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Backiyalakshmi G, Snekhalatha U, Salvador AL. Recent advancements in non-invasive wearable electrochemical biosensors for biomarker analysis - A review. Anal Biochem 2024; 692:115578. [PMID: 38801938 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2024.115578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2024] [Revised: 05/22/2024] [Accepted: 05/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
A biomarker is a molecular indicator that can be used to identify the presence or severity of a disease. It may be produced due to biochemical or molecular changes in normal biological processes. In some cases, the presence of a biomarker itself is an indication of the disease, while in other cases, the elevated or depleted level of a particular protein or chemical substance aids in identifying a disease. Biomarkers indicate the progression of the disease in response to therapeutic interventions. Identifying these biomarkers can assist in diagnosing the disease early and providing proper therapeutic treatment. In recent years, wearable electrochemical (EC) biosensors have emerged as an important tool for early detection due to their excellent selectivity, low cost, ease of fabrication, and improved sensitivity. There are several challenges in developing a fully integrated wearable sensor, such as device miniaturization, high power consumption, incorporation of a power source, and maintaining the integrity and durability of the biomarker for long-term continuous monitoring. This review covers the recent advancements in the fabrication techniques involved in device development, the types of sensing platforms utilized, different materials used, challenges, and future developments in the field of wearable biosensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Backiyalakshmi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering and Technology, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, 603203, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - U Snekhalatha
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering and Technology, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, 603203, Tamil Nadu, India; College of Engineering, Architecture and Fine Arts, Batangas State University, Batangas, Philippines.
| | - Anela L Salvador
- College of Engineering, Architecture and Fine Arts, Batangas State University, Batangas, Philippines
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2
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García-Guzmán JJ, Jiménez Heras JM, López-Iglesias D, González-Álvarez RJ, Cubillana-Aguilera L, González Macías C, Fernández Alba JJ, Palacios-Santander JM. New spin coated multilayer lactate biosensor for acidosis monitoring in continuous flow assisted with an electrochemical pH probe. Mikrochim Acta 2024; 191:526. [PMID: 39120744 DOI: 10.1007/s00604-024-06602-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2024] [Accepted: 08/01/2024] [Indexed: 08/10/2024]
Abstract
A LOx-based electrochemical biosensor for high-level lactate determination was developed. For the construction of the biosensor, chitosan and Nafion layers were integrated by using a spin coating procedure, leading to less porous surfaces in comparison with those recorded after a drop casting procedure. The analytical performance of the resulting biosensor for lactate determination was evaluated in batch and flow regime, displaying satisfactory results in both modes ranging from 0.5 to 20 mM concentration range for assessing the lactic acidosis. Finally, the lactate levels in raw serum samples were estimated using the biosensor developed and verified with a blood gas analyzer. Based on these results, the biosensor developed is promising for its use in healthcare environment, after its proper miniaturization. A pH probe based on common polyaniline-based electrochemical sensor was also developed to assist the biosensor for the lactic acidosis monitoring, leading to excellent results in stock solutions ranging from 6.0 to 8.0 mM and raw plasma samples. The results were confirmed by using two different approaches, blood gas analyzer and pH-meter. Consequently, the lactic acidosis monitoring could be achieved in continuous flow regime using both (bio)sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan José García-Guzmán
- Instituto de Investigación e Innovación Biomédica de Cádiz (INiBICA), Hospital Universitario 'Puerta del Mar', Universidad de Cádiz, 11009, Cádiz, Spain
| | - José Manuel Jiménez Heras
- Instituto de Investigación e Innovación Biomédica de Cádiz (INiBICA), Hospital Universitario 'Puerta del Mar', Universidad de Cádiz, 11009, Cádiz, Spain
| | - David López-Iglesias
- Instituto de Investigación e Innovación Biomédica de Cádiz (INiBICA), Hospital Universitario 'Puerta del Mar', Universidad de Cádiz, 11009, Cádiz, Spain
| | - Rafael Jesús González-Álvarez
- Instituto de Investigación e Innovación Biomédica de Cádiz (INiBICA), Hospital Universitario 'Puerta del Mar', Universidad de Cádiz, 11009, Cádiz, Spain
| | - Laura Cubillana-Aguilera
- Institute of Research on Electron Microscopy and Materials (IMEYMAT), Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Campus de Excelencia Internacional del Mar (CEIMAR), Universidad de Cádiz, República Saharaui, S/N. 11510, Puerto Real, Cádiz, Spain.
| | - Carmen González Macías
- Departamento de Obstetricia y Ginecología, Hospital Universitario de Puerto Real, 11510, Puerto Real, Cádiz, Spain
| | - Juan Jesús Fernández Alba
- Departamento de Obstetricia y Ginecología, Hospital Universitario de Puerto Real, 11510, Puerto Real, Cádiz, Spain.
| | - José María Palacios-Santander
- Institute of Research on Electron Microscopy and Materials (IMEYMAT), Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Campus de Excelencia Internacional del Mar (CEIMAR), Universidad de Cádiz, República Saharaui, S/N. 11510, Puerto Real, Cádiz, Spain
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Salih IL, Alshatteri AH, Omer KM. Role of wearable electrochemical biosensors in monitoring renal function biomarkers in sweat: a review. ANAL SCI 2024:10.1007/s44211-024-00635-2. [PMID: 39093545 DOI: 10.1007/s44211-024-00635-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2024] [Accepted: 07/15/2024] [Indexed: 08/04/2024]
Abstract
Real-time detection of renal biomarkers is crucial for immediate and continuous monitoring of kidney function, facilitating early diagnosis and intervention in kidney-related disorders. This proactive approach enables timely adjustments in treatment plans, particularly in critical situations, and enhances overall patient care. Wearable devices emerge as a promising solution, enabling non-invasive and real-time data collection. This comprehensive review investigates numerous types of wearable sensors designed to detect kidney biomarkers in body fluids such as sweat. It critically evaluates the precision, dependability, and user-friendliness of these devices, contemplating their seamless integration into daily life for continuous health tracking. The review highlights the potential influence of wearable technology on individualized renal healthcare and its role in preventative medicine while also addressing challenges and future directions. The review's goal is to provide guidance to academics, healthcare professionals, and technologists working on wearable solutions for renal biomarker detection by compiling the body of current knowledge and advancements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ibrahim Luqman Salih
- Department of Pharmacy, Raparin Technical and Vocational Institute, Rania, Sulaymaniyah, Kurdistan Region, 46012, Iraq
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, University of Raparin, RaniaSulaymaniyah, Kurdistan Region, 46012, Iraq
| | - Azad H Alshatteri
- Department of Chemistry, University of Garmian, Darbandikhan Road, Kalar City, Sulaimaniyah, Kurdistan Region, Iraq.
| | - Khalid M Omer
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, University of Sulaimani, Sulaymaniyah, Kurdistan Region, Iraq
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Gao B, Jiang J, Zhou S, Li J, Zhou Q, Li X. Toward the Next Generation Human-Machine Interaction: Headworn Wearable Devices. Anal Chem 2024; 96:10477-10487. [PMID: 38888091 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.4c01190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/20/2024]
Abstract
Wearable devices are lightweight and portable devices worn directly on the body or integrated into the user's clothing or accessories. They are usually connected to the Internet and combined with various software applications to monitor the user's physical conditions. The latest research shows that wearable head devices, particularly those incorporating microfluidic technology, enable the monitoring of bodily fluids and physiological states. Here, we summarize the main forms, functions, and applications of head wearable devices through innovative researches in recent years. The main functions of wearable head devices are sensor monitoring, diagnosis, and even therapeutic interventions. Through this application, real-time monitoring of human physiological conditions and noninvasive treatment can be realized. Furthermore, microfluidics can realize real-time monitoring of body fluids and skin interstitial fluid, which is highly significant in medical diagnosis and has broad medical application prospects. However, despite the progress made, significant challenges persist in the integration of microfluidics into wearable devices at the current technological level. Herein, we focus on summarizing the cutting-edge applications of microfluidic contact lenses and offer insights into the burgeoning intersection between microfluidics and head-worn wearables, providing a glimpse into their future prospects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingbing Gao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, P. R. China
| | - Jingwen Jiang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, P. R. China
| | - Shu Zhou
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, P. R. China
| | - Jun Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, P. R. China
| | - Qian Zhou
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, P. R. China
| | - Xin Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, P. R. China
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5
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Cai X, Xia RZ, Liu ZH, Dai HH, Zhao YH, Chen SH, Yang M, Li PH, Huang XJ. Fully Integrated Multiplexed Wristwatch for Real-Time Monitoring of Electrolyte Ions in Sweat. ACS NANO 2024; 18:12808-12819. [PMID: 38717026 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c13035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
Considerable progress has already been made in sweat sensors based on electrochemical methods to realize real-time monitoring of biomarkers. However, realizing long-term monitoring of multiple targets at the atomic level remains extremely challenging, in terms of designing stable solid contact (SC) interfaces and fully integrating multiple modules for large-scale applications of sweat sensors. Herein, a fully integrated wristwatch was designed using mass-manufactured sensor arrays based on hierarchical multilayer-pore cross-linked N-doped porous carbon coated by reduced graphene oxide (NPCs@rGO-950) microspheres with high hydrophobicity as core SC, and highly selective monitoring simultaneously for K+, Na+, and Ca2+ ions in human sweat was achieved, exhibiting near-Nernst responses almost without forming an interfacial water layer. Combined with computed tomography, solid-solid interface potential diffusion simulation results reveal extremely low interface diffusion potential and high interface capacitance (598 μF), ensuring the excellent potential stability, reversibility, repeatability, and selectivity of sensor arrays. The developed highly integrated-multiplexed wristwatch with multiple modules, including SC, sensor array, microfluidic chip, signal transduction, signal processing, and data visualization, achieved reliable real-time monitoring for K+, Na+, and Ca2+ ion concentrations in sweat. Ingenious material design, scalable sensor fabrication, and electrical integration of multimodule wearables lay the foundation for developing reliable sweat-sensing systems for health monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Cai
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Optics and Technology and Environmental Materials and Pollution Control Laboratory, Institute of Solid State Physics, HFIPS, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, PR China
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, PR China
- State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200050, PR China
- Institute of Environmental Hefei Comprehensive National Science Center, Hefei 230088, PR China
| | - Rui-Ze Xia
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Optics and Technology and Environmental Materials and Pollution Control Laboratory, Institute of Solid State Physics, HFIPS, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, PR China
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, PR China
| | - Zi-Hao Liu
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Optics and Technology and Environmental Materials and Pollution Control Laboratory, Institute of Solid State Physics, HFIPS, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, PR China
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, PR China
| | - Hai-Hua Dai
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Optics and Technology and Environmental Materials and Pollution Control Laboratory, Institute of Solid State Physics, HFIPS, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, PR China
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, PR China
| | - Yong-Huan Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Optics and Technology and Environmental Materials and Pollution Control Laboratory, Institute of Solid State Physics, HFIPS, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, PR China
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, PR China
| | - Shi-Hua Chen
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Optics and Technology and Environmental Materials and Pollution Control Laboratory, Institute of Solid State Physics, HFIPS, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, PR China
- State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200050, PR China
| | - Meng Yang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Optics and Technology and Environmental Materials and Pollution Control Laboratory, Institute of Solid State Physics, HFIPS, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, PR China
- Institute of Environmental Hefei Comprehensive National Science Center, Hefei 230088, PR China
| | - Pei-Hua Li
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Optics and Technology and Environmental Materials and Pollution Control Laboratory, Institute of Solid State Physics, HFIPS, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, PR China
| | - Xing-Jiu Huang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Optics and Technology and Environmental Materials and Pollution Control Laboratory, Institute of Solid State Physics, HFIPS, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, PR China
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, PR China
- State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200050, PR China
- Institute of Environmental Hefei Comprehensive National Science Center, Hefei 230088, PR China
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Jalal NR, Madrakian T, Ahmadi M, Afkhami A, Khalili S, Bahrami M, Roshanaei M. Wireless wearable potentiometric sensor for simultaneous determination of pH, sodium and potassium in human sweat. Sci Rep 2024; 14:11526. [PMID: 38773136 PMCID: PMC11109153 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-62236-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2024] [Accepted: 05/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/23/2024] Open
Abstract
This paper reports on the development of a flexible-wearable potentiometric sensor for real-time monitoring of sodium ion (Na+), potassium ion (K+), and pH in human sweat. Na0.44MnO2, polyaniline, and K2Co[Fe(CN)6] were used as sensing materials for Na+, H+ and K+ monitoring, respectively. The simultaneous potentiometric Na+, K+, and pH sensing were carried out by the developed sensor, which enables signal collection and transmission in real-time to the smartphone via a Wi-Fi access point. Then, the potentiometric responses were evaluated by a designed android application. Na+, K+, and pH sensors illustrated high sensitivity (59.7 ± 0.8 mV/decade for Na+, 57.8 ± 0.9 mV/decade for K+, and 54.7 ± 0.6 mV/pH for pH), excellent stability, and good batch-to-batch reproducibility. The results of on-body experiments demonstrated that the proposed platform is capable of real-time monitoring of the investigated ions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nahid Rezvani Jalal
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Petroleum Sciences, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamedan, 6517838695, Iran
| | - Tayyebeh Madrakian
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Petroleum Sciences, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamedan, 6517838695, Iran.
| | - Mazaher Ahmadi
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Petroleum Sciences, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamedan, 6517838695, Iran.
| | - Abbas Afkhami
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Petroleum Sciences, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamedan, 6517838695, Iran
| | - Sina Khalili
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Petroleum Sciences, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamedan, 6517838695, Iran
| | - Morteza Bahrami
- Department of Computer Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamedan, 6517838695, Iran
| | - Majid Roshanaei
- Biomedical Engineering Department, School of Electrical Engineering, Iran University of Science and Technology, Tehran, 1684613114, Iran
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Zhang S, He Z, Zhao W, Liu C, Zhou S, Ibrahim OO, Wang C, Wang Q. Innovative Material-Based Wearable Non-Invasive Electrochemical Sweat Sensors towards Biomedical Applications. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 14:857. [PMID: 38786813 PMCID: PMC11124380 DOI: 10.3390/nano14100857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2024] [Revised: 04/26/2024] [Accepted: 05/09/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
Sweat is an accessible biofluid that provides useful physiological information about the body's biomolecular state and systemic health. Wearable sensors possess various advantageous features, such as lightweight design, wireless connectivity, and compatibility with human skin, that make them suitable for continuous monitoring. Wearable electrochemical sweat sensors can diagnose diseases and monitor health conditions by detecting biomedical signal changes in sweat. This paper discusses the state-of-the-art research in the field of wearable sweat sensors and the materials used in their construction. It covers biomarkers present in sweat, sensing modalities, techniques for sweat collection, and ways to power these sensors. Innovative materials are categorized into three subcategories: sweat collection, sweat detection, and self-powering. These include substrates for sensor fabrication, analyte detection electrodes, absorbent patches, microfluidic devices, and self-powered devices. This paper concludes by forecasting future research trends and prospects in material-based wearable non-invasive sweat sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng Zhang
- Ningbo Innovation Center, Zhejiang University, Ningbo 315100, China; (S.Z.); (Z.H.); (W.Z.); (C.L.); (S.Z.); (O.O.I.)
- State Key Laboratory of Fluid Power and Mechatronic Systems, School of Mechanical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Nottingham Ningbo China, Ningbo 315100, China
- School of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Ningbo Tech University, Ningbo 315100, China
| | - Zhaotao He
- Ningbo Innovation Center, Zhejiang University, Ningbo 315100, China; (S.Z.); (Z.H.); (W.Z.); (C.L.); (S.Z.); (O.O.I.)
- Polytechnic Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310015, China
| | - Wenjie Zhao
- Ningbo Innovation Center, Zhejiang University, Ningbo 315100, China; (S.Z.); (Z.H.); (W.Z.); (C.L.); (S.Z.); (O.O.I.)
- State Key Laboratory of Fluid Power and Mechatronic Systems, School of Mechanical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Chen Liu
- Ningbo Innovation Center, Zhejiang University, Ningbo 315100, China; (S.Z.); (Z.H.); (W.Z.); (C.L.); (S.Z.); (O.O.I.)
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Nottingham Ningbo China, Ningbo 315100, China
| | - Shulan Zhou
- Ningbo Innovation Center, Zhejiang University, Ningbo 315100, China; (S.Z.); (Z.H.); (W.Z.); (C.L.); (S.Z.); (O.O.I.)
- Polytechnic Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310015, China
| | - Oresegun Olakunle Ibrahim
- Ningbo Innovation Center, Zhejiang University, Ningbo 315100, China; (S.Z.); (Z.H.); (W.Z.); (C.L.); (S.Z.); (O.O.I.)
- State Key Laboratory of Fluid Power and Mechatronic Systems, School of Mechanical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Chunge Wang
- School of Mechanical and Energy Engineering, Ningbo Tech University, Ningbo 315100, China;
| | - Qianqian Wang
- Ningbo Innovation Center, Zhejiang University, Ningbo 315100, China; (S.Z.); (Z.H.); (W.Z.); (C.L.); (S.Z.); (O.O.I.)
- School of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Ningbo Tech University, Ningbo 315100, China
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Mahapatra S, Kumari R, Chandra P. Printed circuit boards: system automation and alternative matrix for biosensing. Trends Biotechnol 2024; 42:591-611. [PMID: 38052681 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2023.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Revised: 11/01/2023] [Accepted: 11/02/2023] [Indexed: 12/07/2023]
Abstract
Circuit integration has revolutionized the diagnostic sector by improving the sensing ability and rapidity of biosensors. Bioelectronics has led to the development of point-of-care (PoC) devices, offering superior performance compared with conventional biosensing systems. These devices have lower production costs, are smaller, and have greater reproducibility, enabling the construction of compact sensing modules. Flexible upgrades to the fabrication pattern of the printed circuit board (PCB) remains the most reliable and consistent means so far, offering portability, wearability, a lower detection limit, and smart output integration to these devices. This review summarizes the advances in PCB technology for biosensing devices for introducing automation and their emerging application as an alternative matrix material for detecting various analytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Supratim Mahapatra
- Laboratory of Bio-Physio Sensors and Nanobioengineering, School of Biochemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (BHU), Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh 221005, India
| | - Rohini Kumari
- Laboratory of Bio-Physio Sensors and Nanobioengineering, School of Biochemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (BHU), Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh 221005, India
| | - Pranjal Chandra
- Laboratory of Bio-Physio Sensors and Nanobioengineering, School of Biochemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (BHU), Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh 221005, India.
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Saha T, Mukherjee S, Dickey MD, Velev OD. Harvesting and manipulating sweat and interstitial fluid in microfluidic devices. LAB ON A CHIP 2024; 24:1244-1265. [PMID: 38197332 DOI: 10.1039/d3lc00874f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2024]
Abstract
Microfluidic devices began to be used to facilitate sweat and interstitial fluid (ISF) sensing in the mid-2010s. Since then, numerous prototypes involving microfluidics have been developed in different form factors for sensing biomarkers found in these fluids under in vitro, ex vivo, and in vivo (on-body) settings. These devices transport and manipulate biofluids using microfluidic channels composed of silicone, polymer, paper, or fiber. Fluid flow transport and sample management can be achieved by controlling the flow rate, surface morphology of the channel, and rate of fluid evaporation. Although many devices have been developed for estimating sweat rate, electrolyte, and metabolite levels, only a handful have been able to proceed beyond laboratory testing and reach the stage of clinical trials and commercialization. To further this technology, this review reports on the utilization of microfluidics towards sweat and ISF management and transport. The review is distinguished from other recent reviews by focusing on microfluidic principles of sweat and ISF generation, transport, extraction, and management. Challenges and prospects are highlighted, with a discussion on how to transition such prototypes towards personalized healthcare monitoring systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamoghna Saha
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA.
| | - Sneha Mukherjee
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA.
| | - Michael D Dickey
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA.
| | - Orlin D Velev
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA.
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Wu ZQ, Cao XQ, Hua Y, Yu CM. A Bifunctional Wearable Sensor Based on a Nanoporous Membrane for Simultaneous Detection of Sweat Lactate and Temperature. Anal Chem 2024. [PMID: 38320230 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.3c05216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2024]
Abstract
Wearable sensors for non-invasive, real-time detection of sweat lactate have far-reaching implications in the fields of health care and exercise physiological responses. Here, we propose a wearable electrochemical sensor with gold nanoelectrode arrays fabricated on the nanoporous polycarbonate (PC) membrane by encapsulating lactate oxidase (LOx) in chitosan (CS) hydrogel for detecting body temperature and sweat lactate concurrently. Flexible gold nanoporous electrodes not only enhance electrode area but also offer a nanoconfined space to accelerate the catalytic reaction of LOx and control substrate concentration on the surface of LOx to decrease substrate inhibition. The proposed sensor has a long durability of 13 days and better selectivity for the detection of sweat lactate over a wide linear range (0.01-35 mM) with a low detection limit (0.144 μM). Furthermore, temperature-dependent transmembrane currents passing through the sensor are used to estimate body temperature. We then use multiple linear regression to adjust the effect of temperature on lactate detection and succeed in monitoring lactate molecules in sweat and body temperature during exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeng-Qiang Wu
- School of Public Health, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226019, China
| | - Xiao-Qing Cao
- School of Public Health, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226019, China
| | - Yu Hua
- School of Public Health, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226019, China
| | - Chun-Mei Yu
- School of Public Health, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226019, China
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11
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Zhang Q, Ma S, Zhan X, Meng W, Wang H, Liu C, Zhang T, Zhang K, Su S. Smartphone-based wearable microfluidic electrochemical sensor for on-site monitoring of copper ions in sweat without external driving. Talanta 2024; 266:125015. [PMID: 37541004 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2023.125015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Revised: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 07/29/2023] [Indexed: 08/06/2023]
Abstract
The directional movement of liquid without exogenous drive can show great potential in portable electrochemical platforms. Herein, we developed a portable electrochemical platform that drove electrolyte flow by surface tension gradient, which can realize collection of electrolyte, flow preconcentration and electrochemical detection of Cu2+. The induced graphene electrodes (LIG) was fabricated using laser direct writing, and flower cluster shaped ZnO nanorods (FC-ZnONRs) were prepared and modified on LIG, which provided a large amount of space for electrolyte to shuttled between the holes of LIG and ZnO, and increased the electrochemical active sites and electrons transport ability. The effect of surface tension gradients driving fluid flow could accelerate preconcentration, shorten detection time (save 300 s of preconcentration time) and enhance electrochemical responses in synergy with the 3D FC-ZnONRs/LIG. The microfluidic system possessed excellent performance for detection of Cu2+ ranged from 1 μg L-1 to 2100 μg L-1 with a low detection limit (LOD) of 0.0368 μg L-1 and high sensitivity of 0.414 μA (μg L-1)-1 cm-2. Additionally, this portable microfluidic system was successfully worn on the skin for analysing Cu2+ in human sweat, and the results showed good consistency with inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). This novel sensing system provides a sample collection, rapid detection, low cost and easy-to-operate strategy for heavy metal ions analysis in real samples and shows huge application prospects in point-of-care testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Spin Electron and Nanomaterials of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Suzhou University, Suzhou, 234000, China
| | - Shangshang Ma
- Key Laboratory of Spin Electron and Nanomaterials of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Suzhou University, Suzhou, 234000, China; School of Chemical Engineering&Technology, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou, 221100, China.
| | - Xijie Zhan
- Key Laboratory of Spin Electron and Nanomaterials of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Suzhou University, Suzhou, 234000, China
| | - Wanghan Meng
- Key Laboratory of Spin Electron and Nanomaterials of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Suzhou University, Suzhou, 234000, China
| | - Hongyan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Spin Electron and Nanomaterials of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Suzhou University, Suzhou, 234000, China
| | - Chao Liu
- Key Laboratory of Spin Electron and Nanomaterials of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Suzhou University, Suzhou, 234000, China
| | - Tianren Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Spin Electron and Nanomaterials of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Suzhou University, Suzhou, 234000, China
| | - Keying Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Spin Electron and Nanomaterials of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Suzhou University, Suzhou, 234000, China.
| | - Shao Su
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Electronics and Information Displays & Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biosensors, Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, 9 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing, 210023, China.
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12
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Han Y, Fang X, Li H, Zha L, Guo J, Zhang X. Sweat Sensor Based on Wearable Janus Textiles for Sweat Collection and Microstructured Optical Fiber for Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering Analysis. ACS Sens 2023; 8:4774-4781. [PMID: 38051949 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.3c01863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/07/2023]
Abstract
Wearable sweat sensors provide real-time monitoring of biomarkers, enabling individuals to gain real-time insight into their health status. Current sensors primarily rely on electrochemical mechanisms, limiting their capacity for the concurrent detection of multiple analytes. Surface-enhanced Raman scattering spectroscopy offers an alternative approach by providing molecular fingerprint information to facilitate the identification of intricate analytes. In this study, we combine a wearable Janus fabric for efficient sweat collection and a grapefruit optical fiber embedded with Ag nanoparticles as a sensitive SERS probe. The Janus fabric features a superhydrophobic side in contact with the skin and patterned superhydrophilic regions on the opposite surface, facilitating the unidirectional flow of sweat toward these hydrophilic zones. Grapefruit optical fibers feature sharp tips with the ability to penetrate transparent dressings. Its microchannels extract sweat through capillary force, and nanoliter-scale volumes of sweat are sufficient to completely fill them. The Raman signal of sweat components is greatly enhanced by the plasmonic hot spots and accumulates along the fiber length. We demonstrate sensitive detection of sodium lactate and urea in sweat with a detection limit much lower than the physiological concentration levels. Moreover, the platform shows its capability for multicomponent detection and extends to the analysis of real human sweat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Han
- Institute of Information Photonics Technology and Faculty of Science, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China
| | - Xiaohui Fang
- Institute of Information Photonics Technology and Faculty of Science, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China
| | - Hanlin Li
- Institute of Information Photonics Technology and Faculty of Science, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China
| | - Lei Zha
- Institute of Information Photonics Technology and Faculty of Science, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China
| | - Jinxin Guo
- Institute of Information Photonics Technology and Faculty of Science, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China
| | - Xinping Zhang
- Institute of Information Photonics Technology and Faculty of Science, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China
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13
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Saha T, Del Caño R, De la Paz E, Sandhu SS, Wang J. Access and Management of Sweat for Non-Invasive Biomarker Monitoring: A Comprehensive Review. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2023; 19:e2206064. [PMID: 36433842 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202206064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2022] [Revised: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Sweat is an important biofluid presents in the body since it regulates the internal body temperature, and it is relatively easy to access on the skin unlike other biofluids and contains several biomarkers that are also present in the blood. Although sweat sensing devices have recently displayed tremendous progress, most of the emerging devices primarily focus on the sensor development, integration with electronics, wearability, and data from in vitro studies and short-term on-body trials during exercise. To further the advances in sweat sensing technology, this review aims to present a comprehensive report on the approaches to access and manage sweat from the skin toward improved sweat collection and sensing. It is begun by delineating the sweat secretion mechanism through the skin, and the historical perspective of sweat, followed by a detailed discussion on the mechanisms governing sweat generation and management on the skin. It is concluded by presenting the advanced applications of sweat sensing, supported by a discussion of robust, extended-operation epidermal wearable devices aiming to strengthen personalized healthcare monitoring systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamoghna Saha
- Department of Nanoengineering, University of California San Diego La Jolla, California, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Rafael Del Caño
- Department of Nanoengineering, University of California San Diego La Jolla, California, CA, 92093, USA
- Department of Physical Chemistry and Applied Thermodynamics, University of Cordoba, Cordoba, E-14014, Spain
| | - Ernesto De la Paz
- Department of Nanoengineering, University of California San Diego La Jolla, California, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Samar S Sandhu
- Department of Nanoengineering, University of California San Diego La Jolla, California, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Joseph Wang
- Department of Nanoengineering, University of California San Diego La Jolla, California, CA, 92093, USA
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14
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Garland NT, Song JW, Ma T, Kim YJ, Vázquez-Guardado A, Hashkavayi AB, Ganeshan SK, Sharma N, Ryu H, Lee MK, Sumpio B, Jakus MA, Forsberg V, Kaveti R, Sia SK, Veves A, Rogers JA, Ameer GA, Bandodkar AJ. A Miniaturized, Battery-Free, Wireless Wound Monitor That Predicts Wound Closure Rate Early. Adv Healthc Mater 2023; 12:e2301280. [PMID: 37407030 PMCID: PMC10766868 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202301280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2023] [Revised: 06/27/2023] [Accepted: 06/29/2023] [Indexed: 07/07/2023]
Abstract
Diabetic foot ulcers are chronic wounds that affect millions and increase the risk of amputation and mortality, highlighting the critical need for their early detection. Recent demonstrations of wearable sensors enable real-time wound assessment, but they rely on bulky electronics, making them difficult to interface with wounds. Herein, a miniaturized, wireless, battery-free wound monitor that measures lactate in real-time and seamlessly integrates with bandages for conformal attachment to the wound bed is introduced. Lactate is selected due to its multifaceted role in initiating healing. Studies in healthy and diabetic mice reveal distinct lactate profiles for normal and impaired healing wounds. A mathematical model based on the sensor data predicts wound closure rate within the first 3 days post-injury with ≈76% accuracy, which increases to ≈83% when pH is included. These studies underscore the significance of monitoring biomarkers during the inflammation phase, which can offer several benefits, including short-term use of wound monitors and their easy removal, resulting in lower risks of injury and infection at the wound site. Improvements in prediction accuracy can be achieved by designing mathematical models that build on multiple wound parameters such as pro-inflammatory and metabolic markers. Achieving this goal will require designing multi-analyte wound monitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nate T. Garland
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
- Center for Advanced Self-Powered Systems of Integrated Sensors and Technologies (ASSIST), North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Joseph W. Song
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
- Querrey Simpson Institute for Bioelectronics, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
- Center for Advanced Regenerative Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - Tengfei Ma
- IBM T. J. Watson Research Center, Ossining, NY, USA
| | - Yong Jae Kim
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
- Center for Advanced Self-Powered Systems of Integrated Sensors and Technologies (ASSIST), North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | | | - Ayemeh Bagheri Hashkavayi
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
- Center for Advanced Self-Powered Systems of Integrated Sensors and Technologies (ASSIST), North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Sankalp Koduvayur Ganeshan
- Center for Advanced Self-Powered Systems of Integrated Sensors and Technologies (ASSIST), North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Nivesh Sharma
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
- Center for Advanced Self-Powered Systems of Integrated Sensors and Technologies (ASSIST), North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Hanjun Ryu
- Querrey Simpson Institute for Bioelectronics, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - Min-Kyu Lee
- Querrey Simpson Institute for Bioelectronics, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - Brandon Sumpio
- Joslin-Beth Israel Deaconess Foot Center and the Rongxiang Xu, MD, Center for Regenerative Therapeutics, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Viviane Forsberg
- Querrey Simpson Institute for Bioelectronics, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
- Department of Natural Sciences, Mid Sweden University, Holmgatan 10, 851 70, Sundsvall, Sweden
| | - Rajaram Kaveti
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
- Center for Advanced Self-Powered Systems of Integrated Sensors and Technologies (ASSIST), North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Samuel K. Sia
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, USA
| | - Aristidis Veves
- Joslin-Beth Israel Deaconess Foot Center and the Rongxiang Xu, MD, Center for Regenerative Therapeutics, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - John A. Rogers
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
- Querrey Simpson Institute for Bioelectronics, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
- Center for Advanced Regenerative Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - Guillermo A. Ameer
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
- Querrey Simpson Institute for Bioelectronics, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
- Center for Advanced Regenerative Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
- Simpson Querrey Institute for Bionanotechnology, Evanston, IL, USA
- Chemistry of Life Processes Institute, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
- Department of Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
- International Institute for Nanotechnology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - Amay J. Bandodkar
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
- Center for Advanced Self-Powered Systems of Integrated Sensors and Technologies (ASSIST), North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, North Carolina State University and University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC, USA
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15
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Buttkewitz MA, Heuer C, Bahnemann J. Sensor integration into microfluidic systems: trends and challenges. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2023; 83:102978. [PMID: 37531802 DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2023.102978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2022] [Revised: 07/04/2023] [Accepted: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 08/04/2023]
Abstract
The combination of sensors and microfluidics has become a promising approach for detecting a wide variety of targets relevant in biotechnology. Thanks to recent advances in the manufacturing of microfluidic systems, microfluidics can be manufactured faster, cheaper, and more accurately than ever before. These advances make microfluidic systems very appealing as a basis for constructing sensor systems, and microfluidic devices have been adapted to house (bio)sensors for various applications (e.g. protein biomarker detection, cell culture oxygen control, and pathogen detection). This review article highlights several successfully integrated microfluidic sensor systems, with a focus on work that has been published within the last two years. Different sensor integration methods are discussed, and the latest trends in wearable- and smartphone-based sensors are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc A Buttkewitz
- Institute of Technical Chemistry, Leibniz University Hannover, 30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - Christopher Heuer
- Institute of Technical Chemistry, Leibniz University Hannover, 30167 Hannover, Germany; Institute of Physics, University of Augsburg, 86159 Augsburg, Germany
| | - Janina Bahnemann
- Institute of Physics, University of Augsburg, 86159 Augsburg, Germany; Centre for Advanced Analytics and Predictive Sciences (CAAPS), University of Augsburg, 86159 Augsburg, Germany.
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16
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Yang L, Wang H, Abdullah AM, Meng C, Chen X, Feng A, Cheng H. Direct Laser Writing of the Porous Graphene Foam for Multiplexed Electrochemical Sweat Sensors. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023. [PMID: 37433119 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c02485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/13/2023]
Abstract
Wearable electrochemical sensors provide means to detect molecular-level information from the biochemical markers in biofluids for physiological health evaluation. However, a high-density array is often required for multiplexed detection of multiple markers in complex biofluids, which is challenging with low-cost fabrication methods. This work reports the low-cost direct laser writing of porous graphene foam as a flexible electrochemical sensor to detect biomarkers and electrolytes in sweat. The resulting electrochemical sensor exhibits high sensitivity and low limit of detection for various biomarkers (e.g., the sensitivity of 6.49/6.87/0.94/0.16 μA μM-1 cm-2 and detection limit of 0.28/0.26/1.43/11.3 μM to uric acid/dopamine/tyrosine/ascorbic acid) in sweat. The results from this work open up opportunities for noninvasive continuous monitoring of gout, hydration status, and drug intake/overdose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Reliability and Intelligence of Electrical Equipment, School of Health Sciences and Biomedical Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300130, China
| | - He Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Reliability and Intelligence of Electrical Equipment, School of Health Sciences and Biomedical Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300130, China
| | - Abu Musa Abdullah
- Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Chuizhou Meng
- State Key Laboratory for Reliability and Intelligence of Electrical Equipment, Hebei Key Laboratory of Smart Sensing and Human-Robot Interaction, School of Mechanical Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300401, China
| | - Xue Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Reliability and Intelligence of Electrical Equipment, Key Laboratory of Bioelectromagnetics and Neuroengineering of Hebei Province, School of Electrical Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300130, China
| | - Anqi Feng
- State Key Laboratory for Reliability and Intelligence of Electrical Equipment, Hebei Key Laboratory of Smart Sensing and Human-Robot Interaction, School of Mechanical Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300401, China
| | - Huanyu Cheng
- Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
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17
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Lin PH, Nien HH, Li BR. Wearable Microfluidics for Continuous Assay. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY (PALO ALTO, CALIF.) 2023; 16:181-203. [PMID: 36888989 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-anchem-091322-082930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The development of wearable devices provides approaches for the realization of self-health care. Easily carried wearable devices allow individual health monitoring at any place whenever necessary. There are various interesting monitoring targets, including body motion, organ pressure, and biomarkers. An efficient use of space in one small device is a promising resolution to increase the functions of wearable devices. Through integration of a microfluidic system into wearable devices, embedding complicated structures in one design becomes possible and can enable multifunction analyses within a limited device volume. This article reviews the reported microfluidic wearable devices, introduces applications to different biofluids, discusses characteristics of the design strategies and sensing principles, and highlights the attractive configurations of each device. This review seeks to provide a detailed summary of recent advanced microfluidic wearable devices. The overview of advanced key components is the basis for the development of future microfluidic wearable devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei-Heng Lin
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan;
- Department of Electronics and Electrical Engineering, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Hsin-Hua Nien
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan;
- College of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Cathay General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Fu Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Bor-Ran Li
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan;
- Department of Electronics and Electrical Engineering, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
- Center for Emergent Functional Matter of Science, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
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18
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A non-invasive wearable stress patch for real-time cortisol monitoring using a pseudoknot-assisted aptamer. Biosens Bioelectron 2023; 227:115097. [PMID: 36858023 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2023.115097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Revised: 12/29/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Stress is part of everyone's life and is exacerbated by traumatic events such as pandemics, disasters, violence, lifestyle changes, and health disorders. Chronic stress has many detrimental health effects and can even be life-threatening. Long-term stress monitoring outside of a hospital is often accomplished by measuring heart rate variability. While easy to measure, this digital biomarker has low specificity, greatly limiting its utility. To address this shortcoming, we report a non-invasive, wearable biomolecular sensor to monitor cortisol levels in sweat. Cortisol is a neuroendocrine hormone that regulates homeostasis as part of the stress pathway. Cortisol is detected using an electrochemical sensor functionalized with a pseudoknot-assisted aptamer and a flexible microfluidic sweat sampling system. The skin-worn microfluidic sampler provides rapid sweat collection while separating old and new sweat. The conformation-switching aptamer provides high specificity towards cortisol while being regenerable, allowing it to monitor temporal changes continuously. The aptamer was engineered to add a pseudoknot, restricting it to only two states, thus minimizing the background signal and enabling high sensitivity. An electrochemical pH sensor allows pH-corrected amperometric measurements. Device operation was demonstrated invitro with a broad linear dynamic range (1 pM - 1 μM) covering the physiological range and a sub-picomolar (0.2 pM) limit of detection in sweat. Real-time, on-body measurements were collected from human subjects using an induced stress protocol, demonstrating in-situ signal regeneration and the ability to detect dynamic cortisol fluctuations continuously for up to 90 min. The reported device has the potential to improve prognosis and enable personalized treatments.
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19
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Komkova MA, Poyarkov AA, Eliseev AA, Eliseev AA. Mass transport limitations for electrochemical sensing in low-flux excretory fluids. Biosens Bioelectron 2023; 227:115148. [PMID: 36841113 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2023.115148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Revised: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/11/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023]
Abstract
Despite non-invasive instant monitoring of sweat metabolites is becoming a general trend in early diagnostics and screening, the reliability and accuracy of the on-skin electrochemical biosensors in real-life scenarios still remain questionable. As a rule, mass transport effects in scantily excreted liquids are ignored, when considering the design of such wearable setups. Here we provide a comprehensive investigation of the disruption factors for commonly used Prussian Blue based (bio)sensors under different hydrodynamic conditions (2 × 10-5 - 5 × 100 mm s-1 electrolyte velocity). A huge effect of flow on the (bio)sensors response has been revealed and explained with transport limitations for both analyte influx and reaction product outflux. It suggests no need for improving the sensor sensitivity, while minimizing analyte consumption and enhancing product withdrawal. Some strategies concerning measurement schemes and sensor design ensuring reliable sweat analysis have been discussed and illustrated for lactate and glucose on-skin monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria A Komkova
- Chemistry Faculty of M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory, 1/3, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - Andrei A Poyarkov
- Materials Science Faculty of M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory, 1/3, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - Artem A Eliseev
- Chemistry Faculty of M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory, 1/3, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - Andrei A Eliseev
- Chemistry Faculty of M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory, 1/3, Moscow, 119991, Russia; Materials Science Faculty of M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory, 1/3, Moscow, 119991, Russia.
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20
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Keshet A, Reicher L, Bar N, Segal E. Wearable and digital devices to monitor and treat metabolic diseases. Nat Metab 2023; 5:563-571. [PMID: 37100995 DOI: 10.1038/s42255-023-00778-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 04/28/2023]
Abstract
Cardiometabolic diseases are a major public-health concern owing to their increasing prevalence worldwide. These diseases are characterized by a high degree of interindividual variability with regards to symptoms, severity, complications and treatment responsiveness. Recent technological advances, and the growing availability of wearable and digital devices, are now making it feasible to profile individuals in ever-increasing depth. Such technologies are able to profile multiple health-related outcomes, including molecular, clinical and lifestyle changes. Nowadays, wearable devices allowing for continuous and longitudinal health screening outside the clinic can be used to monitor health and metabolic status from healthy individuals to patients at different stages of disease. Here we present an overview of the wearable and digital devices that are most relevant for cardiometabolic-disease-related readouts, and how the information collected from such devices could help deepen our understanding of metabolic diseases, improve their diagnosis, identify early disease markers and contribute to individualization of treatment and prevention plans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayya Keshet
- Department of Computer Science and Applied Mathematics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Lee Reicher
- Department of Computer Science and Applied Mathematics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
- Lis Maternity and Women's Hospital, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv University (affiliated with Sackler Faculty of Medicine), Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Noam Bar
- Department of Computer Science and Applied Mathematics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Eran Segal
- Department of Computer Science and Applied Mathematics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel.
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel.
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21
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Huangfu X, Guo Y, Mugo SM, Zhang Q. Hydrovoltaic Nanogenerators for Self-Powered Sweat Electrolyte Analysis. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2023; 19:e2207134. [PMID: 36627268 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202207134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Revised: 12/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Human sweat comprises various electrolytes that are health status indicators. Conventional potentiometric electrolyte sensors require an electrical power source, which is expensive, bulky, and requires a complex architecture. Herein, this work demonstrates an electric nanogenerator fabricated using silicon nanowire (SiNW) arrays comprising modified carbon nanoparticles. The SiNW arrays platform is demonstrated as an effective self-powered sensor for sweat electrolyte analysis. It has been shown that an evaporation-induced water flow in nanochannels can yield an open-circuit voltage (Voc ) of 0.45 V and a short-circuit current of 10.2 µA at room temperature as a result of overlapped electric double layers. The electrolyte in the water flow results in a Voc decrease due to the charge shielding effect. The Voc is inversely proportional to the electrolyte concentration. The fabricated hydrovoltaic device shows the capability for sensing electrolytes in human sweat, which is useful in evaluating the hydration status of volunteers following intense physical exercise. The device depicts a novel response mechanism compared to conventional electrochemical sensors. Furthermore, the hydrovoltaic device shows a maximum output power of 1.42 µW, and as such has been successfully shown to drive various electronic devices including light-emitting diodes, a calculator, and an electronic timer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueqing Huangfu
- State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, 130022, P. R. China
- School of Applied Chemistry and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, P. R. China
| | - Yang Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, 130022, P. R. China
- School of Applied Chemistry and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, P. R. China
| | - Samuel M Mugo
- Department of Physical Sciences, MacEwan University, Edmonton, ABT5J4S2, Canada
| | - Qiang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, 130022, P. R. China
- School of Applied Chemistry and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, P. R. China
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22
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Bi Y, Sun M, Wang J, Zhu Z, Bai J, Emran MY, Kotb A, Bo X, Zhou M. Universal Fully Integrated Wearable Sensor Arrays for the Multiple Electrolyte and Metabolite Monitoring in Raw Sweat, Saliva, or Urine. Anal Chem 2023; 95:6690-6699. [PMID: 36961950 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.3c00361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/26/2023]
Abstract
Fully integrated wearable sensors are capable of dynamically, directly, and independently tracking biomarkers in raw noninvasive biofluids without any other equipment or accessories by integrating the unique on-body monitoring feature with the special complete functional implementation attribute. Sweat, saliva, and urine are three important noninvasive biofluids, and changes in their biomarkers hold great potential for revealing physiological conditions. However, it is still a challenge to design single fully integrated wearable sensor arrays (FIWSAs) that are universally able to concurrently measure electrolytes and metabolites in three of the most common noninvasive biofluids including sweat, saliva, and urine. Here, we propose the first single universal FIWSAs for wirelessly, noninvasively, and simultaneously measuring various metabolites (i.e., uric acid) and electrolytes (i.e., Na+ and H+) in raw sweat, saliva, or urine under subjects' exercise by integrating the specifically designed microfluidic, sensing, and electronic modules in a seamless manner. We evaluate its utility for noninvasive gout management in healthy subjects and in gout patients through a purine-rich meal challenge and with a medicine-treatment control, respectively. Noninvasive monitoring of multiple electrolytes and metabolites in a variety of raw noninvasive biofluids via such single universal FIWSAs may enrich the understanding of the biomarkers' levels in the body and would also facilitate self-health management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanni Bi
- Key Laboratory of Polyoxometalate and Reticular Material Chemistry of Ministry of Education, National and Local United Engineering Laboratory for Power Batteries, Key Laboratory of Nanobiosensing and Nanobioanalysis at Universities of Jilin Province, Analysis and Testing Center, Department of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, Jilin Province 130024, China
| | - Mimi Sun
- Key Laboratory of Polyoxometalate and Reticular Material Chemistry of Ministry of Education, National and Local United Engineering Laboratory for Power Batteries, Key Laboratory of Nanobiosensing and Nanobioanalysis at Universities of Jilin Province, Analysis and Testing Center, Department of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, Jilin Province 130024, China
| | - Jingjuan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Polyoxometalate and Reticular Material Chemistry of Ministry of Education, National and Local United Engineering Laboratory for Power Batteries, Key Laboratory of Nanobiosensing and Nanobioanalysis at Universities of Jilin Province, Analysis and Testing Center, Department of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, Jilin Province 130024, China
| | - Ziyu Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Polyoxometalate and Reticular Material Chemistry of Ministry of Education, National and Local United Engineering Laboratory for Power Batteries, Key Laboratory of Nanobiosensing and Nanobioanalysis at Universities of Jilin Province, Analysis and Testing Center, Department of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, Jilin Province 130024, China
| | - Jing Bai
- Key Laboratory of Polyoxometalate and Reticular Material Chemistry of Ministry of Education, National and Local United Engineering Laboratory for Power Batteries, Key Laboratory of Nanobiosensing and Nanobioanalysis at Universities of Jilin Province, Analysis and Testing Center, Department of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, Jilin Province 130024, China
| | - Mohammed Y Emran
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Al-Azhar University, Assiut 71524, Egypt
| | - Ahmed Kotb
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Al-Azhar University, Assiut 71524, Egypt
| | - Xiangjie Bo
- Key Laboratory of Polyoxometalate and Reticular Material Chemistry of Ministry of Education, National and Local United Engineering Laboratory for Power Batteries, Key Laboratory of Nanobiosensing and Nanobioanalysis at Universities of Jilin Province, Analysis and Testing Center, Department of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, Jilin Province 130024, China
| | - Ming Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Polyoxometalate and Reticular Material Chemistry of Ministry of Education, National and Local United Engineering Laboratory for Power Batteries, Key Laboratory of Nanobiosensing and Nanobioanalysis at Universities of Jilin Province, Analysis and Testing Center, Department of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, Jilin Province 130024, China
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23
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Song Y, Tang W, Han L, Liu Y, Shen C, Yin X, Ouyang B, Su Y, Guo X. Integration of nanomaterial sensing layers on printable organic field effect transistors for highly sensitive and stable biochemical signal conversion. NANOSCALE 2023; 15:5537-5559. [PMID: 36880412 DOI: 10.1039/d2nr05863d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Organic field effect transistor (OFET) devices are one of the most popular candidates for the development of biochemical sensors due to their merits of being flexible and highly customizable for low-cost large-area manufacturing. This review describes the key points in constructing an extended-gate type OFET (EGOFET) biochemical sensor with high sensitivity and stability. The structure and working mechanism of OFET biochemical sensors are described firstly, emphasizing the importance of critical material and device engineering to higher biochemical sensing capabilities. Next, printable materials used to construct sensing electrodes (SEs) with high sensitivity and stability are presented with a focus on novel nanomaterials. Then, methods of obtaining printable OFET devices with steep subthreshold swing (SS) for high transconductance efficiency are introduced. Finally, approaches for the integration of OFETs and SEs to form portable biochemical sensor chips are introduced, followed by several demonstrations of sensory systems. This review will provide guidelines for optimizing the design and manufacturing of OFET biochemical sensors and accelerating the movement of OFET biochemical sensors from the laboratory to the marketplace.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yawen Song
- School of Electronic Information and Electrical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China.
| | - Wei Tang
- School of Electronic Information and Electrical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China.
| | - Lei Han
- School of Electronic Information and Electrical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China.
| | - Yan Liu
- School of Electronic Information and Electrical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China.
| | - Chaochao Shen
- School of Electronic Information and Electrical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China.
| | - Xiaokuan Yin
- School of Electronic Information and Electrical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China.
| | - Bang Ouyang
- School of Electronic Information and Electrical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China.
| | - Yuezeng Su
- School of Electronic Information and Electrical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China.
| | - Xiaojun Guo
- School of Electronic Information and Electrical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China.
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24
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Bakker E. Wearable Sensors. ACS Sens 2023; 8:1368-1370. [PMID: 36942872 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.3c00437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/23/2023]
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25
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Hu B, Kang X, Xu S, Zhu J, Yang L, Jiang C. Multiplex Chroma Response Wearable Hydrogel Patch: Visual Monitoring of Urea in Body Fluids for Health Prognosis. Anal Chem 2023; 95:3587-3595. [PMID: 36753619 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c03806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
Abstract
Visual wearable devices can rapid intuitively monitor biomarkers in body fluids to indicate the human health status and provide valuable reference for further medical diagnosis. However, unavoidable interference factors such as skin color, natural light, and background luminescence can interfere with the visualization accuracy of flexible wearable devices, limiting their practical sensing application. Here, we designed a wearable sensing patch via an embedded upconversion optical probe in a 3D porous polyacrylamide hydrogel, exhibiting a multiplex chroma response to urea based on the inner filter effect, which overcomes the susceptibility to external conditions due to its near-infrared excited luminescence and improves the resolution and accuracy of visual sensing. Furthermore, a highly compatible portable sensing platform combined with a smartphone was designed to achieve in situ rapid quantitative analysis of urea. The limit of detection values of the upconversion optical probe and hydrogel sensor are as low as 1.4 and 30 μM respectively, exhibiting the practicality in different scenarios. The designed sensing patch provides a convenient and accurate sensing strategy for the detection of biomarkers in body fluids and has the potential to be developed into a point-of-care device to provide disease early warning and clinical diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Hu
- Institute of Solid State Physics, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, Anhui, China.,Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Xiaohui Kang
- Institute of Solid State Physics, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, Anhui, China.,Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Shihao Xu
- Institute of Solid State Physics, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, Anhui, China.,Key Laboratory of Photovoltaic and Energy Conservation Materials, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
| | - Jiawei Zhu
- Institute of Solid State Physics, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, Anhui, China.,Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Liang Yang
- Institute of Solid State Physics, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, Anhui, China.,Key Laboratory of Photovoltaic and Energy Conservation Materials, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
| | - Changlong Jiang
- Institute of Solid State Physics, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, Anhui, China.,Key Laboratory of Photovoltaic and Energy Conservation Materials, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
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26
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Yang M, Sun N, Lai X, Wu J, Wu L, Zhao X, Feng L. Paper-Based Sandwich-Structured Wearable Sensor with Sebum Filtering for Continuous Detection of Sweat pH. ACS Sens 2023; 8:176-186. [PMID: 36604942 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.2c02016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Wearable sweat sensors, a product of the development of flexible electronics and microfluidic technologies, can continuously and noninvasively monitor abundant biomarkers in human sweat; however, sweat interferences, such as sebum, can reduce sensor reliability and accuracy. Herein, for the first time, the influence of sebum on the potentiometric response of an all-solid-state pH sensor was studied, and the obtained experimental results show that sebum mixed in sweat can decrease the potential response of the sensor and the slope of its calibration curve. A paper-based sandwich-structured pH sensor that can filter the sebum mixed in sweat was proposed based on commonly used oil-control sheets. Moreover, the hydrophilic properties, microstructure, and microfluidic performance of the sensor were investigated. The detection performance of the paper-based sandwich-structured pH sensor was comprehensively evaluated in terms of calibration in the presence of sebum and potentiometric response upon the addition of sebum. Furthermore, the anti-interference ability of the sensor was evaluated using different analytes under various deformation conditions. On-body trials were conducted to verify the performance, and their results showed that the proposed sensor can filter over 90% of the sebum in sweat, significantly enhancing sensor reliability and accuracy. Additionally, microfluidic channels could be simply fabricated using a scissor and paper, obviating the need for complex micromachining processes, such as photolithography and laser engraving. Overall, this work illustrates the influence of sebum on the detection performance of traditional potentiometric wearable sensors and paves the way for their development for real-world applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingpeng Yang
- School of Automation, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China.,Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Centre on Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Nan Sun
- School of Automation, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Xiaochen Lai
- School of Automation, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Jiamin Wu
- Zhenyuan Applied Meteorological Research Institute, Nanjing 211100, China
| | - Lifan Wu
- College of Electrical Engineering and Control Science, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Xingqiang Zhao
- School of Automation, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Lihang Feng
- College of Electrical Engineering and Control Science, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
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27
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Thaweeskulchai T, Schulte A. Diode Laser and Polyimide Tape Enables Cheap and Fast Fabrication of Flexible Microfluidic Sensing Devices. MICROMACHINES 2022; 13:mi13122214. [PMID: 36557513 PMCID: PMC9785473 DOI: 10.3390/mi13122214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Revised: 12/08/2022] [Accepted: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Wearable devices are a new class of healthcare monitoring devices designed for use in close contact with the patient's body. Such devices must be flexible to follow the contours of human anatomy. With numerous potential applications, a wide variety of flexible wearable devices have been created, taking various forms and functions. Therefore, different fabrication techniques and materials are employed, resulting in fragmentation of the list of equipment and materials needed to make different devices. This study attempted to simplify and streamline the fabrication process of all key components, including microfluidic chip and flexible electrode units. A combination of diode laser CNC machine and polyimide tape is used to fabricate flexible microfluidic chip and laser-induced graphene (LIG) electrodes, to create flexible microfluidic sensing devices. Laser ablation on polyimide tape can directly create microfluidic features on either PDMS substrates or LIG electrodes. The two components can be assembled to form a flexible microfluidic sensing device that can perform basic electrochemical analysis and conform to curved surfaces while undergoing microfluidic flow. This study has shown that simple, commonly available equipment and materials can be used to fabricate flexible microfluidic sensing devices quickly and easily, which is highly suitable for rapid prototyping of wearable devices.
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28
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Aaryasree K, Yagnik A, Chordiya PK, Choudhury K, Kumar P. Nature-Inspired Vascularised Materials and Devices for Biomedical Engineering. CURRENT OPINION IN BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cobme.2022.100444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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29
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Wang F, Zhang J, Zhang M, Xu C, Cheng S, Wang Q, Zhang F, He X, He P. A multi-calibration potentiometric sensing array based on diboronic acid-PtAu/CNTs nanozyme for home monitoring of urine glucose. Anal Chim Acta 2022; 1237:340598. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2022.340598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Revised: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 11/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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30
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García-Guzmán JJ, Sierra-Padilla A, Palacios-Santander JM, Fernández-Alba JJ, Macías CG, Cubillana-Aguilera L. What Is Left for Real-Life Lactate Monitoring? Current Advances in Electrochemical Lactate (Bio)Sensors for Agrifood and Biomedical Applications. BIOSENSORS 2022; 12:919. [PMID: 36354428 PMCID: PMC9688009 DOI: 10.3390/bios12110919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2022] [Revised: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Monitoring of lactate is spreading from the evident clinical environment, where its role as a biomarker is notorious, to the agrifood ambit as well. In the former, lactate concentration can serve as a useful indicator of several diseases (e.g., tumour development and lactic acidosis) and a relevant value in sports performance for athletes, among others. In the latter, the spotlight is placed on the food control, bringing to the table meaningful information such as decaying product detection and stress monitoring of species. No matter what purpose is involved, electrochemical (bio)sensors stand as a solid and suitable choice. However, for the time being, this statement seems to be true only for discrete measurements. The reality exposes that real and continuous lactate monitoring is still a troublesome goal. In this review, a critical overview of electrochemical lactate (bio)sensors for clinical and agrifood situations is performed. Additionally, the transduction possibilities and different sensor designs approaches are also discussed. The main aim is to reflect the current state of the art and to indicate relevant advances (and bottlenecks) to keep in mind for further development and the final achievement of this highly worthy objective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan José García-Guzmán
- Instituto de Investigación e Innovación Biomédica de Cadiz (INiBICA), Hospital Universitario ‘Puerta del Mar’, Universidad de Cadiz, 11009 Cadiz, Spain
| | - Alfonso Sierra-Padilla
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Research on Electron Microscopy and Materials (IMEYMAT), Faculty of Sciences, Campus de Excelencia Internacional del Mar (CEIMAR), University of Cadiz, Campus Universitario de Puerto Real, Polígono del Río San Pedro S/N, Puerto Real, 11510 Cadiz, Spain
| | - José María Palacios-Santander
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Research on Electron Microscopy and Materials (IMEYMAT), Faculty of Sciences, Campus de Excelencia Internacional del Mar (CEIMAR), University of Cadiz, Campus Universitario de Puerto Real, Polígono del Río San Pedro S/N, Puerto Real, 11510 Cadiz, Spain
| | - Juan Jesús Fernández-Alba
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Hospital Universitario de Puerto Real, Puerto Real, 11510 Cadiz, Spain
| | - Carmen González Macías
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Hospital Universitario de Puerto Real, Puerto Real, 11510 Cadiz, Spain
| | - Laura Cubillana-Aguilera
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Research on Electron Microscopy and Materials (IMEYMAT), Faculty of Sciences, Campus de Excelencia Internacional del Mar (CEIMAR), University of Cadiz, Campus Universitario de Puerto Real, Polígono del Río San Pedro S/N, Puerto Real, 11510 Cadiz, Spain
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31
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Singh A, Ahmed A, Sharma A, Arya S. Graphene and Its Derivatives: Synthesis and Application in the Electrochemical Detection of Analytes in Sweat. BIOSENSORS 2022; 12:bios12100910. [PMID: 36291046 PMCID: PMC9599499 DOI: 10.3390/bios12100910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2022] [Revised: 10/07/2022] [Accepted: 10/15/2022] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Wearable sensors and invasive devices have been studied extensively in recent years as the demand for real-time human healthcare applications and seamless human-machine interaction has risen exponentially. An explosion in sensor research throughout the globe has been ignited by the unique features such as thermal, electrical, and mechanical properties of graphene. This includes wearable sensors and implants, which can detect a wide range of data, including body temperature, pulse oxygenation, blood pressure, glucose, and the other analytes present in sweat. Graphene-based sensors for real-time human health monitoring are also being developed. This review is a comprehensive discussion about the properties of graphene, routes to its synthesis, derivatives of graphene, etc. Moreover, the basic features of a biosensor along with the chemistry of sweat are also discussed in detail. The review mainly focusses on the graphene and its derivative-based wearable sensors for the detection of analytes in sweat. Graphene-based sensors for health monitoring will be examined and explained in this study as an overview of the most current innovations in sensor designs, sensing processes, technological advancements, sensor system components, and potential hurdles. The future holds great opportunities for the development of efficient and advanced graphene-based sensors for the detection of analytes in sweat.
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32
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Ru M, Hai AM, Wang L, Yan S, Zhang Q. Recent progress in silk-based biosensors. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 224:422-436. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.10.134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2022] [Revised: 10/05/2022] [Accepted: 10/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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33
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Wei J, Zhang X, Mugo SM, Zhang Q. A Portable Sweat Sensor Based on Carbon Quantum Dots for Multiplex Detection of Cardiovascular Health Biomarkers. Anal Chem 2022; 94:12772-12780. [PMID: 36066349 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c02587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The future of personalized diagnostics and treatment of cardiovascular diseases lies in the use of portable sensors. Portable sensors can acquire biomarker information in biological fluids such as sweat, an approach that mitigates the shortcomings of conventional hospital-centered healthcare. Low sensitivity, selectivity, and specificity remain bottlenecks for the widespread use of portable sensors. Herein, we demonstrate a portable sensor that simultaneously detects Na+, ascorbic acid, and human neuropeptide Y in sweat, all useful biomarkers to index cardiovascular health. The portable sensor comprises a six-electrode system containing three working electrodes, two reference electrodes, and one counter electrode. The working electrodes were prepared by depositing sensing components on carbon quantum dot (CQD) electrodes. The sensing mechanisms were based on selective ion recognition, enzyme catalytic reaction, and immune response, which guarantees specificity to corresponding targets. The CQDs offer massive reactive sites and effectively reduce the interfacial impedance during the sensing reaction, thereby enhancing the three biomarkers' detection sensitivity. As evidence of portable sensor capability, we demonstrate herein its effective simultaneous detection of the three biomarkers in a real sweat from healthy volunteers during routine activities including exercise, extra ascorbic acid ingestion, and extra Na+ ingestion. As such, the sensor shows promise for real-time noninvasive personalized medical diagnostics and metabolic wellness management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingwei Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, Jilin 130022, P.R. China.,School of Applied Chemistry and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, P.R. China
| | - Xieli Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, Jilin 130022, P.R. China.,School of Applied Chemistry and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, P.R. China
| | - Samuel M Mugo
- Physical Science Department, MacEwan University, Edmonton, AB T5J 4S2, Canada
| | - Qiang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, Jilin 130022, P.R. China.,School of Applied Chemistry and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, P.R. China
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34
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Anselmo S, De Luca G, Ferrara V, Pignataro B, Sancataldo G, Vetri V. Insight into mechanisms of creatinine optical sensing using fluorescein-gold complex. Methods Appl Fluoresc 2022; 10. [PMID: 35901805 DOI: 10.1088/2050-6120/ac8524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Creatinine level in biological fluids is a clinically relevant parameter to monitor vital functions and it is well assessed that measuring creatinine levels in the human body can be of great utility to evaluate renal, muscular, or thyroid dysfunctions. The accurate detection of creatinine levels may have a critical role in providing information on health status and represents a tool for the early diagnosis of severe pathologies. Among different methods for creatinine detection that have been introduced and that are evolving with increasing speed, fluorescence-based and colorimetric sensors represent one of the best alternatives, thanks to their affordability, sensitivity and easy readability. In this work, we demonstrate that the fluorescein-Au3+ complex provides a rapid, selective, and sensitive tool for the quantification of creatinine concentrations in ranges typical of sweat and urine. UV-visible absorption, diffuse reflectance spectroscopy, steady state and time resolved fluorescence spectroscopy were used to shed light on the molecular mechanisms involved in the changes of optical properties, which underlie the multiplexed sensor analytical reply. Interestingly, sensing can be performed in solution or on solid nylon support accessing different physiological concentrations from micromolar to millimolar range. As a proof-of-concept, the nylon-based platform was used to demonstrate its effectiveness in creatinine detection on a solid and flexible substrate, showing its analytical colorimetric properties as an easy and disposable creatinine point-of-care test.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Anselmo
- Dipartimento di Fisica e Chimica, Università degli Studi di Palermo, viale delle Scienze ed. 18, Palermo, 90128, ITALY
| | - Giuseppe De Luca
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche Chimiche e Farmaceutiche, Università degli Studi di Palermo, viale delle Scienze ed. 16, Palermo, 90128, ITALY
| | - Vittorio Ferrara
- Dipartimento di Fisica e Chimica, Università degli Studi di Palermo, viale delle Scienze ed. 18, Palermo, 90128, ITALY
| | - Bruno Pignataro
- Dipartimento di Fisica e Chimica, University of Palermo, viale delle Scienze ed. 18, Palermo, Sicilia, 90128, ITALY
| | - Giuseppe Sancataldo
- Dipartimento di Fisica e Chimica, Università degli Studi di Palermo, viale delle Scienze ed. 18, Palermo, 90128, ITALY
| | - Valeria Vetri
- Dipartimento di Fisica e Chimica, Università degli Studi di Palermo, viale delle Scienze ed. 18, Palermo, 90128, ITALY
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35
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Ates HC, Nguyen PQ, Gonzalez-Macia L, Morales-Narváez E, Güder F, Collins JJ, Dincer C. End-to-end design of wearable sensors. NATURE REVIEWS. MATERIALS 2022; 7:887-907. [PMID: 35910814 PMCID: PMC9306444 DOI: 10.1038/s41578-022-00460-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 199] [Impact Index Per Article: 99.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Wearable devices provide an alternative pathway to clinical diagnostics by exploiting various physical, chemical and biological sensors to mine physiological (biophysical and/or biochemical) information in real time (preferably, continuously) and in a non-invasive or minimally invasive manner. These sensors can be worn in the form of glasses, jewellery, face masks, wristwatches, fitness bands, tattoo-like devices, bandages or other patches, and textiles. Wearables such as smartwatches have already proved their capability for the early detection and monitoring of the progression and treatment of various diseases, such as COVID-19 and Parkinson disease, through biophysical signals. Next-generation wearable sensors that enable the multimodal and/or multiplexed measurement of physical parameters and biochemical markers in real time and continuously could be a transformative technology for diagnostics, allowing for high-resolution and time-resolved historical recording of the health status of an individual. In this Review, we examine the building blocks of such wearable sensors, including the substrate materials, sensing mechanisms, power modules and decision-making units, by reflecting on the recent developments in the materials, engineering and data science of these components. Finally, we synthesize current trends in the field to provide predictions for the future trajectory of wearable sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- H. Ceren Ates
- FIT Freiburg Center for Interactive Materials and Bioinspired Technology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- IMTEK – Department of Microsystems Engineering, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Peter Q. Nguyen
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, MA USA
| | | | - Eden Morales-Narváez
- Biophotonic Nanosensors Laboratory, Centro de Investigaciones en Óptica, León, Mexico
| | - Firat Güder
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - James J. Collins
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, MA USA
- Institute of Medical Engineering & Science, Department of Biological Engineering, MIT, Cambridge, MA USA
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA USA
| | - Can Dincer
- FIT Freiburg Center for Interactive Materials and Bioinspired Technology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- IMTEK – Department of Microsystems Engineering, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
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36
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Wearable Sensors for Healthcare: Fabrication to Application. SENSORS 2022; 22:s22145137. [PMID: 35890817 PMCID: PMC9323732 DOI: 10.3390/s22145137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Revised: 07/06/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
This paper presents a substantial review of the deployment of wearable sensors for healthcare applications. Wearable sensors hold a pivotal position in the microelectronics industry due to their role in monitoring physiological movements and signals. Sensors designed and developed using a wide range of fabrication techniques have been integrated with communication modules for transceiving signals. This paper highlights the entire chronology of wearable sensors in the biomedical sector, starting from their fabrication in a controlled environment to their integration with signal-conditioning circuits for application purposes. It also highlights sensing products that are currently available on the market for a comparative study of their performances. The conjugation of the sensing prototypes with the Internet of Things (IoT) for forming fully functioning sensorized systems is also shown here. Finally, some of the challenges existing within the current wearable systems are shown, along with possible remedies.
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37
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Designing electrochemical microfluidic multiplexed biosensors for on-site applications. Anal Bioanal Chem 2022; 414:6531-6540. [PMID: 35794347 PMCID: PMC9411084 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-022-04210-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Revised: 06/24/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
Clinical assessment based on a single biomarker is in many circumstances not sufficient for adequate diagnosis of a disease or for monitoring its therapy. Multiplexing, the measurement of multiple analytes from one sample and/or of the same target from different samples simultaneously, could enhance the accuracy of the diagnosis of diseases and their therapy success. Thus, there is a great and urgent demand for multiplexed biosensors allowing a low-cost, easy-to-use, and rapid on-site testing. In this work, we present a simple, flexible, and highly scalable strategy for implementing microfluidic multiplexed electrochemical biosensors (BiosensorX). Our technology is able to detect 4, 6, or 8 (different) analytes or samples simultaneously using a sequential design concept: multiple immobilization areas, where the assay components are adsorbed, followed by their individual electrochemical cells, where the amperometric signal readout takes place, within a single microfluidic channel. Here, first we compare vertical and horizontal designs of BiosensorX chips using a model assay. Owing to its easier handling and superior fluidic behavior, the vertical format is chosen as the final multiplexed chip design. Consequently, the feasibility of the BiosensorX for multiplexed on-site testing is successfully demonstrated by measuring meropenem antibiotics via an antibody-free β-lactam assay. The multiplexed biosensor platform introduced can be further extended for the simultaneous detection of other anti-infective agents and/or biomarkers (such as renal or inflammation biomarkers) as well as different (invasive and non-invasive) sample types, which would be a major step towards sepsis management and beyond.
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Veerapandian S, Kim W, Kim J, Jo Y, Jung S, Jeong U. Printable inks and deformable electronic array devices. NANOSCALE HORIZONS 2022; 7:663-681. [PMID: 35660837 DOI: 10.1039/d2nh00089j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Deformable printed electronic array devices are expected to revolutionize next-generation electronics. However, although remarkable technological advances in printable inks and deformable electronic array devices have recently been achieved, technical challenges remain to commercialize these technologies. In this review article a brief introduction to printing methods highlighting significant research studies on ink formation for conductors, semiconductors, and insulators is provided, and the structural design and successful printing strategies of deformable electronic array devices are described. Successful device demonstrations are presented in the applications of passive- and active-matrix array devices. Finally, perspectives and technological challenges to be achieved are pointed out to print practically available deformable devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Selvaraj Veerapandian
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, 77 Cheongam-Ro, Nam-Gu, Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea.
| | - Woojo Kim
- Department of Convergence IT Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, 77 Cheongam-Ro, Nam-Gu, Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaehyun Kim
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, 77 Cheongam-Ro, Nam-Gu, Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea.
| | - Youngmin Jo
- Department of Convergence IT Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, 77 Cheongam-Ro, Nam-Gu, Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Sungjune Jung
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, 77 Cheongam-Ro, Nam-Gu, Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea.
- Department of Convergence IT Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, 77 Cheongam-Ro, Nam-Gu, Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Unyong Jeong
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, 77 Cheongam-Ro, Nam-Gu, Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea.
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Salahandish R, Jalali P, Tabrizi HO, Hyun JE, Haghayegh F, Khalghollah M, Zare A, Berenger BM, Niu YD, Ghafar-Zadeh E, Sanati-Nezhad A. A compact, low-cost, and binary sensing (BiSense) platform for noise-free and self-validated impedimetric detection of COVID-19 infected patients. Biosens Bioelectron 2022; 213:114459. [PMID: 35728365 PMCID: PMC9195351 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2022.114459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Electrochemical immuno-biosensors are one of the most promising approaches for accurate, rapid, and quantitative detection of protein biomarkers. The two-working electrode strip is employed for creating a self-supporting system, as a tool for self-validating the acquired results for added reliability. However, the realization of multiplex electrochemical point-of-care testing (ME-POCT) requires advancement in portable, rapid reading, easy-to-use, and low-cost multichannel potentiostat readers. The combined multiplex biosensor strips and multichannel readers allow for suppressing the possible complex matrix effect or ultra-sensitive detection of different protein biomarkers. Herein, a handheld binary-sensing (BiSense) bi-potentiostat was developed to perform electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS)-based signal acquisition from a custom-designed dual-working-electrode immuno-biosensor. BiSense employs a commercially available microcontroller and out-of-shelf components, offering the cheapest yet accurate and reliable time-domain impedance analyzer. A specific electrical board design was developed and customized for impedance signal analysis of SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid (N)-protein biosensor in spiked samples and alpha variant clinical nasopharyngeal (NP) swab samples. BiSense showed limit-of-detection (LoD) down to 56 fg/mL for working electrode 1 (WE1) and 68 fg/mL for WE2 and reported with a dynamic detection range of 1 pg/mL to 10 ng/mL for detection of N-protein in spiked samples. The dual biosensing of N-protein in this work was used as a self-validation of the biosensor. The low-cost (∼USD$40) BiSense bi-potentiostat combined with the immuno-biosensors successfully detected COVID-19 infected patients in less than 10 min, with the BiSense reading period shorter than 1.5 min, demonstrating its potential for the realization of ME-POCTs for rapid and hand-held diagnosis of infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Razieh Salahandish
- BioMEMS and Bioinspired Microfluidic Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, T2N 1N4, Canada; Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, University of Calgary, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Pezhman Jalali
- BioMEMS and Bioinspired Microfluidic Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Hamed Osouli Tabrizi
- Biologically Inspired Sensors and Actuators (BioSA), Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Lassonde School of Engineering, York University, Toronto, M3J1P3, Canada
| | - Jae Eun Hyun
- Department of Ecosystem and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Fatemeh Haghayegh
- BioMEMS and Bioinspired Microfluidic Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Mahmood Khalghollah
- BioMEMS and Bioinspired Microfluidic Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, T2N 1N4, Canada; Department of Electrical and Software Engineering, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Azam Zare
- BioMEMS and Bioinspired Microfluidic Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Byron M Berenger
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Calgary, 3535 Research Rd. Calgary, Alberta, T2L 1Y1, Canada; Alberta Public Health Laboratory, Alberta Precision Laboratories, 3330 Hospital Drive, Calgary, Alberta, T2N 4W4, Canada
| | - Yan Dong Niu
- Department of Ecosystem and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, T2N 1N4, Canada.
| | - Ebrahim Ghafar-Zadeh
- Biologically Inspired Sensors and Actuators (BioSA), Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Lassonde School of Engineering, York University, Toronto, M3J1P3, Canada.
| | - Amir Sanati-Nezhad
- BioMEMS and Bioinspired Microfluidic Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, T2N 1N4, Canada; Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, University of Calgary, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, T2N 1N4, Canada; Biomedical Engineering Graduate Program, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, T2N 1N4, Canada.
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Polat EO, Cetin MM, Tabak AF, Bilget Güven E, Uysal BÖ, Arsan T, Kabbani A, Hamed H, Gül SB. Transducer Technologies for Biosensors and Their Wearable Applications. BIOSENSORS 2022; 12:bios12060385. [PMID: 35735533 PMCID: PMC9221076 DOI: 10.3390/bios12060385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Revised: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
The development of new biosensor technologies and their active use as wearable devices have offered mobility and flexibility to conventional western medicine and personal fitness tracking. In the development of biosensors, transducers stand out as the main elements converting the signals sourced from a biological event into a detectable output. Combined with the suitable bio-receptors and the miniaturization of readout electronics, the functionality and design of the transducers play a key role in the construction of wearable devices for personal health control. Ever-growing research and industrial interest in new transducer technologies for point-of-care (POC) and wearable bio-detection have gained tremendous acceleration by the pandemic-induced digital health transformation. In this article, we provide a comprehensive review of transducers for biosensors and their wearable applications that empower users for the active tracking of biomarkers and personal health parameters.
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Mirzajani H, Abbasiasl T, Mirlou F, Istif E, Bathaei MJ, Dağ Ç, Deyneli O, Yazıcı D, Beker L. An ultra-compact and wireless tag for battery-free sweat glucose monitoring. Biosens Bioelectron 2022; 213:114450. [PMID: 35688025 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2022.114450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2022] [Revised: 05/29/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Glucose monitoring before, during, and after exercise is essential for people with diabetes as exercise increases the risk of activity-induced hyper- and hypo-glycemic events. The situation is even more challenging for athletes with diabetes as they have impaired metabolic control compared to sedentary individuals. In this regard, a compact and noninvasive wearable glucose monitoring device that can be easily worn is critical to enabling glucose monitoring. This report presents an ultra-compact glucose tag with a footprint and weight of 1.2 cm2 and 0.13 g, respectively, for sweat analysis. The device comprises a near field communication (NFC) chip, antenna, electrochemical sensor, and microfluidic channels implemented in different material layers. The device has a flexible and conformal structure and can be easily attached to different body parts. The battery-less operation of the device was enabled by NFC-based wireless power transmission and the compact antenna. Femtosecond laser ablation was employed to fabricate a highly compact and flexible NFC antenna. The proposed device demonstrated excellent operating characteristics with a limit of detection (LOD), limit of quantification (LOQ), and sensitivity of 24 μM, 74 μM, and 1.27 μA cm-2 mM-1, respectively. The response of the proposed sensor in sweat glucose detection and quantification was validated by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR). Also, the device's capability in attachment to the body, sweat collection, and glucose measurement was demonstrated through in vitro and in vivo experiments, and satisfactory results were obtained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hadi Mirzajani
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Koç University, Rumelifeneri Yolu, Sarıyer, Istanbul, 34450, Turkey
| | - Taher Abbasiasl
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Koç University, Rumelifeneri Yolu, Sarıyer, Istanbul, 34450, Turkey
| | - Fariborz Mirlou
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Engineering, Koç University, Rumelifeneri Yolu, Sarıyer, Istanbul, 34450, Turkey
| | - Emin Istif
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Koç University, Rumelifeneri Yolu, Sarıyer, Istanbul, 34450, Turkey
| | - Mohammad Javad Bathaei
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Engineering, Koç University, Rumelifeneri Yolu, Sarıyer, Istanbul, 34450, Turkey
| | - Çağdaş Dağ
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Koç University, Rumelifeneri Yolu, Sarıyer, Istanbul, 34450, Turkey; Nanofabrication and Nanocharacterization Centre for Scientific and Technological Advanced Research, Koç University, Rumelifeneri Yolu, Sarıyer, Istanbul, 34450, Turkey; Koç University İşBank Centre for Infectious Diseases, Koç University, Rumelifeneri Yolu, Sarıyer, Istanbul, 34450, Turkey
| | - Oğuzhan Deyneli
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Koç University Hospital, Topkapı Caddesi, Zeytinburnu, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Dilek Yazıcı
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Koç University Hospital, Topkapı Caddesi, Zeytinburnu, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Levent Beker
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Koç University, Rumelifeneri Yolu, Sarıyer, Istanbul, 34450, Turkey; Koç University Research Center for Translational Research (KUTTAM), Rumelifeneri Yolu, Sarıyer, Istanbul, 34450, Turkey.
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Tseng HY, Lizama JH, Alvarado NAS, Hou HH. Lab-on-PCB: One step away from the accomplishment of μTAS? BIOMICROFLUIDICS 2022; 16:031302. [PMID: 35761964 PMCID: PMC9233562 DOI: 10.1063/5.0091228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2022] [Accepted: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The techniques, protocols, and advancements revolving around printed circuit boards (PCBs) have been gaining sustained attention in the realm of micro-total analysis systems (μTAS) as more and more efforts are devoted to searching for standardized, highly reliable, and industry-friendly solutions for point-of-care diagnostics. In this Perspective, we set out to identify the current state in which the field of μTAS finds itself, the challenges encountered by researchers in the implementation of these technologies, and the potential improvements that can be targeted to meet the current demands. We also line up some trending innovations, such as 3D printing and wearable devices, along with the development of lab-on-PCB to increase the possibility of multifunctional biosensing activities propelled by integrated microfluidic networks for a wider range of applications, anticipating to catalyze the full potential of μTAS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsiu-Yang Tseng
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei 106, Taiwan
| | - Jose H. Lizama
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei 106, Taiwan
| | - Noel A. S. Alvarado
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei 106, Taiwan
| | - Hsin-Han Hou
- Graduate Institute of Oral Biology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 100, Taiwan
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Hydrophilic metal-organic frameworks integrated uricase for wearable detection of sweat uric acid. Anal Chim Acta 2022; 1208:339843. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2022.339843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2022] [Revised: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 04/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Yang Q, Rosati G, Abarintos V, Aroca MA, Osma JF, Merkoçi A. Wearable and fully printed microfluidic nanosensor for sweat rate, conductivity, and copper detection with healthcare applications. Biosens Bioelectron 2022; 202:114005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2022.114005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Revised: 01/12/2022] [Accepted: 01/13/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Jiang T, Yin B, Liu X, Yang L, Pang H, Song J, Wu S. Porous carbon-based robust, durable, and flexible electrochemical device for K + detection in sweat. Analyst 2022; 147:1144-1151. [PMID: 35180282 DOI: 10.1039/d1an02322e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Ion sensors are attracting attention for real-time ion monitoring in biological fluids, which requires the development of sensitive, stable, flexible, robust and durable ion-selective electrodes (ISEs) and reference electrodes (REs). In this paper, a highly robust and durable ion sensor was prepared by coating polymer membranes on porous carbon electrodes. A high sensitivity of 58.6 mV per decade with a rapid response time of 0.8 s, and a negligible potential drift less than 1.4 mV h-1 were obtained simultaneously. In addition, after six washing cycles, the K+ ion sensors still have an average sensitivity of 53.2 mV per decade. Importantly, the polymer membrane permeated and packed the porous structure tightly, and thus the ion sensors presented outstanding robustness and durability. The Nernst slope of the K+ ion response fluctuated from 60.2 to 57.9 mV per decade between 0° and 60° bending angles. Repeated bending for 8000 cycles did not result in the delamination of the sensing and reference membranes or reduction of the sensitivity (57.4 mV per decade). Furthermore, five kinds of flexible reference electrodes (LEC, bare Ag, bare Ag/AgCl, PVB + NaCl on Ag/AgCl, PVC/agarose + NaCl on Ag/AgCl) were fabricated and evaluated in terms of the sensitivity for Cl- and long-term stability. Finally, the flexible K+ ion sensor was integrated with microfluidic channels and connected to a portable electrochemical workstation to realize the real-time analysis of human sweat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Jiang
- School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116023, PR China.
| | - Bing Yin
- School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116023, PR China.
| | - Xiaobo Liu
- School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116023, PR China.
| | - Lihui Yang
- School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116023, PR China.
| | - Hongyu Pang
- School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116023, PR China.
| | - Jie Song
- School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116023, PR China.
| | - Shuo Wu
- School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116023, PR China.
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How to Assess the Measurement Performance of Mobile/Wearable Point-of-Care Testing Devices? A Systematic Review Addressing Sweat Analysis. ELECTRONICS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/electronics11050761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Recent advances in technologies for biosensor integration in mobile or wearable devices have highlighted the need for the definition of proper validation procedures and technical standards that enable testing, verification and validation of the overall performance of these solutions. Thus, reliable assessment—in terms of limits of detection/quantitation, linearity, range, analytical and diagnostic sensitivity/specificity, accuracy, repeatability, reproducibility, cross-reactivity, diagnostic efficiency, and positive/negative prediction—still represents the most critical and challenging aspect required to progress beyond the status of feasibility studies. Considering this picture, this work aims to review and discuss the literature referring to the available methods and criteria reported in the assessment of the performance of point-of-care testing (PoCT) devices within their specific applications. In particular, without losing generality, we focused on mobile or wearable systems able to analyze human sweat. In performing this review, the focus was on the main challenges and trends underlined in the literature, in order to provide specific hints that can be used to set shared procedures and improve the overall reliability of the identified solutions, addressing the importance of sample management, the sensing components, and the electronics. This review can contribute to supporting an effective validation of mobile or wearable PoCT devices and thus to spreading the use of reliable approaches outside hospitals and clinical laboratories.
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Vaquer A, Barón E, de la Rica R. Dissolvable Polymer Valves for Sweat Chrono-Sampling in Wearable Paper-Based Analytical Devices. ACS Sens 2022; 7:488-494. [PMID: 35172102 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.1c02244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Paper sensors with colorimetric signal transduction mechanisms are promising for developing single-use wearable patches that only require a smartphone to quantify signals. However, measuring biomarker fluctuations with colorimetric wearable sensors requires implementing a chrono-sampling method for performing sequential measurements. In this article, we report on a chrono-sampling method that enables the fabrication of wearable devices made entirely of filter paper. It consists of using dried polymers as closed valves that deflect the flow of liquids to different transducers of a multisensor. As time passes by, the polymer dissolves and the valve opens. The sequential opening of the valves results in a succession of measurements that reveals fluctuations in the concentration of the target analyte. This concept was demonstrated with a paper multisensor capable of performing nine consecutive pH measurements. The device was also adapted for developing a urea biosensor that detects pH measurements generated by the hydrolysis of the analyte catalyzed by urease. The proposed analytical platform could monitor the pH of sweat with an accuracy and precision comparable to a laboratory-based method when worn during an exercise routine. The results shown here pave the way for developing colorimetric wearable biosensors that measure variations in the concentration of biomarkers such as glucose, lactate, creatinine, or uric acid over time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreu Vaquer
- Multidisciplinary Sepsis Group, Health Research Institute of the Balearic Islands (IdISBa), Son Espases University Hospital, 07120 Palma de Mallorca, Spain
- Department of Chemistry, University of the Balearic Islands, 07122 Palma de Mallorca, Spain
| | - Enrique Barón
- Multidisciplinary Sepsis Group, Health Research Institute of the Balearic Islands (IdISBa), Son Espases University Hospital, 07120 Palma de Mallorca, Spain
| | - Roberto de la Rica
- Multidisciplinary Sepsis Group, Health Research Institute of the Balearic Islands (IdISBa), Son Espases University Hospital, 07120 Palma de Mallorca, Spain
- Department of Chemistry, University of the Balearic Islands, 07122 Palma de Mallorca, Spain
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ZHOU J, MEN D, ZHANG XE. Progress in wearable sweat sensors and their applications. CHINESE JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cjac.2021.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Tiwari N, Chatterjee S, Kaswan K, Chung JH, Fan KP, Lin ZH. Recent advancements in sampling, power management strategies and development in applications for non-invasive wearable electrochemical sensors. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2022.116064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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