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Lunter D, Klang V, Eichner A, Savic SM, Savic S, Lian G, Erdő F. Progress in Topical and Transdermal Drug Delivery Research-Focus on Nanoformulations. Pharmaceutics 2024; 16:817. [PMID: 38931938 PMCID: PMC11207871 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics16060817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2024] [Revised: 06/06/2024] [Accepted: 06/12/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Skin is the largest organ and a multifunctional interface between the body and its environment. It acts as a barrier against cold, heat, injuries, infections, chemicals, radiations or other exogeneous factors, and it is also known as the mirror of the soul. The skin is involved in body temperature regulation by the storage of fat and water. It is an interesting tissue in regard to the local and transdermal application of active ingredients for prevention or treatment of pathological conditions. Topical and transdermal delivery is an emerging route of drug and cosmetic administration. It is beneficial for avoiding side effects and rapid metabolism. Many pharmaceutical, technological and cosmetic innovations have been described and patented recently in the field. In this review, the main features of skin morphology and physiology are presented and are being followed by the description of classical and novel nanoparticulate dermal and transdermal drug formulations. The biophysical aspects of the penetration of drugs and cosmetics into or across the dermal barrier and their investigation in diffusion chambers, skin-on-a-chip devices, high-throughput measuring systems or with advanced analytical techniques are also shown. The current knowledge about mathematical modeling of skin penetration and the future perspectives are briefly discussed in the end, all also involving nanoparticulated systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominique Lunter
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Eberhard-Karls-Universität Tübingen, 72074 Tübingen, Germany;
| | - Victoria Klang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Vienna, 1010 Vienna, Austria;
| | - Adina Eichner
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, 06108 Halle, Germany;
- Institute of Applied Dermatopharmacy, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg (IADP) e.V., 06108 Halle, Germany
| | - Sanela M. Savic
- Faculty of Technology in Leskovac, University of Niš, 16000 Leskovac, Serbia;
- R&D Sector, DCP Hemigal, 16000 Leskovac, Serbia
| | - Snezana Savic
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Cosmetology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia;
| | - Guoping Lian
- Department of Chemical and Process Engineering, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7XH, UK;
- Unilever R&D Colworth, Sharnbrook, Bedford MK44 1LQ, UK
| | - Franciska Erdő
- Faculty of Information Technology and Bionics, Pázmány Péter Catholic University, 1083 Budapest, Hungary
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Germer G, Schwartze L, García-Miller J, Balansin-Rigon R, Groth LJ, Rühl I, Patoka P, Zoschke C, Rühl E. Label-free mapping of cetuximab in multi-layered tumor oral mucosa models by atomic force-microscopy-based infrared spectroscopy. Analyst 2024; 149:2122-2130. [PMID: 38436119 DOI: 10.1039/d3an01877f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
Sensitive mapping of drugs and drug delivery systems is pivotal for the understanding and improvement of treatment options. Since labeling alters the physicochemical and potentially the pharmacological properties of the molecule of interest, its label-free detection by photothermal expansion is investigated. We report on a proof-of-concept study to map the cetuximab distribution by atomic-force microscopy-based infrared spectroscopy (AFM-IR). The monoclonal antibody cetuximab was applied to a human tumor oral mucosa model, consisting of a tumor epithelium on a lamina propria equivalent. Hyperspectral imaging in the wavenumber regime between 903 cm-1 and 1312 cm-1 and a probing distance between the data points down to 10 × 10 nm are used for determining the local drug distribution. The local distinction of cetuximab from the tissue background is gained by linear combination modeling making use of reference spectra of the drug and untreated models. The results from this approach are compared to principal component analyses, yielding comparable results. Even single molecule detection appears feasible. The results indicate that cetuximab penetrates the cytosol of tumor cells but does not bind to structures in the cell membrane. In conclusion, AFM-IR mapping of cetuximab proved to sensitively determine drug concentrations at an unprecedented spatial resolution without the need for drug labeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregor Germer
- Physical Chemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Arnimallee 22, 14195 Berlin, Germany. ruehl@
| | - Leonie Schwartze
- Institute of Pharmacy, Freie Universität Berlin, Königin-Luise Str. 2+4, 14195 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Jill García-Miller
- Institute of Pharmacy, Freie Universität Berlin, Königin-Luise Str. 2+4, 14195 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Roberta Balansin-Rigon
- Institute of Pharmacy, Freie Universität Berlin, Königin-Luise Str. 2+4, 14195 Berlin, Germany.
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Campinas, R. Candido Portinari, 200 - Cidade Universitária, Campinas, SP, 13083-871, Brazil
| | - Lucie J Groth
- Physical Chemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Arnimallee 22, 14195 Berlin, Germany. ruehl@
| | - Isabel Rühl
- Physical Chemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Arnimallee 22, 14195 Berlin, Germany. ruehl@
| | - Piotr Patoka
- Physical Chemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Arnimallee 22, 14195 Berlin, Germany. ruehl@
| | - Christian Zoschke
- Institute of Pharmacy, Freie Universität Berlin, Königin-Luise Str. 2+4, 14195 Berlin, Germany.
- Department of Veterinary Medicines, Federal Office of Consumer Protection and Food Safety, Gerichtstr. 49, 13347 Berlin, Germany
| | - Eckart Rühl
- Physical Chemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Arnimallee 22, 14195 Berlin, Germany. ruehl@
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Alexiev U, Rühl E. Visualization of Nanocarriers and Drugs in Cells and Tissue. Handb Exp Pharmacol 2024; 284:153-189. [PMID: 37566121 DOI: 10.1007/164_2023_684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/12/2023]
Abstract
In this chapter, the visualization of nanocarriers and drugs in cells and tissue is reviewed. This topic is tightly connected to modern drug delivery, which relies on nanoscopic drug formulation approaches and the ability to probe nanoparticulate systems selectively in cells and tissue using advanced spectroscopic and microscopic techniques. We first give an overview of the breadth of this research field. Then, we mainly focus on topical drug delivery to the skin and discuss selected visualization techniques from spectromicroscopy, such as scanning transmission X-ray microscopy and fluorescence lifetime imaging. These techniques rely on the sensitive and quantitative detection of the topically applied drug delivery systems and active substances, either by exploiting their molecular properties or by introducing environmentally sensitive probes that facilitate their detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrike Alexiev
- Fachbereich Physik, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Eckart Rühl
- Physikalische Chemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
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Zhang W, Hosono E, Asakura D, Yuzawa H, Ohigashi T, Kobayashi M, Kiuchi H, Harada Y. Chemical-state distributions in charged LiCoO 2 cathode particles visualized by soft X-ray spectromicroscopy. Sci Rep 2023; 13:4639. [PMID: 36944681 PMCID: PMC10030574 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-30673-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 03/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Lithium-ion deintercalation/intercalation during charge/discharge processes is one of the essential reactions that occur in the layered cathodes of lithium-ion batteries, and the performance of the cathode can be expressed as the sum of the reactions that occur in the local area of the individual cathode particles. In this study, the spatial distributions of the chemical states present in prototypical layered LiCoO2 cathode particles were determined at different charging conditions using scanning transmission X-ray microscopy (STXM) with a spatial resolution of approximately 100 nm. The Co L3- and O K-edge X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) spectra, extracted from the same area of the corresponding STXM images, at the initial state as well as after charging to 4.5 V demonstrate the spatial distribution of the chemical state changes depending on individual particles. In addition to the Co L3-edge XAS spectra, the O K-edge XAS spectra of the initial and charged LiCoO2 particles are different, indicating that both the Co and O sites participate in charge compensation during the charging process possibly through the hybridization between the Co 3d and O 2p orbitals. Furthermore, the element maps of both the Co and O sites, derived from the STXM stack images, reveal the spatial distribution of the chemical states inside individual particles after charging to 4.5 V. The element mapping analysis suggests that inhomogeneous reactions occur on the active particles and confirm the existence of non-active particles. The results of this study demonstrate that an STXM-based spatially resolved electronic structural analysis method is useful for understanding the charging and discharging of battery materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenxiong Zhang
- Institute for Solid State Physics (ISSP), The University of Tokyo, 5-1-5 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba, 277-8581, Japan
| | - Eiji Hosono
- Global Zero Emission Research Center, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 16-1 Onogawa, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8569, Japan.
- Research Institute for Energy Conservation, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8565, Japan.
- AIST-UTokyo Advanced Operando-Measurement Technology Open Innovation Laboratory, 5-1-5 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba, 277-8565, Japan.
| | - Daisuke Asakura
- Global Zero Emission Research Center, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 16-1 Onogawa, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8569, Japan
- Research Institute for Energy Conservation, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8565, Japan
- AIST-UTokyo Advanced Operando-Measurement Technology Open Innovation Laboratory, 5-1-5 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba, 277-8565, Japan
| | - Hayato Yuzawa
- UVSOR Synchrotron Facility, Institute for Molecular Science, Okazaki, 444-8585, Japan
| | - Takuji Ohigashi
- UVSOR Synchrotron Facility, Institute for Molecular Science, Okazaki, 444-8585, Japan
| | - Masaki Kobayashi
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Information Systems, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-Ku, Tokyo, 113-8656, Japan
- Center for Spintronics Research Network, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-Ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hisao Kiuchi
- Institute for Solid State Physics (ISSP), The University of Tokyo, 5-1-5 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba, 277-8581, Japan
| | - Yoshihisa Harada
- Institute for Solid State Physics (ISSP), The University of Tokyo, 5-1-5 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba, 277-8581, Japan.
- AIST-UTokyo Advanced Operando-Measurement Technology Open Innovation Laboratory, 5-1-5 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba, 277-8565, Japan.
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Efficacy of topically applied rapamycin-loaded redox-sensitive nanocarriers in a human skin/T cell co-culture model. Int Immunopharmacol 2023; 117:109903. [PMID: 36848792 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2023.109903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Revised: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/01/2023]
Abstract
Rapamycin, also known as Sirolimus, is a promising anti-proliferative drug, but its therapeutic use for the topical treatment of inflammatory, hyperproliferative skin disorders is limited by insufficient penetration rates due to its high molecular weight (MW of 914.172 g/mol) and high lipophilicity. We have shown that core multi-shell (CMS) nanocarriers sensitive to oxidative environment can improve drug delivery to the skin. In this study, we investigated the mTOR inhibitory activity of these oxidation-sensitive CMS (osCMS) nanocarrier formulations in an inflammatory ex vivo human skin model. In this model, features of inflamed skin were introduced by treating the ex vivo tissue with low-dose serine protease (SP) and lipopolysaccharide (LPS), while phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate and ionomycin were used to stimulate IL-17A production in the co-cultured SeAx cells. Furthermore, we tried to elucidate the effects of rapamycin on single cell populations isolated from skin (keratinocytes, fibroblast) as well as on SeAx cells. Further, we measured possible effects of the rapamycin formulations on dendritic cell (DC) migration and activation. The inflammatory skin model enabled the assessment of biological readouts at both the tissue and T cell level. All investigated formulations successfully delivered rapamycin across the skin as revealed by reduced IL-17A levels. Nevertheless, only the osCMS formulations reached higher anti-inflammatory effects in the skin compared to the control formulations with a significant downregulation of mTOR activity. These results indicate that osCMS formulations could help to establish rapamycin, or even other drugs with similar physico-chemical properties, in topical anti-inflammatory therapy.
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Rancan F, Guo X, Rajes K, Sidiropoulou P, Zabihi F, Hoffmann L, Hadam S, Blume-Peytavi U, Rühl E, Haag R, Vogt A. Topical Delivery of Rapamycin by Means of Microenvironment-Sensitive Core-Multi-Shell Nanocarriers: Assessment of Anti-Inflammatory Activity in an ex vivo Skin/T Cell Co-Culture Model. Int J Nanomedicine 2021; 16:7137-7151. [PMID: 34712046 PMCID: PMC8548260 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s330716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Rapamycin (Rapa) is an immunosuppressive macrolide that inhibits the mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) activity. Thanks to its anti-proliferative effects towards different cell types, including keratinocytes and T cells, Rapa shows promise in the treatment of skin diseases characterized by cell hyperproliferation. However, Rapa skin penetration is limited due to its lipophilic nature (log P = 4.3) and high molecular weight (MW = 914 g/mol). In previous studies, new microenvironment-sensitive core multishell (CMS) nanocarriers capable of sensing the redox state of inflamed skin were developed as more efficient and selective vehicles for macrolide delivery to inflamed skin. Methods In this study, we tested such redox-sensitive CMS nanocarriers using an inflammatory skin model based on human skin explants co-cultured with Jurkat T cells. Serine protease (SP) was applied on skin surface to induce skin barrier impairment and oxidative stress, whereas phytohaemagglutinin (PHA), IL-17A, and IL-22 were used to activate Jurkat cells. Activation markers, such as CD45 and CD69, phosphorylated ribosomal protein S6 (pRP-S6), and IL-2 release were monitored in activated T cells, whereas pro-inflammatory cytokines were measured in skin extracts and culture medium. Results We found that alteration of skin barrier proteins corneodesmosin (CDSN), occludin (Occl), and zonula occludens-1 (ZO-1) as well as oxidation-induced decrease of free thiol groups occurred upon SP-treatment. All Rapa formulations exerted inhibitory effects on T cells after penetration across ex vivo skin. No effects on skin inflammatory markers were detected. The superiority of the oxidative-sensitive CMS nanocarriers over the other formulations was observed with regard to drug delivery as well as downregulation of IL-2 release. Conclusion Overall, our results demonstrate that nanocarriers addressing features of diseased skin are promising approaches to improve the topical delivery of macrolide drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiorenza Rancan
- Clinical Research Center for Hair and Skin Science, Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Xiao Guo
- Clinical Research Center for Hair and Skin Science, Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Keerthana Rajes
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Polytimi Sidiropoulou
- Clinical Research Center for Hair and Skin Science, Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Fatemeh Zabihi
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Luisa Hoffmann
- Clinical Research Center for Hair and Skin Science, Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sabrina Hadam
- Clinical Research Center for Hair and Skin Science, Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ulrike Blume-Peytavi
- Clinical Research Center for Hair and Skin Science, Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Eckart Rühl
- Physical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Rainer Haag
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Annika Vogt
- Clinical Research Center for Hair and Skin Science, Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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Lee SJ, Nah H, Ko WK, Lee D, Moon HJ, Lee JS, Heo M, Hwang YS, Bang JB, An SH, Heo DN, Kwon IK. Facile Preparation of β-Cyclodextrin-grafted Chitosan Electrospun Nanofibrous Scaffolds as a Hydrophobic Drug Delivery Vehicle for Tissue Engineering Applications. ACS OMEGA 2021; 6:28307-28315. [PMID: 34723027 PMCID: PMC8552460 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c04481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Despite advances in the bio-tissue engineering area, the technical basis to directly load hydrophobic drugs on chitosan (CTS) electrospun nanofibers (ENs) has not yet been fully established. In this study, we fabricated CTS ENs by using an electrospinning (ELSP) system, followed by surface modification using succinyl-beta-cyclodextrin (β-CD) under mild conditions. The β-CD-modified CTS (βCTS) ENs had slightly increased hydrophobicity compared to pristine CTS ENs as well as decreased residual amine content on the surface. Through FTIR spectroscopy and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), we characterized the surface treatment physiochemically. In the drug release test, we demonstrated the stable and sustained release of a hydrophobic drug (e.g., dexamethasone) loaded on β-CD ENs. During in vitro biocompatibility assessments, the grafting of β-CD was shown to not reduce cell viability compared to pristine CTS ENs. Additionally, cells proliferated well on β-CD ENs, and this was confirmed by F-actin fluorescence staining. Overall, the material and strategies developed in this study have the potential to load a wide array of hydrophobic drugs. This could be applied as a drug carrier for a broad range of tissue engineering applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang Jin Lee
- Department
of Dental Materials, School of Dentistry, Kyung Hee University, 26 Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Haram Nah
- Department
of Dentistry, Graduate School, Kyung Hee
University, 26 Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Wan-Kyu Ko
- Department
of Neurosurgery, CHA University, CHA Bundang
Medical Center, Gyeonggi-do 13496, Republic of Korea
| | - Donghyun Lee
- Laboratory
Animal Center, Daegu-Gyeongbuk Medical Innovation
Foundation (DGMIF), Daegu 41061, Republic of Korea
| | - Ho-Jin Moon
- Department
of Dental Materials, School of Dentistry, Kyung Hee University, 26 Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Seo Lee
- Department
of Dentistry, Graduate School, Kyung Hee
University, 26 Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Heo
- Department
of Dental Materials, School of Dentistry, Kyung Hee University, 26 Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Yu-Shik Hwang
- Department
of Maxillofacial Biomedical Engineering and Institute of Oral Biology,
School of Dentistry, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Beum Bang
- Department
of Dental Education, School of Dentistry, Kyung Hee University, 26 Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdaemum-gu, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Hyun An
- Laboratory
Animal Center, Daegu-Gyeongbuk Medical Innovation
Foundation (DGMIF), Daegu 41061, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Nyoung Heo
- Department
of Dental Materials, School of Dentistry, Kyung Hee University, 26 Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Il Keun Kwon
- Department
of Dental Materials, School of Dentistry, Kyung Hee University, 26 Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
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