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Del Bosque A, Sánchez-Romate XF, Sánchez M, Ureña A. Toward flexible piezoresistive strain sensors based on polymer nanocomposites: a review on fundamentals, performance, and applications. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2024; 35:292003. [PMID: 38621367 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/ad3e87] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/17/2024]
Abstract
The fundamentals, performance, and applications of piezoresistive strain sensors based on polymer nanocomposites are summarized herein. The addition of conductive nanoparticles to a flexible polymer matrix has emerged as a possible alternative to conventional strain gauges, which have limitations in detecting small strain levels and adapting to different surfaces. The evaluation of the properties or performance parameters of strain sensors such as the elongation at break, sensitivity, linearity, hysteresis, transient response, stability, and durability are explained in this review. Moreover, these nanocomposites can be exposed to different environmental conditions throughout their lifetime, including different temperature, humidity or acidity/alkalinity levels, that can affect performance parameters. The development of flexible piezoresistive sensors based on nanocomposites has emerged in recent years for applications related to the biomedical field, smart robotics, and structural health monitoring. However, there are still challenges to overcome in designing high-performance flexible sensors for practical implementation. Overall, this paper provides a comprehensive overview of the current state of research on flexible piezoresistive strain sensors based on polymer nanocomposites, which can be a viable option to address some of the major technological challenges that the future holds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Del Bosque
- Technology, Instruction and Design in Engineering and Education Research Group (TiDEE.rg), Catholic University of Ávila, C/Canteros s/n, E-05005 Ávila, Spain
| | - Xoan F Sánchez-Romate
- Materials Science and Engineering Area, Higher School of Experimental Sciences and Technology, Rey Juan Carlos University, C/Tulipán s/n, Móstoles, E-28933 Madrid, Spain
| | - María Sánchez
- Materials Science and Engineering Area, Higher School of Experimental Sciences and Technology, Rey Juan Carlos University, C/Tulipán s/n, Móstoles, E-28933 Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Tecnologías Para la Sostenibilidad, Rey Juan Carlos University, C/Tulipán s/n, E-28933 Móstoles, Madrid, Spain
| | - Alejandro Ureña
- Materials Science and Engineering Area, Higher School of Experimental Sciences and Technology, Rey Juan Carlos University, C/Tulipán s/n, Móstoles, E-28933 Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Tecnologías Para la Sostenibilidad, Rey Juan Carlos University, C/Tulipán s/n, E-28933 Móstoles, Madrid, Spain
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Mahato R, Masiul Islam S, Maurya RK, Kumar S, Purohit G, Singh S. Flexible piezo-resistive strain sensors using all-polydimethylsiloxane based hybrid nanocomposites for wearable electronics. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2023; 26:95-104. [PMID: 38054271 DOI: 10.1039/d3cp04158a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/07/2023]
Abstract
We report flexible piezo-resistive strain sensors composed of silver nanoparticle (Ag NP), graphene nanoplatelet (GNP), and multi walled carbon nanotube (MWCNT)-based ternary conductive hybrid nanocomposites as an active sensing layer fabricated using a simple solution processing method on flexible polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) substrates. The electrical characteristics have been studied in PDMS-based flexible devices having three different kinds of structures, namely Ag NPs/MWCNT/PDMS, GNP/PDMS and Ag NPs/GNP/PDMS. The microscopic analysis of the hybrid nanocomposites is undertaken using field emission scanning electron microscopy. The diameter of the CNTs is found to be in the range of 20-40 nm, whereas the length is determined to be 100-800 nm. The average diameter and length of the GNPs are observed to be 30-50 nm and 100-500 nm, respectively. The crystallite size of the silver nanoparticles in the Ag NPs/MWCNT/PDMS and Ag NPs/GNP/PDMS-based nanocomposites is determined to be 22.8 nm and 29.1 nm, respectively. The prepared sample of Ag NPs shows four distinct peaks in the X-ray diffraction pattern, which correspond to the (111), (200), (220), and (311) face-centered cubic (FCC) crystalline planes. Raman spectroscopy is undertaken to study the fundamental physical properties and chemical analysis of the nanocomposites. Ag NPs/GNP/PDMS-based sensors exhibit superior performance in terms of sensitivity, response and recovery time during breathing/unbreathing analysis. The large surface area of the Ag NPs and GNPs promotes uniform distribution of Ag NPs to fill into the porous GNP surface, thereby facilitating high contact area along with better electron transport in the Ag NPs/GNP/PDMS hybrid nanocomposite-based sensors. The gauge factor (GF), response and recovery time of the Ag NPs/GNP/PDMS hybrid nanocomposite-based sensors are determined to be 221, 130 ms and 119 ms, respectively. The ternary conductive nanocomposite-based sensors are free from the drawbacks of binary nanocomposite-based sensors where the high percolation threshold and poor mechanical behaviour lead to the degradation of the device performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajib Mahato
- Semiconductor Sensors and Microsystems Group, CSIR-Central Electronics Engineering Research Institute (CSIR-CEERI), Pilani, Rajasthan-333031, India.
| | - Sk Masiul Islam
- Semiconductor Sensors and Microsystems Group, CSIR-Central Electronics Engineering Research Institute (CSIR-CEERI), Pilani, Rajasthan-333031, India.
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR-CEERI Campus, Pilani 333031, India
| | - Ranjan Kumar Maurya
- Semiconductor Sensors and Microsystems Group, CSIR-Central Electronics Engineering Research Institute (CSIR-CEERI), Pilani, Rajasthan-333031, India.
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR-CEERI Campus, Pilani 333031, India
| | - Sanjeev Kumar
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR-CEERI Campus, Pilani 333031, India
- Semiconductor Process Technology Group, CSIR-Central Electronics Engineering Research Institute (CSIR-CEERI), Pilani, Rajasthan-333031, India
| | - Gaurav Purohit
- Advanced Information Technologies Group, CSIR-Central Electronics Engineering Research Institute (CSIR-CEERI), Pilani, Rajasthan-333031, India
| | - Sumitra Singh
- Semiconductor Sensors and Microsystems Group, CSIR-Central Electronics Engineering Research Institute (CSIR-CEERI), Pilani, Rajasthan-333031, India.
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR-CEERI Campus, Pilani 333031, India
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Zhang J, Zhou J, Zhou Q, Wu W, Zhang H, Lin X, Luo Q, Cao J, Ma H. Light-driven textile sensors with potential application of UV detection. RSC Adv 2023; 13:5266-5272. [PMID: 36819232 PMCID: PMC9937050 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra06607f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 02/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Smart textiles based on monitoring systems of health conditions, structural behaviour, and external environmental conditions have been presented as elegant solutions for the increasing demands of health care. In this study, cotton fabrics (CFs) were modified by a common strategy with a dipping-padding procedure using reduced graphene oxide (RGO) and a photosensitive dye, spiropyran (SP), which can detect environmental UV light. The morphology of the CF is observed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) measurements showing that the topography structure of coatings is related to the SP content. The resistance of the textile sensors decreases after UV radiation, which may be attributed to the easier electron transmission on the coatings of the CF. With the increase of SP content, the introduction of a large amount of SP within the composites could cause discontinuous distributions of RGO in the fiber surfaces, preventing electron transmission within the coatings of the RGO. The surface wettability of the coatings and the sweat sensitivity are also studied before and after UV radiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Yarn Materials Forming and Composite Processing Technology of Zhejiang Province, College of Material and Textile Engineering, Jiaxing University Jiaxing 314001 China
| | - Jie Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Yarn Materials Forming and Composite Processing Technology of Zhejiang Province, College of Material and Textile Engineering, Jiaxing University Jiaxing 314001 China
| | - Qingqing Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Yarn Materials Forming and Composite Processing Technology of Zhejiang Province, College of Material and Textile Engineering, Jiaxing University Jiaxing 314001 China
| | - Wen Wu
- Key Laboratory of Yarn Materials Forming and Composite Processing Technology of Zhejiang Province, College of Material and Textile Engineering, Jiaxing University Jiaxing 314001 China
| | - Huanxia Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Yarn Materials Forming and Composite Processing Technology of Zhejiang Province, College of Material and Textile Engineering, Jiaxing University Jiaxing 314001 China
| | - Xiangsong Lin
- Key Laboratory of Yarn Materials Forming and Composite Processing Technology of Zhejiang Province, College of Material and Textile Engineering, Jiaxing University Jiaxing 314001 China
| | - Qiulan Luo
- College of Fashion and Design, Jiaxing Nanhu UniversityJiaxing 314001ZhejiangChina
| | - Jianda Cao
- Key Laboratory of Yarn Materials Forming and Composite Processing Technology of Zhejiang Province, College of Material and Textile Engineering, Jiaxing University Jiaxing 314001 China
| | - Hui Ma
- Key Laboratory of Yarn Materials Forming and Composite Processing Technology of Zhejiang Province, College of Material and Textile Engineering, Jiaxing University Jiaxing 314001 China
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Gudkov MV, Brevnov PN, Rabchinskii MK, Baidakova MV, Stolyarova DY, Antonov GA, Yagovkina MA, Ryvkina NG, Bazhenov SL, Gulin AA, Shiyanova KA, Peters GS, Krasheninnikov VG, Ryabkov YD, Goncharuk GP, Gorenberg AY, Novokshonova LA, Melnikov VP. Template-Directed Polymerization Strategy for Producing rGO/UHMWPE Composite Aerogels with Tunable Properties. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:5628-5643. [PMID: 36649132 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c19649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, we suggest a previously unknown template-directed polymerization strategy for producing graphene/polymer aerogels with elevated mechanical properties, preservation of the nanoscale pore structure, an extraordinary crystallite structure, as well as tunable electrical and hydrophobic properties. The suggested approach is studied using the reduced graphene oxide (rGO)/ultrahigh molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) system as an example. We also develop a novel method of ethylene polymerization with formation of UHMWPE directly on the surface of rGO sheets prestructured as the aerogel template. At a UHMWPE content smaller than 20 wt %, composite materials demonstrate completely reversible deformation and good conductivity. An ultrahigh polymer content (more than 80 wt %) results in materials with pronounced plasticity, improved hydrophobic properties, and a Young's modulus that is more than 200 times larger than that of pure rGO aerogel. Variation of the polymer content makes it possible to tune the electro-conductive properties of the aerogel in the range from 4.8 × 10-6 to 4.9 × 10-1 S/m and adjust its hydrophobic properties. The developed approach would make it possible to create composite materials with highly developed nanostructural morphology and advanced properties controlled by the thickness of the polymer layer on the surface of graphene sheets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maksim V Gudkov
- N.N. Semenov Federal Research Center for Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Peter N Brevnov
- N.N. Semenov Federal Research Center for Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Natalia G Ryvkina
- N.N. Semenov Federal Research Center for Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Sergey L Bazhenov
- N.N. Semenov Federal Research Center for Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Alexander A Gulin
- N.N. Semenov Federal Research Center for Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Kseniya A Shiyanova
- N.N. Semenov Federal Research Center for Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | | | - Vadim G Krasheninnikov
- N.N. Semenov Federal Research Center for Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Yegor D Ryabkov
- Institute of fine chemical technology named after M.V. Lomonosov, RTU MIREA, Moscow 119454, Russia
| | - Galina P Goncharuk
- Enikolopov Institute of Synthetic Polymeric Materials, Moscow 117393, Russia
| | - Arkady Ya Gorenberg
- N.N. Semenov Federal Research Center for Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Lyudmila A Novokshonova
- N.N. Semenov Federal Research Center for Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Valery P Melnikov
- N.N. Semenov Federal Research Center for Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 119991, Russia
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Yang Y, Wei Y, Guo Z, Hou W, Liu Y, Tian H, Ren TL. From Materials to Devices: Graphene toward Practical Applications. SMALL METHODS 2022; 6:e2200671. [PMID: 36008156 DOI: 10.1002/smtd.202200671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Graphene, as an emerging 2D material, has been playing an important role in flexible electronics since its discovery in 2004. The representative fabrication methods of graphene include mechanical exfoliation, liquid-phase exfoliation, chemical vapor deposition, redox reaction, etc. Based on its excellent mechanical, electrical, thermo-acoustical, optical, and other properties, graphene has made a great progress in the development of mechanical sensors, microphone, sound source, electrophysiological detection, solar cells, synaptic transistors, light-emitting devices, and so on. In different application fields, large-scale, low-cost, high-quality, and excellent performance are important factors that limit the industrialization development of graphene. Therefore, laser scribing technology, roll-to-roll technology is used to reduce the cost. High-quality graphene can be obtained through chemical vapor deposition processes. The performance can be improved through the design of structure of the devices, and the homogeneity and stability of devices can be achieved by mechanized machining means. In total, graphene devices show promising prospect for the practical fields of sports monitoring, health detection, voice recognition, energy, etc. There is a hot issue for industry to create and maintain the market competitiveness of graphene products through increasing its versatility and killer application fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Yang
- School of Integrated Circuits & Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology (BNRist), Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Yuhong Wei
- School of Integrated Circuits & Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology (BNRist), Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Zhanfeng Guo
- School of Integrated Circuits & Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology (BNRist), Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Weiwei Hou
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Yingjie Liu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - He Tian
- School of Integrated Circuits & Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology (BNRist), Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Tian-Ling Ren
- School of Integrated Circuits & Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology (BNRist), Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
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6
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Banciu CA, Nastase F, Istrate AI, Veca LM. 3D Graphene Foam by Chemical Vapor Deposition: Synthesis, Properties, and Energy-Related Applications. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27113634. [PMID: 35684569 PMCID: PMC9181857 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27113634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2022] [Revised: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 06/02/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
In this review, we highlight recent advancements in 3D graphene foam synthesis by template-assisted chemical vapor deposition, as well as their potential energy storage and conversion applications. This method offers good control of the number of graphene layers and porosity, as well as continuous connection of the graphene sheets. The review covers all the substrate types, catalysts, and precursors used to synthesize 3D graphene by the CVD method, as well as their most viable energy-related applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Antonela Banciu
- National Institute for Research and Development in Electrical Engineering ICPE-CA Bucharest, 313 Splaiul Unirii, 030138 Bucharest, Romania;
| | - Florin Nastase
- National Institute for Research and Development in Microtechnologies, IMT-Bucharest, 126 A Erou Iancu Nicolae, 077190 Voluntari, Romania; (F.N.); (A.-I.I.)
| | - Anca-Ionela Istrate
- National Institute for Research and Development in Microtechnologies, IMT-Bucharest, 126 A Erou Iancu Nicolae, 077190 Voluntari, Romania; (F.N.); (A.-I.I.)
| | - Lucia Monica Veca
- National Institute for Research and Development in Microtechnologies, IMT-Bucharest, 126 A Erou Iancu Nicolae, 077190 Voluntari, Romania; (F.N.); (A.-I.I.)
- Correspondence:
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7
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Cohen Y, Reddy SK, Ya'akobovitz A. Heat transfer of graphene foams and carbon nanotube forests under forced convection. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2022; 33:345703. [PMID: 34325410 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/ac18d8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The effective dissipation of heat from electronic devices is essential to enable their long-term operation and their further miniaturization. Graphene foams (GF) and carbon nanotube (CNT) forests are promising materials for thermal applications, including heat dissipation, due to their excellent thermal conduction and low thermal interface resistance. Here, we study the heat transfer characteristics of these two materials under forced convection. We applied controlled airflow to heated samples of GF and CNT forests while recording their temperature using infrared micro-thermography. Then, we analyzed the samples using finite-element simulations in conjunction with a genetic optimization algorithm, and we extracted their heat fluxes in both the horizontal and vertical directions. We found that boundary layers have a profound impact on the heat transfer characteristics of our samples, as they reduce the heat transfer in the horizontal direction. The heat transfer in the vertical direction, on the other hand, is dominated by the material conduction and is much higher than the horizontal heat transfer. Accordingly, we uncover the fundamental thermal behavior of GF and CNT forests, paving the way toward their successful integration into thermal applications, including cooling devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaniv Cohen
- Department of Mechanical Engineering Faculty of Engineering Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Israel
| | - Siva K Reddy
- Department of Mechanical Engineering Faculty of Engineering Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Israel
| | - Assaf Ya'akobovitz
- Department of Mechanical Engineering Faculty of Engineering Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Israel
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8
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Lin JC, Liatsis P, Alexandridis P. Flexible and Stretchable Electrically Conductive Polymer Materials for Physical Sensing Applications. POLYM REV 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/15583724.2022.2059673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jui-Chi Lin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York (SUNY), Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Panos Liatsis
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi, UAE
| | - Paschalis Alexandridis
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York (SUNY), Buffalo, NY, USA
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York (SUNY), Buffalo, NY, USA
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9
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Iqra M, Anwar F, Jan R, Mohammad MA. A flexible piezoresistive strain sensor based on laser scribed graphene oxide on polydimethylsiloxane. Sci Rep 2022; 12:4882. [PMID: 35318353 PMCID: PMC8941115 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-08801-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Flexible strain sensors are an important constituent in soft robotics, health care devices, and in the defence industry. Strain sensors are characterized by their sensitivity (gauge factor-GF) and sensing range. In flexible strain sensors, simultaneously achieving consistency and high sensitivity has always been challenging. A number of materials and their derivatives have been explored to achieve balanced sensitivity with respect to sensing range with limited results. In this work, a low-cost flexible piezoresistive strain sensor has been developed using reduced graphene oxide (rGO) on polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS). The reduction has been performed using laser scribing, which enables the fabrication of arbitrary structures. After lead-out, the devices were again sandwiched in a layer of PDMS to secure the structures before performing their testing using a locally developed testing rig. Compared to previously reported graphene strain sensors, the devices fabricated in this work show relatively high GF with respect to sensing range. The GF calculated for stretching, bending and torsion was 12.1, 3.5, and 90.3 respectively, for the strain range of 0-140%, 0-130%, and 0-11.1%. A hand test was performed for the detection of joint movement. Change of resistance has been observed indicating muscle motion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maham Iqra
- School of Chemical and Materials Engineering, National University of Sciences and Technology, Islamabad, 44000, Pakistan.
| | - Furqan Anwar
- School of Chemical and Materials Engineering, National University of Sciences and Technology, Islamabad, 44000, Pakistan
| | - Rahim Jan
- School of Chemical and Materials Engineering, National University of Sciences and Technology, Islamabad, 44000, Pakistan
| | - Mohammad Ali Mohammad
- School of Chemical and Materials Engineering, National University of Sciences and Technology, Islamabad, 44000, Pakistan.
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10
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Yu R, Zhu C, Wan J, Li Y, Hong X. Review of Graphene-Based Textile Strain Sensors, with Emphasis on Structure Activity Relationship. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13010151. [PMID: 33401466 PMCID: PMC7795091 DOI: 10.3390/polym13010151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2020] [Revised: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 12/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Graphene-based textile strain sensors were reviewed in terms of their preparation methods, performance, and applications with particular attention on its forming method, the key properties (sensitivity, stability, sensing range and response time), and comparisons. Staple fiber strain sensors, staple and filament strain sensors, nonwoven fabric strain sensors, woven fabric strain sensors and knitted fabric strain sensors were summarized, respectively. (i) In general, graphene-based textile strain sensors can be obtained in two ways. One method is to prepare conductive textiles through spinning and weaving techniques, and the graphene worked as conductive filler. The other method is to deposit graphene-based materials on the surface of textiles, the graphene served as conductive coatings and colorants. (ii) The gauge factor (GF) value of sensor refers to its mechanical and electromechanical properties, which are the key evaluation indicators. We found the absolute value of GF of graphene-based textile strain sensor could be roughly divided into two trends according to its structural changes. Firstly, in the recoverable deformation stage, GF usually decreased with the increase of strain. Secondly, in the unrecoverable deformation stage, GF usually increased with the increase of strain. (iii) The main challenge of graphene-based textile strain sensors was that their application capacity received limited studies. Most of current studies only discussed washability, seldomly involving the impact of other environmental factors, including friction, PH, etc. Based on these developments, this work was done to provide some merit to references and guidelines for the progress of future research on flexible and wearable electronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rufang Yu
- College of Textiles (International Silk Institute), Key Laboratory of Advanced Textile Materials and Manufacturing Technology, Ministry of Education, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China; (R.Y.); (C.Z.); (Y.L.)
- Tongxiang Research Institute, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Tongxiang 314599, China;
| | - Chengyan Zhu
- College of Textiles (International Silk Institute), Key Laboratory of Advanced Textile Materials and Manufacturing Technology, Ministry of Education, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China; (R.Y.); (C.Z.); (Y.L.)
- Tongxiang Research Institute, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Tongxiang 314599, China;
| | - Junmin Wan
- Tongxiang Research Institute, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Tongxiang 314599, China;
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Yongqiang Li
- College of Textiles (International Silk Institute), Key Laboratory of Advanced Textile Materials and Manufacturing Technology, Ministry of Education, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China; (R.Y.); (C.Z.); (Y.L.)
- Tongxiang Research Institute, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Tongxiang 314599, China;
| | - Xinghua Hong
- College of Textiles (International Silk Institute), Key Laboratory of Advanced Textile Materials and Manufacturing Technology, Ministry of Education, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China; (R.Y.); (C.Z.); (Y.L.)
- Tongxiang Research Institute, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Tongxiang 314599, China;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-0571-86843262
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11
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Sun Z, Fang S, Hu YH. 3D Graphene Materials: From Understanding to Design and Synthesis Control. Chem Rev 2020; 120:10336-10453. [PMID: 32852197 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.0c00083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Carbon materials, with their diverse allotropes, have played significant roles in our daily life and the development of material science. Following 0D C60 and 1D carbon nanotube, 2D graphene materials, with their distinctively fascinating properties, have been receiving tremendous attention since 2004. To fulfill the efficient utilization of 2D graphene sheets in applications such as energy storage and conversion, electrochemical catalysis, and environmental remediation, 3D structures constructed by graphene sheets have been attempted over the past decade, giving birth to a new generation of graphene materials called 3D graphene materials. This review starts with the definition, classifications, brief history, and basic synthesis chemistries of 3D graphene materials. Then a critical discussion on the design considerations of 3D graphene materials for diverse applications is provided. Subsequently, after emphasizing the importance of normalized property characterization for the 3D structures, approaches for 3D graphene material synthesis from three major types of carbon sources (GO, hydrocarbons and inorganic carbon compounds) based on GO chemistry, hydrocarbon chemistry, and new alkali-metal chemistry, respectively, are comprehensively reviewed with a focus on their synthesis mechanisms, controllable aspects, and scalability. At last, current challenges and future perspectives for the development of 3D graphene materials are addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuxing Sun
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, Michigan 49931-1295, United States
| | - Siyuan Fang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, Michigan 49931-1295, United States
| | - Yun Hang Hu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, Michigan 49931-1295, United States.,School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
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12
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Flexible Chemical Sensors Using Signal Generation from Cyclodextrin-Analyte Interactions on Polymer Composites. BIOCHIP JOURNAL 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s13206-020-4303-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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13
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Kausar A. Polydimethylsiloxane-based nanocomposite: present research scenario and emergent future trends. POLYM-PLAST TECH MAT 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/25740881.2020.1719149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ayesha Kausar
- Nanosciences Division, National Center For Physics, Quaid-i-Azam University Campus, Islamabad, Pakistan
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14
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Zheng Y, Li Y, Zhou Y, Dai K, Zheng G, Zhang B, Liu C, Shen C. High-Performance Wearable Strain Sensor Based on Graphene/Cotton Fabric with High Durability and Low Detection Limit. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:1474-1485. [PMID: 31825588 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b17173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Electronic textiles featuring a controllable strain sensing capability and comfortable wearability have attracted huge interests with the rapid development of wearable strain sensor systems. It is still a great challenge to simultaneously achieve a strain sensor with low cost, biocompatibility, large-area compatibility, and excellent sensing performances. Here, two kinds of cotton fabric-based strain sensors (CFSSs) with different conductive network structures are prepared, i.e., CFSS-90° and CFSS-45° (90° and 45° represent the angles between intertwined direction in cotton yarns and the stretching direction in tension). After multiple dipping processes, graphene nanosheets are deposited onto cotton fabrics, and then, the fabrics are encapsulated by polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS). Morphology analyses reveal that an interpenetrating structure is generated between cotton fabric and PDMS. The strength and elongation at break of CFSS-45° are about 4.5 MPa and 75% strain, which are higher than the counterparts of CFSS-90° (1.75 MPa and 30% strain, respectively). In a uniaxial stretching test, the two strain sensors exhibit excellent linear current-voltage behavior and fast response time (∼90 ms). During the cyclic stretching-releasing test, CFSSs present remarkable reproducibility, durability (10 000 cycles at 30% strain for CFSS-45°), and a sensing capability for detecting very low strain (∼0.4% strain).
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanjun Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and Mold (Zhengzhou University), Ministry of Education; School of Materials Science and Engineering; National Engineering Research Center for Advanced Polymer Processing Technology; Henan Key Laboratory of Advanced Nylon Materials and Application (Zhengzhou University) , Zhengzhou University , Zhengzhou , Henan 450001 , P. R. China
| | - Yilong Li
- Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and Mold (Zhengzhou University), Ministry of Education; School of Materials Science and Engineering; National Engineering Research Center for Advanced Polymer Processing Technology; Henan Key Laboratory of Advanced Nylon Materials and Application (Zhengzhou University) , Zhengzhou University , Zhengzhou , Henan 450001 , P. R. China
| | - Yujie Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and Mold (Zhengzhou University), Ministry of Education; School of Materials Science and Engineering; National Engineering Research Center for Advanced Polymer Processing Technology; Henan Key Laboratory of Advanced Nylon Materials and Application (Zhengzhou University) , Zhengzhou University , Zhengzhou , Henan 450001 , P. R. China
| | - Kun Dai
- Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and Mold (Zhengzhou University), Ministry of Education; School of Materials Science and Engineering; National Engineering Research Center for Advanced Polymer Processing Technology; Henan Key Laboratory of Advanced Nylon Materials and Application (Zhengzhou University) , Zhengzhou University , Zhengzhou , Henan 450001 , P. R. China
| | - Guoqiang Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and Mold (Zhengzhou University), Ministry of Education; School of Materials Science and Engineering; National Engineering Research Center for Advanced Polymer Processing Technology; Henan Key Laboratory of Advanced Nylon Materials and Application (Zhengzhou University) , Zhengzhou University , Zhengzhou , Henan 450001 , P. R. China
| | - Bing Zhang
- School of Chemical Engineering and Energy , Zhengzhou University , Zhengzhou , Henan 450001 , P. R. China
| | - Chuntai Liu
- Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and Mold (Zhengzhou University), Ministry of Education; School of Materials Science and Engineering; National Engineering Research Center for Advanced Polymer Processing Technology; Henan Key Laboratory of Advanced Nylon Materials and Application (Zhengzhou University) , Zhengzhou University , Zhengzhou , Henan 450001 , P. R. China
| | - Changyu Shen
- Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and Mold (Zhengzhou University), Ministry of Education; School of Materials Science and Engineering; National Engineering Research Center for Advanced Polymer Processing Technology; Henan Key Laboratory of Advanced Nylon Materials and Application (Zhengzhou University) , Zhengzhou University , Zhengzhou , Henan 450001 , P. R. China
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15
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Zhu GL, Ye XJ, Liu CS. Graphether: a two-dimensional oxocarbon as a direct wide-band-gap semiconductor with high mechanical and electrical performances. NANOSCALE 2019; 11:22482-22492. [PMID: 31746895 DOI: 10.1039/c9nr08071f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Although many graphene derivatives have sizable band gaps, their electrical or mechanical properties are significantly degraded due to the low degree of π-conjugation. Besides the π-π conjugation, there exist hyperconjugative interactions arising from the delocalization of σ electrons. Inspired by the structural characteristics of a hyperconjugated molecule, dimethyl ether, we design a two-dimensional oxocarbon (named graphether) by the assembly of dimethyl ether molecules. Our first-principles calculations reveal the following findings: (1) monolayer graphether possesses excellent dynamic and thermal stabilities as demonstrated by its favourable cohesive energy, the absence of soft phonon modes, and high melting point. (2) It has a direct wide-band-gap energy of 2.39 eV, indicating its potential applications in ultraviolet optoelectronic devices. Interestingly, the direct band gap feature is rather robust against the external strains (-10% to 10%) and stacking configurations. (3) Due to the hyperconjugative effect, graphether has the high intrinsic electron mobility. More importantly, its in-plane stiffness (459.8 N m-1) is even larger than that of graphene. (4) The Pt(100) surface exhibits high catalytic activity for the dehydrogenation of dimethyl ether. The electrostatic repulsion serves as a driving force for the rotation and coalescence of two dehydrogenated precursors, which is favourable for the bottom-up growth of graphether. (5) Replacement of the C-C bond with an isoelectronic B-N bond can generate a stable Pmn21-BNO monolayer. Compared with monolayer hexagonal boron nitride, Pmn21-BNO has a moderate direct band gap energy (3.32 eV) and better mechanical property along the armchair direction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gui-Lin Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Radio Frequency and Micro-Nano Electronics of Jiangsu Province, College of Electronic and Optical Engineering, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing 210023, China.
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16
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Pan C, Ohm Y, Wang J, Ford MJ, Kumar K, Kumar S, Majidi C. Silver-Coated Poly(dimethylsiloxane) Beads for Soft, Stretchable, and Thermally Stable Conductive Elastomer Composites. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:42561-42570. [PMID: 31638761 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b13266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
We introduce an elastomer composite filled with silver (Ag) flakes and Ag-coated poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) beads that exhibits electrical conductivity that is 2 orders of magnitude greater than that of elastomers in which the same concentration of Ag filler is uniformly dispersed. In addition to the dramatic enhancement in conductivity, these composites exhibit high mechanical compliance (strain limit, >100%) and robust thermal stability (conductivity change, <10% at 150 °C). The incorporation of Ag-coated PDMS beads introduces an effective phase segregation in which Ag flakes are confined to the "grain boundaries" between the embedded beads. This morphological control aids in the percolation of the Ag flakes and the formation of conductive bridges between neighboring Ag shells. The confinement of Ag flakes also suppresses thermal expansion and changes in electrical conductivity of the percolating networks when the composite is heated. We demonstrate potential applications of thermally stable elastic conductors in wearable devices and soft robotics by fabricating a highly stretchable antenna for a "smart" furnace glove and a strain sensor for soft gripper operation in hot water.
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17
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Chen W, Duan W, Liu Y, Wang Q, Qi F. Facile Fabrication of Multifunctional Polymer Composites Based on Three-Dimensional Interconnected Networks of Graphene and Carbon Nanotubes. Ind Eng Chem Res 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.9b04854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wenhua Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Polymer Research Institute of Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, Sichuan, China
| | - Wenfeng Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Special Functional Waterproof Materials, Beijing 101300, China
| | - Yuan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Polymer Research Institute of Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, Sichuan, China
| | - Qi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Polymer Research Institute of Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, Sichuan, China
| | - Fangwei Qi
- Jiangxi University of Science and Technology, Ganzhou 341000, Jiangxi, China
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18
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Feng L, Hao Y, Zhu M, Zhai Y, Yang L, Liu Y, Cheng G. Incorporation of Laminarin-Based Hydrogel with Graphene Foam To Enhance the Toughness of Scaffold and Regulate the Stem Cell Behavior. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2019; 5:5295-5304. [DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.9b00752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Lin Feng
- School of Nano Technology and Nano Bionics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, P. R. China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nano-Bio Interface, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou 215123, P. R. China
| | - Ying Hao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nano-Bio Interface, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou 215123, P. R. China
| | - Mo Zhu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nano-Bio Interface, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou 215123, P. R. China
| | - Yuanxin Zhai
- School of Nano Technology and Nano Bionics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, P. R. China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nano-Bio Interface, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou 215123, P. R. China
| | - Lingyan Yang
- School of Nano Technology and Nano Bionics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, P. R. China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nano-Bio Interface, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou 215123, P. R. China
| | - Yang Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nano-Bio Interface, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou 215123, P. R. China
| | - Guosheng Cheng
- School of Nano Technology and Nano Bionics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, P. R. China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nano-Bio Interface, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou 215123, P. R. China
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19
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Kar E, Bose N, Dutta B, Mukherjee N, Mukherjee S. Ultraviolet- and Microwave-Protecting, Self-Cleaning e-Skin for Efficient Energy Harvesting and Tactile Mechanosensing. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:17501-17512. [PMID: 31007019 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b06452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Smart, self-powered, and wearable e-skin that mimics the pressure sensing property of the human skin is indispensable to boost up cutting edge robotics, artificial intelligence, prosthesis, and health-care monitoring technologies. Here, fabrication of a facile and flexible hybrid piezoelectric e-skin (HPES) with multifunctions of tactile mechanosensing, energy harvesting, self-cleaning, ultraviolet (UV)-protecting, and microwave shielding properties is reported. The principal block of the HPES is an SnO2 nanosheets@SiO2 (silica-encapsulated tin oxide nanosheets)/poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) nanocomposite (SS)-based PES acting as a single unit for simultaneous energy harvesting and tactile mechanosensing. Gentle human finger imparting onto the PES showed outstanding energy conversion efficiency (16.7%) with high power density (550 W·m-3) and current density (0.40 μA·cm-2). This device can generate high enough electrical power to directly drive portable electronics like a light-emitting diode (LED) panel (consisting of 85 commercial LEDs) and to charge up capacitors very rapidly. Thin PES mechanosensors demonstrated promising performance for quantitatively detecting static and dynamic pressure stimuli with a high sensitivity of 0.99 V·kPa-1 and a short response time of 1 ms. PES was also integrated to a health-data glove for precisely monitoring and discriminating fine motions of proximal interphalangeal, metacarpophalangeal, and distal interphalangeal joints of a human finger and bending motion of different human fingers. A (4 × 4) sensing matrix of PES was successfully employed to detect the spatial distribution of static pressure stimuli. The sensing matrix can precisely record the shape and size of an object placed onto it. PES was encapsulated with a nanocomposite film for providing self-cleaning and UV and microwave protection capability to the HPES. The hydrophobic SS film wrapping (water drop contact angle ∼85.6°) of the HPES enables the self-cleaning feature and makes HPES resistive against water and dirt. The HPES was integrated with in-house-made robotic hands, and the responses of the sensors due to grabbing of an object were evaluated. This work explores new prospects for UV- and microwave-protective, self-cleaning e-skin for energy harvesting and mechanosensation, which can eventually boost up the self-powered electronics, robotics, real-time health-care monitoring, and artificial intelligence technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Navonil Bose
- Department of Physics , Supreme Knowledge Foundation Group of Institutions , Hooghly 712139 West Bengal , India
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20
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Wang T, Li J, Zhang Y, Liu F, Zhang B, Wang Y, Jiang R, Zhang G, Sun R, Wong CP. Highly Ordered 3D Porous Graphene Sponge for Wearable Piezoresistive Pressure Sensor Applications. Chemistry 2019; 25:6378-6384. [PMID: 30847982 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201900014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2019] [Revised: 03/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Wearable sensors with excellent flexibility and sensitivity have emerged as a promising field for healthcare, electronic skin, and so forth. Three-dimensional (3D) graphene sponges (GS) have emerged as high-performance piezoresistive sensors; however, problems, such as limited flexibility, high cost, and low sensitivity, remain. Meanwhile, device-level wearable pressure sensors with GS have rarely been demonstrated. In this work, highly ordered 3D porous graphene sponges (OPGSs) were first successfully prepared and controlled through an emulsion method, and then a device-level wearable pressure sensor with high flexibility and sensitivity was assembled with a gold electrode and polydimethylsiloxane into a reliable package. The pH values were carefully controlled to form a stable emulsion and the OPGSs showed a highly ordered 3D structure with ultralow density, high porosity, and conductivity; this resulted in a gauge factor of 0.79-1.46, with 50 % compression strain and excellent long-term reproducibility over 500 cycles of compression-relaxation. Moreover, the well-packaged pressure sensor devices exhibited ultrahigh sensitivity to detect human motions, such as wrist bending, elbow bending, finger bending, and palm flexing. Thus, the developed pressure sensors exhibited great potential in the fields of human-interactive applications, biomechanical systems, electronic skin, and so forth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Wang
- The Shenzhen International Innovation Institutes of Advanced, Electronic Materials, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, 518055, P.R. China
| | - Jinhui Li
- The Shenzhen International Innovation Institutes of Advanced, Electronic Materials, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, 518055, P.R. China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Precision Electronic Manufacturing Equipment, and Technology, Guangdong University of Technology, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, 510006, P.R. China
| | - Feng Liu
- The Shenzhen International Innovation Institutes of Advanced, Electronic Materials, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, 518055, P.R. China
| | - Bo Zhang
- The Shenzhen International Innovation Institutes of Advanced, Electronic Materials, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, 518055, P.R. China
| | - Ying Wang
- The Shenzhen International Innovation Institutes of Advanced, Electronic Materials, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, 518055, P.R. China
| | - Run Jiang
- The Shenzhen International Innovation Institutes of Advanced, Electronic Materials, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, 518055, P.R. China
| | - Guoping Zhang
- The Shenzhen International Innovation Institutes of Advanced, Electronic Materials, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, 518055, P.R. China
| | - Rong Sun
- The Shenzhen International Innovation Institutes of Advanced, Electronic Materials, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, 518055, P.R. China
| | - Ching-Ping Wong
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
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21
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Mao P, Chen Q, Wang GH, Han M. Gas-phase deposited plasmonic nanoparticles supported on 3D-graphene/nickel foam for highly SERS detection. CHINESE J CHEM PHYS 2019. [DOI: 10.1063/1674-0068/cjcp1812294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Peng Mao
- College of Electronic and Optical Engineering & College of Microelectronics, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing 210023, China
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Birmingham, B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Qiang Chen
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, College of Engineering and Applied Sciences and Collaborative Innovation Centre of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Guang-hou Wang
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, College of Engineering and Applied Sciences and Collaborative Innovation Centre of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Min Han
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, College of Engineering and Applied Sciences and Collaborative Innovation Centre of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
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22
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Liu X, Liu D, Lee JH, Zheng Q, Du X, Zhang X, Xu H, Wang Z, Wu Y, Shen X, Cui J, Mai YW, Kim JK. Spider-Web-Inspired Stretchable Graphene Woven Fabric for Highly Sensitive, Transparent, Wearable Strain Sensors. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:2282-2294. [PMID: 30582684 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b18312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Advanced wearable strain sensors with high sensitivity and stretchability are an essential component of flexible and soft electronic devices. Conventional metal- and semiconductor-based strain sensors are rigid, fragile, and opaque, restricting their applications in wearable electronics. Graphene-based percolative structures possess high flexibility and transparency but lack high sensitivity and stretchability. Inspired by the highly flexible spider web architecture, we propose semitransparent, ultrasensitive, and wearable strain sensors made from an elastomer-filled graphene woven fabric (E-GWF) for monitoring human physiological signals. The highly flexible elastomer microskeleton and the hierarchical structure of a graphene tube offer the strain sensor with both excellent sensing and switching capabilities. Two different types of E-GWF sensors, including freestanding E-GWF and E-GWF/polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) composites, are developed. When their structure is controlled and optimized, the E-GWF strain sensors simultaneously exhibit extraordinary characteristics, such as a high gauge factor (70 at 10% strain, which ascends to 282 at 20%) in respect to other semitransparent or transparent strain sensors, a broad sensing range up to 30%, and excellent linearity. The E-GWF/PDMS composite sensor shows a unique reversible switching behavior at a high strain level of 30-50%, making it a suitable material for fast and reversible strain switching required in many early warning systems. With a view to real-world applications of these sensors and switches, we demonstrate human motion detection and switch controls of light-emitting-diode lamps and liquid-crystal-display circuits. Their unique structure and capabilities can find a wide range of practical applications, such as health monitoring, medical diagnosis, early warning systems for structural failure, and wearable displays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Liu
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering , The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology , Clear Water Bay , Kowloon , Hong Kong
| | - Dan Liu
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering , The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology , Clear Water Bay , Kowloon , Hong Kong
| | - Jeng-Hun Lee
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering , The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology , Clear Water Bay , Kowloon , Hong Kong
| | - Qingbin Zheng
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering , The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology , Clear Water Bay , Kowloon , Hong Kong
- Institute for Advanced Study , The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology , Clear Water Bay , Hong Kong
| | - Xiaohan Du
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering , The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology , Clear Water Bay , Kowloon , Hong Kong
| | - Xinyue Zhang
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering , The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology , Clear Water Bay , Kowloon , Hong Kong
| | - Hongru Xu
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering , The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology , Clear Water Bay , Kowloon , Hong Kong
| | - Zhenyu Wang
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering , The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology , Clear Water Bay , Kowloon , Hong Kong
| | - Ying Wu
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering , The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology , Clear Water Bay , Kowloon , Hong Kong
| | - Xi Shen
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering , The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology , Clear Water Bay , Kowloon , Hong Kong
| | - Jiang Cui
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering , The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology , Clear Water Bay , Kowloon , Hong Kong
| | - Yiu-Wing Mai
- Centre for Advanced Materials Technology, School of Aerospace, Mechanical & Mechatronic Engineering , The University of Sydney , Sydney , NSW 2006 , Australia
| | - Jang-Kyo Kim
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering , The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology , Clear Water Bay , Kowloon , Hong Kong
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Abstract
The various forms of carbon nanostructures are providing extraordinary new opportunities that can revolutionize the way gas sensors, electrochemical sensors and biosensors are engineered. The great potential of carbon nanostructures as a sensing platform is exciting due to their unique electrical and chemical properties, highly scalable, biocompatible and particularly interesting due to the almost infinite possibility of functionalization with a wide variety of inorganic nanostructured materials and biomolecules. This opens a whole new pallet of specificity into sensors that can be extremely sensitive, durable and that can be incorporated into the ongoing new generation of wearable technology. Within this context, carbon-based nanostructures are amongst the most promising structures to be incorporated in a multi-functional platform for sensing. The present review discusses the various 1D, 2D and 3D carbon nanostructure forms incorporated into different sensor types as well as the novel functionalization approaches that allow such multi-functionality.
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Li H, Jing L, Ngoh ZL, Tay RY, Lin J, Wang H, Tsang SH, Teo EHT. Engineering of High-Density Thin-Layer Graphite Foam-Based Composite Architectures with Superior Compressibility and Excellent Electromagnetic Interference Shielding Performance. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2018; 10:41707-41716. [PMID: 30403340 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b15240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Three-dimensional (3D) graphene architectures with well-controlled structure and excellent physiochemical properties have attracted considerable interest due to their potential applications in flexible electronic devices. However, the majority of the existing 3D graphene still encounters several drawbacks such as brittleness, non-uniform building units, and limited scale (millimeter or even micrometer), which severely limits its practical applications. Herein, we demonstrate a new scalable technique for the preparation of thin-layer graphite foam (GF) with controllable densities (27.2-69.2 mg cm-3) by carbonization of polyacrylonitrile using a template-directed thermal annealing approach. By integrating the GF with poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS), macroscopic porous GF@PDMS with variable thin-layer GF contents ranging from 15.9 to 31.7% was further fabricated. Owing to the robust interconnected porous network of the GF and the synergistic effect between GF and PDMS, GF@PDMS with a 15.9% thin-layer GF content exhibited an impressive 254% increase in compressive strength over the bare GF. In addition, such 15.9% GF@PDMS can totally recover after the first compression cycle at a 95% strain and maintain ∼88% recovery even after 1000 compression cycles at an 80% strain, demonstrating its superior compressibility. Moreover, all of the as-prepared GF@PDMS samples possessed high electrical conductivity (up to 34.3 S m-1), relatively low thermal conductivity (0.062-0.076 W m-1 K-1), and excellent electromagnetic interference shielding effectiveness (up to 36.1 dB) over a broad frequency range of 8.2-18 GHz, indicating their great potential as promising candidates for high-performance electromagnetic wave absorption in flexible electronic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Zhi Lin Ngoh
- CNRS International-NTU-Thales Research Alliance (CINTRA), UMI 3288 , Research Techno Plaza, 50 Nanyang Drive , Singapore 637553 , Singapore
| | - Roland Yingjie Tay
- Temasek Laboratories@NTU , 50 Nanyang Avenue , Singapore 639798 , Singapore
| | | | | | - Siu Hon Tsang
- Temasek Laboratories@NTU , 50 Nanyang Avenue , Singapore 639798 , Singapore
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Kim SJ, Mondal S, Min BK, Choi CG. Highly Sensitive and Flexible Strain-Pressure Sensors with Cracked Paddy-Shaped MoS 2/Graphene Foam/Ecoflex Hybrid Nanostructures. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2018; 10:36377-36384. [PMID: 30259730 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b11233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Three-dimensional graphene porous networks (GPNs) have received considerable attention as a nanomaterial for wearable touch sensor applications because of their outstanding electrical conductivity and mechanical stability. Herein, we demonstrate a strain-pressure sensor with high sensitivity and durability by combining molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) and Ecoflex with a GPN. The planar sheets of MoS2 bonded to the GPN were conformally arranged with a cracked paddy shape, and the MoS2 nanoflakes were formed on the planar sheet. The size and density of the MoS2 nanoflakes were gradually increased by raising the concentration of (NH4)2MoS4. We found that this conformal nanostructure of MoS2 on the GPN surface can produce improved resistance variation against external strain and pressure. Consequently, our MoS2/GPN/Ecoflex sensors exhibited noticeably improved sensitivity compared to previously reported GPN/polydimethylsiloxane sensors in a pressure test because of the existence of the conformal planar sheet of MoS2. In particular, the MoS2/GPN/Ecoflex sensor showed a high sensitivity of 6.06 kPa-1 at a (NH4)2MoS4 content of 1.25 wt %. At the same time, it displayed excellent durability even under repeated loading-unloading pressure and bending over 4000 cycles. When the sensor was attached on a human temple and neck, it worked correctly as a drowsiness detector in response to motion signals such as neck bending and eye blinking. Finally, a 3 × 3 tactile sensor array showed precise touch sensing capability with complete isolation of electrodes from each other for application to touch electronic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seong Jun Kim
- Graphene Research Lab., Emerging Devices Research Group , Electronics and Telecommunications Research Institute (ETRI) , Daejeon 34129 , Republic of Korea
| | - Shuvra Mondal
- Graphene Research Lab., Emerging Devices Research Group , Electronics and Telecommunications Research Institute (ETRI) , Daejeon 34129 , Republic of Korea
- School of ETRI (ICT-Advanced Device Technology) , University of Science and Technology (UST) , Daejeon 34113 , Republic of Korea
| | - Bok Ki Min
- Graphene Research Lab., Emerging Devices Research Group , Electronics and Telecommunications Research Institute (ETRI) , Daejeon 34129 , Republic of Korea
| | - Choon-Gi Choi
- Graphene Research Lab., Emerging Devices Research Group , Electronics and Telecommunications Research Institute (ETRI) , Daejeon 34129 , Republic of Korea
- School of ETRI (ICT-Advanced Device Technology) , University of Science and Technology (UST) , Daejeon 34113 , Republic of Korea
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26
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Zhang W, Liu Q, Chen P. Flexible Strain Sensor Based on Carbon Black/Silver Nanoparticles Composite for Human Motion Detection. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2018; 11:E1836. [PMID: 30261676 PMCID: PMC6213419 DOI: 10.3390/ma11101836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2018] [Revised: 09/21/2018] [Accepted: 09/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The demand for flexible and wearable electronic devices with excellent stretchability and sensitivity is increasing, especially for human motion detection. In this work, a simple, low-cost and convenient strategy has been employed to fabricate flexible strain sensor with a composite of carbon black and silver nanoparticles as sensing materials and thermoplastic polyurethane as matrix. The strain sensors thus prepared possesses high stretchability and good sensitivity (gauge factor of 21.12 at 100% tensile strain), excellent static (almost constant resistance variation under 50% strain for 600 s) and dynamic (100 cycles) stability. Compared with bare carbon black-based strain sensor, carbon black/silver nanoparticles composite-based strain sensor shows ~18 times improvement in sensitivity at 100% strain. In addition, we discuss the sensing mechanisms using the disconnection mechanism and tunneling effect which results in high sensitivity of the strain sensor. Due to its good strain-sensing performance, the developed strain sensor is promising in detecting various degrees of human motions such as finger bending, wrist rotation and elbow flexion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiyi Zhang
- School of Microelectronics, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China.
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Imaging and Sensing Microelectronic Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China.
| | - Qiang Liu
- School of Microelectronics, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China.
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Imaging and Sensing Microelectronic Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China.
| | - Peng Chen
- School of Microelectronics, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China.
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Imaging and Sensing Microelectronic Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China.
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Li J, Liu Q, Ho D, Zhao S, Wu S, Ling L, Han F, Wu X, Zhang G, Sun R, Wong CP. Three-Dimensional Graphene Structure for Healable Flexible Electronics Based on Diels-Alder Chemistry. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2018; 10:9727-9735. [PMID: 29436214 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.7b19649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Wearable electronics with excellent stretchability and sensitivity have emerged as a very promising field with wide applications such as e-skin and human motion detection. Although three-dimensional (3D) graphene structures (GS) have been reported for high-performance strain sensors, challenges still remain such as the high cost of GS preparation, low stretchability, and the lack of ability to heal itself. In this paper, we reported a novel self-healing flexible electronics with 3D GS based on Diels-Alder (DA) chemistry. Furfurylamine (FA) was employed as a reducing as well as a modifying agent, forming GS by FA (FAGS)/DA bonds contained polyurethane with the "infiltrate-gel-dry" process. The as-prepared composite exhibited excellent stretchability (200%) and intrinsic conductivity with low incorporation of graphene (about 2 wt %), which could be directly employed for flexible electronics to detect human motions. Besides, the FAGS/DAPU composite exhibited lower temperature retro-DA response for the continuous graphene networks. Highly effective healing of the composites by heat and microwave has been demonstrated successfully.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinhui Li
- Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Shenzhen 518055 , China
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering , City University of Hong Kong , 83 Tat Chee Avenue , Kowloon Hong Kong 999077 , China
| | - Qiang Liu
- Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Shenzhen 518055 , China
| | - Derek Ho
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering , City University of Hong Kong , 83 Tat Chee Avenue , Kowloon Hong Kong 999077 , China
| | - Songfang Zhao
- School of Material Science and Engineering , University of Jinan , Jinan 250022 , China
| | - Shuwen Wu
- Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Shenzhen 518055 , China
| | - Lei Ling
- Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Shenzhen 518055 , China
| | - Fei Han
- Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Shenzhen 518055 , China
| | - Xinxiu Wu
- Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Shenzhen 518055 , China
| | - Guoping Zhang
- Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Shenzhen 518055 , China
| | - Rong Sun
- Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Shenzhen 518055 , China
| | - Ching-Ping Wong
- Department of Electronic Engineering , The Chinese University of Hong Kong , Shatin, N.T., Hong Kong 999077 , China
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28
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Zheng Q, Liu X, Xu H, Cheung MS, Choi YW, Huang HC, Lei HY, Shen X, Wang Z, Wu Y, Kim SY, Kim JK. Sliced graphene foam films for dual-functional wearable strain sensors and switches. NANOSCALE HORIZONS 2018; 3:35-44. [PMID: 32254108 DOI: 10.1039/c7nh00147a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
The demand for wearable sensors is growing in many emerging fields, such as health monitoring, human-machine interfaces, robotics and personalized medicine. Here, we report the integration of skin-mountable, flexible, stretchable, dual-functional sensors and switches together with silicon-based electronics to create a novel healthcare system. We employ a facile approach to design highly stretchable graphene foam (GF)/PDMS composite films with tunable sensitivities and switching capabilities by simply controlling the thickness of GF. The GF/PDMS composite films deliver a high gauge factor of 24 at a 10% strain, tunable stretchability up to 70% and an excellent on/off switching ratio on the order of 1000. The highly reversible switching capability of the composite films is realized by identifying abnormal resistance changes at strains beyond a threshold value. To bridge the gap between signal transmission, wireless communication and post-processing in wearable devices, the sensors are combined with electronics, allowing data transmission to a smartphone using a custom-developed application consisting of a user-friendly interface. The novel approaches reported here offer a wide range of practical applications, including medical diagnosis, health monitoring and patient healthcare.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingbin Zheng
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong.
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Embrey L, Nautiyal P, Loganathan A, Idowu A, Boesl B, Agarwal A. Three-Dimensional Graphene Foam Induces Multifunctionality in Epoxy Nanocomposites by Simultaneous Improvement in Mechanical, Thermal, and Electrical Properties. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2017; 9:39717-39727. [PMID: 29068220 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.7b14078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Three-dimensional (3D) macroporous graphene foam based multifunctional epoxy composites are developed in this study. Facile dip-coating and mold-casting techniques are employed to engineer microstructures with tailorable thermal, mechanical, and electrical properties. These processing techniques allow capillarity-induced equilibrium filling of graphene foam branches, creating epoxy/graphene interfaces with minimal separation. Addition of 2 wt % graphene foam enhances the glass transition temperature of epoxy from 106 to 162 °C, improving the thermal stability of the polymer composite. Graphene foam aids in load-bearing, increasing the ultimate tensile strength by 12% by merely 0.13 wt % graphene foam in an epoxy matrix. Digital image correlation (DIC) analysis revealed that the graphene foam cells restrict and confine the deformation of the polymer matrix, thereby enhancing the load-bearing capability of the composite. Addition of 0.6 wt % graphene foam also enhances the flexural strength of the pure epoxy by 10%. A 3D network of graphene branches is found to suppress and deflect the cracks, arresting mechanical failure. Dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) of the composites demonstrated their vibration damping capability, as the loss tangent (tan δ) jumps from 0.1 for the pure epoxy to 0.24 for ∼2 wt % graphene foam-epoxy composite. Graphene foam branches also provide seamless pathways for electron transfer, which induces electrical conductivity exceeding 450 S/m in an otherwise insulator epoxy matrix. The epoxy-graphene foam composite exhibits a gauge factor as high as 4.1, which is twice the typical gauge factor for the most common metals. Simultaneous improvement in thermal, mechanical, and electrical properties of epoxy due to 3D graphene foam makes epoxy-graphene foam composite a promising lightweight and multifunctional material for aiding load-bearing, electrical transport, and motion sensing in aerospace, automotive, robotics, and smart device structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leslie Embrey
- Plasma Forming Laboratory, Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, Florida International University , Miami, Florida 33174, United States
| | - Pranjal Nautiyal
- Plasma Forming Laboratory, Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, Florida International University , Miami, Florida 33174, United States
| | - Archana Loganathan
- Plasma Forming Laboratory, Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, Florida International University , Miami, Florida 33174, United States
| | - Adeyinka Idowu
- Plasma Forming Laboratory, Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, Florida International University , Miami, Florida 33174, United States
| | - Benjamin Boesl
- Plasma Forming Laboratory, Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, Florida International University , Miami, Florida 33174, United States
| | - Arvind Agarwal
- Plasma Forming Laboratory, Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, Florida International University , Miami, Florida 33174, United States
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30
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Wu J, Wang H, Su Z, Zhang M, Hu X, Wang Y, Wang Z, Zhong B, Zhou W, Liu J, Xing SG. Highly Flexible and Sensitive Wearable E-Skin Based on Graphite Nanoplatelet and Polyurethane Nanocomposite Films in Mass Industry Production Available. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2017; 9:38745-38754. [PMID: 29037040 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.7b10316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Graphene and nanomaterials based flexible pressure sensors R&D activities are becoming hot topics due to the huge marketing demand on wearable devices and electronic skin (E-Skin) to monitor the human body's actions for dedicated healthcare. Herein, we report a facile and efficient fabrication strategy to construct a new type of highly flexible and sensitive wearable E-Skin based on graphite nanoplates (GNP) and polyurethane (PU) nanocomposite films. The developed GNP/PU E-Skin sensors are highly flexible with good electrical conductivity due to their unique binary microstructures with synergistic interfacial characteristics, which are sensitive to both static and dynamic pressure variation, and can even accurately and quickly detect the pressure as low as 0.005 N/50 Pa and momentum as low as 1.9 mN·s with a gauge factor of 0.9 at the strain variation of up to 30%. Importantly, our GNP/PU E-Skin is also highly sensitive to finger bending and stretching with a linear correlation between the relative resistance change and the corresponding bending angles or elongation percentage. In addition, our E-Skin shows excellent sensitivity to voice vibration when exposed to a volunteer's voice vibration testing. Notably, the entire E-Skin fabrication process is scalable, low cost, and industrially available. Our complementary experiments with comprehensive results demonstrate that the developed GNP/PU E-Skin is impressively promising for practical healthcare applications in wearable devices, and enables us to monitor the real-world force signals in real-time and in-situ mode from pressing, hitting, bending, stretching, and voice vibration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianfeng Wu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology at Weihai , 2 West Wenhua Road, Weihai 264209, China
| | - Huatao Wang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology at Weihai , 2 West Wenhua Road, Weihai 264209, China
| | - Zhiwei Su
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology at Weihai , 2 West Wenhua Road, Weihai 264209, China
| | - Minghao Zhang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology at Weihai , 2 West Wenhua Road, Weihai 264209, China
| | - Xiaodong Hu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology at Weihai , 2 West Wenhua Road, Weihai 264209, China
| | - Yijie Wang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology at Weihai , 2 West Wenhua Road, Weihai 264209, China
| | - Ziao Wang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology at Weihai , 2 West Wenhua Road, Weihai 264209, China
| | - Bo Zhong
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology at Weihai , 2 West Wenhua Road, Weihai 264209, China
| | - Weiwei Zhou
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology at Weihai , 2 West Wenhua Road, Weihai 264209, China
| | - Junpeng Liu
- Department of Mechanical, Materials and Manufacturing Engineering, University of Nottingham , Nottingham NG7 2RD, U.K
| | - Scott Guozhong Xing
- United Microelect Corp. Ltd. , 3 Pasir Ris Dr 12, Singapore 519528, Singapore
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31
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Deng W, Fang Q, Huang H, Zhou X, Ma J, Liu Z. Oriented Arrangement: The Origin of Versatility for Porous Graphene Materials. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2017; 13:1701231. [PMID: 28692763 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201701231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2017] [Revised: 06/04/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Macroscopic porous graphene materials composed of graphene sheets have demonstrated their advantageous aspects in diverse application areas. It is essential to maximize their excellent performances by rationally controlling the sheet arrangement and pore structure. Bulk porous graphene materials with oriented pore structure and arrangement of graphene sheets are prepared by marrying electrolyte-assisted self-assembly and shear-force-induced alignment of graphene oxide sheets, and the super elasticity and anisotropic mechanical, electrical, and thermal properties induced by this unique structure are systematically investigated. Its application in pressure sensing exhibits ultrahigh sensitivity of 313.23 kPa-1 for detecting ultralow pressure variation below 0.5 kPa, and it shows high retention rate for continuously intercepting dye molecules with a high flux of ≈18.7 L m-2 h-1 bar-1 and a dynamic removal rate of 510 mg m-2 h-1 .
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Deng
- Key Laboratory of Graphene Technologies and Applications of Zhejiang Province and Advanced Li-Ion Battery Engineering Laboratory, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering (NIMTE), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Ningbo, 315201, P. R. China
- College of Materials Science and Opto-Electronic Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (UCAS), Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Qile Fang
- Key Laboratory of Graphene Technologies and Applications of Zhejiang Province and Advanced Li-Ion Battery Engineering Laboratory, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering (NIMTE), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Ningbo, 315201, P. R. China
| | - Heran Huang
- Key Laboratory of Graphene Technologies and Applications of Zhejiang Province and Advanced Li-Ion Battery Engineering Laboratory, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering (NIMTE), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Ningbo, 315201, P. R. China
| | - Xufeng Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Graphene Technologies and Applications of Zhejiang Province and Advanced Li-Ion Battery Engineering Laboratory, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering (NIMTE), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Ningbo, 315201, P. R. China
| | - Jingbo Ma
- Key Laboratory of Graphene Technologies and Applications of Zhejiang Province and Advanced Li-Ion Battery Engineering Laboratory, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering (NIMTE), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Ningbo, 315201, P. R. China
- The School of Material Science and Chemical Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, P. R. China
| | - Zhaoping Liu
- Key Laboratory of Graphene Technologies and Applications of Zhejiang Province and Advanced Li-Ion Battery Engineering Laboratory, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering (NIMTE), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Ningbo, 315201, P. R. China
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32
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Zhao S, Guo L, Li J, Li N, Zhang G, Gao Y, Li J, Cao D, Wang W, Jin Y, Sun R, Wong CP. Binary Synergistic Sensitivity Strengthening of Bioinspired Hierarchical Architectures based on Fragmentized Reduced Graphene Oxide Sponge and Silver Nanoparticles for Strain Sensors and Beyond. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2017; 13. [PMID: 28561953 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201700944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2017] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Recently, stretchable electronics have been highly desirable in the Internet of Things and electronic skins. Herein, an innovative and cost-efficient strategy is demonstrated to fabricate highly sensitive, stretchable, and conductive strain-sensing platforms inspired by the geometries of a spiders slit organ and a lobsters shell. The electrically conductive composites are fabricated via embedding the 3D percolation networks of fragmentized graphene sponges (FGS) in poly(styrene-block-butadiene-block-styrene) (SBS) matrix, followed by an iterative process of silver precursor absorption and reduction. The slit- and scale-like structures and hybrid conductive blocks of FGS and Ag nanoparticles (NPs) provide the obtained FGS-Ag-NP-embedded composites with superior electrical conductivity of 1521 S cm-1 , high break elongation of 680%, a wide sensing range of up to 120% strain, high sensitivity of ≈107 at a strain of 120%, fast response time of ≈20 ms, as well as excellent reliability and stability of 2000 cycles. This huge stretchability and sensitivity is attributed to the combination of high stretchability of SBS and the binary synergistic effects of designed FGS architectures and Ag NPs. Moreover, the FGS/SBS/Ag composites can be employed as wearable sensors to detect the modes of finger motions successfully, and patterned conductive interconnects for flexible arrays of light-emitting diodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Songfang Zhao
- School of Material Science and Engineering, University of Jinan, Jinan, 250022, Shandong, China
| | - Lingzhi Guo
- School of Material Science and Engineering, University of Jinan, Jinan, 250022, Shandong, China
| | - Jinhui Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Materials for High Density Electronic Packaging, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Ning Li
- School of Material Science and Engineering, University of Jinan, Jinan, 250022, Shandong, China
| | - Guoping Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Materials for High Density Electronic Packaging, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Yongju Gao
- WeiChai Power Co., Ltd., Weifang, 261061, Shandong, China
| | - Jia Li
- School of Material Science and Engineering, University of Jinan, Jinan, 250022, Shandong, China
| | - Duxia Cao
- School of Material Science and Engineering, University of Jinan, Jinan, 250022, Shandong, China
| | - Wei Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Micro/Nano Fabrication and Institute of Microelectronics, Peking University, 100871, Beijing, China
| | - Yufeng Jin
- Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Rong Sun
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Materials for High Density Electronic Packaging, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Ching-Ping Wong
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 771 Ferst Drive, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
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Wang X, Liu Z, Zhang T. Flexible Sensing Electronics for Wearable/Attachable Health Monitoring. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2017; 13:1602790. [PMID: 28306196 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201602790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 313] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2016] [Revised: 02/07/2017] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Wearable or attachable health monitoring smart systems are considered to be the next generation of personal portable devices for remote medicine practices. Smart flexible sensing electronics are components crucial in endowing health monitoring systems with the capability of real-time tracking of physiological signals. These signals are closely associated with body conditions, such as heart rate, wrist pulse, body temperature, blood/intraocular pressure and blood/sweat bio-information. Monitoring such physiological signals provides a convenient and non-invasive way for disease diagnoses and health assessments. This Review summarizes the recent progress of flexible sensing electronics for their use in wearable/attachable health monitoring systems. Meanwhile, we present an overview of different materials and configurations for flexible sensors, including piezo-resistive, piezo-electrical, capacitive, and field effect transistor based devices, and analyze the working principles in monitoring physiological signals. In addition, the future perspectives of wearable healthcare systems and the technical demands on their commercialization are briefly discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuewen Wang
- Centre for Programmed Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, 639798, Singapore
| | - Zheng Liu
- Centre for Programmed Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, 639798, Singapore
| | - Ting Zhang
- i-Lab, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, 215123, P. R. China
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34
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Yu Y, Luo Y, Guo A, Yan L, Wu Y, Jiang K, Li Q, Fan S, Wang J. Flexible and transparent strain sensors based on super-aligned carbon nanotube films. NANOSCALE 2017; 9:6716-6723. [PMID: 28485447 DOI: 10.1039/c6nr09961k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Highly flexible and transparent strain sensors are fabricated by directly coating super-aligned carbon nanotube (SACNT) films on polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) substrates. The fabrication process is simple, low cost, and favorable for industrial scalability. The SACNT/PDMS strain sensors present a high sensing range of 400%, a fast response of less than 98 ms, and a low creep of 4% at 400% strain. The SACNT/PDMS strain sensors can withstand 5000 stretching-releasing cycles at 400% strain. Moreover, the SACNT/PDMS strain sensors are transparent with 80% transmittance at 550 nm. In situ microscopic observation clarifies that the surface morphology of the SACNT film exhibits a reversible change during the stretching and releasing processes and thus its electrical conductance is able to fully recover to the original value after the loading-unloading cycles. The SACNT/PDMS strain sensors have the advantages of a wide sensing range, fast response, low creep, transparency, and excellent durability, and thus show great potential in wearable devices to monitor fast and large-scale movements without affecting the appearance of the devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Yu
- Department of Physics and Tsinghua-Foxconn Nanotechnology Research Center, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
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35
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Xu R, Wang D, Zhang H, Xie N, Lu S, Qu K. Simultaneous Detection of Static and Dynamic Signals by a Flexible Sensor Based on 3D Graphene. SENSORS 2017; 17:s17051069. [PMID: 28481297 PMCID: PMC5469674 DOI: 10.3390/s17051069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2017] [Revised: 04/19/2017] [Accepted: 04/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A flexible acoustic pressure sensor was developed based on the change in electrical resistance of three-dimensional (3D) graphene change under the acoustic waves action. The sensor was constructed by 3D graphene foam (GF) wrapped in flexible polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS). Tuning forks and human physiological tests indicated that the acoustic pressure sensor can sensitively detect the deformation and the acoustic pressure in real time. The results are of significance to the development of graphene-based applications in the field of health monitoring, in vitro diagnostics, advanced therapies, and transient pressure detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rongqing Xu
- College of Electronic Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing 210023, China.
- National Laboratory of Solid-State Microstructures and Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China.
| | - Di Wang
- College of Electronic Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing 210023, China.
| | - Hongchao Zhang
- Department of Information Physics and Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China.
| | - Na Xie
- College of Electronic Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing 210023, China.
| | - Shan Lu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Aerospace Intelligent Control Technology, Shanghai Aerospace Control Technology Institute, Shanghai 201109, China.
| | - Ke Qu
- College of Electronic Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing 210023, China.
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36
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Nautiyal P, Boesl B, Agarwal A. Harnessing Three Dimensional Anatomy of Graphene Foam to Induce Superior Damping in Hierarchical Polyimide Nanostructures. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2017; 13:1603473. [PMID: 28026152 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201603473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2016] [Revised: 11/12/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Graphene foam-based hierarchical polyimide composites with nanoengineered interface are fabricated in this study. Damping behavior of graphene foam is probed for the first time. Multiscale mechanisms contribute to highly impressive damping in graphene foam. Rippling, spring-like interlayer van der Waals interactions and flexing of graphene foam branches are believed to be responsible for damping at the intrinsic, interlayer and anatomical scales, respectively. Merely 1.5 wt% graphene foam addition to the polyimide matrix leads to as high as ≈300% improvement in loss tangent. Graphene nanoplatelets are employed to improve polymer-foam interfacial adhesion by arresting polymer shrinkage during imidization and π-π interactions between nanoplatelets and foam walls. As a result, damping behavior is further improved due to effective stress transfer from the polymer matrix to the foam. Thermo-oxidative stability of these nanocomposites is investigated by exposing the specimens to glass transition temperature of the polyimide (≈400 °C). The composites are found to retain their damping characteristics even after being subjected to such extreme temperature, attesting their suitability in high temperature structural applications. Their unique hierarchical nanostructure provides colossal opportunity to engineer and program material properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pranjal Nautiyal
- Plasma Forming Laboratory, Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, Florida International University, Miami, FL, 33174, USA
| | - Benjamin Boesl
- Plasma Forming Laboratory, Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, Florida International University, Miami, FL, 33174, USA
| | - Arvind Agarwal
- Plasma Forming Laboratory, Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, Florida International University, Miami, FL, 33174, USA
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37
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Yang C, Xu Y, Man P, Zhang H, Huo Y, Yang C, Li Z, Jiang S, Man B. Formation of large-area stretchable 3D graphene–nickel particle foams and their sensor applications. RSC Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ra05599d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
3D graphene/nickel particles (Gr–NiP) foams, fabricated using CVD and stamp-transfer processes, are used for stretchable sensor applications. The NiP, covered by Gr layers, are useful for the 3D nanostructures and separated from each other for the stretchable application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Yang
- School of Physics and Electronics
- Shandong Normal University
- Jinan 250014
- People's Republic of China
| | - Yuanyuan Xu
- School of Physics and Electronics
- Shandong Normal University
- Jinan 250014
- People's Republic of China
| | - Peihong Man
- Microphysics Laboratory
- Department of Physics
- University of Illinois at Chicago
- Chicago
- USA
| | - Hao Zhang
- School of Physics and Electronics
- Shandong Normal University
- Jinan 250014
- People's Republic of China
| | - Yanyan Huo
- School of Physics and Electronics
- Shandong Normal University
- Jinan 250014
- People's Republic of China
| | - Chuanxi Yang
- China Agricultural University
- Beijing 100083
- People's Republic of China
| | - Zhen Li
- School of Physics and Electronics
- Shandong Normal University
- Jinan 250014
- People's Republic of China
| | - Shouzhen Jiang
- School of Physics and Electronics
- Shandong Normal University
- Jinan 250014
- People's Republic of China
- Institute of Materials and Clean Energy
| | - Baoyuan Man
- School of Physics and Electronics
- Shandong Normal University
- Jinan 250014
- People's Republic of China
- Institute of Materials and Clean Energy
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38
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Wang M, Duan X, Xu Y, Duan X. Functional Three-Dimensional Graphene/Polymer Composites. ACS NANO 2016; 10:7231-47. [PMID: 27403991 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.6b03349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Integration of graphene with polymers to construct three-dimensional porous graphene/polymer composites (3DGPCs) has attracted considerable attention in the past few years for both fundamental studies and diverse technological applications. With the broad diversity in molecular structures of graphene and polymers via rich chemical routes, a number of 3DGPCs have been developed with unique structural, electrical, and mechanical properties, chemical tenability, and attractive functions, which greatly expands the research horizon of graphene-based composites. In particular, the properties and functions of the 3DGPCs can be readily tuned by precisely controlling the hierarchical porosity in the 3D graphene architecture as well as the intricate synergistic interactions between graphene and polymers. In this paper, we review the recent progress in 3DGPCs, including their synthetic strategies and potential applications in environmental protection, energy storage, sensors, and conducting composites. Lastly, we will conclude with a brief perspective on the challenges and future opportunities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department of Macromolecular Science, Fudan University , Shanghai 200433, China
- School of Nuclear Science and Technology, University of South China , Hengyang, Hunan 421001, China
| | - Xidong Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University , Changsha, Hunan 410082, China
| | - Yuxi Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department of Macromolecular Science, Fudan University , Shanghai 200433, China
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39
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Li J, Zhao S, Zeng X, Huang W, Gong Z, Zhang G, Sun R, Wong CP. Highly Stretchable and Sensitive Strain Sensor Based on Facilely Prepared Three-Dimensional Graphene Foam Composite. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2016; 8:18954-61. [PMID: 27384320 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.6b05088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Wearable strain sensors with excellent stretchability and sensitivity have emerged as a very promising field which could be used for human motion detection and biomechanical systems, etc. Three-dimensional (3D) graphene foam (GF) has been reported before for high-performance strain sensors, however, some problems such as high cost preparation, low sensitivity, and stretchability still remain. In this paper, we report a highly stretchable and sensitive strain sensor based on 3D GF and polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) composite. The GF is prepared by assembly process from graphene oxide via a facile and scalable method and possesses excellent mechanical property which facilitates the infiltration of PDMS prepolymer into the graphene framework. The as-prepared strain sensor can be stretched as high as 30% of its original length and the gauge factor of this sensor is as high as 98.66 under 5% of applied strain. Moreover, the strain sensor shows long-term stability in 200 cycles of stretching-relaxing. Implementation of the device for monitoring the bending of elbow and finger results in reproducibility and various responses in the form of resistance change. Thus, the developed strain sensors exhibit great application potential in fields of biomechanical systems and human-interactive applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinhui Li
- Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Shenzhen 518055, China
- Shenzhen College of Advanced Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Songfang Zhao
- School of Material Science and Engineering, University of Jinan , Jinan 250022, China
| | - Xiaoliang Zeng
- Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Shenzhen 518055, China
- Shenzhen College of Advanced Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Wangping Huang
- Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Zhengyu Gong
- Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Shenzhen 518055, China
- Shenzhen College of Advanced Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Guoping Zhang
- Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Shenzhen 518055, China
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong , Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Rong Sun
- Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Ching-Ping Wong
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology , Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong , Hong Kong 999077, China
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40
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Liao X, Zhang Z, Liao Q, Liang Q, Ou Y, Xu M, Li M, Zhang G, Zhang Y. Flexible and printable paper-based strain sensors for wearable and large-area green electronics. NANOSCALE 2016; 8:13025-13032. [PMID: 27314505 DOI: 10.1039/c6nr02172g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Paper-based (PB) green electronics is an emerging and potentially game-changing technology due to ease of recycling/disposal, the economics of manufacture and the applicability to flexible electronics. Herein, new-type printable PB strain sensors (PPBSSs) from graphite glue (graphite powder and methylcellulose) have been fabricated. The graphite glue is exposed to thermal annealing to produce surface micro/nano cracks, which are very sensitive to compressive or tensile strain. The devices exhibit a gauge factor of 804.9, response time of 19.6 ms and strain resolution of 0.038%, all performance indicators attaining and even surpassing most of the recently reported strain sensors. Due to the distinctive sensing properties, flexibility and robustness, the PPBSSs are suitable for monitoring of diverse conditions such as structural strain, vibrational motion, human muscular movements and visual control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinqin Liao
- State Key Laboratory for Advanced Metals and Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, People's Republic of China.
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41
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Lv P, Yu K, Tan X, Zheng R, Ni Y, Wang Z, Liu C, Wei W. Super-elastic graphene/carbon nanotube aerogels and their application as a strain-gauge sensor. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra20342b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Super-elastic aerogels that exhibit high strain-gauge sensitivities were prepared by integrating CNTs into 3D graphene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Lv
- School of Optoelectronic Engineering
- Nanjing University of Posts & Telecommunications
- Nanjing 210023
- China
| | - Kehan Yu
- School of Optoelectronic Engineering
- Nanjing University of Posts & Telecommunications
- Nanjing 210023
- China
| | - Xiaowen Tan
- School of Optoelectronic Engineering
- Nanjing University of Posts & Telecommunications
- Nanjing 210023
- China
| | - Ruilin Zheng
- School of Optoelectronic Engineering
- Nanjing University of Posts & Telecommunications
- Nanjing 210023
- China
| | - Yiwen Ni
- School of Optoelectronic Engineering
- Nanjing University of Posts & Telecommunications
- Nanjing 210023
- China
| | - Zhongyue Wang
- School of Optoelectronic Engineering
- Nanjing University of Posts & Telecommunications
- Nanjing 210023
- China
| | - Chunxiao Liu
- School of Optoelectronic Engineering
- Nanjing University of Posts & Telecommunications
- Nanjing 210023
- China
| | - Wei Wei
- School of Optoelectronic Engineering
- Nanjing University of Posts & Telecommunications
- Nanjing 210023
- China
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42
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Loeblein M, Bolker A, Tsang SH, Atar N, Uzan-Saguy C, Verker R, Gouzman I, Grossman E, Teo EHT. 3D Graphene-Infused Polyimide with Enhanced Electrothermal Performance for Long-Term Flexible Space Applications. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2015; 11:6425-6434. [PMID: 26479496 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201502670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Polyimides (PIs) have been praised for their high thermal stability, high modulus of elasticity and tensile strength, ease of fabrication, and moldability. They are currently the standard choice for both substrates for flexible electronics and space shielding, as they render high temperature and UV stability and toughness. However, their poor thermal conductivity and completely electrically insulating characteristics have caused other limitations, such as thermal management challenges for flexible high-power electronics and spacecraft electrostatic charging. In order to target these issues, a hybrid of PI with 3D-graphene (3D-C), 3D-C/PI, is developed here. This composite renders extraordinary enhancements of thermal conductivity (one order of magnitude) and electrical conductivity (10 orders of magnitude). It withstands and keeps a stable performance throughout various bending and thermal cycles, as well as the oxidative and aggressive environment of ground-based, simulated space environments. This makes this new hybrid film a suitable material for flexible space applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuela Loeblein
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Block S1, 50 Nanyang Avenue, 639798, Singapore
- CNRS International NTU Thales Research Alliance (CINTRA), 50 Nanyang Avenue, 639798, Singapore
| | - Asaf Bolker
- Space Environment Section, Soreq NRC, Yavne, 81800, Israel
| | - Siu Hon Tsang
- Temasek Laboratories@NTU, 50 Nanyang Avenue, 639798, Singapore
| | - Nurit Atar
- Space Environment Section, Soreq NRC, Yavne, 81800, Israel
| | - Cecile Uzan-Saguy
- Solid State Institute, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Technion City, Haifa, 3200003, Israel
| | - Ronen Verker
- Space Environment Section, Soreq NRC, Yavne, 81800, Israel
| | - Irina Gouzman
- Space Environment Section, Soreq NRC, Yavne, 81800, Israel
| | - Eitan Grossman
- Space Environment Section, Soreq NRC, Yavne, 81800, Israel
| | - Edwin Hang Tong Teo
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Block S1, 50 Nanyang Avenue, 639798, Singapore
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43
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Cheng Y, Wang R, Sun J, Gao L. A Stretchable and Highly Sensitive Graphene-Based Fiber for Sensing Tensile Strain, Bending, and Torsion. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2015; 27:7365-71. [PMID: 26479040 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201503558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 281] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2015] [Revised: 08/20/2015] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Wearable sensors are increasingly finding their way into applications of kinesthetic sensing, personal health monitoring, and smart prosthetics/robotics. A graphene-based composite fiber sensor with a "compression spring" structure is fabricated, featuring the ability of detecting multiple kinds of deformation. This fiber sensor is integrated into wearable sensors for monitoring human activities and intricate movements of robotics successfully.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yin Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of High Performance Ceramics and Superfine Microstructure, Shanghai Institute of Ceramics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200050, China
| | - Ranran Wang
- State Key Laboratory of High Performance Ceramics and Superfine Microstructure, Shanghai Institute of Ceramics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200050, China
| | - Jing Sun
- State Key Laboratory of High Performance Ceramics and Superfine Microstructure, Shanghai Institute of Ceramics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200050, China
| | - Lian Gao
- State Key Laboratory of High Performance Ceramics and Superfine Microstructure, Shanghai Institute of Ceramics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200050, China
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44
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Tian Y, Zhao Z, Zaghi G, Kim Y, Zhang D, Maboudian R. Tuning the Friction Characteristics of Gecko-Inspired Polydimethylsiloxane Micropillar Arrays by Embedding Fe₃O₄ and SiO₂ Particles. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2015; 7:13232-13237. [PMID: 26042962 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.5b03301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
In order to improve stiffness of polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) pillars while maintaining high friction, the effects of embedding Fe3O4 and SiO2 particles on the friction behavior of PDMS micropillars are studied. Both types of added particles increase the stiffness of the PDMS composite, but affect the friction behavior differently. The frictional force of the fibrillar array fabricated with Fe3O4/PDMS composite decreases initially, then increases as the particle content increases. For silica/PDMS composite pillars, the frictional force is independent of the particle density. Characterization by scanning electron microscopy shows that Fe3O4 particles are distributed uniformly in the PDMS matrix at low concentration, but heterogeneous distribution is observed at high particle loading, with particles being hindered from penetrating into the pillars. For silica/PDMS composite pillars, the particles distribute homogeneously inside the pillars, which is attributed to the formation of hydrogen bonding between silica particles and PDMS. The difference in particle distribution behavior is used to explain the observed difference in the friction response of these two composite systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Tian
- †School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China
- ‡Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Zizhou Zhao
- ‡Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Gina Zaghi
- ‡Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Yongkwan Kim
- ‡Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Dongxing Zhang
- †School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Roya Maboudian
- ‡Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
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45
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Park JJ, Hyun WJ, Mun SC, Park YT, Park OO. Highly stretchable and wearable graphene strain sensors with controllable sensitivity for human motion monitoring. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2015; 7:6317-24. [PMID: 25735398 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.5b00695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 201] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Because of their outstanding electrical and mechanical properties, graphene strain sensors have attracted extensive attention for electronic applications in virtual reality, robotics, medical diagnostics, and healthcare. Although several strain sensors based on graphene have been reported, the stretchability and sensitivity of these sensors remain limited, and also there is a pressing need to develop a practical fabrication process. This paper reports the fabrication and characterization of new types of graphene strain sensors based on stretchable yarns. Highly stretchable, sensitive, and wearable sensors are realized by a layer-by-layer assembly method that is simple, low-cost, scalable, and solution-processable. Because of the yarn structures, these sensors exhibit high stretchability (up to 150%) and versatility, and can detect both large- and small-scale human motions. For this study, wearable electronics are fabricated with implanted sensors that can monitor diverse human motions, including joint movement, phonation, swallowing, and breathing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung Jin Park
- †Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering (BK21+ Graduate Program), Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 305-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Woo Jin Hyun
- ‡Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota, 421 Washington Avenue S.E., Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Sung Cik Mun
- †Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering (BK21+ Graduate Program), Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 305-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong Tae Park
- §Department of Mechanical Engineering, Myongji University, 116 Myongji-ro, Cheoin-gu, Youngin, Gyeonggi-do 449-728, Republic of Korea
| | - O Ok Park
- †Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering (BK21+ Graduate Program), Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 305-701, Republic of Korea
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