wave Packets with Local Femtosecond Coulomb Forces. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2022; 129:043001. [PMID: 35939022 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.129.043001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Generation and manipulation of coherent acoustic phonons enables ultrafast control of solids and has been exploited for applications in various acoustic devices. We show that localized coherent acoustic phonon wave packets can be launched by ultrafast Coulomb forces in a scanning tunneling microscope (STM) using tip-enhanced terahertz electric fields. The wave packets propagate at the speed of the longitudinal acoustic phonon, creating standing waves up to 0.26 THz for a 6.4 nm thin Au film on mica. The ultrafast lattice displacement can be as large as 5 pm and is precisely controlled by varying the tip-sample distance. This nonthermal femtosecond Coulomb-force-based excitation mechanism is applicable in nano-optomechanics for advanced terahertz engineering and opens new perspectives in exploiting coherent phonons at the atomic scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaoxiang Sheng
- University of Stuttgart, Institute for Functional Matter and Quantum Technologies, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Anne-Catherine Oeter
- University of Stuttgart, Institute for Functional Matter and Quantum Technologies, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Mohamad Abdo
- University of Stuttgart, Institute for Functional Matter and Quantum Technologies, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Kurt Lichtenberg
- University of Stuttgart, Institute for Functional Matter and Quantum Technologies, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Mario Hentschel
- University of Stuttgart, 4th Physics Institute and Research Center SCoPE, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Sebastian Loth
- University of Stuttgart, Institute for Functional Matter and Quantum Technologies, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
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11
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Yang M, Jin H, Sun Z, Gui R. Monoelemental two-dimensional boron nanomaterials beyond theoretical simulations: From experimental preparation, functionalized modification to practical applications. Adv Colloid Interface Sci 2022; 304:102669. [PMID: 35429719 DOI: 10.1016/j.cis.2022.102669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2021] [Revised: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 04/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
During the past decade, there is an explosive growth of theoretical and computational studies on 2D boron-based nanomaterials. In terms of extensive predictions from theoretical simulations, borophene, boron nanosheets and 2D boron derivatives show excellent structural, electronic, photonic and nonlinear optical characteristics, and potential applications in a wide range of fields. In recent years, previous studies have reported the successful experimental preparations, superior properties, multi-functionalized modifications of various 2D boron and its derivatives, which show many practical applications in significant fields. To further promote the ever-increasing experimental studies, this present review systematically summarizes recent progress on experimental preparation methods, functionalized modification strategies and practical applications of 2D boron-based nanomaterials and multifunctional derivatives. Firstly, this review summarizes the experimental preparation methods, including molecular beam epitaxy, chemical vapor deposition, liquid-phase exfoliation, chemical reaction, and other auxiliary methods. Then, various strategies for functionalized modification are introduced overall, focusing on borophene derivatives, boron-based nanosheets, atom-introduced, chemically-functionalized borophene and boron nanosheets, borophene or boron nanosheet-based heterostructures, and other functionalized 2D boron nanomaterials. Subsequently, various potential applications are discussed in detail, involving energy storage, catalysis conversion, photonics, optoelectronics, sensors, bio-imaging, biomedicine therapy, and adsorption. We comment the state-of-the-art related studies concisely, and also discuss the current status, probable challenges and perspectives rationally. This review is timely, comprehensive, in-depth and highly attractive for scientists from multiple disciplines and scientific fields, and can facilitate further development of advanced functional low-dimensional nanomaterials and multi-functionalized systems toward high-performance practical applications in significant fields.
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12
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Radatović B, Jadriško V, Kamal S, Kralj M, Novko D, Vujičić N, Petrović M. Macroscopic Single-Phase Monolayer Borophene on Arbitrary Substrates. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:21727-21737. [PMID: 35500044 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c03678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
A major challenge in the investigation of all 2D materials is the development of synthesis protocols and tools which would enable their large-scale production and effective manipulation. The same holds for borophene, where experiments are still largely limited to in situ characterizations of small-area samples. In contrast, our work is based on millimeter-sized borophene sheets, synthesized on an Ir(111) surface in ultrahigh vacuum. Besides high-quality macroscopic synthesis, as confirmed by low-energy electron diffraction (LEED) and atomic force microscopy (AFM), we also demonstrate a successful transfer of borophene from Ir to a Si wafer via electrochemical delamination process. Comparative Raman spectroscopy, in combination with the density functional theory (DFT) calculations, proved that borophene's crystal structure has been preserved in the transfer. Our results demonstrate successful growth and manipulation of large-scale, single-layer borophene sheets with minor defects and ambient stability, thus expediting borophene implementation into more complex systems and devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Borna Radatović
- Center of Excellence for Advanced Materials and Sensing Devices, Institute of Physics, Bijenička 46, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Valentino Jadriško
- Center of Excellence for Advanced Materials and Sensing Devices, Institute of Physics, Bijenička 46, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Sherif Kamal
- Center of Excellence for Advanced Materials and Sensing Devices, Institute of Physics, Bijenička 46, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Marko Kralj
- Center of Excellence for Advanced Materials and Sensing Devices, Institute of Physics, Bijenička 46, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Dino Novko
- Center of Excellence for Advanced Materials and Sensing Devices, Institute of Physics, Bijenička 46, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Nataša Vujičić
- Center of Excellence for Advanced Materials and Sensing Devices, Institute of Physics, Bijenička 46, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Marin Petrović
- Center of Excellence for Advanced Materials and Sensing Devices, Institute of Physics, Bijenička 46, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
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13
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Chemically identifying single adatoms with single-bond sensitivity during oxidation reactions of borophene. Nat Commun 2022; 13:1796. [PMID: 35379784 PMCID: PMC8979967 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-29445-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractThe chemical interrogation of individual atomic adsorbates on a surface significantly contributes to understanding the atomic-scale processes behind on-surface reactions. However, it remains highly challenging for current imaging or spectroscopic methods to achieve such a high chemical spatial resolution. Here we show that single oxygen adatoms on a boron monolayer (i.e., borophene) can be identified and mapped via ultrahigh vacuum tip-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (UHV-TERS) with ~4.8 Å spatial resolution and single bond (B–O) sensitivity. With this capability, we realize the atomically defined, chemically homogeneous, and thermally reversible oxidation of borophene via atomic oxygen in UHV. Furthermore, we reveal the propensity of borophene towards molecular oxygen activation at room temperature and phase-dependent chemical properties. In addition to offering atomic-level insights into the oxidation of borophene, this work demonstrates UHV-TERS as a powerful tool to probe the local chemistry of surface adsorbates in the atomic regime with widespread utilities in heterogeneous catalysis, on-surface molecular engineering, and low-dimensional materials.
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14
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Vibrational Property of α-Borophene Determined by Tip-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27030834. [PMID: 35164100 PMCID: PMC8838447 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27030834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2021] [Revised: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
We report a Raman characterization of the α borophene polymorph by scanning tunneling microscopy combined with tip-enhanced Raman spectroscopy. A series of Raman peaks were discovered, which can be well related with the phonon modes calculated based on an asymmetric buckled α structure. The unusual enhancement of high-frequency Raman peaks in TERS spectra of α borophene is found and associated with its unique buckling when landed on the Ag(111) surface. Our paper demonstrates the advantages of TERS, namely high spatial resolution and selective enhancement rule, in studying the local vibrational properties of materials in nanoscale.
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15
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Wang H, Han J, Wang M, Wang L, Jia S, Cao H, Hu S, He YB. Bottom-up synthesized crystalline boron quantum dots with nonvolatile memory effects through one-step hydrothermal polymerization of ammonium pentaborane and boric acid. CrystEngComm 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2ce00298a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Crystalline BQDs are synthesized through a bottom-up strategy and used to fabricate a BQD–PVP memory device with nonvolatile rewritable memory effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiqi Wang
- School of Energy and Power Engineering & School of Materials Science and Engineering, North University of China, Taiyuan 030051, P. R. China
| | - Jiacheng Han
- School of Energy and Power Engineering & School of Materials Science and Engineering, North University of China, Taiyuan 030051, P. R. China
| | - Mei Wang
- School of Energy and Power Engineering & School of Materials Science and Engineering, North University of China, Taiyuan 030051, P. R. China
| | - Liyong Wang
- School of Energy and Power Engineering & School of Materials Science and Engineering, North University of China, Taiyuan 030051, P. R. China
| | - Suping Jia
- School of Energy and Power Engineering & School of Materials Science and Engineering, North University of China, Taiyuan 030051, P. R. China
| | - Honghong Cao
- School of Energy and Power Engineering & School of Materials Science and Engineering, North University of China, Taiyuan 030051, P. R. China
| | - Shengliang Hu
- School of Energy and Power Engineering & School of Materials Science and Engineering, North University of China, Taiyuan 030051, P. R. China
| | - Yan-Bing He
- Shenzhen Geim Graphene Center, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, P. R. China
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16
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Blackburn TJ, Tyler SM, Pemberton JE. Optical Spectroscopy of Surfaces, Interfaces, and Thin Films. Anal Chem 2022; 94:515-558. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c05323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas J. Blackburn
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arizona, 1306 East University Boulevard, Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
| | - Sarah M. Tyler
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arizona, 1306 East University Boulevard, Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
| | - Jeanne E. Pemberton
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arizona, 1306 East University Boulevard, Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
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17
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Chen C, Lv H, Zhang P, Zhuo Z, Wang Y, Ma C, Li W, Wang X, Feng B, Cheng P, Wu X, Wu K, Chen L. Synthesis of bilayer borophene. Nat Chem 2022; 14:25-31. [PMID: 34764470 DOI: 10.1038/s41557-021-00813-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
As the nearest-neighbour element to carbon, boron is theoretically predicted to have a planar two-dimensional form, named borophene, with novel properties, such as Dirac fermions and superconductivity. Several polymorphs of monolayer borophene have been grown on metal surfaces, yet thicker bilayer and few-layer nanosheets remain elusive. Here we report the synthesis of large-size, single-crystalline bilayer borophene on the Cu(111) surface by molecular beam epitaxy. Combining scanning tunnelling microscopy and first-principles calculations, we show that bilayer borophene consists of two stacked monolayers that are held together by covalent interlayer boron-boron bonding, and each monolayer has β12-like structures with zigzag rows. The formation of a bilayer is associated with a large transfer and redistribution of charge in the first boron layer on Cu(111), which provides additional electrons for the bonding of additional boron atoms, enabling the growth of the second layer. The bilayer borophene is shown to possess metallic character, and be less prone to being oxidized than its monolayer counterparts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caiyun Chen
- Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,School of Physical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Haifeng Lv
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, Synergetic Innovation of Quantum Information and Quantum Technology, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, and School of Chemistry and Materials Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Ping Zhang
- Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,School of Physical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhiwen Zhuo
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, Synergetic Innovation of Quantum Information and Quantum Technology, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, and School of Chemistry and Materials Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Yu Wang
- Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,School of Physical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Chen Ma
- Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,School of Physical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Wenbin Li
- Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,School of Physical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xuguang Wang
- Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,School of Physical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Baojie Feng
- Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,School of Physical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Peng Cheng
- Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,School of Physical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaojun Wu
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, Synergetic Innovation of Quantum Information and Quantum Technology, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, and School of Chemistry and Materials Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China.
| | - Kehui Wu
- Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China. .,School of Physical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China. .,Songshan Lake Materials Laboratory, Dongguan, China.
| | - Lan Chen
- Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China. .,School of Physical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China. .,Songshan Lake Materials Laboratory, Dongguan, China.
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18
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Lin H, Shi H, Wang Z, Mu Y, Li S, Zhao J, Guo J, Yang B, Wu ZS, Liu F. Scalable Production of Freestanding Few-Layer β 12-Borophene Single Crystalline Sheets as Efficient Electrocatalysts for Lithium-Sulfur Batteries. ACS NANO 2021; 15:17327-17336. [PMID: 34549941 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.1c04961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Two-dimensional (2D) borophene has attracted tremendous interest due to its fascinating properties, which have potential applications in catalysts, energy storage devices, and high-speed transistors. In the past few years, borophene was theoretically predicted as an ideal electrode material for lithium-sulfur (Li-S) batteries because of its low-density, metallic conductivity, high Li-ion surface mobility, and strong interface bonding energy to polysulfide. But until now, borophene-based Li-S batteries have not yet been achieved in experiments due to the absence of a large-scale synthetic method of freestanding borophene nanostructures with a high enough structural stability, conductivity, and uniformity. Herein, we developed a low-temperature liquid exfoliation (LTLE) method to synthesize freestanding few-layer β12-borophene single-crystalline sheets with a P6¯m2 symmetry in tens of milligrams. The as-synthesized 2D sheets were used as the polysulfide immobilizers and electrocatalysts of Li-S batteries. The resulting borophene-based Li-S battery delivered an extralarge areal capacity of 5.2 mAh cm-2 at a high sulfur loading of 7.8 mg cm-2, an excellent rate performance of 8 C (@721 mAh g-1), and an ultralow capacity fading rate of 0.039% in 1000 cycles, outperforming commercial Li-ion batteries and many other 2D material-based Li-S batteries. Based on the density functional theory model, the excellent electrochemical performances of the borophene-based Li-S batteries should originate from the enormous enhancement of β12-borophene sheets for both the surface migration of the Li-ions and the adsorption energy of Li2Sn clusters. Our results thus demonstrate a great potential for scalable production of freestanding β12-borophene single-crystalline sheets in future high-performance Li-S batteries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haojian Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Display Material and Technology, and School of Electronics and Information Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Haodong Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Zhen Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Applied Catalysis, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
- Key Laboratory of Materials Modification by Laser, Ion and Electron Beams (Dalian University of Technology), Ministry of Education, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Yuewen Mu
- Nanocluster Laboratory, Institute of Molecular Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
| | - Sidian Li
- Nanocluster Laboratory, Institute of Molecular Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
| | - Jijun Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Materials Modification by Laser, Ion and Electron Beams (Dalian University of Technology), Ministry of Education, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Jingwei Guo
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Lasers, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 457 Zhongshan Road, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Bing Yang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Applied Catalysis, Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 457 Zhongshan Road, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Zhong-Shuai Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 457 Zhongshan Road, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Fei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Display Material and Technology, and School of Electronics and Information Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
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19
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Li L, Schultz JF, Mahapatra S, Liu X, Shaw C, Zhang X, Hersam MC, Jiang N. Angstrom-Scale Spectroscopic Visualization of Interfacial Interactions in an Organic/Borophene Vertical Heterostructure. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:15624-15634. [PMID: 34369773 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c04380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Two-dimensional boron monolayers (i.e., borophene) hold promise for a variety of energy, catalytic, and nanoelectronic device technologies due to the unique nature of boron-boron bonds. To realize its full potential, borophene needs to be seamlessly interfaced with other materials, thus motivating the atomic-scale characterization of borophene-based heterostructures. Here, we report the vertical integration of borophene with tetraphenyldibenzoperiflanthene (DBP) and measure the angstrom-scale interfacial interactions with ultrahigh-vacuum tip-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (UHV-TERS). In addition to identifying the vibrational signatures of adsorbed DBP, TERS reveals subtle ripples and compressive strains of the borophene lattice underneath the molecular layer. The induced interfacial strain is demonstrated to extend in borophene by ∼1 nm beyond the molecular region by virtue of 5 Å chemical spatial resolution. Molecular manipulation experiments prove the molecular origins of interfacial strain in addition to allowing atomic control of local strain with magnitudes as small as ∼0.6%. In addition to being the first realization of an organic/borophene vertical heterostructure, this study demonstrates that UHV-TERS is a powerful analytical tool to spectroscopically investigate buried and highly localized interfacial characteristics at the atomic scale, which can be applied to additional classes of heterostructured materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linfei Li
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60607, United States
| | - Jeremy F Schultz
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60607, United States
| | - Sayantan Mahapatra
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60607, United States
| | - Xiaolong Liu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Chasen Shaw
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, California State University, Northridge, Northridge, California 91330, United States
| | - Xu Zhang
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, California State University, Northridge, Northridge, California 91330, United States
| | - Mark C Hersam
- Applied Physics Graduate Program, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States.,Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States.,Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States.,Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Nan Jiang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60607, United States
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20
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Chahal S, Ranjan P, Motlag M, Yamijala SSRKC, Late DJ, Sadki EHS, Cheng GJ, Kumar P. Borophene via Micromechanical Exfoliation. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2021; 33:e2102039. [PMID: 34270846 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202102039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Revised: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Borophene, the lightest among all Xenes, possesses extreme electronic mobility along with high carrier density and high Young's modulus. To accomplish device-quality borophene, novel approaches of realization of monolayers need to be urgently explored. In this work, micromechanical exfoliation is discovered to result in mono- and few-layered borophene of device quality. Borophene sheets are successfully fabricated down to monolayer thickness. Distinct crystallographic phases of borophene viz. XRD study reveals crystallographic phase transition from rhombohedral to several other eigen phases of borophene. The role of the destination substrates is held crucial in determining the final phase of the transferred sheet. The exfoliation energy is calculated by density functional theory. Molecular dynamics simulations are used to simulate the exfoliation process. Heterolayers of borophene, with black phosphorene (BP) or with molybdenum disulfide (MoS2 ) atomic sheets, are found to result in photoexcited coupling quantum states. Gold-coated borophene bestows promising anchoring capability for surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS). Successful demonstration of the electronic behavior of micromechanically exfoliated borophene and excitonic behavior of borophene-based heterolayers will guide future generation devices not only in electronics and excitonics, but also in thermal management, electronic packaging, hydrogen storage, hybrid energy storage, and clean energy solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumit Chahal
- Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Technology Patna, Patna, Bihar, 801106, India
| | - Pranay Ranjan
- Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Technology Patna, Patna, Bihar, 801106, India
- Department of Physics, College of Science, United Arab Emirates University, Al-Ain, UAE
| | - Maithili Motlag
- School of Industrial Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | | | - Dattatreya J Late
- Centre for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Amity University Mumbai, Mumbai, Maharashtra, 410206, India
| | - El Hadi S Sadki
- Department of Physics, College of Science, United Arab Emirates University, Al-Ain, UAE
| | - Gary J Cheng
- School of Industrial Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
- School of Materials Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
- Birck Nanotechnology Centre, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Prashant Kumar
- Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Technology Patna, Patna, Bihar, 801106, India
- Birck Nanotechnology Centre, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
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21
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Fu H, Bao H, Zhang H, Zhao Q, Zhou L, Zhu S, Wei Y, Li Y, Cai W. Quantitative Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy for Field Detections Based on Structurally Homogeneous Silver-Coated Silicon Nanocone Arrays. ACS OMEGA 2021; 6:18928-18938. [PMID: 34337232 PMCID: PMC8320141 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c02179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Practical application of surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) is greatly limited by the inaccurate quantitative analyses due to the measuring parameter's fluctuations induced by different operators, different Raman spectrometers, and different test sites and moments, especially during the field tests. Herein, we develop a strategy of quantitative SERS for field detection via designing structurally homogeneous and ordered Ag-coated Si nanocone arrays. Such an array is fabricated as SERS chips by depositing Ag on the template etching-induced Si nanocone array. Taking 4-aminothiophenol as the typical analyte, the influences of fluctuations in measuring parameters (such as defocusing depth and laser powers) on Raman signals are systematically studied, which significantly change SERS measurements. It has been shown that the silicon underneath the Ag coating in the chip can respond to the measuring parameters' fluctuations synchronously with and similar to the analyte adsorbed on the chip surface, and the normalization with Si Raman signals can well eliminate the big fluctuations (up to 1 or 2 orders of magnitude) in measurements, achieving highly reproducible measurements (mostly, <5% in signal fluctuations) and accurate quantitative SERS analyses. Finally, the simulated field tests demonstrate that the developed strategy enables quantitatively analyzing the highly scattered SERS measurements well with 1 order of magnitude in signal fluctuation, exhibiting good practicability. This study provides a new practical chip and reliable quantitative SERS for the field detection of real samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Fu
- Key
Lab of Materials Physics, Anhui Key Lab of Nanomaterials and Nanotechnology,
Institute of Solid State Physics, HFIPS, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, P. R. China
- University
of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, P. R. China
| | - Haoming Bao
- Key
Lab of Materials Physics, Anhui Key Lab of Nanomaterials and Nanotechnology,
Institute of Solid State Physics, HFIPS, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, P. R. China
| | - Hongwen Zhang
- Key
Lab of Materials Physics, Anhui Key Lab of Nanomaterials and Nanotechnology,
Institute of Solid State Physics, HFIPS, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, P. R. China
| | - Qian Zhao
- Key
Lab of Materials Physics, Anhui Key Lab of Nanomaterials and Nanotechnology,
Institute of Solid State Physics, HFIPS, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, P. R. China
| | - Le Zhou
- Key
Lab of Materials Physics, Anhui Key Lab of Nanomaterials and Nanotechnology,
Institute of Solid State Physics, HFIPS, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, P. R. China
- University
of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, P. R. China
| | - Shuyi Zhu
- Key
Lab of Materials Physics, Anhui Key Lab of Nanomaterials and Nanotechnology,
Institute of Solid State Physics, HFIPS, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, P. R. China
- University
of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, P. R. China
| | - Yi Wei
- Key
Lab of Materials Physics, Anhui Key Lab of Nanomaterials and Nanotechnology,
Institute of Solid State Physics, HFIPS, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, P. R. China
- University
of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, P. R. China
| | - Yue Li
- Key
Lab of Materials Physics, Anhui Key Lab of Nanomaterials and Nanotechnology,
Institute of Solid State Physics, HFIPS, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, P. R. China
| | - Weiping Cai
- Key
Lab of Materials Physics, Anhui Key Lab of Nanomaterials and Nanotechnology,
Institute of Solid State Physics, HFIPS, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, P. R. China
- University
of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, P. R. China
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22
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Schultz JF, Mahapatra S, Li L, Jiang N. The Expanding Frontiers of Tip-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy. APPLIED SPECTROSCOPY 2020; 74:1313-1340. [PMID: 32419485 DOI: 10.1177/0003702820932229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Fundamental understanding of chemistry and physical properties at the nanoscale enables the rational design of interface-based systems. Surface interactions underlie numerous technologies ranging from catalysis to organic thin films to biological systems. Since surface environments are especially prone to heterogeneity, it becomes crucial to characterize these systems with spatial resolution sufficient to localize individual active sites or defects. Spectroscopy presents as a powerful means to understand these interactions, but typical light-based techniques lack sufficient spatial resolution. This review describes the growing number of applications for the nanoscale spectroscopic technique, tip-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (TERS), with a focus on developments in areas that involve measurements in new environmental conditions, such as liquid, electrochemical, and ultrahigh vacuum. The expansion into unique environments enables the ability to spectroscopically define chemistry at the spatial limit. Through the confinement and enhancement of light at the apex of a plasmonic scanning probe microscopy tip, TERS is able to yield vibrational fingerprint information of molecules and materials with nanoscale resolution, providing insight into highly localized chemical effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy F Schultz
- Department of Chemistry, 14681University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, USA
| | - Sayantan Mahapatra
- Department of Chemistry, 14681University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, USA
| | - Linfei Li
- Department of Chemistry, 14681University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, USA
| | - Nan Jiang
- Department of Chemistry, 14681University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, USA
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Fan K, Peng L, Liu Y, Li Y, Chen Y, Meng Y, Liu X, Feng W, Wang X. Giant Enhancement of Fluorescence Emission by Fluorination of Porous Graphene with High Defect Density and Subsequent Application as Fe 3+ Ion Sensors. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:40662-40672. [PMID: 32799445 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c11141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Defect-mediated nonradiative recombination in traditional semiconductors, such as porous graphene, tremendously lowers the fluorescence emission, thus greatly restricting their applications in more extensive fields. Here, we report that the fluorescence emission of porous graphene with a high defect density has a giant enhancement (about two orders of magnitude) by a direct and simple fluorination strategy, showing a fine defect-tolerance characteristic. Meanwhile, the corresponding fluorocarbon bonds with excellent thermostability (over 500 °C in N2 even air) also bring about good stability. The photophysical origins during the whole photoluminescence evolution are further investigated. In the excitation process, the coexistence of fluorine and aromatic regions in fluorinated porous graphene (FPG) contributes to producing a new electronic band gap structure to match the maximum excitation wavelength, then numerous excitons generate, which is a precondition for strong fluorescence emission. In the emission process, weak electron-phonon interactions, large rigidity, and constrained electron at the defects in FPG greatly reduce nonradiative recombination loss. Moreover, fluorine at the defects also reduces interlayer interactions among FPG nanosheets and resists the influence of absorbed impurities, thereby further restricting nonradiative recombination pathway. Highly fluorescent FPG has been utilized as a fascinating tool to achieve sensitive and naked-eye detection of Fe3+ ions with a high selectivity. The fluorescence quenching efficiency reaches 24% even with an ultralow concentration of Fe3+ (0.06 μM), and that increases to 84% when the concentration of Fe3+ is 396 μM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun Fan
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Material and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, P.R. China
| | - Liansi Peng
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Material and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, P.R. China
| | - Yang Liu
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Material and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, P.R. China
| | - Yu Li
- School of materials science and engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300354, P.R. China
| | - Yue Chen
- State Key Lab of Fluorinated Functional Membrane Materials, Dongyue Polymer Material Company of Dongyue Federation, Zibo, Shandong 256401, P.R. China
| | - Yeqiao Meng
- State Key Lab of Fluorinated Functional Membrane Materials, Dongyue Polymer Material Company of Dongyue Federation, Zibo, Shandong 256401, P.R. China
| | - Xiangyang Liu
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Material and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, P.R. China
| | - Wei Feng
- School of materials science and engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300354, P.R. China
| | - Xu Wang
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Material and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, P.R. China
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24
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Schultz JF, Li S, Jiang S, Jiang N. Optical scanning tunneling microscopy based chemical imaging and spectroscopy. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2020; 32:463001. [PMID: 32702674 DOI: 10.1088/1361-648x/aba8c7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2020] [Accepted: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Through coupling optical processes with the scanning tunneling microscope (STM), single-molecule chemistry and physics have been investigated at the ultimate spatial and temporal limit. Electrons and photons can be used to drive interactions and reactions in chemical systems and simultaneously probe their characteristics and consequences. In this review we introduce and review methods to couple optical imaging and spectroscopy with scanning tunneling microscopy. The integration of the STM and optical spectroscopy provides new insights into individual molecular adsorbates, surface-supported molecular assemblies, and two-dimensional materials with subnanoscale resolution, enabling the fundamental study of chemistry at the spatial and temporal limit. The inelastic scattering of photons by molecules and materials, that results in unique and sensitive vibrational fingerprints, will be considered with tip-enhanced Raman spectroscopy. STM-induced luminescence examines the intrinsic luminescence of organic adsorbates and their energy transfer and charge transfer processes with their surroundings. We also provide a survey of recent efforts to probe the dynamics of optical excitation at the molecular level with scanning tunneling microscopy in the context of light-induced photophysical and photochemical transformations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy F Schultz
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60607, United States of America
| | - Shaowei Li
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093, United States of America
- Kavli Energy NanoScience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, United States of America
| | - Song Jiang
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, IPCMS, UMR 7504, F-67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Nan Jiang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60607, United States of America
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25
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Mahapatra S, Li L, Schultz JF, Jiang N. Tip-enhanced Raman spectroscopy: Chemical analysis with nanoscale to angstrom scale resolution. J Chem Phys 2020; 153:010902. [DOI: 10.1063/5.0009766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Sayantan Mahapatra
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60607, USA
| | - Linfei Li
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60607, USA
| | - Jeremy F. Schultz
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60607, USA
| | - Nan Jiang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60607, USA
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26
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Zhang Z, Zhou M, Zhang T, Yang M, Yang Q, Yu J, Zhang Y. Few-Layer Borophene Prepared by Mechanical Resonance and Its Application in Terahertz Shielding. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:19746-19754. [PMID: 32186178 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b19407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Once two-dimensional boron-based materials were forecasted, their excellent physical and chemical properties have realized attractive application value in the field of materials science. However, borophene could not exist independently and stably in nature. Molecular beam epitaxy is the only way being used currently for the preparation of borophene, which has low yield and harsh experimental installation conditions. Here, we propose the theory that few-layer borophene supported by silver nanoparticles can exist stably and large-scale preparation of few-layer borophene can be performed by mechanical resonance first. We have revealed that the structure of the prepared borophene is α-sheet and its thickness is less than 4 nm. The oxidation rate of borophene from the experiment is about 0.19, which indicates that the few-layer borophene possesses good structure stability. We have also studied the structure stability of borophene on silver nanoparticles by first principles calculation. The calculation proves that few-layer borophene can exist stably supported with silver nanoparticles. Furthermore, the terahertz shielding and stealth performance of the few-layer borophene have been explored. The maximum terahertz shielding effectiveness value of the prepared material could reach up to 50 and 21.5 dB for the reflection loss value in the broadband range of 0.1-2.7 THz. The large-scale preparation of few-layer borophene through the mechanical method makes it possible to study the properties of borophene and achieve low-cost large-scale applications, such as the study of terahertz shielding and stealth performance in the article, which facilitates the lightweight material design for terahertz shielding and stealth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhixun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Tribology, School of Mechanical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Ming Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Tribology, School of Mechanical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials Processing Technology, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Taohong Zhang
- Department of Computer, School of Computer and Communication Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing (USTB), Beijing 100083, China
| | - Mingyang Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Tribology, School of Mechanical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Qingfeng Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Tribology, School of Mechanical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Jianwen Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Tribology, School of Mechanical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yibo Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Tribology, School of Mechanical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
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Ma D, Zhao J, Xie J, Zhang F, Wang R, Wu L, Liang W, Li D, Ge Y, Li J, Zhang Y, Zhang H. Ultrathin boron nanosheets as an emerging two-dimensional photoluminescence material for bioimaging. NANOSCALE HORIZONS 2020; 5:705-713. [PMID: 32226968 DOI: 10.1039/c9nh00698b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Two-dimensional (2D) metal-free sheets with atomic thickness have been highly considered as promising candidates for fluorescent probes, due to their intriguing characteristics. In this work, 2D ultrathin boron nanosheets (B NSs) with a surface defect nanolayer can be effectively prepared by modified liquid phase exfoliation. The as-prepared ultrathin B NSs show blue fluorescence characteristics even with a quantum yield efficiency of up to 10.6%. Such luminescent behavior originates from the quantum confinement effect and the existence of a surface defect layer. In light of the advantages of being environmentally friendly, having high photostability and good biocompatibility, for the first time we have shown that ultrathin B NSs can be used as an emerging fluorescent probe for application in cellular bioimaging. It is believed that this work will open new avenues for ultrathin B NSs in biomedical fields, and it will also inspire the development of other elemental 2D nanomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dingtao Ma
- Faculty of Information Technology, Macau University of Science and Technology, Taipa, Macau SAR 999078, P. R. China
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28
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Zheng B, Xie Y, Deng Y, Wang Z, Lou Y, Qian Y, He J, Yu H. Highly Effective Work Function Reduction of α‐Borophene via Caesium Decoration: A First‐Principles Investigation. ADVANCED THEORY AND SIMULATIONS 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/adts.201900249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Bing Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Functional Inorganic Material Chemistry (Ministry of Education) and School of Chemistry and Materials Science Heilongjiang University Harbin 150080 P. R. China
| | - Ying Xie
- Key Laboratory of Functional Inorganic Material Chemistry (Ministry of Education) and School of Chemistry and Materials Science Heilongjiang University Harbin 150080 P. R. China
| | - Ying‐yi Deng
- Key Laboratory of Functional Inorganic Material Chemistry (Ministry of Education) and School of Chemistry and Materials Science Heilongjiang University Harbin 150080 P. R. China
| | - Zhao‐qi Wang
- Key Laboratory of Functional Inorganic Material Chemistry (Ministry of Education) and School of Chemistry and Materials Science Heilongjiang University Harbin 150080 P. R. China
- College of Physics Sichuan University Chengdu 610065 P. R. China
| | - Yuan‐qing Lou
- Key Laboratory of Functional Inorganic Material Chemistry (Ministry of Education) and School of Chemistry and Materials Science Heilongjiang University Harbin 150080 P. R. China
| | - Yin‐yin Qian
- Key Laboratory of Functional Inorganic Material Chemistry (Ministry of Education) and School of Chemistry and Materials Science Heilongjiang University Harbin 150080 P. R. China
| | - Jing He
- Key Laboratory of Functional Inorganic Material Chemistry (Ministry of Education) and School of Chemistry and Materials Science Heilongjiang University Harbin 150080 P. R. China
| | - Hai‐tao Yu
- Key Laboratory of Functional Inorganic Material Chemistry (Ministry of Education) and School of Chemistry and Materials Science Heilongjiang University Harbin 150080 P. R. China
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29
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Ma D, Wang R, Zhao J, Chen Q, Wu L, Li D, Su L, Jiang X, Luo Z, Ge Y, Li J, Zhang Y, Zhang H. A self-powered photodetector based on two-dimensional boron nanosheets. NANOSCALE 2020; 12:5313-5323. [PMID: 32080700 DOI: 10.1039/d0nr00005a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Owing to their intriguing characteristics, the ongoing pursuit of emerging mono-elemental two-dimensional (2D) nanosheets beyond graphene is an exciting research area for next-generation applications. Herein, we demonstrate that highly crystalline 2D boron (B) nanosheets can be efficiently synthesized by employing a modified liquid phase exfoliation method. Moreover, carrier dynamics has been systematically investigated by using femtosecond time-resolved transient absorption spectroscopy, demonstrating an ultrafast recovery speed during carrier transfer. Based on these results, the optoelectronic performance of the as-synthesized 2D B nanosheets has been investigated by applying them in photoelectrochemical (PEC)-type and field effect transistor (FET)-type photodetectors. The experimental results revealed that the as-fabricated PEC device not only exhibited a favourable self-powered capability, but also a high photoresponsivity of 2.9-91.7 μA W-1 in the UV region. Besides, the FET device also exhibited a tunable photoresponsivity in the range of 174-281.3 μA W-1 under the irradiation of excited light at 405 nm. We strongly believe that the current work shall pave the path for successful utilization of 2D B nanosheets in electronic and optoelectronic devices. Moreover, the proposed method can be utilized to explore other mono-elemental 2D nanomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dingtao Ma
- Faculty of Information Technology, Macau University of Science and Technology, Taipa, Macau SAR 999078, P. R. China
| | - Rui Wang
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Optoelectronic Science and Technology and Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong Province, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, P. R. China. and Department of Electronic Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, P. R. China
| | - Jinlai Zhao
- Faculty of Information Technology, Macau University of Science and Technology, Taipa, Macau SAR 999078, P. R. China and Collaborative Innovation Center for Optoelectronic Science and Technology and Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong Province, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, P. R. China.
| | - Qianyuan Chen
- School of Physics and Technology, and MOE Key Laboratory of Artificial Micro- and Nano-structures, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Leiming Wu
- Faculty of Information Technology, Macau University of Science and Technology, Taipa, Macau SAR 999078, P. R. China
| | - Delong Li
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Optoelectronic Science and Technology and Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong Province, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, P. R. China.
| | - Liumei Su
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Optoelectronic Science and Technology and Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong Province, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, P. R. China.
| | - Xiantao Jiang
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Optoelectronic Science and Technology and Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong Province, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, P. R. China.
| | - Zhengqian Luo
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, P. R. China
| | - Yanqi Ge
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Optoelectronic Science and Technology and Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong Province, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, P. R. China.
| | - Jianqing Li
- Faculty of Information Technology, Macau University of Science and Technology, Taipa, Macau SAR 999078, P. R. China
| | - Yupeng Zhang
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Optoelectronic Science and Technology and Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong Province, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, P. R. China.
| | - Han Zhang
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Optoelectronic Science and Technology and Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong Province, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, P. R. China.
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30
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Wu Z, Tai G, Shao W, Wang R, Hou C. Experimental realization of quasicubic boron sheets. NANOSCALE 2020; 12:3787-3794. [PMID: 31994569 DOI: 10.1039/c9nr08967e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Boron atoms possess a short covalent radius and the flexibility to adopt sp2 hybridization, which favour the formation of diverse two-dimensional allotropes of boron. Several examples of such boron sheets with metallic nature have been reported recently. However, a semiconducting boron crystal with a direct bandgap is rarely reported either in bulk boron crystals or in two-dimensional boron sheets. Here, the boron sheets with a direct bandgap are synthesized on a Ni foil substrate by chemical vapor deposition. The boron sheets with 48 boron atoms per unit cell have a quasicubic structure, and they are semiconducting and have a direct bandgap of around 2.4 eV, which are verified by combining theoretical and experimental investigations. The result greatly expands the known allotropy of the fifth element and opens vast opportunities to design 2D boron sheets with tunable optical, electronic, magnetic and chemical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zenghui Wu
- The State Key Laboratory of Mechanics and Control of Mechanical Structures, Key Laboratory for Intelligent Nano Materials and Devices of Ministry of Education, College of Aerospace Engineering, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing 210016, China.
| | - Guoan Tai
- The State Key Laboratory of Mechanics and Control of Mechanical Structures, Key Laboratory for Intelligent Nano Materials and Devices of Ministry of Education, College of Aerospace Engineering, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing 210016, China.
| | - Wei Shao
- The State Key Laboratory of Mechanics and Control of Mechanical Structures, Key Laboratory for Intelligent Nano Materials and Devices of Ministry of Education, College of Aerospace Engineering, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing 210016, China.
| | - Rui Wang
- School of Material Science and Technology, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing 210016, China
| | - Chuang Hou
- The State Key Laboratory of Mechanics and Control of Mechanical Structures, Key Laboratory for Intelligent Nano Materials and Devices of Ministry of Education, College of Aerospace Engineering, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing 210016, China.
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31
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Liu L, Zhang Z, Liu X, Xuan X, Yakobson BI, Hersam MC, Guo W. Borophene Concentric Superlattices via Self-Assembly of Twin Boundaries. NANO LETTERS 2020; 20:1315-1321. [PMID: 31951420 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.9b04798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Due to its in-plane structural anisotropy and highly polymorphic nature, borophene has been shown to form a diverse set of linear superlattice structures that are not observed in other two-dimensional materials. Here, we show both theoretically and experimentally that concentric superlattice structures can also be realized in borophene via the energetically preferred self-assembly of coherent twin boundaries. Since borophene twin boundaries do not require the creation of additional lattice defects, they are exceptionally low in energy and thus easier to nucleate and even migrate than grain boundaries in other two-dimensional materials. Due to their high mobility, borophene twin boundaries naturally self-assemble to form novel phases consisting of periodic concentric loops of filled boron hexagons that are further preferred energetically by the rotational registry of borophene on the Ag(111) surface. Compared to defect-free borophene, concentric superlattice borophene phases are predicted to possess enhanced mechanical strength and localized electronic states. Overall, these results establish defect-mediated self-assembly as a pathway to unique borophene structures and properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liren Liu
- Key Laboratory for Intelligent Nano Materials and Devices of Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Mechanics and Control of Mechanical Structures, and Institute of Nanoscience , Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics , Nanjing 210016 , China
| | - Zhuhua Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Intelligent Nano Materials and Devices of Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Mechanics and Control of Mechanical Structures, and Institute of Nanoscience , Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics , Nanjing 210016 , China
| | - Xiaolong Liu
- Applied Physics Graduate Program , Northwestern University , 2220 Campus Drive , Evanston , Illinois 60208 , United States
| | - Xiaoyu Xuan
- Key Laboratory for Intelligent Nano Materials and Devices of Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Mechanics and Control of Mechanical Structures, and Institute of Nanoscience , Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics , Nanjing 210016 , China
| | - Boris I Yakobson
- Department of Materials Science and NanoEngineering and Department of Chemistry , Rice University , Houston , Texas 77005 , United States
| | - Mark C Hersam
- Applied Physics Graduate Program , Northwestern University , 2220 Campus Drive , Evanston , Illinois 60208 , United States
- Department of Chemistry , Northwestern University , 2220 Campus Drive , Evanston , Illinois 60208 , United States
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering , Northwestern University , 2220 Campus Drive , Evanston , Illinois 60208 , United States
| | - Wanlin Guo
- Key Laboratory for Intelligent Nano Materials and Devices of Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Mechanics and Control of Mechanical Structures, and Institute of Nanoscience , Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics , Nanjing 210016 , China
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32
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Xie Z, Meng X, Li X, Liang W, Huang W, Chen K, Chen J, Xing C, Qiu M, Zhang B, Nie G, Xie N, Yan X, Zhang H. Two-Dimensional Borophene: Properties, Fabrication, and Promising Applications. RESEARCH (WASHINGTON, D.C.) 2020; 2020:2624617. [PMID: 32607497 PMCID: PMC7312787 DOI: 10.34133/2020/2624617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Monoelemental two-dimensional (2D) materials (Xenes) aroused a tremendous attention in 2D science owing to their unique properties and extensive applications. Borophene, one emerging and typical Xene, has been regarded as a promising agent for energy, sensor, and biomedical applications. However, the production of borophene is still a challenge because bulk boron has rather intricate spatial structures and multiple chemical properties. In this review, we describe its excellent properties including the optical, electronic, metallic, semiconducting, photoacoustic, and photothermal properties. The fabrication methods of borophene are also presented including the bottom-up fabrication and the top-down fabrication. In the end, the challenges of borophene in the latest applications are presented and perspectives are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongjian Xie
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong Province, Institute of Microscale Optoelectronics and Otolaryngology Department and Biobank of the First Affiliated Hospital, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
- Shenzhen International Institute for Biomedical Research, 518116 Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiangying Meng
- Shenzhen International Institute for Biomedical Research, 518116 Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiangnan Li
- National-Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of New Energy Photovoltaic Devices, Key Laboratory of Digital Medical Engineering of Hebei Province, College of Electron and Information Engineering, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, China
| | - Weiyuan Liang
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong Province, Institute of Microscale Optoelectronics and Otolaryngology Department and Biobank of the First Affiliated Hospital, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Weichun Huang
- Nantong Key Lab of Intelligent and New Energy Materials, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nantong University, Nantong, 226019 Jiangsu, China
| | - Keqiang Chen
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong Province, Institute of Microscale Optoelectronics and Otolaryngology Department and Biobank of the First Affiliated Hospital, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Jianming Chen
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong Province, Institute of Microscale Optoelectronics and Otolaryngology Department and Biobank of the First Affiliated Hospital, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Chenyang Xing
- Center for Stretchable Electronics and Nanoscale Systems, Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education, College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Meng Qiu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Chemistry Theory and Technology (Ocean University of China), Ministry of Education, Qingdao 266100, China
| | - Bin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong Province, Institute of Microscale Optoelectronics and Otolaryngology Department and Biobank of the First Affiliated Hospital, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Guohui Nie
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong Province, Institute of Microscale Optoelectronics and Otolaryngology Department and Biobank of the First Affiliated Hospital, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Ni Xie
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong Province, Institute of Microscale Optoelectronics and Otolaryngology Department and Biobank of the First Affiliated Hospital, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Xiaobing Yan
- National-Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of New Energy Photovoltaic Devices, Key Laboratory of Digital Medical Engineering of Hebei Province, College of Electron and Information Engineering, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, China
| | - Han Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong Province, Institute of Microscale Optoelectronics and Otolaryngology Department and Biobank of the First Affiliated Hospital, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
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Zhao S, Wu Y, Zhou B, Liu X. Synthesis of Boron Nanosheets in Copper Medium. Sci Rep 2019; 9:17337. [PMID: 31758039 PMCID: PMC6874611 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-53851-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2019] [Accepted: 11/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Boron has a tendency to form bulk structures due to its unique electron-deficient property, so it's hard for boron to form sheets in large quantities. Here, we report a novel method for the preparation of boron nanosheets in large quantities by copper medium. The method mainly includes mechanical exfoliation, recombination and extraction. A large number of boron nanosheets with a height of below 6 nm have been prepared in this work. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and Raman spectroscopy results confirmed that the nanosheets possess the characteristics of α-rhombohedra boron and β-rhombohedra boron with a high content of boron. Hexagonal and rhombic sheets have been observed and two different growth processes are revealed successfully, which are also the basic structures of boron nanosheets. An interesting phenomenon also have been discovered that high density nanotwins exist in β-Rhombohedra boron sheets and it might stimulate more interest in growth of nanomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuo Zhao
- Key Laboratory for Liquid-Solid Structural Evolution & Processing of Materials, Ministry of Education, Shandong University, Jinan, 250061, China
| | - Yuying Wu
- Key Laboratory for Liquid-Solid Structural Evolution & Processing of Materials, Ministry of Education, Shandong University, Jinan, 250061, China.
| | - Bo Zhou
- Institute of Microstructure and Properties of Advanced Materials, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, 100124, China
| | - Xiangfa Liu
- Key Laboratory for Liquid-Solid Structural Evolution & Processing of Materials, Ministry of Education, Shandong University, Jinan, 250061, China
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Kong L, Liu L, Chen L, Zhong Q, Cheng P, Li H, Zhang Z, Wu K. One-dimensional nearly free electron states in borophene. NANOSCALE 2019; 11:15605-15611. [PMID: 31403639 DOI: 10.1039/c9nr03792f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Two-dimensional boron (borophene) features structural polymorphs and distinct in-plane anisotropy, opening opportunities to achieve tailored electronic properties by intermixing different phases. Here, using scanning tunneling spectroscopy combined with first-principles calculations, delocalized one-dimensional nearly free electron states (NFE) in the (2,3) or β12 borophene sheet on the Ag(111) surface were observed. The NFE states emerge from a line defect in borophene, manifested as a structural unit of the (2,2) or χ3 sheet, which creates an in-plane potential well that shifts the states toward the Fermi level. The NFE states are held near the 2D plane of borophene, rather than in the vacuum region as observed in other nanostructures. Furthermore, borophene can provide a rare prototype to further study novel NFE behaviors, which may have potential applications in transport or field emission nanodevices based on boron.
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Affiliation(s)
- Longjuan Kong
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China. and School of Physical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Liren Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Mechanics and Control of Mechanical Structures, and Key Laboratory for Intelligent Nano Materials and Devices of Ministry of Education, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing 210016, China.
| | - Lan Chen
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China. and School of Physical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China and Songshan Lake Materials Laboratory, Dongguan, Guangdong 523808, China
| | - Qing Zhong
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China.
| | - Peng Cheng
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China. and School of Physical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Hui Li
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Centre for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Zhuhua Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Mechanics and Control of Mechanical Structures, and Key Laboratory for Intelligent Nano Materials and Devices of Ministry of Education, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing 210016, China.
| | - Kehui Wu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China. and School of Physical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China and Songshan Lake Materials Laboratory, Dongguan, Guangdong 523808, China
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Liu S, Müller M, Sun Y, Hamada I, Hammud A, Wolf M, Kumagai T. Resolving the Correlation between Tip-Enhanced Resonance Raman Scattering and Local Electronic States with 1 nm Resolution. NANO LETTERS 2019; 19:5725-5731. [PMID: 31361964 PMCID: PMC6748789 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.9b02345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2019] [Revised: 07/12/2019] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Low-temperature tip-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (TERS) enables chemical identification with single-molecule sensitivity and extremely high spatial resolution even down to the atomic scale. The large enhancement of Raman scattering obtained in TERS can originate from physical and/or chemical enhancement mechanisms. Whereas physical enhancement requires a strong near-field through excitation of localized surface plasmons, chemical enhancement is governed by resonance in the electronic structure of the sample, which is also known as resonance Raman spectroscopy. Here we report on tip-enhanced resonance Raman spectroscopy (TERRS) of ultrathin ZnO layers epitaxially grown on a Ag(111) surface, where both enhancement mechanisms are operative. In combination with scanning tunneling spectroscopy (STS), it is demonstrated that the TERRS intensity strongly depends on the local electronic resonance of the ZnO/Ag(111) interface. We also reveal that the spatial resolution of TERRS is dependent on the tip-surface distance and reaches nearly 1 nm in the tunneling regime, which can be rationalized by strong-field confinement resulting from an atomic-scale protrusion on the tip apex. Comparison of STS and TERRS mapping clearly shows a correlation between resonantly enhanced Raman scattering and the local electronic states at near-atomic resolution. Our results suggest that TERRS is a new approach for the atomic-scale optical characterization of local electronic states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuyi Liu
- Department
of Physical Chemistry, Fritz-Haber Institute
of the Max-Planck Society, Faradayweg 4-6, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Melanie Müller
- Department
of Physical Chemistry, Fritz-Haber Institute
of the Max-Planck Society, Faradayweg 4-6, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Yang Sun
- Global
Research Center for Environment and Energy Based on Nanomaterials
Science, National Institute for Materials
Science, 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0044, Japan
| | - Ikutaro Hamada
- Global
Research Center for Environment and Energy Based on Nanomaterials
Science, National Institute for Materials
Science, 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0044, Japan
- Department
of Precision Science and Technology, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamada-Oka Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Adnan Hammud
- Department
of Inorganic Chemistry, Fritz-Haber Institute
of the Max-Planck Society, Faradayweg 4-6, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Martin Wolf
- Department
of Physical Chemistry, Fritz-Haber Institute
of the Max-Planck Society, Faradayweg 4-6, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Takashi Kumagai
- Department
of Physical Chemistry, Fritz-Haber Institute
of the Max-Planck Society, Faradayweg 4-6, 14195 Berlin, Germany
- JST-PRESTO, 4-1-8 Honcho, Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan
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Kambe T, Hosono R, Imaoka S, Kuzume A, Yamamoto K. Solution Phase Mass Synthesis of 2D Atomic Layer with Hexagonal Boron Network. J Am Chem Soc 2019; 141:12984-12988. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b06110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tetsuya Kambe
- Laboratory for
Chemistry and Life Science, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama 226-8503, Japan
- JST-ERATO, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama 226-8503, Japan
| | - Reina Hosono
- Laboratory for
Chemistry and Life Science, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama 226-8503, Japan
| | - Shotaro Imaoka
- Laboratory for
Chemistry and Life Science, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama 226-8503, Japan
| | - Akiyoshi Kuzume
- JST-ERATO, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama 226-8503, Japan
| | - Kimihisa Yamamoto
- Laboratory for
Chemistry and Life Science, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama 226-8503, Japan
- JST-ERATO, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama 226-8503, Japan
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