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Shang J, Zhou Q, Wang K, Wei Y. Engineering of Green Carbon Dots for Biomedical and Biotechnological Applications. Molecules 2024; 29:4508. [PMID: 39339503 PMCID: PMC11434350 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29184508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2024] [Revised: 09/16/2024] [Accepted: 09/17/2024] [Indexed: 09/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Carbon dots (CDs) are attracting increasing research attention due to their exceptional attributes, including their biocompatibility, water solubility, minimal toxicity, high photoluminescence, and easy functionalization. Green CDs, derived from natural sources such as fruits and vegetables, present advantages over conventionally produced CDs, such as cost-effectiveness, stability, simplicity, safety, and environmental friendliness. Various methods, including hydrothermal and microwave treatments, are used to synthesize green CDs, which demonstrate strong biocompatibility, stability, and luminescence. These properties give green CDs versatility in their biological applications, such as bioimaging, biosensing, and drug delivery. This review summarizes the prevalent synthesis methods and renewable sources regarding green CDs; examines their optical features; and explores their extensive biological applications, including in bioimaging, biosensing, drug/gene delivery, antimicrobial and antiviral effects, formatting of mathematical components, cancer diagnosis, and pharmaceutical formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Yunlin Wei
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China; (J.S.); (Q.Z.); (K.W.)
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2
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Anusuyadevi K, Bose AC, Velmathi S. Single Step Solid State Synthesis of Carbon Nanoparticles for Instantaneous Detection of Fe (III) in Water Samples. J Fluoresc 2024; 34:2219-2227. [PMID: 37726503 DOI: 10.1007/s10895-023-03437-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/21/2023]
Abstract
Though iron is one of the vital micronutrients in biological systems excess of which is associated with various illness. Consumption of contaminated water and crops because of its extensive industrial utility is one of the major sources for excess iron in living beings. Hence, we have designed a sensor based on carbon nanoparticles for the detection of Fe (III) and we have also attempted to estimate Fe (III) in spiked water samples. Carbon nanoparticles (CNP) with quantum yield of 40.2 % was synthesized by solid state synthesis from aromatic molecular precursors unlike conventional synthesis methodology. The particle size, stability and optical properties of CNP were investigated by microscopic and spectroscopic techniques. CNP manifested a naked color change from colorless to yellow in presence of Fe (III) and 72 % of CNP's emission was quenched at 487 nm on excitation at 377 nm by Fe (III). The detection time was less than a second and limit of detection was calculated as 0.248 µM. The mechanistic aspect of detection was investigated and applicability of CNP was examined in spiked water samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathiresan Anusuyadevi
- Organic and Polymer Synthesis Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology, Tiruchirappalli, 620 015, India
| | - Arumugam Chandra Bose
- Nanomaterials Laboratory, Department of Physics, National Institute of Technology, Tiruchirappalli, 620 015, India
| | - Sivan Velmathi
- Organic and Polymer Synthesis Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology, Tiruchirappalli, 620 015, India.
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3
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Kumar P, Mahalakshmi M, Anitha S, Durgadevi S, Govarthanan M. Luminous blue carbon quantum dots employing Anisomeles indica (catmint) induce apoptotic signaling pathway in triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) cells. LUMINESCENCE 2024; 39:e4848. [PMID: 39092486 DOI: 10.1002/bio.4848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2024] [Revised: 06/28/2024] [Accepted: 07/15/2024] [Indexed: 08/04/2024]
Abstract
Herein, luminous blue carbon quantum dots (CDs) employing Anisomeles indica (Catmint) were reported with imaging, self-targeting, and therapeutic effects on triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC, MDA-MB-231) cells. The salient features of CDs generated from catmint are as follows: i) optical studies confirm CDs with excitation-dependent emission; ii) high-throughput characterization authenticates the formation of CDs with near-spherical shape with diameter ranging between 5 and 15 nm; iii) CDs induce cytotoxicity (3.22 ± 0.64 μg/ml) in triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC, MDA-MB-231) cells; iv) fluorescence microscopy demonstrates that CDs promote apoptosis by increasing reactive oxygen species (ROS) and decreasing mitochondrial membrane potential; v) CDs significantly up-regulate pro-apoptotic gene expression levels such as caspases-8/9/3. Finally, our work demonstrates that catmint-derived CDs are prospective nanotheranostics that augment cancer targeting and imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ponnuchamy Kumar
- Food Chemistry and Molecular Cancer Biology, Department of Animal Health and Management, Alagappa University, Karaikudi, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Marimuthu Mahalakshmi
- Food Chemistry and Molecular Cancer Biology, Department of Animal Health and Management, Alagappa University, Karaikudi, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Selvaraj Anitha
- Food Chemistry and Molecular Cancer Biology, Department of Animal Health and Management, Alagappa University, Karaikudi, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Sabapathi Durgadevi
- Food Chemistry and Molecular Cancer Biology, Department of Animal Health and Management, Alagappa University, Karaikudi, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Muthusamy Govarthanan
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
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4
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Kaur A, Kaur M, Vyas P. Abatement of microbes and organic pollutants using heterostructural nanocomposites of rice straw CQDs with substituted strontium ferrite. CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 359:142310. [PMID: 38761820 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.142310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Revised: 03/16/2024] [Accepted: 05/09/2024] [Indexed: 05/20/2024]
Abstract
Sustainable use of agricultural waste still remains a challenging task. Herein, we used rice straw as a carbon precursor to prepare carbon quantum dots (CQDs) for photocatalytic applications. Nanocomposites of CQDs with Ti4+ and Mg2+ substituted strontium ferrite (Sr0·4Ti0·4Mg0·2Fe2O4.4) nanoparticles (NPs) in varying w:w ratio was synthesized by ultrasonication method. The successful formation of nanocomposites was confirmed by various microscopic and spectroscopic techniques. The photocatalytic and antibacterial activity of NPs, CQDs and nanocomposites was comparatively evaluated using tetracycline hydrochloride, azure B, Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli as model pollutants. The CQDs-Sr0.4Ti0·4Mg0·2Fe2O4.4 nanocomposite with a w:w ratio of 2:1 showed excellent photocatalytic and antibacterial activity, with the degradation and inactivation efficiency ranging from 97.1% to 99.0% in presence of visible light. The increased specific surface area (117.2 m2/g), and reduction in band gap (2.48 eV-2.09 eV) and decreased photoluminescence intensity of nanocomposites all corroborated these results. The impacting experimental parameters such as catalyst dose, pH and contact time were also examined. Quenching experiments confirmed that hydroxyl radicals (HO∙) radicals and holes (h+) played a vital role in the degradation of pollutants. The kinetics of photodegradation was explained by using the Langmuir-Hinshelwood model. Box-Behnken statistical modelling was used to optimize photocatalytic parameters. Results indicated that the nanocomposite of CQDs with Sr0·4Ti0·4Mg0·2Fe2O4.4 can serve as a promising photocatalyst for the removal of pollutants and microbes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ajaypal Kaur
- Department of Chemistry, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 141004, India
| | - Manpreet Kaur
- Department of Chemistry, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 141004, India.
| | - Pratibha Vyas
- Department of Microbiology, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana-141004, India
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5
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Soni H, Bhattu M, Sd P, Kaur M, Verma M, Singh J. Recent advances in waste-derived carbon dots and their nanocomposites for environmental remediation and biological applications. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2024; 251:118560. [PMID: 38447603 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2024.118560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2023] [Revised: 02/22/2024] [Accepted: 02/24/2024] [Indexed: 03/08/2024]
Abstract
The surging demand for eco-friendly nanomaterial synthesis has spurred the emergence of green approaches for synthesizing carbon dots (CDs). These methods utilized natural carbon sources, such as different kind of waste for CDs synthesis, underscoring their significance in waste management and circular economy initiatives. Furthermore, the properties of CDs can be tailored by their functionalization with different materials, enabling their versatile utilization in diverse scientific domains. In this regard, the current study delves into an in-depth review of recent advances in the green/sustainable fabrication of carbon dots nanocomposites (CDNCs) with metal/metal oxides and polymers within the timeframe of 2019-2023. It begins by categorizing different types of CDs, analyzing their associated nanocomposites with mechanistic insights. The primary focus is on green synthesis methods, particularly those that employ waste materials. Furthermore, we also discussed the applications of these CDs in both environmental and biological fields by covering areas such as catalysis, photocatalysis, heavy metal ion sensing, antimicrobial, and bioimaging with in-depth underlying mechanisms. At last, the review highlights the significant challenges with future directions. These include the pursuit of cost-effective green precursors, the advancement of streamlined one-step synthesis techniques, and their efficient utilization for diverse applications. Therefore, this review provides valuable insights for researchers seeking to enhance the functionality and sustainability of CDNCs by highlighting their potential to address environmental and biological challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Himanshi Soni
- Department of Chemistry, Chandigarh University, Mohali-140413, Punjab, India
| | - Monika Bhattu
- Department of Chemistry, Chandigarh University, Mohali-140413, Punjab, India; University Centre for Research and Development, Chandigarh University, Mohali-140413, Punjab, India
| | - Priya Sd
- Instituto de Alta Investigación, Universidad de Tarapacá, Arica-1000000, Chile
| | - Manvinder Kaur
- Department of Chemistry, Chandigarh University, Mohali-140413, Punjab, India
| | - Meenakshi Verma
- Department of Chemistry, Chandigarh University, Mohali-140413, Punjab, India; University Centre for Research and Development, Chandigarh University, Mohali-140413, Punjab, India.
| | - Jagpreet Singh
- Department of Chemistry, Chandigarh University, Mohali-140413, Punjab, India; University Centre for Research and Development, Chandigarh University, Mohali-140413, Punjab, India.
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Kota S, Dumpala P, Sajja R, Anantha R. Heteroatom-doped carbon dots from medicinal plants as novel biomaterials for as-use biomedical applications in comparison with synthetic drug, zaltoprofen. Sci Rep 2024; 14:13160. [PMID: 38849424 PMCID: PMC11161473 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-63700-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2024] [Accepted: 05/31/2024] [Indexed: 06/09/2024] Open
Abstract
FN-doped carbon dots were synthesized using powdered leaves of Moringa oleifera L./Chromolaena odorata L./Tridax procumbens L./Tinospora cordifolia L./ and Lantana camara L., along with a precursor called 4,5-difluoro-1,2-benzenediamine (DFBD) and compared against the drug zaltoprofen derived carbon dots. They were assessed for their optical and structural characteristics using photoluminescence (optimal emission λ of 600 nm), vibrational (FTIR) spectroscopy (characteristic wave numbers of 1156 and 1269 cm-1 for C-F), as well as X-ray diffraction (XRD) (highest intensity at 27.56°) and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HR-TEM) (particles in the size range of 15-20 nm). Further, field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) / energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDX) indicated FN doping of oval/oblong carbon dots. Membrane protection in percent is found to be 55.3 and 80.4 for FN-CDs and Z-FN-CDs respectively. The DPPH-free radical scavenging activity by FN-CDs was 69.4%, while with Z-FN-CDs, it was 54.2%. When tested on six bacterial strains (three each for gram-positive and gram-negative), the FN-CDs displayed a halo (ZOI) between 9 and 19 mm, whereas the Z-FN-CDs displayed a clearance zone between 9 and 17 mm. The FN-CDs showed significant emission-red-shift effects and demonstrated concentration-dependent biocompatibility and viability in neuroblastoma and beta-TC6-cell lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sobha Kota
- Department of Chemical Engineering, RVR & JC College of Engineering (A), Guntur, Andhra Pradesh, 522019, India.
| | - Pradeep Dumpala
- Department of Chemical Engineering, RVR & JC College of Engineering (A), Guntur, Andhra Pradesh, 522019, India
| | - Radhika Sajja
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, RVR & JC College of Engineering (A), Guntur, Andhra Pradesh, 522019, India
| | - Ratnakumari Anantha
- Department of Chemical Engineering, RVR & JC College of Engineering (A), Guntur, Andhra Pradesh, 522019, India
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Sahu KM, Biswal A, Manisha U, Swain SK. Synthesis and drug release kinetics of ciprofloxacin from polyacrylamide/dextran/carbon quantum dots (PAM/Dex/CQD) hydrogels. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 269:132132. [PMID: 38723831 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.132132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2023] [Revised: 04/06/2024] [Accepted: 05/05/2024] [Indexed: 05/14/2024]
Abstract
Sustainable release of drug by utilizing β-cyclodextrin (β-CD) based inclusion complex (IC) is the prime objective of the present work. Herein, polyacrylamide/dextran containing carbon quantum dots (PAM/Dex/CQD) nanocomposite hydrogels are prepared by in situ polymerization of acrylamide. The incorporation of CQD triggers the change in orientation of the PAM/Dex polymeric chains to result the formation of stacked surface morphology of the hydrogel. The average particle size of CQD is found to be 4.13 nm from HRTEM analysis. As-synthesized nanocomposite hydrogel exhibits an optimum swelling ratio of 863 % in aqueous medium. The cytotoxicity study is conducted on HeLa cells by taking up to 2 μM concentration of the prepared nanocomposite hydrogel demonstrate 78 % cell viability. In present study, ciprofloxacin (Cipro) is taken as model drug that achieves release of 64.15 % in 32 h from β-Cipro@PAM/Dex/CQD hydrogels in acidic medium. From theoretical study, release rate constants, R2, Akaike information criterion (AIC) and model selection criterion (MSC) are computed to determine the best fitted kinetics model. Peppas-Sahlin model is the best fitted kinetics model for β-Cipro@PAM/Dex/CQD and concluded that the release of Cipro follows Fickian drug diffusion mechanism in acidic medium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krishna Manjari Sahu
- Department of Chemistry, Veer Surendra Sai University of Technology, Burla, Sambalpur 768018, Odisha, India
| | - Anuradha Biswal
- Department of Chemistry, Veer Surendra Sai University of Technology, Burla, Sambalpur 768018, Odisha, India
| | - Upuluri Manisha
- Department of Chemistry, Veer Surendra Sai University of Technology, Burla, Sambalpur 768018, Odisha, India
| | - Sarat K Swain
- Department of Chemistry, Veer Surendra Sai University of Technology, Burla, Sambalpur 768018, Odisha, India.
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8
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Vijeata A, Chaudhary GR, Chaudhary S, Ibrahim AA, Umar A. Recent advancements and prospects in carbon-based nanomaterials derived from biomass for environmental remediation applications. CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 357:141935. [PMID: 38636909 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.141935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Revised: 03/26/2024] [Accepted: 04/05/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024]
Abstract
The conversion of waste biomass into a value-added carbonaceous nanomaterial highlights the appealing power of biomass valorization. The advantages of using sustainable and cheap biomass precursors exhibit the tremendous opportunity for boosting energy production and their application in environmental remediation processes. This review emphasis the development and production of carbon-based nanomaterials derived from biomass, which possess favourable characteristics such as biocompatibility and photoluminescence. The advantages and limitations of various nanomaterials synthesised from different precursors were also discussed with insights into their physicochemical properties. The surface morphology of the porous nanomaterials is also explored along with their characteristic properties like regenerative nature, non-toxicity, ecofriendly nature, unique surface area, etc. The incorporation of various functional groups confers superiority of these materials, resulting in unique and advanced functional properties. Further, the use of these biomass derived nanomaterials was also explored in different applications like adsorption, photocatalysis and sensing of hazardous pollutants, etc. The challenges and outcomes obtained from different carbon-based nanomaterials are briefly outlined and discussed in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anjali Vijeata
- Department of Chemistry and Centre of Advanced Studies in Chemistry, Panjab University, Chandigarh 160014, India
| | - Ganga Ram Chaudhary
- Department of Chemistry and Centre of Advanced Studies in Chemistry, Panjab University, Chandigarh 160014, India
| | - Savita Chaudhary
- Department of Chemistry and Centre of Advanced Studies in Chemistry, Panjab University, Chandigarh 160014, India.
| | - Ahmed A Ibrahim
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Arts, and Promising Centre for Sensors and Electronic Devices (PCSED), Najran University, Najran-11001, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmad Umar
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Arts, and Promising Centre for Sensors and Electronic Devices (PCSED), Najran University, Najran-11001, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia; Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, 43210, OH, USA.
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Mirseyed PS, Arjmand S, Rahmandoust M, Kheirabadi S, Anbarteh R. Green synthesis of yeast cell wall-derived carbon quantum dots with multiple biological activities. Heliyon 2024; 10:e29440. [PMID: 38699041 PMCID: PMC11064072 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e29440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2023] [Revised: 04/04/2024] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Hypothesis Yeast cell walls are a sustainable biomass source containing carbon and other elements like phosphorus. Converting cell walls into valuable nanomaterials like carbon quantum dots (CQDs) is of interest. Experiments Cell walls from Saccharomyces cerevisiae were hydrothermally treated in 0.5 M H2SO4 to produce CQDs. Multiple analytical techniques were utilized to confirm phosphorus-doping (P-CQDs), characterize the fluorescence properties, determine quantum yield, and evaluate the sensing, antimicrobial, photocatalytic, and antioxidant capacities. Findings A successful synthesis of P-CQDs was achieved with strong blue fluorescence under UV excitation, 19 % quantum yield, and excellent stability. The P-CQDs showed sensitive fluorescence quenching in response to ferric ions with a 201 nM detection limit. Antibacterial effects against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus were demonstrated. P-CQDs also exhibited dye degradation under sunlight and antioxidant activity. So, the prepared P-CQDs displayed promising multifunctional capabilities for metal ion detection, disinfection, and environmental remediation. Further research is required to fully realize and implement the multifunctional potential of P-CQDs in real-world applications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sareh Arjmand
- Protein Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Shahpour Kheirabadi
- Department of Animal Science, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Karaj, Alborz, Iran
| | - Rojin Anbarteh
- Antimicrobial Resistance Research Center, Institute of Immunology and Infectious Disease, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Haque M, Kalita M, Chamlagai D, Lyndem S, Koley S, Kumari P, Aguan K, Singha Roy A. Human serum albumin directed formation of cadmium telluride quantum dots: Applications in biosensing, anti-bacterial activities and cell cytotoxicity measurements. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 268:131862. [PMID: 38670183 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.131862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2023] [Revised: 04/22/2024] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
Although cadmium-based quantum dots (QDs) are highly promising candidates for numerous biological applications, their intrinsic toxicity limits their pertinency in living systems. Surface functionalization of QDs with appropriate molecules could reduce the toxicity level. Herein, we have synthesized the smaller sized (1-5 nm) aqueous-compatible biogenic CdTe QDs using human serum albumin (HSA) as a surface passivating agent via a greener approach. HSA-functionalized CdTe QDs have been explored in multiple in vitro sensing and biological applications, namely, (1) sensing, (2) anti-bacterial and (3) anti-cancer properties. Using CdTe-HSA QDs as a fluorescence probe, a simple fluorometric method has been developed for highly sensitive and selective detection of blood marker bilirubin and hazardous Hg2+ ion with a limit of detection (LOD) of 3.38 and 0.53 ng/mL, respectively. CdTe-HSA QDs also acts as a sensor for standard antibiotics, tetracycline and rifampicin with LOD values of 41.34 and 114.99 ng/mL, respectively. Nano-sized biogenic CdTe-HSA QDs have shown promising anti-bacterial activities against both gram-negative, E. coli and gram-positive, E. faecalis strains confirming more effectiveness against E. faecalis strains. The treatment of human cervical cancer cell lines (HeLa cells) with the synthesized QDs reflected the proficient cytotoxic properties of QDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahabul Haque
- Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology Meghalaya, Shillong 793003, India
| | - Mitul Kalita
- Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology Meghalaya, Shillong 793003, India
| | - Dipak Chamlagai
- Department of Chemistry, North-Eastern Hill University, Shillong 793022, India
| | - Sona Lyndem
- Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology Meghalaya, Shillong 793003, India
| | - Sudipta Koley
- Department of Physics, Amity Institute of Applied Sciences, Amity University, Kolkata 700135, India
| | - Puja Kumari
- Department of Biotechnology & Bioinformatics, North-Eastern Hill University, Shillong 793022, India
| | - Kripamoy Aguan
- Department of Biotechnology & Bioinformatics, North-Eastern Hill University, Shillong 793022, India
| | - Atanu Singha Roy
- Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology Meghalaya, Shillong 793003, India.
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Omar RA, Talreja N, Chuhan D, Ashfaq M. Waste-derived carbon nanostructures (WD-CNs): An innovative step toward waste to treasury. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2024; 246:118096. [PMID: 38171470 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.118096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2023] [Revised: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/31/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
With the growing population, the accumulation of waste materials (WMs) (industrial/household waste) in the environment incessantly increases, affecting human health. Additionally, it affects the climate and ecosystem of terrestrial and water habitats, thereby needing effective management technology to control environmental pollution. In this aspect, managing these WMs to develop products that mitigate the associated issues is necessary. Researchers continue to focus on WMs management by adopting a circular economy. These WMs convert into useful/value-added products such as polymers and nanomaterials (NMs), especially carbon nanomaterials (CNs). The conversion/transformation of waste material into useful products is one of the best solutions for managing waste. Waste-derived CNs (WD-CNs) have established boundless promises for numerous applications like environmental remediation, energy, catalysts, sensors, and biomedical applications. This review paper discusses the several sources of waste material (agricultural, plastic, industrial, biomass, and other) transforming into WD-CNs, such as carbon nanotubes (CNTs), biochar, graphene, carbon nanofibers (CNFs), carbon dots, etc., are extensively elaborated and their application. The impact of metal doping within the WD-CNs is briefly discussed, along with their applicability to end applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rishabh Anand Omar
- Centre for Environmental Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur, 208016, India
| | - Neetu Talreja
- Department of Science, Faculty of Science and Technology, Alliance University, Anekal, Bengaluru-562 106, Karnataka, India.
| | - Divya Chuhan
- Department of Drinking Water and Sanitation, Ministry of Jal Shakti, 1208-A, Pandit Deendayal Antyodaya Bhawan, CGO Complex, Lodhi Road, New Delhi 110003 India
| | - Mohammad Ashfaq
- Department of Biotechnology, University Centre for Research & Development (UCRD), Chandigarh University, Gharaun, Mohali, 140413, Punjab, India.
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12
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Ikram Z, Azmat E, Perviaz M. Degradation Efficiency of Organic Dyes on CQDs As Photocatalysts: A Review. ACS OMEGA 2024; 9:10017-10029. [PMID: 38463277 PMCID: PMC10918811 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c09547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Revised: 02/12/2024] [Accepted: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 03/12/2024]
Abstract
Across the globe, the task of providing clean and safe drinking water is getting harder. Organic contaminants, including dyes and pharmaceutical medications, are a significant environmental threat, especially in aquatic bodies due to their uncontrolled emission. Therefore, a method for their degradation in water bodies that is both environmentally friendly and commercially feasible must be developed. In the realm of photocatalysis, carbon-based nanomaterials have drawn more attention in the last ten years. Due to their exceptional and distinct qualities, metal-free carbon-based photocatalytic systems have received a lot of attention recently for their ability to degrade organic contaminants into semiconductor quantum dots, which are already available. A class of nanomaterials with a particle size between 2 and 10 nm showing distinct optoelectrical characteristics is among the variety of catalytic quantum dots. This review covers several synthesis techniques such as electrochemical, laser ablation, microwave radiation, hydrothermal, and optical features of CQDs such as the photoluminescent (PL) property and quantum confinement effect. The uses of CQDs in the degradation of various dyes as well as the difficulties that still exist and the opportunities that lie ahead have also been explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zulkifle Ikram
- Department
of Basic and Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Central Punjab, 1- Khayaban-e- Jinnah, Johar Town, Lahore 54000, Pakistan
| | - Esha Azmat
- Department
of Basic and Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Central Punjab, 1- Khayaban-e- Jinnah, Johar Town, Lahore 54000, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Perviaz
- Department
of Basic and Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Central Punjab, 1- Khayaban-e- Jinnah, Johar Town, Lahore 54000, Pakistan
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Riahi Z, Khan A, Rhim JW, Shin GH, Kim JT. Sustainable packaging film based on cellulose nanofibres/pullulan impregnated with zinc-doped carbon dots derived from avocado peel to extend the shelf life of chicken and tofu. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 258:129302. [PMID: 38262822 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.129302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Revised: 12/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/05/2024] [Indexed: 01/25/2024]
Abstract
A cellulose nanofiber (CNF)/pullulan (PUL) based multifunctional composite film was developed for active packaging applications by incorporating Zn-doped avocado-derived carbon dots (Zn-ACDs). The incorporation of Zn-ACDs improved the interfacial compatibility and produced a dense cross-sectional structure of the composite films. The Zn-ACDs added film showed no significant difference in water vapor permeability and surface hydrophilicity compared to the neat CNF/PUL film, but the tensile strength and elongation at break increased by ~45.4 % and ~64.1 %, respectively. The addition of 5 wt% Zn-ACDs to the CNF/PUL matrix resulted in 100.0 % UV blocking properties, excellent antioxidant activity (100.0 % for ABTS and 68.0 % for DPPH), and complete eradication of foodborne pathogens such as Listeria monocytogenes ATCC 15313 and Escherichia coli O157:H7 after 3 h of exposure. The CNF/PUL composite film with Zn-ACDs applied to the active packaging of chicken and tofu significantly reduced the total growth of aerobic microorganisms without significantly changing the actual color of the packaged chicken and tofu for 9 days at 10°C. This study demonstrates that CNF/PUL composite films with Zn-ACDs are a sustainable and environmentally friendly option for protecting food from microbial contamination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zohreh Riahi
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea; BioNanocomposite Research Center, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Ajahar Khan
- BioNanocomposite Research Center, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Whan Rhim
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea; BioNanocomposite Research Center, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Gye Hwa Shin
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Kunsan National University, Gunsan 54150, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun Tae Kim
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea; BioNanocomposite Research Center, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea.
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14
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Riahi Z, Khan A, Rhim JW, Shin GH, Kim JT. Carrageenan-based active and intelligent packaging films integrated with anthocyanin and TiO 2-doped carbon dots derived from sweet potato peels. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 259:129371. [PMID: 38228207 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.129371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2023] [Revised: 12/16/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 01/18/2024]
Abstract
Carrageenan-based sustainable active and pH-dependent color-changing composite films were fabricated by blending anthocyanin extracted from sweet potato peel (SPA) with TiO2-doped carbon dots (Ti-CDs) prepared using the biowaste of SPA extraction. The SPA and Ti-CDs were compatible with the carrageenan matrix and were uniformly dispersed in the used polymer to form a homogeneous film with increased mechanical properties. The composite film added with SPA and 3 wt% Ti-CD showed 100 % UV protection, superb antioxidant (100 % DPPH and ABTS scavenging assay), and potent antibacterial activity (complete eradication of foodborne L.monocytogenes and E. coli strains after 3 h incubation). Additionally, the composite films showed distinguishable colorimetric responses to pH 7-12 buffers and volatile ammonia. The intelligent sensing ability of the composite film was assessed through shrimp freshness monitoring, and the film's hue shifted from pink (fresh shrimp) to yellow/brown (inedible shrimp) during storage. Shrimp packaging studies have shown that composite films retard the rate of food quality change during storage and are a good indicator of shrimp spoilage. Therefore, the designed film is expected to have high applicability as a chip, and quick on-site sensor that detects seafood quality in real-time, and a highly effective multifunctional film for better product quality preservation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zohreh Riahi
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea; BioNanocomposite Research Center, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Ajahar Khan
- BioNanocomposite Research Center, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Whan Rhim
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea; BioNanocomposite Research Center, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Gye Hwa Shin
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Kunsan National University, Gunsan 54150, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun Tae Kim
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea; BioNanocomposite Research Center, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea.
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15
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Setianto S, Men LK, Bahtiar A, Panatarani C, Joni IM. Carbon quantum dots with honeycomb structure: a novel synthesis approach utilizing cigarette smoke precursors. Sci Rep 2024; 14:1996. [PMID: 38263381 PMCID: PMC10806174 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-52106-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2023] [Accepted: 01/13/2024] [Indexed: 01/25/2024] Open
Abstract
This study presents a novel approach to synthesizing honeycomb carbon quantum dots (CQDs) from cigarette smoke by a hydrothermal process. A comprehensive characterization of these CQDs, conducted through high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM), showcases their unique honeycomb structure, with an average particle size of 6.3 nm. Photoluminescence (PL) in CQDs is a captivating phenomenon where these nanoscale carbon structures emit strong blue luminescence at 461 nm upon exposure to ultraviolet light, with their excitation peak occurring at 380 nm. Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) analysis also identifies specific functional groups within the CQDs, offering valuable insights into the mechanisms governing their photoluminescence. Analysis of excitation spectra indicates the presence of both aromatic C=C bonds at 254 nm and C-O bonds from 280 to 420 nm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Setianto Setianto
- Department of Physics, FMIPA, Padjadjaran University, Jl. Raya Bandung-Sumedang KM 21, Sumedang, 45363, Jawa Barat, Indonesia.
- Functional Nano Powder University Centers of Excellence, Padjadjaran University, Jl. Raya Bandung-Sumedang KM 21, Jatinangor, 45363, Jawa Barat, Indonesia.
| | - Liu Kin Men
- Department of Physics, FMIPA, Padjadjaran University, Jl. Raya Bandung-Sumedang KM 21, Sumedang, 45363, Jawa Barat, Indonesia
| | - Ayi Bahtiar
- Department of Physics, FMIPA, Padjadjaran University, Jl. Raya Bandung-Sumedang KM 21, Sumedang, 45363, Jawa Barat, Indonesia
| | - Camellia Panatarani
- Department of Physics, FMIPA, Padjadjaran University, Jl. Raya Bandung-Sumedang KM 21, Sumedang, 45363, Jawa Barat, Indonesia
- Functional Nano Powder University Centers of Excellence, Padjadjaran University, Jl. Raya Bandung-Sumedang KM 21, Jatinangor, 45363, Jawa Barat, Indonesia
| | - I Made Joni
- Department of Physics, FMIPA, Padjadjaran University, Jl. Raya Bandung-Sumedang KM 21, Sumedang, 45363, Jawa Barat, Indonesia
- Functional Nano Powder University Centers of Excellence, Padjadjaran University, Jl. Raya Bandung-Sumedang KM 21, Jatinangor, 45363, Jawa Barat, Indonesia
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16
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Tripti T, Singh P, Rani N, Kumar S, Kumar K, Kumar P. Carbon dots as potential candidate for photocatalytic treatment of dye wastewater. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2024; 31:6738-6765. [PMID: 38157163 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-31437-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Water is the utmost important element for the existence of life. In recent decades, water resources have become highly contaminated by a variety of pollutants, especially toxic dyes that are harmful to both living beings and environment. Hence, there is an urgent need to develop more effective methods than traditional wastewater treatment approaches for treatment of hazardous dyes. Herein, we have addressed the various aspects related to the effective and economically feasible method for photocatalytic degradation of these dyes employing carbon dots. The photocatalysts based on carbon dots including those mediated from biomass have many superiorities over conventional methods such as utilization of economically affordable, non-toxic, rapid reactions, and simple post-processing steps. The current study will also facilitate better insight into the understanding of photocatalytic treatment of dye-polluted wastewater for future wastewater treatment studies. Additionally, the possible mechanistic pathways of photocatalytic dye decontamination, several challenges, and future perspectives have also been summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tripti Tripti
- J. C, Bose University of Science & Technology, YMCA, Faridabad, 121006, Haryana, India
| | - Permender Singh
- Deenbandhu Chhotu Ram University of Science & Technology, Murthal, Sonepat, 131039, Haryana, India
| | - Neeru Rani
- Deenbandhu Chhotu Ram University of Science & Technology, Murthal, Sonepat, 131039, Haryana, India
| | - Sandeep Kumar
- J. C, Bose University of Science & Technology, YMCA, Faridabad, 121006, Haryana, India
| | - Krishan Kumar
- Deenbandhu Chhotu Ram University of Science & Technology, Murthal, Sonepat, 131039, Haryana, India
| | - Parmod Kumar
- J. C, Bose University of Science & Technology, YMCA, Faridabad, 121006, Haryana, India.
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17
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Li Y, Yang J, Sun L, Liu B, Li H, Peng L. Crosslinked fish scale gelatin/alginate dialdehyde functional films incorporated with carbon dots derived from pomelo peel waste for active food packaging. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 253:127290. [PMID: 37820915 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.127290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2023] [Revised: 09/26/2023] [Accepted: 10/05/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023]
Abstract
A multifunctional and environmentally friendly composite film was developed by incorporating pomelo peel-derived carbon dots (PCDs) into a fish scale gelatin (FSG)/alginate dialdehyde (ADA) biopolymer matrix. ADA was used to reinforce the physicomechanical properties of the FSG film via Schiff base crosslinking. PCDs with strong antioxidant and antimicrobial activities were synthesized via a hydrothermal method. The effect of various PCDs content on the surface morphological, physicochemical, and functional characteristics of the composite films was investigated. The results showed that the introduction of PCDs into the FSG/ADA matrix effectively reinforced the mechanical performance, enhanced the water vapor and water resistance, increased UV-light blocking, conferred fluorescence properties, and improved the thermal properties of the composite films. Under 3 wt% PCDs content, the FSG/ADA/PCDs-3 % composite film not only presented significant antioxidant capacity with a radical scavenging rate of 91.71 % for DPPH and approximately 100 % for ABTS, but also exhibited excellent antimicrobial ability against bacteria and fungi. Results of a preservation experiment showed that the prepared FSG/ADA/PCDs-3 % film preserved the physiological qualities of strawberries post-harvest and extended their shelf-life to 7 days at room temperature. Overall, the fabricated FSG/ADA/PCDs composite films are promising for use in eco-friendly active food packaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongshi Li
- Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Junxian Yang
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Linping Sun
- Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Bingzhen Liu
- Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Hui Li
- Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China.
| | - Lincai Peng
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China.
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18
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Shaik MAS, Samanta D, Sharma AK, Shaw M, Prodhan S, Basu R, Mondal I, Singh S, Dutta PK, Pathak A. White light emission from helically stacked humin-mimic based H-aggregates in heteroatom free carbon dots. NANOSCALE 2023; 15:19238-19254. [PMID: 37990573 DOI: 10.1039/d3nr04802k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2023]
Abstract
White light emission (WLE), particularly from heteroatom free carbon dots (CDs), is unusual. Besides, deciphering the origin of WLE from a H-aggregated molecular fluorophore in such kinds of CDs is a challenging task due to their non-fluorescent character resulting from a forbidden transition from a lower-energy excitonic state. Therefore, rigorous investigation on their elusive excited state photophysical properties along with their steady-state optical phenomena has to be carried out to shed light on the nature of distinct emissive states formed in the CDs. Herein, for the first time, we report WLE from imperfect H-aggregates of co-facially π-π stacked humin-like structures comprising furfural monomer units as a unique molecular fluorophore in CDs, as revealed from combined spectroscopic and microscopic studies, synthesized through hydrothermal treatment of the single precursor, dextrose. H-aggregates in CDs show a broad range of excitation-dependent emission spectra with color coordinates close to pure white light, i.e., CIE (0.35, 0.37) and a color temperature of 6000 K. Imperfect orientation between the transition dipole moments of adjacent monomer units in the H-aggregate's molecular arrangement is expected to cause ground state symmetry breaking, as confirmed by Circular Dichroism (CD) studies, which established helically stacked nature in molecular aggregates and produced significant oscillatory strength at lower energy excitonic states to enable fluorescence. TRES and TAS investigations have been performed to minimise the intricacies associated with excited state photophysics, which is regarded as an essential step in gaining a grasp on emissive states. Based on the observation of two isoemissive spots in the time-resolved area normalized emission spectra (TRANES), the existence of three oligomeric species in the excited state equilibrium of the pure/hybrid H-aggregates has been established. The exciton dynamics through electron relaxation from the higher to the lower excitonic states, charge transfer (CT) states, and surface trap mediated emission in excimer states of H-aggregates have also been endorsed as three distinct emissive states from femtosecond transient absorption spectroscopy (TAS) studies corroborating with their steady-state absorption and emission behavior. The results would demonstrate the usage of CDs as a cutting-edge fluorescent material for creating aggregate-induced white light emission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Abdus Salam Shaik
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, West Bengal, 721302, India.
| | - Dipanjan Samanta
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, West Bengal, 721302, India.
| | - Ankit Kumar Sharma
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, West Bengal, 721302, India.
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Kolkata, Mohanpur, West Bengal 741246, India
| | - Manisha Shaw
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, West Bengal, 721302, India.
| | - Sayan Prodhan
- Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, West Bengal, 721302, India
| | - Rajarshi Basu
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, West Bengal, 721302, India.
| | - Imran Mondal
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, West Bengal, 721302, India.
| | - Shailab Singh
- Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, West Bengal, 721302, India
| | - Prasanta Kumar Dutta
- Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, West Bengal, 721302, India
| | - Amita Pathak
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, West Bengal, 721302, India.
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19
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Nangan S, Kanagaraj K, Kaarthikeyan G, Kumar A, Ubaidullah M, Pandit B, Govindasamy R, Natesan T. Sustainable preparation of luminescent carbon dots from syringe waste and hyaluronic acid for cellular imaging and antimicrobial applications. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2023; 237:116990. [PMID: 37640096 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.116990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 08/14/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
Addressing the global challenge of persistent waste through an eco-conscious strategy to transform it into valuable and versatile materials holds great significance in today's swiftly evolving world. By adopting a sustainable approach, we can repurpose waste syringes composed of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) into fluorescent carbon dots (CDs) using a simple hydrothermal process. This research harnessed hyaluronic acid to carbonize and modify discarded plastic syringes, resulting in the creation of luminescent syringe carbon dots (SCDs). Rigorous analysis employing diverse techniques delved into their optical attributes, size distribution, and surface characteristics. Extensive biocompatibility assessments using established assay methods confirmed the safety of the derived SCDs, unveiling their potential antibacterial and antifungal traits. Additionally, a confocal microscope was employed to evaluate the cellular imaging capabilities of SCDs on HeLa cells. Notably, at bactericidal concentrations, SCDs exhibited mild cytotoxicity towards mammalian cells, showcasing cell viability surpassing 91.07% at 1 mg/mL. This pioneering exploration paves the way for potential applications of SCD-based nano-bactericides across various biomedical domains. The initial outcomes established herein mark a significant stride towards the creation of cost-effective and ecologically sound fluorescent probes for biomedical imaging, aimed at combating microbial infections. By ingeniously reutilizing polyethylene terephthalate (PET), this investigation offers a sustainable remedy to address the ecological predicaments linked with plastic waste. In doing so, it charts a course towards contributing to the development of affordable, eco-friendly solutions, heralding a promising prospect for a cleaner, healthier environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Senthilkumar Nangan
- Department of Chemistry, Graphic Era (Deemed to be University), Bell Road, Clement Town, Dehradun, Uttarakhand, 248002, India
| | - Kuppusamy Kanagaraj
- Center for Supramolecular Chemistry & Catalysis and Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China
| | - Gurumoorthy Kaarthikeyan
- Department of Periodontics, Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences (SIMATS), Saveetha University, Chennai 600077, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Anuj Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, GLA University, Mathura, 281406, India
| | - Mohd Ubaidullah
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Bidhan Pandit
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering and Chemical Engineering, Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, Avenida de la Universidad 30, 28911, Leganés, Madrid, Spain
| | - Rajakumar Govindasamy
- Department of Orthodontics, Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Science (SIMATS), Chennai, Tamil Nadu, Chennai, 600077, India
| | - Thirumalaivasan Natesan
- Department of Periodontics, Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences (SIMATS), Saveetha University, Chennai 600077, Tamil Nadu, India.
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20
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Zhao WB, Liu KK, Wang Y, Li FK, Guo R, Song SY, Shan CX. Antibacterial Carbon Dots: Mechanisms, Design, and Applications. Adv Healthc Mater 2023; 12:e2300324. [PMID: 37178318 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202300324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 04/15/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
The increase in antibiotic resistance promotes the situation of developing new antibiotics at the forefront, while the development of non-antibiotic pharmaceuticals is equally significant. In the post-antibiotic era, nanomaterials with high antibacterial efficiency and no drug resistance make them attractive candidates for antibacterial materials. Carbon dots (CDs), as a kind of carbon-based zero-dimensional nanomaterial, are attracting much attention for their multifunctional properties. The abundant surface states, tunable photoexcited states, and excellent photo-electron transfer properties make sterilization of CDs feasible and are gradually emerging in the antibacterial field. This review provides comprehensive insights into the recent development of CDs in the antibacterial field. The topics include mechanisms, design, and optimization processes, and their potential practical applications are also highlighted, such as treatment of bacterial infections, against bacterial biofilms, antibacterial surfaces, food preservation, and bacteria imaging and detection. Meanwhile, the challenges and outlook of CDs in the antibacterial field are discussed and proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Bo Zhao
- Henan Key Laboratory of Diamond Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, Key Laboratory of Material Physics, Ministry of Education, School of Physics and Microelectronics, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, China
| | - Kai-Kai Liu
- Henan Key Laboratory of Diamond Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, Key Laboratory of Material Physics, Ministry of Education, School of Physics and Microelectronics, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, China
| | - Yong Wang
- Henan Key Laboratory of Diamond Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, Key Laboratory of Material Physics, Ministry of Education, School of Physics and Microelectronics, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, China
| | - Fu-Kui Li
- Henan Key Laboratory of Diamond Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, Key Laboratory of Material Physics, Ministry of Education, School of Physics and Microelectronics, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, China
| | - Rui Guo
- Henan Key Laboratory of Diamond Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, Key Laboratory of Material Physics, Ministry of Education, School of Physics and Microelectronics, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, China
| | - Shi-Yu Song
- Henan Key Laboratory of Diamond Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, Key Laboratory of Material Physics, Ministry of Education, School of Physics and Microelectronics, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, China
| | - Chong-Xin Shan
- Henan Key Laboratory of Diamond Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, Key Laboratory of Material Physics, Ministry of Education, School of Physics and Microelectronics, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, China
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21
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Singh P, Farheen, Sachdev S, Manori S, Bhardwaj S, Chitme H, Sharma A, Raina KK, Shukla RK. Graphene quantum dot doped viscoelastic lyotropic liquid crystal nanocolloids for antibacterial applications. SOFT MATTER 2023; 19:6589-6603. [PMID: 37605525 DOI: 10.1039/d3sm00686g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/23/2023]
Abstract
Graphene quantum dots (GQDs) are prepared and characterized via X-ray diffraction (XRD), UV-Visible spectroscopy, atomic force microscopy (AFM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and photoluminescence (PL). GQDs are doped (5 mg and 10 mg) in the lyotropic liquid crystalline (LLC) lamellar and hexagonal phases to prepare GQD/LLC nanocolloids. Polarizing optical microscopy and X-ray diffraction measurement reveals that GQDs do not affect the lamellar and hexagonal LLC structures and may organize on their interface. Pure LLC phases and nanocolloids are studied for steady and dynamic rheological behavior. LLC phases and GQD/LLC nanocolloids possess shear thinning and frequency dependent liquid viscoelastic behavior. A complex moduli study of LLCs and GQD/LLC nanocolloids is carried out which indicates the gel to viscous transition in LLCs and GQD/LLC nanocolloids as a function of frequency. LLC phases and GQD/LLC nanocolloids are tested for antibacterial activity against Listeria ivanovii. The effect of surfactant concentration, LLC phase geometry and GQD concentration has been studied and discussed. A probable mechanism for the strong antimicrobial activity of LLCs and GQD/LLC nanocolloids is presented considering intermolecular interactions. The viscoelastic behavior and strong antibacterial activity (inhibition zone 49.2 mm) of LLCs and GQD/LLC nanocolloids make them valuable candidates for lubrication, cleaning, cosmetics and pharmaceutical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prayas Singh
- Advanced Functional Smart Materials Laboratory, School of Physical Sciences, Department of Physics, DIT University, Dehradun, Uttarakhand, 248009, India.
| | - Farheen
- School of Medical and Allied Sciences, K. R. Mangalam University, Gurugram, Haryana, 122103, India
| | - Surbhi Sachdev
- Advanced Functional Smart Materials Laboratory, School of Physical Sciences, Department of Physics, DIT University, Dehradun, Uttarakhand, 248009, India.
| | - Samta Manori
- Advanced Functional Smart Materials Laboratory, School of Physical Sciences, Department of Physics, DIT University, Dehradun, Uttarakhand, 248009, India.
| | - Sumit Bhardwaj
- Department of Physics, Chandigarh University, Chandigarh, 140413, India
| | - Havagiray Chitme
- School of Pharmaceutical & Populations Health Informatics, Department of Pharmacy, DIT University, Dehradun, Uttarakhand, 248009, India
| | - Ashish Sharma
- Advanced Functional Smart Materials Laboratory, School of Physical Sciences, Department of Physics, DIT University, Dehradun, Uttarakhand, 248009, India.
| | | | - Ravi K Shukla
- Advanced Functional Smart Materials Laboratory, School of Physical Sciences, Department of Physics, DIT University, Dehradun, Uttarakhand, 248009, India.
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22
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Sul Y, Ezati P, Rhim JW. Preparation of chitosan/gelatin-based functional films integrated with carbon dots from banana peel for active packaging application. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 246:125600. [PMID: 37390998 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.125600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Revised: 06/25/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/02/2023]
Abstract
Carbon dots (CDs) were manufactured with banana peels using a hydrothermal method (200 °C for 6 h). The synthesized CDs were spherical particles with a size of 1-3 nm having carboxyl groups and amine groups on the surface. CDs have been impregnated into chitosan/gelatin films to synthesize multifunctional packaging films. The composite film showed a slight decrease in transparency but a significant increase in UV protection properties. The fabricated film displayed strong antioxidant efficacy showing >74 % DPPH and 99 % ABTS radical scavenging potential. The film also unveiled substantial antibacterial activity against the foodborne pathogenic bacteria, Listeria monocytogenes, fully eliminating the growth of these bacteria within 6 h of exposure. The chitosan/gelatin film containing CD was used for minced meat packaging, and the film delayed bacterial growth (< 1 Log CFU/g after 24 h) and maintained the meat color even after 24 h of storage at 20 °C. The CD-added chitosan/gelatin functional film has a high probability of application in active food packaging, especially for extending the shelf life of packaged meat and maintaining its aesthetic quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoonjung Sul
- BioNanocomposite Research Center, Department of Food and Nutrition, Kyung Hee University, 26 Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Parya Ezati
- BioNanocomposite Research Center, Department of Food and Nutrition, Kyung Hee University, 26 Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea; Department of Food Hygiene and Quality Control, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Urmia University, 1177 Urmia, Iran
| | - Jong-Whan Rhim
- BioNanocomposite Research Center, Department of Food and Nutrition, Kyung Hee University, 26 Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea.
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23
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Manikandan V, Min SC. Biofabrication of carbon quantum dots and their food packaging applications: a review. Food Sci Biotechnol 2023; 32:1159-1171. [PMID: 37362813 PMCID: PMC10290018 DOI: 10.1007/s10068-023-01309-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Revised: 03/30/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Carbon quantum dots (CQDs) are an emerging class of novel carbon nanomaterials (< 10 nm). These zero-dimensional CQDs have recently invoked significant interest due to their high fluorescence ability, strong electronic conductivity, biocompatibility, excellent chemical stability, non-toxicity, and environmental safety. Bio-fabrication of CQDs from organic resources remains attractive owing to their excellent functional properties. An emerging class of CQDs is fabricated by various conventional methods. However, these methods need many chemical agents and instrument facilities. Bio-fabrication of CQDs has a lot of benefits because of its simple fabrication and eco-friendly. Therefore, the green synthesized CQDs are considered optimistic candidates for developing novel functional materials for food packaging applications. Thus, it is important to investigate the latest update on green-based CQDs for food packaging applications. This current review paper discusses the physicochemical properties of CQDs, the bio-fabrication of CQDs, and the fluorescent properties of CQDs along with their food packaging applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Velu Manikandan
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Seoul Women’s University, 621 Hwarangro, Nowon-Gu, Seoul, 01797 Republic of Korea
| | - Sea Cheol Min
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Seoul Women’s University, 621 Hwarangro, Nowon-Gu, Seoul, 01797 Republic of Korea
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Prathap N, Balla P, Shivakumar MS, Periyasami G, Karuppiah P, Ramasamy K, Venkatesan S. Prosopis juliflora hydrothermal synthesis of high fluorescent carbon dots and its antibacterial and bioimaging applications. Sci Rep 2023; 13:9676. [PMID: 37322059 PMCID: PMC10272132 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-36033-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 05/28/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Carbon dots have stimulated the curiosity of biomedical researchers due to their unique properties, such as less toxicity and high biocompatibility. The synthesis of carbon dots for biomedical application is a core area in research. In the current research, an eco-friendly hydrothermal technique was employed to synthesize high fluorescent, plant-derived carbon dots from Prosopis juliflora leaves extract (PJ-CDs). The synthesized PJ-CDs were investigated by physicochemical evaluation instruments such as fluorescence spectroscopy, SEM, HR-TEM, EDX, XRD, FTIR, and UV-Vis. The UV-Vis absorption peaks obtained at 270 nm due to carbonyl functional groups shifts of n→π*. In addition, a quantum yield of 7.88 % is achieved. The synthesized PJ-CDs showing the presence of carious functional groups O-H, C-H, C=O, O-H, C-N and the obtained particles in spherical shape with an average size of 8 nm. The fluorescence PJ-CDs showed stability against various environmental factors such as a broad range of ionic strength and pH gradient. The antimicrobial activity of PJ-CDs was tested against a Staphylococcus aureus, and a Escherichia coli. The results suggest that the PJ-CDs could substantially inhibit the growth of Staphylococcus aureus. The findings also indicate that PJ-CDs are effective materials for bio-imaging in Caenorhabditis elegans and they can be also used for pharmaceutical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadarajan Prathap
- Department of Environmental Science, School of Energy and Environmental Sciences, Periyar University, Salem, India
| | - Putrakumar Balla
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Govindasami Periyasami
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ponmurugan Karuppiah
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Krishnaraj Ramasamy
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering and Technology, and Director Centre for Excellence in Indigenous Knowledge Innovative Technology Transfer and Entrepreneurship, Dambi Dollo University, Dembi Dollo, Ethiopia.
| | - Srinivasan Venkatesan
- Department of Environmental Science, School of Energy and Environmental Sciences, Periyar University, Salem, India.
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Hindi SS, Sabir JSM, Dawoud UM, Ismail IM, Asiry KA, Mirdad ZM, Abo-Elyousr KA, Shiboob MH, Gabal MA, Albureikan MOI, Alanazi RA, Ibrahim OHM. Nanocellulose-Based Passivated-Carbon Quantum Dots (P-CQDs) for Antimicrobial Applications: A Practical Review. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:2660. [PMID: 37376306 PMCID: PMC10305638 DOI: 10.3390/polym15122660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2023] [Revised: 05/08/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Passivated-carbon quantum dots (P-CQDs) have been attracting great interest as an antimicrobial therapy tool due to their bright fluorescence, lack of toxicity, eco-friendly nature, simple synthetic schemes, and possession of photocatalytic functions comparable to those present in traditional nanometric semiconductors. Besides synthetic precursors, CQDs can be synthesized from a plethora of natural resources including microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) and nanocrystalline cellulose (NCC). Converting MCC into NCC is performed chemically via the top-down route, while synthesizing CODs from NCC can be performed via the bottom-up route. Due to the good surface charge status with the NCC precursor, we focused in this review on synthesizing CQDs from nanocelluloses (MCC and NCC) since they could become a potential source for fabricating carbon quantum dots that are affected by pyrolysis temperature. There are several P-CQDs synthesized with a wide spectrum of featured properties, namely functionalized carbon quantum dots (F-CQDs) and passivated carbon quantum dots (P-CQDs). There are two different important P-CQDs, namely 2,2'-ethylenedioxy-bis-ethylamine (EDA-CQDs) and 3-ethoxypropylamine (EPA-CQDs), that have achieved desirable results in the antiviral therapy field. Since NoV is the most common dangerous cause of nonbacterial, acute gastroenteritis outbreaks worldwide, this review deals with NoV in detail. The surficial charge status (SCS) of the P-CQDs plays an important role in their interactions with NoVs. The EDA-CQDs were found to be more effective than EPA-CQDs in inhibiting the NoV binding. This difference may be attributed to their SCS as well as the virus surface. EDA-CQDs with surficial terminal amino (-NH2) groups are positively charged at physiological pH (-NH3+), whereas EPA-CQDs with surficial terminal methyl groups (-CH3) are not charged. Since the NoV particles are negatively charged, they are attracted to the positively charged EDA-CQDs, resulting in enhancing the P-CQDs concentration around the virus particles. The carbon nanotubes (CNTs) were found to be comparable to the P-CQDs in the non-specific binding with NoV capsid proteins, through complementary charges, π-π stacking, and/or hydrophobic interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sherif S. Hindi
- Department of Agriculture, Faculty of Environmental Sciences, King Abdullaziz University (KAU), P.O. Box 80208, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia (R.A.A.); (O.H.M.I.)
| | - Jamal S. M. Sabir
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, King Abdullaziz University (KAU), P.O. Box 80208, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Uthman M. Dawoud
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, King Abdullaziz University (KAU), P.O. Box 80208, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Iqbal M. Ismail
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Center of Excellence in Environmental Studies, King Abdullaziz University (KAU), P.O. Box 80208, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Khalid A. Asiry
- Department of Agriculture, Faculty of Environmental Sciences, King Abdullaziz University (KAU), P.O. Box 80208, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia (R.A.A.); (O.H.M.I.)
| | - Zohair M. Mirdad
- Department of Agriculture, Faculty of Environmental Sciences, King Abdullaziz University (KAU), P.O. Box 80208, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia (R.A.A.); (O.H.M.I.)
| | - Kamal A. Abo-Elyousr
- Department of Agriculture, Faculty of Environmental Sciences, King Abdullaziz University (KAU), P.O. Box 80208, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia (R.A.A.); (O.H.M.I.)
- Plant Pathology Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Assiut University, Assiut 71526, Egypt
| | - Mohamed H. Shiboob
- Department of Environment, Faculty of Environmental Sciences, King Abdullaziz University (KAU), P.O. Box 80208, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohamed A. Gabal
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, King Abdullaziz University (KAU), P.O. Box 80208, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mona Othman I. Albureikan
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, King Abdullaziz University (KAU), P.O. Box 80208, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Rakan A. Alanazi
- Department of Agriculture, Faculty of Environmental Sciences, King Abdullaziz University (KAU), P.O. Box 80208, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia (R.A.A.); (O.H.M.I.)
| | - Omer H. M. Ibrahim
- Department of Agriculture, Faculty of Environmental Sciences, King Abdullaziz University (KAU), P.O. Box 80208, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia (R.A.A.); (O.H.M.I.)
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Gedda G, Sankaranarayanan SA, Putta CL, Gudimella KK, Rengan AK, Girma WM. Green synthesis of multi-functional carbon dots from medicinal plant leaves for antimicrobial, antioxidant, and bioimaging applications. Sci Rep 2023; 13:6371. [PMID: 37076562 PMCID: PMC10115846 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-33652-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 04/21/2023] Open
Abstract
In this research work, carbon dots (CDs) were synthesized from the renewable leaves of an indigenous medicinal plant by the one-pot sand bath method, Azadirachta indica. The synthesized CDs were characterized for its optical properties using UV-Vis, Fluorescence and Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectrophotometry and for structural properties using dynamic light scattering (DLS), X-ray Diffraction (XRD) and high resolution Transmission electron microscopy (HR-TEM). The synthesized CDs exhibited concentration dependent biocompatibility when tested in mouse fibroblast L929 cell line. The EC50 values of biomedical studies, free radical scavenging activity (13.87 μgmL-1), and total antioxidant capacity (38 μgmL-1) proved CDs were exceptionally good. These CDs showed an appreciable zone of inhibition when examined on four bacterial (two gram-positive and gram-negative) and two fungal strains at minimum concentrations. Cellular internalisation studies performed on human breast cancer cells (MCF 7- bioimaging) revealed the applicability of CDs in bioimaging, wherein the inherent fluorescence of CDs were utilised. Thus, the CDs developed are potential as bioimaging, antioxidants and antimicrobial agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gangaraju Gedda
- Department of Chemistry, School of Engineering, Presidency University, Bangalore, Karnataka, 560064, India
| | - Sri Amruthaa Sankaranarayanan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad, Sangareddy, Telangana, 502285, India
| | - Chandra Lekha Putta
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad, Sangareddy, Telangana, 502285, India
| | - Krishna Kanthi Gudimella
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, GITAM (Deemed to Be University), Rudraram, Telangana, 502329, India.
| | - Aravind Kumar Rengan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad, Sangareddy, Telangana, 502285, India.
| | - Wubshet Mekonnen Girma
- Department of Chemistry, College of Natural Science, Wollo University, P.O. Box: 1145, Dessie, Ethiopia.
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Miao H, Wang P, Cong Y, Dong W, Li L. Preparation of Ciprofloxacin-Based Carbon Dots with High Antibacterial Activity. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24076814. [PMID: 37047789 PMCID: PMC10095197 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24076814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2023] [Revised: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/31/2023] [Indexed: 04/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Nowadays, bacterial infections are attracting great attention for the research and development of new antimicrobial agents. As one of the quinolones, ciprofloxacin (CI) has a broad-spectrum, strong antibacterial effect. However, the clinical use of ciprofloxacin is limited by drug resistance. Ciprofloxacin carbon dots (CCDs) with enhanced antibacterial activity and copper-doped ciprofloxacin carbon dots (Cu-CCDs) were synthesized by a simple hydrothermal method. The results of structural analysis and antibacterial experiments show that CCDs and Cu-CCDs have effective antibacterial properties by retaining the active groups of ciprofloxacin (-COOH, C-N, and C-F), and Cu-CCDs doped with copper have a better antibacterial effect. In addition, experiments have shown that Cu-CCDs show excellent antibacterial activity against E. coli and S. aureus and have good biocompatibility, which indicates that they have great prospects in clinical applications. Therefore, novel modified copper CCDs with broad-spectrum antibacterial activity, which can be used as antibacterial nanomaterials for potential applications in the field of antibacterial drugs, were synthesized in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huimin Miao
- School of Biomedical Engineering (Suzhou), Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Biomedical Diagnostics, Suzhou Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Suzhou 215163, China
| | - Panyong Wang
- School of Biomedical Engineering (Suzhou), Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Biomedical Diagnostics, Suzhou Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Suzhou 215163, China
| | - Yingge Cong
- CAS Key Laboratory of Biomedical Diagnostics, Suzhou Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Suzhou 215163, China
| | - Wenfei Dong
- CAS Key Laboratory of Biomedical Diagnostics, Suzhou Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Suzhou 215163, China
| | - Li Li
- School of Biomedical Engineering (Suzhou), Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
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El-Borlsy H, Hanafy NAN, El-Kemary MA. Development and application of naturally derived, cost-effective CQDs with cancer targeting potential. Cell Biol Int 2023; 47:808-822. [PMID: 36640423 DOI: 10.1002/cbin.11986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2022] [Revised: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 01/02/2023] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Carbon quantum dots (CQDs) derived from natural sources have obtained potential interest in biomedical imaging and therapy because of their excellent biocompatibility properties, which include water solubility, simple synthesis and low cytotoxicity. Here the cytotoxicity of ethylene-diamine doped carbon quantum dots (N-CQDs) delivered to breast cancer MCF-7 cells was investigated. Folic acid was used to raise folate recognition and increase FA-NCQD accumulation in the cells, then apoptosis was assayed using nuclear fragmentation, acridine orange labeling, fluorescence imaging, flow cytometry, and caspase 3 expression. The data show that functionalization of these CQDs, derived from a natural source, have potential application in eliminating cancer cells, as shown here for the invasive breast cancer cells, MCF-7. This nano-delivery system provides a novel target therapy possibility therapeutic approach for cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanaa El-Borlsy
- Nanomedicine group, Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafrelsheikh, Egypt
| | - Nemany A N Hanafy
- Nanomedicine group, Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafrelsheikh, Egypt
| | - Maged A El-Kemary
- Nanomedicine group, Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafrelsheikh, Egypt
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29
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Das C, Sillanpää M, Zaidi SA, Khan MA, Biswas G. Current trends in carbon-based quantum dots development from solid wastes and their applications. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:45528-45554. [PMID: 36809626 PMCID: PMC9942668 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-25822-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2022] [Accepted: 02/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Urbanization and a massive population boom have immensely increased the solid wastes (SWs) generation and are expected to reach 3.40 billion tons by 2050. In many developed and emerging nations, SWs are prevalent in both major and small cities. As a result, in the current context, the reusability of SWs through various applications has taken on added importance. Carbon-based quantum dots (Cb-QDs) and their many variants are synthesized from SWs in a straightforward and practical method. Cb-QDs are a new type of semiconductor that has attracted the interest of researchers due to their wide range of applications, which include everything from energy storage, chemical sensing, to drug delivery. This review is primarily focused on the conversion of SWs into useful materials, which is an essential aspect of waste management for pollution reduction. In this context, the goal of the current review is to investigate the sustainable synthesis routes of carbon quantum dots (CQDs), graphene quantum dots (GQDs), and graphene oxide quantum dots (GOQDs) from various types SWs. The applications of CQDs, GQDs, and GOQDs in the different areas are also been discussed. Finally, the challenges in implementing the existing synthesis methods and future research directions are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chanchal Das
- Department of Chemistry, Cooch Behar Panchanan Barma University, West Bengal, Cooch Behar, 736101, India
| | - Mika Sillanpää
- Department of Chemical Engineering, School of Mining, Metallurgy and Chemical Engineering, University of Johannesburg, P. O. Box 17011, Doornfontein, 2028, South Africa
| | - Shabi Abbas Zaidi
- Department of Chemistry and Earth Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, Qatar University, 2713, Doha, Qatar
| | - Moonis Ali Khan
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Goutam Biswas
- Department of Chemistry, Cooch Behar Panchanan Barma University, West Bengal, Cooch Behar, 736101, India
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Xu C, Xiao X, Cai C, Cheng Q, Zhu L, Zhang J, Wei B, Wang H. Insight into the differences in carbon dots prepared from fish scales using conventional hydrothermal and microwave methods. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:54616-54627. [PMID: 36881236 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-26275-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The preparation of carbon dots (CDs) from waste fish scales is an attractive and high-value transformation. In this study, fish scales were used as a precursor to prepare CDs, and the effects of hydrothermal and microwave methods on their fluorescence properties and structures were evaluated. The microwave method was more conducive to the self-doping of nitrogen due to rapid and uniform heating. However, the low temperature associated with the microwave method resulted in insufficient dissolution of the organic matter in the fish scales, resulting in incomplete dehydration and condensation and the formation of nanosheet-like CDs, whose emission behavior had no significant correlation with excitation. Although the CDs prepared using the conventional hydrothermal method showed lower nitrogen doping, the relative pyrrolic nitrogen content was higher, which was beneficial in improving their quantum yield. Additionally, the controllable high temperature and sealed environment used in the conventional hydrothermal method promoted dehydration and condensation of the organic matter in the fish scales to form CDs with a higher degree of carbonization, uniform size, and higher C = O/COOH content. CDs prepared using the conventional hydrothermal method exhibited higher quantum yields and excitation wavelength-dependent emission behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengzhi Xu
- School of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Changqing Garden, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Xiao Xiao
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Chaonan Cai
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Qunpeng Cheng
- School of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Changqing Garden, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Lian Zhu
- School of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Changqing Garden, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- School of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Hubei Minzu University, Enshi, Hubei, China
| | - Juntao Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Changqing Garden, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Benmei Wei
- School of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Changqing Garden, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Haibo Wang
- School of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Changqing Garden, Wuhan, Hubei, China.
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Pant M, Kumar S, Kiran K, Bisht NS, Pande V, Dandapat A. A universal green approach for the synthesis of NPS-codoped carbon quantum dots with enhanced broad-spectrum antibacterial and antioxidant activities. RSC Adv 2023; 13:9186-9194. [PMID: 36950712 PMCID: PMC10026554 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra08103b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 03/05/2023] [Indexed: 03/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Bio-inspired quantum dots have received widespread attention in recent years due to their great potential for biological applications. Herein, we report a one pot hydrothermal synthesis of nitrogen-phosphorus-sulphur (NPS)-codoped carbon quantum dots from endophytic bacteria without using any additional doping precursor. The synthesized CQDs were thoroughly characterized and interestingly found to have a graphene like structure. The synthesized CQDs were then utilized in bactericidal activities against Gram-negative bacteria like Salmonella typhi, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Gram-positive bacteria like the Bacillus subtilis strain. The strains were treated with different concentrations ranging from 5-100 µg ml-1. The 5 µg ml-1 concentration appeared to be the MIC (minimum inhibitory concentration) and 100 µg ml-1 is the MBC (minimum bactericidal concentration) maintaining a short incubation period of one hour. A simple, cost-effective and eco-friendly approach to synthesize multi-elemental doped CQDs would certainly cause the method to be used in future for diverse biological applications. As compared to the broadly used antibiotics, the developed CQDs have some added advantages including lower cytotoxicity, excellent photo-stability and high selectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megha Pant
- Department of Biotechnology, Sir J. C. Bose Technical Campus, Bhimtal, Kumaun University Nainital Uttarakhand - 263136 India
| | - Suresh Kumar
- Department of Biotechnology, Sir J. C. Bose Technical Campus, Bhimtal, Kumaun University Nainital Uttarakhand - 263136 India
| | - Kumari Kiran
- Department of Biotechnology, Sir J. C. Bose Technical Campus, Bhimtal, Kumaun University Nainital Uttarakhand - 263136 India
| | - Narendra Singh Bisht
- Department of Chemistry, DSB Campus, Kumaun University Nainital Uttarakhand - 263002 India
| | - Veena Pande
- Department of Biotechnology, Sir J. C. Bose Technical Campus, Bhimtal, Kumaun University Nainital Uttarakhand - 263136 India
| | - Anirban Dandapat
- University School of Automation and Robotics, Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University, East Delhi Campus Surajmal Vihar Delhi-110092 India
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Khan A, Ezati P, Rhim JW, Kim JT, Molaei R. pH-Sensitive Green Tea-Derived Carbon Quantum Dots for Real-Time Monitoring of Shrimp Freshness. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2023.131242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/09/2023]
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Green Synthesis of Highly Fluorescent Carbon Dots from Bovine Serum Albumin for Linezolid Drug Delivery as Potential Wound Healing Biomaterial: Bio-Synergistic Approach, Antibacterial Activity, and In Vitro and Ex Vivo Evaluation. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:pharmaceutics15010234. [PMID: 36678866 PMCID: PMC9862409 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15010234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Revised: 01/04/2023] [Accepted: 01/07/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
A simple and green approach was developed to produce novel highly fluorescent bovine serum albumin carbon dots (BCDs) via facile one-step hydrothermal treatment, using bovine serum albumin as a precursor carbon source. Inherent blue photoluminescence of the synthesized BCDs provided a maximum photostability of 90.5 ± 1.2% and was characterized via TEM, FT-IR, XPS, XRD, UV-visible, and zeta potential analyses. By virtue of their extremely small size, intrinsic optical and photoluminescence properties, superior photostability, and useful non-covalent interactions with the synthetic oxazolidinone antibiotic linezolid (LNZ), BCDs were investigated as fluorescent nano-biocarriers for LNZ drug delivery. The release profile of LNZ from the drug delivery system (LNZ-BCDs) revealed a distinct biphasic release, which is beneficial for mollifying the lethal incidents associated with wound infection. The effective wound healing performance of the developed LNZ-BCDs were evaluated through various in vitro and ex vivo assays such as MTT, ex vivo hemolysis, in vitro antibacterial activity, in vitro skin-related enzyme inhibition, and scratch wound healing assays. The examination of LNZ-BCDs as an efficient wound healing biomaterial illustrated excellent biocompatibility and low cytotoxicity against normal human skin fibroblast (HSF) cell line, indicating distinct antibacterial activity against the most common wound infectious pathogens including Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC® 25922) and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, robust anti-elastase, anti-collagenase, and anti-tyrosinase activities, and enhanced cell proliferation and migration effect. The obtained results confirmed the feasibility of using the newly designed fluorescent LNZ-BCDs nano-bioconjugate as a unique antibacterial biomaterial for effective wound healing and tissue regeneration. Besides, the greenly synthesized BCDs could be considered as a great potential substitute for toxic nanoparticles in biomedical applications due to their biocompatibility and intense fluorescence characteristics and in pharmaceutical industries as promising drug delivery nano-biocarriers for effective wound healing applications.
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Ezati P, Khan A, Rhim JW, Kim JT, Molaei R. pH-Responsive strips integrated with resazurin and carbon dots for monitoring shrimp freshness. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2023; 221:113013. [PMID: 36401960 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2022.113013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Revised: 11/05/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Carbon dots (CDs) were synthesized via a one-step hydrothermal approach using tangerine peel (Tan) and resazurin (Res) to fabricate biocompatible indicators for food freshness. The CDs' pH-responsive mechanism, morphology, zeta potential, XPS, and optical and fluorescence analysis were investigated. The as-prepared tangerine peel/resazurin carbon dots (Tan/Res CDs) exhibited pH-responsive emission that changed from yellow to orange as the pH value increased. The Tan/Res CDs showed the sensing ability of ammonia with a detection limit of 0.84 μM by proportionally losing fluorescence intensity as the concentration increased from 1 to 100 μM. The CDs were coated onto paper strips to impart biogenic amine (BAs) detection for pH-responsive intelligent monitoring of packaged foods. The Tan/Res CDs paper-based indicator exhibited an impressive color change from yellow to brown during the detection of ammonia vapor. The indicator also showed the ability to detect BAs through a color change, demonstrating the ability to monitor the freshness of shrimp in situ. Additionally, the efficacy of the Tan/Res CDs indicator is validated by total volatile basic nitrogen (TVB-N), providing customers and suppliers with a simple, inexpensive, and portable tool to monitor the freshness of seafood in real-time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parya Ezati
- BioNanocomposite Research Center, Department of Food and Nutrition, Kyung Hee University, 26 Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Ajahar Khan
- BioNanocomposite Research Center, Department of Food and Nutrition, Kyung Hee University, 26 Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Whan Rhim
- BioNanocomposite Research Center, Department of Food and Nutrition, Kyung Hee University, 26 Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jun Tae Kim
- BioNanocomposite Research Center, Department of Food and Nutrition, Kyung Hee University, 26 Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Rahim Molaei
- Department of Food Hygiene and Quality Control, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran
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35
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Shauloff N, Bisht R, Turkulets Y, Manikandan R, Morag A, Lehrer A, Baraban JH, Shalish I, Jelinek R. Multispectral and Circular Polarization-Sensitive Carbon Dot-Polydiacetylene Capacitive Photodetector. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2022:e2206519. [PMID: 36504311 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202206519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Multispectral photodetectors (MSPs) and circularly polarized light (CPL) sensors are important in opto-electronics, photonics, and imaging. A capacitive photodetector consisting of an interdigitated electrode coated with carbon dot/anthraquinone-polydiacetylene is constructed. Photoexcitation of the carbon dots induces transient electron transfer to the anthraquinone moieties, and concomitant change in the film dielectric constant and recorded capacitance. This unique photodetection mechanism furnishes wavelength selectivity that is solely determined by the absorbance of the carbon dots incorporated in the anthraquinone-polydiacetylene matrix. Accordingly, employing an array of polymerized-anthraquinone photodetector films comprising carbon dots (C-dots) exhibiting different excitation wavelengths yielded optical "capacitive fingerprints" in a broad spectral range (350-650 nm). Furthermore, circular light polarization selectivity is achieved through chiral polymerization of the polydiacetylene framework. The carbon dot/anthraquinone-polydiacetylene capacitive photodetector features rapid photo-response, high fidelity, and recyclability as the redox reactions of anthraquinone are fully reversible. The carbon dot/anthraquinone-polydiacetylene platform is inexpensive, easy to fabricate, and consists of environmentally friendly materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nitzan Shauloff
- Department of Chemistry, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, 8410501, Israel
| | - Rajesh Bisht
- Department of Chemistry, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, 8410501, Israel
| | - Yury Turkulets
- School of Electrical Engineering, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, 8410501, Israel
| | - Rajendran Manikandan
- Department of Chemistry, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, 8410501, Israel
| | - Ahiud Morag
- Department of Chemistry, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, 8410501, Israel
| | - Avi Lehrer
- Department of Chemistry, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, 8410501, Israel
| | - Joshua H Baraban
- Department of Chemistry, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, 8410501, Israel
| | - Ilan Shalish
- School of Electrical Engineering, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, 8410501, Israel
| | - Raz Jelinek
- Department of Chemistry, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, 8410501, Israel
- Ilse Katz Institute for Nanotechnology, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, 8410501, Israel
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36
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Synthesis of Green fluorescent Nitrogen doped Vitis vinifera derived Carbon dots and their in-vitro antimicrobial studies. J Mol Struct 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2022.134660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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37
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Lin F, Wang Z, Wu FG. Carbon Dots for Killing Microorganisms: An Update since 2019. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2022; 15:1236. [PMID: 36297348 PMCID: PMC9607459 DOI: 10.3390/ph15101236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Revised: 09/14/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Frequent bacterial/fungal infections and occurrence of antibiotic resistance pose increasing threats to the public and thus require the development of new antibacterial/antifungal agents and strategies. Carbon dots (CDs) have been well demonstrated to be promising and potent antimicrobial nanomaterials and serve as potential alternatives to conventional antibiotics. In recent years, great efforts have been made by many researchers to develop new carbon dot-based antimicrobial agents to combat microbial infections. Here, as an update to our previous relevant review (C 2019, 5, 33), we summarize the recent achievements in the utilization of CDs for microbial inactivation. We review four kinds of antimicrobial CDs including nitrogen-doped CDs, metal-containing CDs, antibiotic-conjugated CDs, and photoresponsive CDs in terms of their starting materials, synthetic route, surface functionalization, antimicrobial ability, and the related antimicrobial mechanism if available. In addition, we summarize the emerging applications of CD-related antimicrobial materials in medical and industry fields. Finally, we discuss the existing challenges of antimicrobial CDs and the future research directions that are worth exploring. We believe that this review provides a comprehensive overview of the recent advances in antimicrobial CDs and may inspire the development of new CDs with desirable antimicrobial activities.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Fu-Gen Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, 2 Sipailou Road, Nanjing 210096, China
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38
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Kanwal A, Bibi N, Hyder S, Muhammad A, Ren H, Liu J, Lei Z. Recent advances in green carbon dots (2015-2022): synthesis, metal ion sensing, and biological applications. BEILSTEIN JOURNAL OF NANOTECHNOLOGY 2022; 13:1068-1107. [PMID: 36262178 PMCID: PMC9551278 DOI: 10.3762/bjnano.13.93] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Carbon dots (CDs) show extensive potential in various fields such as sensing, bioimaging, catalysis, medicine, optoelectronics, and drug delivery due to their unique properties, that is, low cytotoxicity, cytocompatibility, water-solubility, multicolor wavelength tuned emission, photo-stability, easy modification, strong chemical inertness, etc. This review article especially focuses on the recent advancement (2015-2022) in the green synthesis of CDs, their application in metal ions sensing and microbial bioimaging, detection, and viability studies as well as their applications in pathogenic control and plant growth promotion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aisha Kanwal
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an, 710119, China
| | - Naheed Bibi
- Department of Chemistry, Shaheed Benazir Bhutto Women University, Charsadda Road, Larama, Peshawar, Pakistan
| | - Sajjad Hyder
- Department of Botany, Government College Women University, Sialkot, Pakistan
| | - Arif Muhammad
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an, 710119, China
| | - Hao Ren
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an, 710119, China
| | - Jiangtao Liu
- College of Pharmacy, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang, 712046, China
| | - Zhongli Lei
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an, 710119, China
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39
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Sawalha S, Assali M, Raddad M, Ghneem T, Sawalhi T, Almasri M, Zarour A, Misia G, Prato M, Silvestri A. Broad-Spectrum Antibacterial Activity of Synthesized Carbon Nanodots from d-Glucose. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2022; 5:4860-4872. [PMID: 36100469 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.2c00590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Carbon nanodots, a class of carbon nano-allotropes, have been synthesized through different routes and methods from a wide range of precursors. The selected precursor, synthetic method, and conditions can strongly alter the physicochemical properties of the resulting material and their intended applications. Herein, carbon nanodots (CNDs) have been synthesized from d-glucose by combining pyrolysis and chemical oxidation methods. The effect of the pyrolysis temperature, equivalents of oxidizing agent, and refluxing time were studied on the product and quantum yield. In the optimum conditions (pyrolysis temperature of 300 °C, 4.41 equiv of H2O2, 90 min of reflux) CNDs were obtained with 40% and 3.6% of product and quantum yields, respectively. The obtained CNDs are negatively charged (ζ-potential = -32 mV), excellently dispersed in water, with average diameter of 2.2 nm. Furthermore, ammonium hydroxide (NH4OH) was introduced as dehydrating and/or passivation agent during CNDs synthesis resulting in significant improvement of both product and quantum yields of about 1.5 and 3.76-fold, respectively. The synthesized CNDs showed a broad spectrum of antibacterial activities toward different Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria strains. Both synthesized CNDs caused highly colony forming unit reduction (CFU), ranging from 98% to 99.99% for most of the tested bacterial strains. However, CNDs synthesized in the absence of NH4OH, due to a negatively charged surface enriched in oxygenated groups, performed better in zone inhibition and minimum inhibitory concentration. The elevated antibacterial activity of high-oxygen-containing carbon nanodots is directly correlated to their ROS formation ability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shadi Sawalha
- Department of Chemical Engineering, An-Najah National University, Nablus, P400, Palestine
| | - Mohyeddin Assali
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, An-Najah National University, Nablus, P400, Palestine
| | - Muna Raddad
- Department of Chemical Engineering, An-Najah National University, Nablus, P400, Palestine
| | - Tasneem Ghneem
- Department of Chemical Engineering, An-Najah National University, Nablus, P400, Palestine
| | - Tasneem Sawalhi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, An-Najah National University, Nablus, P400, Palestine
| | - Motasem Almasri
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, An-Najah National University, Nablus, P400, Palestine
| | - Abdulraziq Zarour
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, An-Najah National University, Nablus, P400, Palestine
| | - Giuseppe Misia
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universitá degli Studi di Trieste, Trieste, 34127, Italy
| | - Maurizio Prato
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universitá degli Studi di Trieste, Trieste, 34127, Italy
- Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, 48009, Spain
- Center for Cooperative Research in Biomaterials (CIC BiomaGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Donostia-San Sebastian, 20014, Spain
| | - Alessandro Silvestri
- Center for Cooperative Research in Biomaterials (CIC BiomaGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Donostia-San Sebastian, 20014, Spain
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40
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Jin Z, Li Q, Tang P, Li G, Liu L, Chen D, Wu J, Chai Z, Huang G, Chen X. Copper-doped carbon dots with enhanced Fenton reaction activity for rhodamine B degradation. NANOSCALE ADVANCES 2022; 4:3073-3082. [PMID: 36133526 PMCID: PMC9417171 DOI: 10.1039/d2na00269h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The Fenton reaction has attracted extensive attention due to its potential to be a highly efficient and environmentally friendly wastewater treatment technology. Noble copper-doped carbon dots (CuCDs) are prepared through a simple one-step hydrothermal method with 3,4-dihydroxyhydrocinnamic acid, 2,2'-(ethylenedioxy)bis(ethylamine) and copper chloride, endowing the Fenton reaction with enhanced catalytic activity for rhodamine B (RhB) degradation. The effects of the concentration of CuCDs, temperature, pH, oxygen (O2), metal ions and polymers on the catalytic activity of CuCDs are investigated. It is worth noting that electron transfer happening on the surface of CuCDs plays a vital role in the RhB degradation process. As evidenced by radical scavenger experiments and electron spin resonance (ESR) studies, CuCDs significantly boost the formation of hydroxyl radicals (˙OH) and singlet oxygen (1O2), facilitating the Fenton reaction for RhB degradation. Due to the strong oxidation of ROS generated by the Fe2+ + H2O2 + CuCD system, RhB degradation may involve the cleavage of the chromophore aromatic ring and the de-ethylation process. Additionally, the toxicity of RhB degradation filtrates is assessed in vitro and in vivo. The as-prepared CuCDs may be promising catalytic agents for the enhancement of the Fenton reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiru Jin
- School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University Nanning 530021 China
- Department of Ultrasonic Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University Nanning 530021 China
| | - Qiuying Li
- School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University Nanning 530021 China
| | - Peiduo Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Non-Food Biomass and Enzyme Technology, Guangxi Academy of Sciences Nanning 530007 China
| | - Ganfeng Li
- School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University Nanning 530021 China
| | - Li Liu
- School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University Nanning 530021 China
| | - Dong Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Non-Food Biomass and Enzyme Technology, Guangxi Academy of Sciences Nanning 530007 China
| | - Ji Wu
- Department of Ultrasonic Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University Nanning 530021 China
| | - Zhihui Chai
- State Key Laboratory of Non-Food Biomass and Enzyme Technology, Guangxi Academy of Sciences Nanning 530007 China
| | - Gang Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Non-Food Biomass and Enzyme Technology, Guangxi Academy of Sciences Nanning 530007 China
| | - Xing Chen
- School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University Nanning 530021 China
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41
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Zhao L, Qiu L, Wang Y, Ge S, Yao Q, Zhou Y. Sustainable Synthesis of Carbon Quantum Dots with Tailored Surface Functional Groups from Pomelo Peel Waste for Inhibiting Scale. ChemistrySelect 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202104524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lina Zhao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Southeast University Nanjing 211189 China
| | - Lei Qiu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Southeast University Nanjing 211189 China
| | - Yanyun Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Southeast University Nanjing 211189 China
| | - Sujuan Ge
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Southeast University Nanjing 211189 China
| | - Qingzhao Yao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Southeast University Nanjing 211189 China
| | - Yuming Zhou
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Southeast University Nanjing 211189 China
- Jiangsu Optoelectronic Functional Materials and Engineering Laboratory Nanjing 211189 China
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42
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M P A, Pardhiya S, Rajamani P. Carbon Dots: An Excellent Fluorescent Probe for Contaminant Sensing and Remediation. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2022; 18:e2105579. [PMID: 35001502 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202105579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2021] [Revised: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Pollution-induced degradation of the environment is a serious problem for both developing and developed countries. Existing remediation methods are restricted, necessitating the development of novel remediation technologies. Nanomaterials with unique characteristics have recently been developed for remediation. Quantum dots (QDs) are semiconductor nanoparticles (1-10 nm) with optical and electrical characteristics that differ from bigger particles owing to quantum mechanics, making them intriguing for sensing and remediation applications. Carbon dots (CDs) offer better characteristics than typical QDs, such as, CdSe QDs in terms of contaminant sensing and remediation. Non-toxicity, chemical inertness, photo-induced electron transfer, good biocompatibility, and adjustable photoluminescence behavior are all characteristics of CDs. CDs are frequently made from sustainable raw materials as they are cost-effective, environmentally compactable, and excellent in reducing waste generation. The goal of this review article is to briefly describe CDs fabrication methods, to deeply investigate the criteria and properties of CDs that make them suitable for sensing and remediation of contaminants, and also to highlight recent advances in their use in sensing and remediation of contaminants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ajith M P
- School of Environmental Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Sonali Pardhiya
- School of Environmental Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Paulraj Rajamani
- School of Environmental Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110067, India
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43
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Ezati P, Roy S, Rhim JW. Pectin/gelatin-based bioactive composite films reinforced with sulfur functionalized carbon dots. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2021.128123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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44
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Synthesis and Characterization of Nickel Oxide (NiO) Nanoparticles Using an Environmentally Friendly Method, and their Biomedical Applications. Chem Phys Lett 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2022.139564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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45
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Surana K, Bhattacharya B. Fluorescence Quenching by Förster Resonance Energy Transfer in Carbon-Cadmium Sulfide Core-Shell Quantum Dots. ACS OMEGA 2021; 6:32749-32753. [PMID: 34901623 PMCID: PMC8655935 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c04529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Carbon quantum dots (QDs) are an active subject of research in many areas of science and engineering for various applications. The present work reports the first occurrence of a carbon-cadmium sulfide core-shell QD prepared by an extremely simplified wet chemical approach where the CdS shell plays the role of a fluorescence quencher to the carbon core. The quenching effect was confirmed by fluorescence spectroscopy (steady-state and lifetime). These QDs stand as a potential candidate for sensing and imaging applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karan Surana
- Centre of
Excellence on Solar Cells and Renewable Energy, School of Basic Sciences
and Research, Sharda University, Greater Noida 201310, U.P., India
| | - Bhaskar Bhattacharya
- Centre of
Excellence on Solar Cells and Renewable Energy, School of Basic Sciences
and Research, Sharda University, Greater Noida 201310, U.P., India
- Department
of Physics, Mahila Mahavidyalaya, Banaras
Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, U.P., India
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46
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Son MH, Park SW, Jung YK. Antioxidant and anti-aging carbon quantum dots using tannic acid. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2021; 32:415102. [PMID: 34297003 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/ac027b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Overexpression of collagenase, elastase, and tyrosinase is caused by external factors such as ultraviolet (UV) radiation and stress, resulting in wrinkle formation and freckles through the loss of skin elasticity and skin pigmentation. In this study, we developed novel carbon quantum dots (CQDs) with antioxidant and anti-aging properties using tannic acid as a carbon source through a simple microwave-assisted pyrolysis method. The synthesized tannic acid-derived CQDs (T-CQDs) showed bright blue fluorescence (QY = 28.2 ± 4.0%), exhibiting maximum emission at 430 nm under 350 nm excitation. Even though small amount of the T-CQDs (3μg ml-1) was used, they exhibited excellent free radical scavenging ability (82.8 ± 4.3%). Also, the T-CQDs (10μg ml-1) revealed remarkable inhibitory activity against skin aging-related collagenase (77.6 ± 4.8%), elastase (52.6 ± 1.0%), and tyrosinase (44.2 ± 1.3%), demonstrating their antioxidant and anti-aging effects. Furthermore, their antioxidant and anti-aging properties were superior to those of tannic acid, L-ascorbic acid, and quercetin used as positive controls. Finally, the T-CQDs effectively suppressed UV-induced reactive oxygen species generation by 30% at the cellular levels and showed high cell viability (99.7 ± 0.8%) even at 500μg ml-1. These results demonstrate that the T-CQDs with superior antioxidant, anti-aging properties, and low cytotoxicity can be utilized as novel anti-aging materials in cosmetic and nanomedicine fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Hyeong Son
- Department of Nanoscience and Engineering, Inje University, Gimhae, 50834, Republic of Korea
| | - Seok Won Park
- Department of Nanoscience and Engineering, Inje University, Gimhae, 50834, Republic of Korea
| | - Yun Kyung Jung
- Department of Nanoscience and Engineering, Inje University, Gimhae, 50834, Republic of Korea
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Inje University, Gimhae, 50834, Republic of Korea
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47
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Ghirardello M, Ramos-Soriano J, Galan MC. Carbon Dots as an Emergent Class of Antimicrobial Agents. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 11:1877. [PMID: 34443713 PMCID: PMC8400628 DOI: 10.3390/nano11081877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Revised: 07/18/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance is a recognized global challenge. Tools for bacterial detection can combat antimicrobial resistance by facilitating evidence-based antibiotic prescribing, thus avoiding their overprescription, which contributes to the spread of resistance. Unfortunately, traditional culture-based identification methods take at least a day, while emerging alternatives are limited by high cost and a requirement for skilled operators. Moreover, photodynamic inactivation of bacteria promoted by photosensitisers could be considered as one of the most promising strategies in the fight against multidrug resistance pathogens. In this context, carbon dots (CDs) have been identified as a promising class of photosensitiser nanomaterials for the specific detection and inactivation of different bacterial species. CDs possess exceptional and tuneable chemical and photoelectric properties that make them excellent candidates for antibacterial theranostic applications, such as great chemical stability, high water solubility, low toxicity and excellent biocompatibility. In this review, we will summarize the most recent advances on the use of CDs as antimicrobial agents, including the most commonly used methodologies for CD and CD/composites syntheses and their antibacterial properties in both in vitro and in vivo models developed in the last 3 years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mattia Ghirardello
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock’s Close, Bristol BS8 1TS, UK
| | - Javier Ramos-Soriano
- Centro de Investigaciones Científicas Isla de La Cartuja, Glycosystems Laboratory, Instituto de Investigaciones Químicas (IIQ), CSIC and Universidad de Sevilla, Américo Vespucio 49, 41092 Sevilla, Spain;
| | - M. Carmen Galan
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock’s Close, Bristol BS8 1TS, UK
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48
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He Z, Wang D, Yu Q, Zhang M, Wang S, Huang W, Luan C, Yu K. Evolution of Photoluminescent CdS Magic-Size Clusters Assisted by Adding Small Molecules with Carboxylic Group. ACS OMEGA 2021; 6:14458-14466. [PMID: 34124468 PMCID: PMC8190887 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c01362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
We report our investigation on the formation of photoluminescent CdS magic-size clusters (MSCs), which exhibit absorption peaking at 373 nm, along with sharp band edge emission at ∼385 nm. Denoted as MSC-373, the MSCs were synthesized from the reaction of cadmium oleate (Cd(OA)2) and S powder in 1-octadecene at room temperature, together with the addition of acetic acid (HOAc) or acetate salts (M(OAc)2, M = Zn and Mn) during the prenucleation stage (120 °C). The morphology of as-synthesized MSC-373 was dot-like, which could be altered to flake-like morphology after purification. We found the formation of MSC-373 was related to the ligand exchange, resulting from the addition of small molecules with carboxylic group. The addition of HOAc not only promotes the formation of CdS MSC-373 but suppresses the formation of MSC-311 and nucleation and growth of quantum dots (QDs). When the amount of HOAc addition was increased, another photoluminescent CdS MSCs, namely, MSC-406, evolved. This study provides an overall understanding of the CdS MSC-373 and introduces a new approach to synthesize photoluminescent CdS MSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengtian He
- Engineering
Research Center in Biomaterials, Sichuan
University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610065, P. R. China
| | - Dongqing Wang
- Engineering
Research Center in Biomaterials, Sichuan
University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610065, P. R. China
| | - Qiyu Yu
- College
of Materials Science and Engineering, Sichuan
University of Science and Engineering, Zigong, Sichuan 643000, P. R. China
- State
Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Chengdu, Sichuan 610065, P. R. China
| | - Meng Zhang
- Institute
of Atomic and Molecular Physics, Sichuan
University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610065, P. R. China
| | - Shanling Wang
- Analytical
& Testing Center, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610065, P. R. China
| | - Wen Huang
- Laboratory
of Ethnopharmacology, West China School of Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610065, P. R. China
| | - Chaoran Luan
- Laboratory
of Ethnopharmacology, West China School of Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610065, P. R. China
| | - Kui Yu
- Engineering
Research Center in Biomaterials, Sichuan
University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610065, P. R. China
- Institute
of Atomic and Molecular Physics, Sichuan
University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610065, P. R. China
- State
Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Chengdu, Sichuan 610065, P. R. China
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Palani G, Arputhalatha A, Kannan K, Lakkaboyana SK, Hanafiah MM, Kumar V, Marella RK. Current Trends in the Application of Nanomaterials for the Removal of Pollutants from Industrial Wastewater Treatment-A Review. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26092799. [PMID: 34068541 PMCID: PMC8126079 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26092799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Revised: 04/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In the recent decades, development of new and innovative technology resulted in a very high amount of effluents. Industrial wastewaters originating from various industries contribute as a major source of water pollution. The pollutants in the wastewater include organic and inorganic pollutants, heavy metals, and non-disintegrating materials. This pollutant poses a severe threat to the environment. Therefore, novel and innovative methods and technologies need to adapt for their removal. Recent years saw nanomaterials as a potential candidate for pollutants removal. Nowadays, a range of cost-effective nanomaterials are available with unique properties. In this context, nano-absorbents are excellent materials. Heavy metal contamination is widespread in underground and surface waters. Recently, various studies focused on the removal of heavy metals. The presented review article here focused on removal of contaminants originated from industrial wastewater utilizing nanomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geetha Palani
- Physics Research Centre, Dhanalakshmi College of Engineering, Tambaram 601301, Chennai, India;
| | - A. Arputhalatha
- Department of Physics, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA;
| | - Karthik Kannan
- School of Advanced Materials and Engineering, Kumoh National Institute of Technology, 61 Daehak-ro, Gum-si, Gyeongbuk 39177, Korea;
| | - Sivarama Krishna Lakkaboyana
- School of Ocean Engineering, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, Kuala Nerus 21030, Terengganu DarulIman, Malaysia
- Correspondence:
| | - Marlia M. Hanafiah
- Department of Earth Sciences and Environment, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi 43600, Selangor, Malaysia;
- Centre for Tropical Climate Change System, Institute of Climate Change, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi 43600, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Vinay Kumar
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee 247667, Uttarakhand, India;
| | - Ravi Kumar Marella
- Department of Chemistry (H & S), PACE Institute of Technology & Sciences, Ongole 523001, Prakasam, India;
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50
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Abstract
The family of carbon nanostructures comprises several members, such as fullerenes, nano-onions, nanodots, nanodiamonds, nanohorns, nanotubes, and graphene-based materials. Their unique electronic properties have attracted great interest for their highly innovative potential in nanomedicine. However, their hydrophobic nature often requires organic solvents for their dispersibility and processing. In this review, we describe the green approaches that have been developed to produce and functionalize carbon nanomaterials for biomedical applications, with a special focus on the very latest reports.
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