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Glover ZK, Wecksler A, Aryal B, Mehta S, Pegues M, Chan W, Lehtimaki M, Luo A, Sreedhara A, Rao VA. Physicochemical and biological impact of metal-catalyzed oxidation of IgG1 monoclonal antibodies and antibody-drug conjugates via reactive oxygen species. MAbs 2022; 14:2122957. [PMID: 36151884 PMCID: PMC9519010 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2022.2122957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Biotherapeutics are exposed to common transition metal ions such as Cu(II) and Fe(II) during manufacturing processes and storage. IgG1 biotherapeutics are vulnerable to reactive oxygen species (ROS) generated via the metal-catalyzed oxidation reactions. Exposure to these metal ions can lead to potential changes to structure and function, ultimately influencing efficacy, potency, and potential immunogenicity of the molecules. Here, we stress four biotherapeutics of the IgG1 subclass (trastuzumab, trastuzumab emtansine, anti-NaPi2b, and anti-NaPi2b-vc-MMAE) with two common pharmaceutically relevant metal-induced oxidizing systems, Cu(II)/ ascorbic acid and Fe(II)/ H2O2, and evaluated oxidation, size distribution, carbonylation, Fc effector functions, antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) activity, cell anti-proliferation and autophaghic flux. Our study demonstrates that the extent of oxidation was metal ion-dependent and site-specific, leading to decreased FcγRIIIa and FcRn receptor binding and subsequently potentially reduced bioactivity, though antigen binding was not affected to a great extent. In general, the monoclonal antibody (mAb) and corresponding antibody-drug conjugate (ADC) showed similar impacts to product quality when exposed to the same metal ion, either Cu(II) or Fe(II). Our study clearly demonstrates that transition metal ion binding to therapeutic IgG1 mAbs and ADCs is not random and that oxidation products show unique structural and functional ramifications. A critical outcome from this study is our highlighting of key process parameters, route of degradation, especially oxidation (metal catalyzed or via ROS), on the CH1 and Fc region of full-length mAbs and ADCs. Abbreviations: DNPH 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine; ADC Antibody drug conjugate; ADCC Antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity; CDR Complementary determining region; DTT Dithiothreitol; HMWF high molecular weight form; LC-MS Liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry; LMWF low molecular weight forms; MOA Mechanism of action; MCO Metal-catalyzed oxidation; MetO Methionine sulfoxide; mAbs Monoclonal antibodies; MyBPC Myosin binding protein C; ROS Reactive oxygen species; SEC Size exclusion chromatography
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Aaron Wecksler
- Analytical Development, Genentech Inc, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Baikuntha Aryal
- Laboratory of Applied Biochemistry, Division of Biotechnology Research and Review III, Office of Biotechnology Products, Office of Pharmaceutical Quality, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administrations, Maryland, USA
| | - Shrenik Mehta
- Pharmaceutical Development, Genentech Inc, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Melissa Pegues
- Laboratory of Applied Biochemistry, Division of Biotechnology Research and Review III, Office of Biotechnology Products, Office of Pharmaceutical Quality, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administrations, Maryland, USA
| | - Wayman Chan
- Pharmaceutical Development, Genentech Inc, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Mari Lehtimaki
- Laboratory of Applied Biochemistry, Division of Biotechnology Research and Review III, Office of Biotechnology Products, Office of Pharmaceutical Quality, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administrations, Maryland, USA
| | - Allen Luo
- Biological Technologies, Genentech Inc, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | - V Ashutosh Rao
- Laboratory of Applied Biochemistry, Division of Biotechnology Research and Review III, Office of Biotechnology Products, Office of Pharmaceutical Quality, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administrations, Maryland, USA
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Simsek B, Yanar K, Çakatay U. Proatherogenic Importance of Carbamylation-induced Protein Damage and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Systematic Review. Curr Diabetes Rev 2020; 16:608-618. [PMID: 31914914 DOI: 10.2174/1573399816666200107102918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2019] [Revised: 10/26/2019] [Accepted: 12/12/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION & BACKGROUND Protein carbamylation is a non-enzymatic and irreversible posttranslational process. It affects functions of numerous enzymes, hormones and receptors playing several roles in diabetes pathogenesis by changing their native structures. Detrimental consequences of oxidative protein damage comprise, but are not limited to glyoxidation, lipoxidation and carbonylation reactions. Since the carbamylated plasma proteins are strongly related to the glycemic control parameters of diabetes, they may have an additive value and emerge as potential biomarkers for the follow up, prognosis and treatment of diabetes mellitus. METHODS & RESULTS To conduct our systematic review, we used PubMed and Semantic Scholar, and used 'Protein carbamylation and diabetes' and 'Protein carbamylation and atherosclerosis' as keywords and looked into about five hundred manuscripts. Manuscripts that are not in English were excluded as well as manuscripts that did not mention carbamylation to maintain the focus of the present article. Similar to glycation, carbamylation is able to alter functions of plasma proteins and their interactions with endothelial cells and has been shown to be involved in the development of atherosclerosis. CONCLUSION At this stage, it seems clear that protein carbamylation leads to worse clinical outcomes. To improve patient care, but maybe more importantly to improve healthcare-prevention, we believe the next stage involves understanding how exactly protein carbamylation leads to worse outcomes and when and in what group of people anti-carbamylation therapies must be employed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bahadir Simsek
- Cerrahpasa, Cerrahpasa Medical School, Medical Program, 34096, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Karolin Yanar
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Cerrahpasa Medical School , Istanbul University, 34096, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ufuk Çakatay
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Cerrahpasa Medical School , Istanbul University, 34096, Istanbul, Turkey
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Yan R, Wang X, Tian Y, Xu J, Xu X, Lin J. Prediction of zinc-binding sites using multiple sequence profiles and machine learning methods. Mol Omics 2019; 15:205-215. [PMID: 31046040 DOI: 10.1039/c9mo00043g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The zinc (Zn2+) cofactor has been proven to be involved in numerous biological mechanisms and the zinc-binding site is recognized as one of the most important post-translation modifications in proteins. Therefore, accurate knowledge of zinc ions in protein structures can provide potential clues for elucidation of protein folding and functions. However, determining zinc-binding residues by experimental means is usually lab-intensive and associated with high cost in most cases. In this context, the development of computational tools for identifying zinc-binding sites is highly desired, especially in the current post-genomic era. In this work, we developed a novel zinc-binding site prediction method by combining several intensively-trained machine learning models. To establish an accurate and generative method, we downloaded all zinc-binding proteins from the Protein Data Bank and prepared a non-redundant dataset. Meanwhile, a well-prepared dataset by other groups was also used. Then, effective and complementary features were extracted from sequences and three-dimensional structures of these proteins. Moreover, several well-designed machine learning models were intensively trained to construct accurate models. To assess the performance, the obtained predictors were stringently benchmarked using the diverse zinc-binding sites. Furthermore, several state-of-the-art in silico methods developed specifically for zinc-binding sites were also evaluated and compared. The results confirmed that our method is very competitive in real world applications and could become a complementary tool to wet lab experiments. To facilitate research in the community, a web server and stand-alone program implementing our method were constructed and are publicly available at . The downloadable program of our method can be easily used for the high-throughput screening of potential zinc-binding sites across proteomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renxiang Yan
- School of Biological Sciences and Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350002, China. and Fujian Key Laboratory of Marine Enzyme Engineering, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Xiaofeng Wang
- College of Mathematics and Computer Science, Shanxi Normal University, Linfen 041004, China
| | - Yarong Tian
- Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, 40530, Sweden
| | - Jing Xu
- School of Biological Sciences and Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350002, China. and Fujian Key Laboratory of Marine Enzyme Engineering, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Xiaoli Xu
- School of Biological Sciences and Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
| | - Juan Lin
- School of Biological Sciences and Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350002, China. and Fujian Key Laboratory of Marine Enzyme Engineering, Fuzhou 350002, China
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Lian HY, Lin KW, Yang C, Cai P. Generation and propagation of yeast prion [URE3] are elevated under electromagnetic field. Cell Stress Chaperones 2018; 23:581-594. [PMID: 29214607 PMCID: PMC6045541 DOI: 10.1007/s12192-017-0867-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2017] [Revised: 11/24/2017] [Accepted: 11/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we studied the effect of 2.0 GHz radio frequency electromagnetic field (RF-EMF) and 50 Hz extremely low frequency electromagnetic field (ELF-EMF) exposure on prion generation and propagation using two budding yeast strains, NT64C and SB34, as model organisms. Under exposure to RF-EMF or ELF-EMF, the de novo generation and propagation of yeast prions [URE3] were elevated in both strains. The elevation increased over time, and the effects of ELF-EMF occurred in a dose-dependent manner. The transcription and expression levels of the molecular chaperones Hsp104, Hsp70-Ssa1/2, and Hsp40-Ydj1 were not statistically significantly changed after exposure. Furthermore, the levels of ROS, as well as the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT), were significantly elevated after short-term, but not long-term exposure. This work demonstrated for the first time that EMF exposure could elevate the de novo generation and propagation of yeast prions and supports the hypothesis that ROS may play a role in the effects of EMF on protein misfolding. The effects of EMF on protein folding and ROS levels may mediate the broad effects of EMF on cell function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Yong Lian
- Xiamen Key Laboratory of Physical Environment, Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1799 Jimei Road, Xiamen, 361021, People's Republic of China.
- College of Life Sciences and Ecology, Hainan Tropical Ocean University, 1 Yucai Road, Sanya, 572022, People's Republic of China.
| | - Kang-Wei Lin
- Xiamen Key Laboratory of Physical Environment, Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1799 Jimei Road, Xiamen, 361021, People's Republic of China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19 Yuquan Road, Beijing, 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - Chuanjun Yang
- Xiamen Key Laboratory of Physical Environment, Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1799 Jimei Road, Xiamen, 361021, People's Republic of China
| | - Peng Cai
- Xiamen Key Laboratory of Physical Environment, Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1799 Jimei Road, Xiamen, 361021, People's Republic of China.
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5
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Wayhs CAY, Mescka CP, Guerreiro G, Moraes TB, Jacques CED, Rosa AP, Ferri MK, Nin MS, Dutra-Filho CS, Barros HMT, Vargas CR. Diabetic encephalopathy-related depression: experimental evidence that insulin and clonazepam restore antioxidant status in rat brain. Cell Biochem Funct 2014; 32:711-9. [PMID: 25431174 DOI: 10.1002/cbf.3076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2014] [Accepted: 10/18/2014] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
There is increasing evidence suggesting that oxidative stress plays an important role in the development of many chronic and degenerative conditions such as diabetic encephalopathy and depression. Considering that diabetic rats and mice present higher depressive-like behaviour when submitted to the forced swimming test and that treatment with insulin and/or clonazepam is able to reverse the behavioural changes of the diabetic rats, the present work investigated the antioxidant status, specifically total antioxidant reactivity and antioxidant potential of insulin and clonazepam, as well as the effect of this drugs upon protein oxidative damage and reactive species formation in cortex, hippocampus and striatum from diabetic rats submitted to forced swimming test. It was verified that longer immobility time in diabetic rats and insulin plus clonazepam treatment reversed this depressive-like behaviour. Moreover, data obtained in this study allowed to demonstrate through different parameters such as protein carbonyl content, 2'7'-dichlorofluorescein oxidation, catalase, superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase assay, total radical-trapping antioxidant potential and total antioxidant reactivity that there is oxidative stress in cortex, hippocampus and striatum from diabetic rats under depressive-like behaviour and highlight the insulin and/or clonazepam effect in these different brain areas, restoring antioxidant status and protein damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Alberto Yasin Wayhs
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, UFRGS, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil; Serviço de Genética Médica, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, UFRGS, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
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6
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Harmaza YM, Slobozhanina EI. Zinc essentiality and toxicity. Biophysical aspects. Biophysics (Nagoya-shi) 2014. [DOI: 10.1134/s0006350914020092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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7
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Gunawardana Y, Niranjan M. Bridging the gap between transcriptome and proteome measurements identifies post-translationally regulated genes. Bioinformatics 2013; 29:3060-6. [PMID: 24045772 DOI: 10.1093/bioinformatics/btt537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
MOTIVATION Despite much dynamical cellular behaviour being achieved by accurate regulation of protein concentrations, messenger RNA abundances, measured by microarray technology, and more recently by deep sequencing techniques, are widely used as proxies for protein measurements. Although for some species and under some conditions, there is good correlation between transcriptome and proteome level measurements, such correlation is by no means universal due to post-transcriptional and post-translational regulation, both of which are highly prevalent in cells. Here, we seek to develop a data-driven machine learning approach to bridging the gap between these two levels of high-throughput omic measurements on Saccharomyces cerevisiae and deploy the model in a novel way to uncover mRNA-protein pairs that are candidates for post-translational regulation. RESULTS The application of feature selection by sparsity inducing regression (l₁ norm regularization) leads to a stable set of features: i.e. mRNA, ribosomal occupancy, ribosome density, tRNA adaptation index and codon bias while achieving a feature reduction from 37 to 5. A linear predictor used with these features is capable of predicting protein concentrations fairly accurately (R² = 0.86). Proteins whose concentration cannot be predicted accurately, taken as outliers with respect to the predictor, are shown to have annotation evidence of post-translational modification, significantly more than random subsets of similar size P < 0.02. In a data mining sense, this work also shows a wider point that outliers with respect to a learning method can carry meaningful information about a problem domain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yawwani Gunawardana
- School of Electronics and Computer Science, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK
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Kasson TMD, Barry BA. Reactive oxygen and oxidative stress: N-formyl kynurenine in photosystem II and non-photosynthetic proteins. PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH 2012; 114:97-110. [PMID: 23161228 DOI: 10.1007/s11120-012-9784-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2012] [Accepted: 10/31/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
While light is the essential driving force for photosynthetic carbon fixation, high light intensities are toxic to photosynthetic organisms. Prolonged exposure to high light results in damage to the photosynthetic membrane proteins and suboptimal activity, a phenomenon called photoinhibition. The primary target for inactivation is the photosystem II (PSII) reaction center. PSII catalyzes the light-induced oxidation of water at the oxygen-evolving complex. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are generated under photoinhibitory conditions and induce oxidative post translational modifications of amino acid side chains. Specific modification of tryptophan residues to N-formylkynurenine (NFK) occurs in the CP43 and D1 core polypeptides of PSII. The NFK modification has also been detected in other proteins, such as mitochondrial respiratory enzymes, and is formed by a non-random, ROS-targeted mechanism. NFK has been shown to accumulate in PSII during conditions of high light stress in vitro. This review provides a summary of what is known about the generation and function of NFK in PSII and other proteins. Currently, the role of ROS in photoinhibition is under debate. Furthermore, the triggers for the degradation and accelerated turnover of PSII subunits, which occur under high light, are not yet identified. Owing to its unique optical and Raman signal, NFK provides a new marker to use in the identification of ROS generation sites in PSII and other proteins. Also, the speculative hypothesis that NFK, and other oxidative modifications of tryptophan, play a role in the PSII damage and repair cycle is discussed. NFK may have a similar function during oxidative stress in other biologic systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tina M Dreaden Kasson
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
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9
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Dreaden TM, Chen J, Rexroth S, Barry BA. N-formylkynurenine as a marker of high light stress in photosynthesis. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:22632-41. [PMID: 21527632 PMCID: PMC3121407 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.212928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2010] [Revised: 04/28/2011] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Photosystem II (PSII) is the membrane protein complex that catalyzes the photo-induced oxidation of water at a manganese-calcium active site. Light-dependent damage and repair occur in PSII under conditions of high light stress. The core reaction center complex is composed of the D1, D2, CP43, and CP47 intrinsic polypeptides. In this study, a new chromophore formed from the oxidative post-translational modification of tryptophan is identified in the CP43 subunit. Tandem mass spectrometry peptide sequencing is consistent with the oxidation of the CP43 tryptophan side chain, Trp-365, to produce N-formylkynurenine (NFK). Characterization with ultraviolet visible absorption and ultraviolet resonance Raman spectroscopy supports this assignment. An optical assay suggests that the yield of NFK increases 2-fold (2.2 ± 0.5) under high light illumination. A concomitant 2.4 ± 0.5-fold decrease is observed in the steady-state rate of oxygen evolution under the high light conditions. NFK is the product formed from reaction of tryptophan with singlet oxygen, which can be produced under high light stress in PSII. Reactive oxygen species reactions lead to oxidative damage of the reaction center, D1 protein turnover, and inhibition of electron transfer. Our results are consistent with a role for the CP43 NFK modification in photoinhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tina M. Dreaden
- From the School of Chemistry and Biochemistry and the Petit Institute of Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332
| | - Jun Chen
- From the School of Chemistry and Biochemistry and the Petit Institute of Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332
| | - Sascha Rexroth
- From the School of Chemistry and Biochemistry and the Petit Institute of Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332
| | - Bridgette A. Barry
- From the School of Chemistry and Biochemistry and the Petit Institute of Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332
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Guedes S, Vitorino R, Domingues MRM, Amado F, Domingues P. Glycation and oxidation of histones H2B and H1: in vitro study and characterization by mass spectrometry. Anal Bioanal Chem 2011; 399:3529-39. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-011-4679-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2010] [Revised: 01/05/2011] [Accepted: 01/11/2011] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Leach MD, Stead DA, Argo E, MacCallum DM, Brown AJP. Molecular and proteomic analyses highlight the importance of ubiquitination for the stress resistance, metabolic adaptation, morphogenetic regulation and virulence of Candida albicans. Mol Microbiol 2011; 79:1574-93. [PMID: 21269335 PMCID: PMC3084552 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2958.2011.07542.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Post-translational modifications of proteins play key roles in eukaryotic growth, differentiation and environmental adaptation. In model systems the ubiquitination of specific proteins contributes to the control of cell cycle progression, stress adaptation and metabolic reprogramming. We have combined molecular, cellular and proteomic approaches to examine the roles of ubiquitination in Candida albicans, because little is known about ubiquitination in this major fungal pathogen of humans. Independent null (ubi4/ubi4) and conditional (MET3p-UBI4/ubi4) mutations were constructed at the C. albicans polyubiquitin-encoding locus. These mutants displayed morphological and cell cycle defects, as well as sensitivity to thermal, oxidative and cell wall stresses. Furthermore, ubi4/ubi4 cells rapidly lost viability under starvation conditions. Consistent with these phenotypes, proteins with roles in stress responses (Gnd1, Pst2, Ssb1), metabolism (Acs2, Eno1, Fba1, Gpd2, Pdx3, Pgk1, Tkl1) and ubiquitination (Ubi4, Ubi3, Pre1, Pre3, Rpt5) were among the ubiquitination targets we identified, further indicating that ubiquitination plays key roles in growth, stress responses and metabolic adaptation in C. albicans. Clearly ubiquitination plays key roles in the regulation of fundamental cellular processes that underpin the pathogenicity of this medically important fungus. This was confirmed by the observation that the virulence of C. albicans ubi4/ubi4 cells is significantly attenuated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle D Leach
- School of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Institute of Medical Sciences, Foresterhill, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, UK
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Crouzier D, Follot S, Gentilhomme E, Flahaut E, Arnaud R, Dabouis V, Castellarin C, Debouzy J. Carbon nanotubes induce inflammation but decrease the production of reactive oxygen species in lung. Toxicology 2010; 272:39-45. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2010.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2010] [Revised: 03/30/2010] [Accepted: 04/01/2010] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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Chakraborty M, Bhattacharya D, Mukhopadhyay C, Chakrabarti A. Structure and conformational studies on dityrosine formation in the DNA binding domain of RFX5. Biophys Chem 2010; 149:92-101. [PMID: 20457484 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpc.2010.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2010] [Revised: 04/17/2010] [Accepted: 04/18/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The DNA binding protein RFX5 is a subunit of RFX complex involved in transcription regulation of MHCII molecules. The RFX complex binds to the X-box DNA through the DNA binding domain of RFX5. We have examined the formation of intramolecular tyrosine cross linking, dityrosine, in RFX5DBD under oxidative stress, through UV irradiation and enzymatic action of H(2)O(2)/peroxidase by fluorescence spectroscopic studies. Dityrosine (DT) was formed predominantly in alkaline condition showing its intense characteristic fluorescence emission. Homology modeling indicated Y(39) and Y(42) could be the potential tyrosine residues undergoing oxidative cross-linking. Conformational changes in RFX5DBD under oxidative stress were observed by CD measurements. The in vitro association of X-box DNA with RFX5DBD increased DT fluorescence significantly and protected RFX5DBD from UV irradiation as observed in SDS-PAGE followed by mass spectrometric analysis. Results indicate cross protection in both RFX5DBD and DNA under oxidative stress playing important role in protein modification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madhumita Chakraborty
- Biophysics Division and Structural Genomics Section, Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics, 1/AF, Bidhannagar, Kolkata 700064, India
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Pulsed electromagnetic field at 9.71GHz increase free radical production in yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 57:245-51. [DOI: 10.1016/j.patbio.2007.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2007] [Accepted: 12/14/2007] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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15
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Thariat J, Collin F, Marchetti C, Ahmed-Adrar NS, Vitrac H, Jore D, Gardes-Albert M. Marked difference in cytochrome c oxidation mediated by HO(*) and/or O(2)(*-) free radicals in vitro. Biochimie 2008; 90:1442-51. [PMID: 18555026 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2008.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2008] [Accepted: 04/25/2008] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Cytochrome c (cyt c) is an electron carrier involved in the mitochondrial respiratory chain and a critical protein in apoptosis. The oxidation of cytochrome c can therefore be relevant biologically. We studied whether cytochrome c underwent the attack of reactive oxygen species (ROS) during ionizing irradiation-induced oxidative stress. ROS were generated via water radiolysis under ionizing radiation (IR) in vitro. Characterization of oxidation was performed by mass spectrometry, after tryptic digestion, and UV-visible spectrophotometry. When both hydroxyl and superoxide free radicals were generated during water radiolysis, only five tryptic peptides of cyt c were reproducibly identified as oxidized according to a relation that was dependent of the dose of ionizing radiation. The same behavior was observed when hydroxyl free radicals were specifically generated (N(2)O-saturated solutions). Specific oxidation of cyt c by superoxide free radicals was performed and has shown that only one oxidized peptide (MIFAGIK+16), corresponding to the oxidation of Met80 into methionine sulfoxide, exhibited a radiation dose-dependent formation. In addition, the enzymatic site of cytochrome c was sensitive to the attack of both superoxide and hydroxyl radicals as observed through the reduction of Fe(3+), the degradation of the protoporphyrin IX and the oxidative disruption of the Met80-Fe(3+) bond. Noteworthy, the latter has been involved in the conversion of cyt c to a peroxidase. Finally, Met80 appears as the most sensitive residue towards hydroxyl but also superoxide free radicals mediated oxidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliette Thariat
- Département de Radiothérapie, Centre Antoine Lacassagne, Nice Cedex 2, France
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Smerjac SM, Bizzozero OA. Cytoskeletal protein carbonylation and degradation in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. J Neurochem 2008; 105:763-72. [PMID: 18088377 PMCID: PMC3599778 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2007.05178.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Protein carbonylation, the non-enzymatic addition of aldehydes or ketones to specific amino acid residues, has been implicated in the pathophysiology of multiple sclerosis. In this study, we investigated whether protein carbonyls also accumulate in the spinal cord of Lewis rats with acute experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). Western blots analysis after derivatization with dinitrophenyl hydrazine (oxyblot) showed elevated protein carbonylation at the time of maximal clinical disability. During the same period glutathione levels were substantially reduced, suggesting a causal relationship between these two markers. In contrast, lipid peroxidation products accumulated in EAE spinal cord well before the appearance of neurological symptoms. Carbonyl staining was not restricted to inflammatory lesions but present throughout the spinal cord particularly in neuronal cell bodies and axons. By 2-dimensional-oxyblot, we identified several cytoskeletal proteins, including beta-actin, glial acidic fibrillary protein, and the neurofilament proteins as the major targets of carbonylation. These findings were confirmed by pull-down experiments, which also showed an increase in the number of carbonylated beta-actin molecules and a decrease in that of oxidized neurofilament proteins in EAE. These data suggest the possibility that oxidation targets neurofilament proteins for degradation, which may contribute to axonal pathology observed in multiple sclerosis and EAE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzanne M Smerjac
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of New Mexico - Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131, USA
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17
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Santhoshkumar P, Udupa P, Murugesan R, Sharma KK. Significance of interactions of low molecular weight crystallin fragments in lens aging and cataract formation. J Biol Chem 2008; 283:8477-85. [PMID: 18227073 PMCID: PMC2417163 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m705876200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2007] [Revised: 01/02/2008] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Analysis of aged and cataract lenses shows the presence of increased amounts of crystallin fragments in the high molecular weight aggregates of water-soluble and water-insoluble fractions. However, the significance of accumulation and interaction of low molecular weight crystallin fragments in aging and cataract development is not clearly understood. In this study, 23 low molecular mass (<3.5-kDa) peptides in the urea-soluble fractions of young, aged, and aged cataract human lenses were identified by mass spectroscopy. Two peptides, alphaB-(1-18) (MDIAIHHPWIRRPFFPFH) and betaA3/A1-(59-74) (SD(N)AYHIERLMSFRPIC), present in aged and cataract lens but not young lens, and a third peptide, gammaS-(167-178) (SPAVQSFRRIVE) present in all three lens groups were synthesized to study the effects of interaction of these peptides with intact alpha-, beta-, and gamma-crystallins and alcohol dehydrogenase, a protein used in aggregation studies. Interaction of alphaB-(1-18) and betaA3/A1-(59-74) peptides increased the scattering of light by beta- and gamma-crystallin and alcohol dehydrogenase. The ability of alpha-crystallin subunits to function as molecular chaperones was significantly reduced by interaction with alphaB-(1-18) and betaA3/A1-(59-74) peptides, whereas gammaS peptide had no effect on chaperone-like activity of alpha-crystallin. The betaA3/A1-(59-74 peptide caused a 5.64-fold increase in alphaB-crystallin oligomeric mass and partial precipitation. Replacing hydrophobic residues in alphaB-(1-18) and betaA3/A1-(59-74) peptides abolished their ability to induce crystallin aggregation and light scattering. Our study suggests that interaction of crystallin-derived peptides with intact crystallins could be a key event in age-related protein aggregation in lens and cataractogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Puttur Santhoshkumar
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Missouri-Columbia School of Medicine, Columbia, MO 65212, USA
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18
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Lin WY, Guven A, Juan YS, Neuman P, Whitbeck C, Chichester P, Kogan B, Levin RM, Mannikarottu A. Free radical damage as a biomarker of bladder dysfunction after partial outlet obstruction and reversal. BJU Int 2008; 101:621-6. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1464-410x.2007.07389.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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19
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Rexroth S, Wong CCL, Park JH, Yates JR, Barry BA. An Activated Glutamate Residue Identified in Photosystem II at the Interface between the Manganese-stabilizing Subunit and the D2 Polypeptide. J Biol Chem 2007; 282:27802-9. [PMID: 17666402 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m704394200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Photosystem II (PSII) catalyzes the oxidation of water during oxygenic photosynthesis. PSII is composed both of intrinsic subunits, such as D1, D2, and CP47, and extrinsic subunits, such as the manganese-stabilizing subunit (MSP). Previous work has shown that amines covalently bind to amino acid residues in the CP47, D1, and D2 subunits of plant and cyanobacterial PSII, and that these covalent reactions are prevented by the addition of chloride in plant preparations depleted of the 18- and 24-kDa extrinsic subunits. It has been proposed that these reactive groups are carbonyl-containing, post-translationally modified amino acid side chains (Ouellette, A. J. A., Anderson, L. B., and Barry, B. A. (1998) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 95, 2204-2209 and Anderson, L. B., Ouellette, A. J. A., and Barry, B. A. (2000) J. Biol. Chem. 275, 4920-4927). To identify the amino acid binding site in the spinach D2 subunit, we have employed a biotin-amine labeling reagent, which can be used in conjunction with avidin affinity chromatography to purify biotinylated peptides from the PSII complex. Multidimensional chromato-graphic separation and multistage mass spectrometry localizes a novel post-translational modification in the D2 subunit to glutamate 303. We propose that this glutamate is activated for amine reaction by post-translational modification. Because the modified glutamate is located at a contact site between the D2 and manganese-stabilizing subunits, we suggest that the modification is important in vivo in stabilizing the interaction between these two PSII subunits. Consistent with this conclusion, mutations at the modified glutamate alter the steady-state rate of photosynthetic oxygen evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sascha Rexroth
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry and the Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, USA
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20
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Park D, Xiong YL, Alderton AL. Concentration effects of hydroxyl radical oxidizing systems on biochemical properties of porcine muscle myofibrillar protein. Food Chem 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2006.03.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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21
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Schöneich C, Sharov VS. Mass spectrometry of protein modifications by reactive oxygen and nitrogen species. Free Radic Biol Med 2006; 41:1507-20. [PMID: 17045919 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2006.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2006] [Revised: 08/04/2006] [Accepted: 08/11/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The modification of proteins by reactive oxygen and nitrogen species plays an important role in various biologic processes involving protein activation and inactivation, protein translocation and turnover during signal transduction, stress response, proliferation, and apoptosis. Recent advances in protein and peptide separation and mass spectrometry provide increasingly sophisticated tools for the quantitative analysis of such protein modifications, which are absolutely necessary for their correlation with biologic phenomena. The present review focuses specifically on the qualitative and quantitative mass spectrometric analysis of the most common protein modifications caused by reactive oxygen and nitrogen species in vivo and in vitro and details a case study on a membrane protein the sarco/endoplasmic reticulum Ca-ATPase (SERCA).
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Schöneich
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Kansas, 2095 Constant Avenue, Lawrence, KS 66047, USA.
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22
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Marín-Navarro J, Moreno J. Cysteines 449 and 459 modulate the reduction-oxidation conformational changes of ribulose 1.5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase and the translocation of the enzyme to membranes during stress. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2006; 29:898-908. [PMID: 17087473 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3040.2005.01469.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
The role of cysteines 449 (Cys449) and 459 (Cys459) from the large subunit (LS) of ribulose 1-5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (Rubisco) in the reduction-oxidation (redox) regulation of the enzyme was assessed by site-directed mutagenesis of these residues and chloroplast transformation of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. In vitro studies indicated that mutations C449S, C459S or C449S/ C459S do not affect the activity and proteolytic susceptibility of the enzyme in the reduced state. However, when oxidized, the mutant enzymes differed from the wild type (WT), showing an increased resistance to inactivation and, in the case of the double mutant (DM), an altered structural conformation as reflected by the kinetics of proteolysis with subtilisin. The response of the DM strain to saline stress revealed that the absence of Cys449 and Cys459 intensifies Rubisco degradation and the covalent disulfide and non-disulfide polymerization of the enzyme in vivo. Saline stress also induced Rubisco translocation to a membrane (M) fraction that contained only covalently polymerized enzyme. Rubisco mobilization to this M fraction was enhanced also in the DM strain. Altogether, these results indicate that Cys449 and Cys459 participate in the modulation of the conformational changes promoted by oxidative modifications retarding processes related to the catabolism of the enzyme in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Marín-Navarro
- Departament de Bioquimica i Biologia Molecular, Universitat de València, Dr Moliner 50, Burjassot E46100, Spain
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23
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Hoerter JD, Arnold AA, Kuczynska DA, Shibuya A, Ward CS, Sauer MG, Gizachew A, Hotchkiss TM, Fleming TJ, Johnson S. Effects of sublethal UVA irradiation on activity levels of oxidative defense enzymes and protein oxidation in Escherichia coli. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2005; 81:171-80. [PMID: 16183297 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2005.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2005] [Revised: 07/05/2005] [Accepted: 07/05/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
When bacterial cells are stressed by a change in the environment, they respond by changing the activity of enzymes at both the transcriptional and post-transcriptional levels. The UVA component (400-315 nm) of solar radiation reaching the Earth's surface is one of the most common stresses encountered by bacteria in their environment. Bacteria have evolved various antioxidant defense systems to increase survival when subjected to the deleterious effects of UVA irradiation. Recently, UVA-induced cytotoxicity and oxidative damage have been shown to be dependent on radiation intensity and dose distribution, not just total energy dose. We now report that when Escherichia coli is subjected to continuous sublethal, low-fluence UVA irradiation (7.4 W/m(2)) while growing to stationary phase, it responds by changing the activity levels of hydroperoxidases (HPI, HPII), glutathione reductase and manganese superoxide dismutase. This leads to an attenuation of the growth-delay response and an increase resistance to lethal UVA irradiation. When E. coli is given a UVA dose of 135 kJ/m(2) delivered at a fluence rate of 50 W/m(2), extensive protein oxidation occurs which may contribute to the inhibition of key cellular enzymes, leading to cellular dysfunction, DNA damage and eventually death. Changes in antioxidant enzymes induced by low-fluence UVA irradiation do not confer greater protection from protein oxidation after a challenge dose of UVA irradiation delivered at a fluence rate of 50 W/m(2).
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Affiliation(s)
- James D Hoerter
- Department of Biological Sciences, Ferris State University, Big Rapids, MI 49307, USA.
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24
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Martin E, Rosenthal RE, Fiskum G. Pyruvate dehydrogenase complex: metabolic link to ischemic brain injury and target of oxidative stress. J Neurosci Res 2005; 79:240-7. [PMID: 15562436 PMCID: PMC2570320 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.20293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The mammalian pyruvate dehydrogenase complex (PDHC) is a mitochondrial matrix enzyme complex (greater than 7 million Daltons) that catalyzes the oxidative decarboxylation of pyruvate to form acetyl CoA, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (the reduced form, NADH), and CO(2). This reaction constitutes the bridge between anaerobic and aerobic cerebral energy metabolism. PDHC enzyme activity and immunoreactivity are lost in selectively vulnerable neurons after cerebral ischemia and reperfusion. Evidence from experiments carried out in vitro suggests that reperfusion-dependent loss of activity is caused by oxidative protein modifications. Impaired enzyme activity may explain the reduced cerebral glucose and oxygen consumption that occurs after cerebral ischemia. This hypothesis is supported by the hyperoxidation of mitochondrial electron transport chain components and NAD(H) that occurs during reperfusion, indicating that NADH production, rather than utilization, is rate limiting. Additional support comes from the findings that immediate postischemic administration of acetyl-L-carnitine both reduces brain lactate/pyruvate ratios and improves neurologic outcome after cardiac arrest in animals. As acetyl-L-carnitine is converted to acetyl CoA, the product of the PDHC reaction, it follows that impaired production of NADH is due to reduced activity of either PDHC or one or more steps in glycolysis. Impaired cerebral energy metabolism and PDHC activity are associated also with neurodegenerative disorders including Alzheimer's disease and Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome, suggesting that this enzyme is an important link in the pathophysiology of both acute brain injury and chronic neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erica Martin
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 684 W. Baltimore Street, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
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25
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Pan JC, Yu ZH, Hui EF, Zhou HM. Conformational change and inactivation of arginine kinase from shrimp Feneropenaeus chinensis in oxidized dithiothreitol solutions. Biochem Cell Biol 2005; 82:361-7. [PMID: 15181469 DOI: 10.1139/o04-033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The effect of oxidized dithiothreitol (DTT) on the conformation and function of arginine kinase from shrimp Feneropenaeus chinensis was investigated with the methods of intrinsic fluorescence, ANS fluorescence, size exclusion chromatography (SEC), sodium dodecyl sulfate - polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE), and activity assay. The excess molecular oxidized dithiothreitol could result in a loss of activity and conformational change of arginine kinase. The oxidized arginine kinase was characterized by monitoring the changes of fluorescence emission wavelength (excitation wavelength: 295 nm) and the intensity of 1-anilino-8-naphthalenesulfonate (ANS) binding (excitation wavelength: 380 nm) to the protein. The results of fluorescence spectra showed that the presence of oxidized DTT could result in a marked change in the enzyme tertiary structure. The conformational changes of native and oxidized arginine kinase are induced by the presence of the full set of transition state analog (TSA) components. The results of size exclusion chromatography and SDS-PAGE indicated that no disulfide bond was formed among the protein molecules in the oxidized-DTT solution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Cheng Pan
- Department of Biological Science and Biotechnology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, People's Republic of China
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26
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Bizzozero OA, DeJesus G, Callahan K, Pastuszyn A. Elevated protein carbonylation in the brain white matter and gray matter of patients with multiple sclerosis. J Neurosci Res 2005; 81:687-95. [PMID: 16007681 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.20587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative stress has been implicated in the pathophysiology of multiple sclerosis (MS). Increased levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) derived from infiltrating macrophages and microglial cells have been shown to reduce the levels of endogenous antioxidants and to cause the oxidation of various substrates within the MS plaque. To determine whether oxidative damage takes place beyond visible MS plaques, the occurrence of total carbonyls (TCOs) and protein carbonyls (PCOs) in the normal-appearing white matter (NAWM) and gray matter (NAGM) of eight MS brains was assessed and compared with those of four control brains. The data show that most (7/8) of the MS-WM samples contain increased amounts of PCOs as determined by reaction with 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine and Western blot analysis. These samples also have high levels of glial fibrilary acidic protein (GFAP), suggesting that oxidative damage is related to the presence of small lesions. In contrast, we detected no evidence of protein thiolation (glutathionylation and cysteinylation) in the diseased tissue. To our surprise, MS-NAGM specimens with high GFAP content also showed three times the concentration of TCOs and PCOs as the controls. The increase in PCOs is likely to be a consequence of reduced levels of antioxidants, in that the concentration of nonprotein thiols in both MS-WM and -GM decreased by 30%. Overall, our data support the current view that both NAWM and -GM from MS brains contain considerable biochemical alterations. The involvement of GM in MS was also supported by the decrease in the levels of neurofilament light protein in all the specimens analyzed. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study demonstrating the presence of increased protein carbonylation in post-mortem WM and GM tissue of MS patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oscar A Bizzozero
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of New Mexico-Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131-5218, USA.
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27
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Zheng L, Settle M, Brubaker G, Schmitt D, Hazen SL, Smith JD, Kinter M. Localization of Nitration and Chlorination Sites on Apolipoprotein A-I Catalyzed by Myeloperoxidase in Human Atheroma and Associated Oxidative Impairment in ABCA1-dependent Cholesterol Efflux from Macrophages. J Biol Chem 2005; 280:38-47. [PMID: 15498770 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m407019200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
We recently reported that apolipoprotein A-I (apoA-I), the major protein component of high density lipoprotein, is a selective target for myeloperoxidase (MPO)-catalyzed nitration and chlorination in both and serum of subjects with cardiovascular disease. We further showed that the extent of both apoA-I nitration and chlorination correlated with functional impairment in reverse cholesterol transport activity of the isolated lipoprotein. Herein we used tandem mass spectrometry to map the sites of MPO-mediated apoA-I nitration and chlorination in vitro and in vivo and to relate the degree of site-specific modifications to loss of apoA-I lipid binding and cholesterol efflux functions. Of the seven tyrosine residues in apoA-I, Tyr-192, Tyr-166, Tyr-236, and Tyr-29 were nitrated and chlorinated in MPO-mediated reactions. Site-specific liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry quantitative analyses demonstrated that the favored modification site following exposure to MPO-generated oxidants is Tyr-192. MPO-dependent nitration and chlorination both proceed with Tyr-166 as a secondary site and with Tyr-236 and Tyr-29 modified only minimally. Parallel functional studies demonstrated dose-dependent losses of ABCA1-dependent cholesterol acceptor and lipid binding activities with apoA-I modification by MPO. Finally tandem mass spectrometry analyses showed that apoA-I in human atherosclerotic tissue is nitrated at the MPO-preferred sites, Tyr-192 and Tyr-166. The present studies suggest that site-specific modifications of apoA-I by MPO are associated with impaired lipid binding and ABCA1-dependent cholesterol acceptor functions, providing a molecular mechanism that likely contributes to the clinical link between MPO levels and cardiovascular disease risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lemin Zheng
- Department of Cell Biology, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Ohio 44195, USA
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28
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Stoynev GA, Srebreva LN, Ivanov IG. Histone H1 as a Reporter Protein to Investigate Glycation in Bacteria. Curr Microbiol 2004; 49:423-7. [PMID: 15696618 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-004-4379-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Nonenzymatic glycosylation (glycation) of proteins is a multistage chemical process starting as a condensation reaction between reducing sugars and primary amino groups (mainly from the side chains of Lis and Arg) and ending up with formation of complex heterocyclic compounds called advanced glycation end products (AGEs). For a long time, glycation has been attributed to the long-lived eukaryotes (including in humans) only. In a recent study, we showed that glycation also occurs in bacteria. The present study aims to prove that bacterial cytoplasm contains soluble glycating compounds. To this end, Lis/Arg-rich histone H1 isolated from rat liver was treated with deproteinized Escherichia coli cytoplasm through a dialysis membrane. This treatment leads to accumulation of AGEs as well as to a remarkable degradation of the reporter protein on storage at 4 degrees C. Our results indicate also that glycation can be inhibited by acetylsalicylic acid (aspirin), thiamine (vitamin B1), and pyridoxine (vitamin B6).
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgi A Stoynev
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria
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29
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NAKASHIMA K, NONAKA I, MASAKI S, YAMAZAKI M, ABE H. Myofibrillar proteolysis in chick muscle cell cultures during heat stress. Anim Sci J 2004. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1740-0929.2004.00197.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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30
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Marques C, Pereira P, Taylor A, Liang JN, Reddy VN, Szweda LI, Shang F. Ubiquitin-dependent lysosomal degradation of the HNE-modified proteins in lens epithelial cells. FASEB J 2004; 18:1424-6. [PMID: 15247152 PMCID: PMC1382276 DOI: 10.1096/fj.04-1743fje] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
4-hydroxynonenal (HNE), a highly reactive lipid peroxidation product, may adversely modify proteins. Accumulation of HNE-modified proteins may be responsible for pathological lesions associated with oxidative stress. The objective of this work was to determine how HNE-modified proteins are removed from cells. The data showed that alphaB-crystallin modified by HNE was ubiquitinated at a faster rate than that of native alphaB-crystallin in a cell-free system. However, its susceptibility to proteasome-dependent degradation in the cell-free system did not increase. When delivered into cultured lens epithelial cells, HNE-modified alphaB-crystallin was degraded at a faster rate than that of unmodified alphaB-crystallin. Inhibition of the lysosomal activity stabilized HNE-modified alphaB-crystallin, but inhibition of the proteasome activity alone had little effect. To determine if other HNE-modified proteins are also degraded in a ubiquitin-dependent lysosomal pathway, lens epithelial cells were treated with HNE and the removal of HNE-modified proteins in the cells was monitored. The levels of HNE-modified proteins in the cell decreased rapidly upon removal of HNE from the medium. Depletion of ATP or the presence of MG132, a proteasome/lysosome inhibitor, resulted in stabilization of HNE-modified proteins. However, proteasome-specific inhibitors, lactacystin-beta-lactone and epoxomicin, could not stabilize HNE-modified proteins in the cells. In contrast, chloroquine, a lysosome inhibitor, stabilized HNE-modified proteins. The enrichment of HNE-modified proteins in the fraction of ubiquitin conjugates suggests that HNE-modified proteins are preferentially ubiquitinated. Taken together, these findings show that HNE-modified proteins are degraded via a novel ubiquitin and lysosomal-dependent but proteasome-independent pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Marques
- Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging, Tufts University, Boston, Massachusetts
- Center of Ophatmology, IBILI, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Paulo Pereira
- Center of Ophatmology, IBILI, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Allen Taylor
- Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging, Tufts University, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Jack N. Liang
- Ophthalmic Research Center, Brigham & Womens Hospital, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Venkat N. Reddy
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Kellogg Eye Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Luke I. Szweda
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Fu Shang
- Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging, Tufts University, Boston, Massachusetts
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31
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Konovalova TA, Kispert LD, van Tol J, Brunel LC. Multifrequency High-Field Electron Paramagnetic Resonance Characterization of the Peroxyl Radical Location in Horse Heart Myoglobin Oxidized by H2O2. J Phys Chem B 2004. [DOI: 10.1021/jp0313425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tatyana A. Konovalova
- Department of Chemistry, Box 870336, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama 35487, and Center for Interdisciplinary Magnetic Resonance, National High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32310
| | - Lowell D. Kispert
- Department of Chemistry, Box 870336, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama 35487, and Center for Interdisciplinary Magnetic Resonance, National High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32310
| | - Johan van Tol
- Department of Chemistry, Box 870336, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama 35487, and Center for Interdisciplinary Magnetic Resonance, National High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32310
| | - Louis-Claude Brunel
- Department of Chemistry, Box 870336, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama 35487, and Center for Interdisciplinary Magnetic Resonance, National High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32310
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32
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Kanski J, Alterman MA, Schöneich C. Proteomic identification of age-dependent protein nitration in rat skeletal muscle. Free Radic Biol Med 2003; 35:1229-39. [PMID: 14607522 DOI: 10.1016/s0891-5849(03)00500-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Age-related protein nitration was studied in skeletal muscle of Fisher 344 and Fisher 344/Brown Norway (BN) F1 rats by a proteomic approach. Proteins from young (4 months) and old (24 months) Fisher 344 rats and young (6 months) and old (34 months) Fisher 344/BN F1 animals were separated by 2-D gel electrophoresis. Western blot showed an age-related increase in the nitration of a few specific proteins, which were identified by MALDI-TOF MS and ESI-MS/MS. We identified age-dependent apparent nitration of beta-enolase, alpha-fructose aldolase, and creatine kinase, which perform important functions in muscle energy metabolism, suggesting that the nitration of such key proteins can be, in part, responsible for the decline of muscle motor function of the muscle. Furthermore, we have identified the apparent nitration of succinate dehydrogenase, rab GDP dissociation inhibitor beta (GdI-2), triosephosphate isomerase, troponin I, alpha-crystallin, and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaroslaw Kanski
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA
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33
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Kishi S, Uchiyama J, Baughman AM, Goto T, Lin MC, Tsai SB. The zebrafish as a vertebrate model of functional aging and very gradual senescence. Exp Gerontol 2003; 38:777-86. [PMID: 12855287 DOI: 10.1016/s0531-5565(03)00108-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
The zebrafish (Danio rerio) has been developed as a powerful model for genetic studies in developmental biology, which also gives insights into several diseases of adult humans such as cardiovascular disease and cancer. Because aging processes affect these and many other human diseases, it is important to compare zebrafish and other mammalian aging. However, the aging process of zebrafish remains largely unexplored, and little is known about its functional aging and senescence. In a survey of aging in zebrafish, we detected senescence-associated beta-galactosidase activity in skin and oxidized protein accumulation in muscle. However, we did not observe lipofuscin granules ('aging pigments'), which commonly accumulate in postmitotic cells of other vertebrates. This absence of lipofuscins may be consistent with the existence of continuously proliferating myocytes that incorporated BrdU in muscle tissues of aged zebrafish. Moreover, we demonstrated that zebrafish have constitutively abundant telomerase activity in somatic tissues from embryos to aged adults. Although some stress-associated markers are upregulated and minor histological changes are observed during the aging process of zebrafish, our studies together with other evidence of remarkable reproductive and regenerative abilities suggest that zebrafish show very gradual or sub-negligible senescence in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuji Kishi
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, 44 Binney Street, Boston, MA 02115-6084, USA.
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Levi B, Werman MJ. Fructose and related phosphate derivatives impose DNA damage and apoptosis in L5178Y mouse lymphoma cells. J Nutr Biochem 2003; 14:49-60. [PMID: 12559477 DOI: 10.1016/s0955-2863(02)00254-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Glycation between reducing sugars and amino groups of long-lived macromolecules results in an array of chemical modifications that may account for several physiological complications. The consequences of the reaction are directly related to the reactivity of the sugars involved, whether aldoses or ketoses, phosphorylated or non-phosphorylated. So far, most studies have been focused on glucose, while fructose, a faster glycating agent, attracted minor attention. We have recently demonstrated that under in vitro conditions fructose and its phosphate derivatives can modify plasmid DNA faster than glucose and its phosphate metabolites. In the present study we provide further evidences suggesting that fructose and its phosphate metabolites, at the tested conditions, are cytotoxic and inflict deleterious DNA modifications to L5178Y cells in culture. Damage was verified by viable cell counts, MTT assay, colony forming ability, induction of mutation in the thymidine kinase gene, internucleosomal DNA cleavage, and single strand breaks. The intensity of the tested sugars to impose damage increased significantly in the following order: sucrose = glucose 1-phosphate < glucose < glucose 6-phosphate < fructose 1-phosphate = fructose < fructose 6-phosphate. Aminoguanidine, an inhibitor of the glycation reaction, inhibited internucleosomal DNA cleavage. Taken together, these results suggest that fructose triggers deleterious modification in cultured cells through the glycation process, and thus should deserve more attention as an agent that may induce physiological complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boaz Levi
- Department of Food Engineering and Biotechnology, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
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Hernandez VP, Higgins L, Fallon AM. Characterization and cDNA cloning of an immune-induced lysozyme from cultured Aedes albopictus mosquito cells. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2003; 27:11-20. [PMID: 12477497 DOI: 10.1016/s0145-305x(02)00065-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Protein chemistry and cDNA sequencing were used to identify an Aedes albopictus mosquito lysozyme secreted after treatment of cultured cells with heat-killed bacteria. On acid gels, the putative lysozyme activity ran just ahead of the cecropin band. Elution of this activity yielded a single band on SDS gels, with a mass of approximately 14 kDa. Mass spectral analysis of the silver-stained band uncovered five tryptic peptides with masses that matched peptides from an Aedes aegypti lysozyme, which we had previously characterized from the Aag-2 mosquito cell line. Based on this tentative identification, the Ae. albopictus lysozyme cDNA was cloned using PCR-based approaches. The full length cDNA sequence was used to deduce the sequences and masses of theoretical tryptic peptides that would be detected after matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time of flight (MALDI-TOF) and tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS). In aggregate, this analysis uncovered seven peptides that encoded 75 of the 125 amino acids in the mature Ae. albopictus lysozyme. In a phylogenetic analysis, the Aedes lysozymes were most closely related to the Anopheles lysozymes. As a group the mosquito lysozymes were more closely related to lysozymes from various Lepidopteran species than to those from higher Diptera such as Drosophila and Musca, which have evolved a digestive function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vida P Hernandez
- Department of Entomology, University of Minnesota, 1980 Folwell Avenue, St Paul, MN 55108, USA
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Anderson LB, Maderia M, Ouellette AJA, Putnam-Evans C, Higgins L, Krick T, MacCoss MJ, Lim H, Yates JR, Barry BA. Posttranslational modifications in the CP43 subunit of photosystem II. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2002; 99:14676-81. [PMID: 12417747 PMCID: PMC137478 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.232591599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Photosystem II (PSII) catalyzes the light-driven oxidation of water and the reduction of plastoquinone; the oxidation of water occurs at a cluster of four manganese. The PSII CP43 subunit functions in light harvesting, and mutations in the fifth luminal loop (E) of CP43 have established its importance in PSII structure and/or assembly [Kuhn, M. G. & Vermaas, V. F. J. (1993) Plant Mol. Biol. 23, 123-133]. The sequence A(350)PWLEPLR(357) in luminal loop E is conserved in CP43 genes from 50 organisms. To map important posttranslational modifications in this sequence, tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) was used. These data show that the indole side chain of Trp-352 is posttranslationally modified to give mass shifts of +4, +16, and +18 daltons. The masses of the modifications suggest that the tryptophan is modified to kynurenine (+4), a keto-/amino-/hydroxy- (+16) derivative, and a dihydro-hydroxy- (+18) derivative of the indole side chain. Peptide synthesis and MS/MS confirmed the kynurenine assignment. The +16 and +18 tryptophan modifications may be intermediates formed during the oxidative cleavage of the indole ring to give kynurenine. The site-directed mutations, W352C, W352L, and W352A, exhibit an increased rate of photoinhibition relative to wild type. We hypothesize that Trp-352 oxidative modifications are a byproduct of PSII water-splitting or electron transfer reactions and that these modifications target PSII for turnover. As a step toward understanding the tertiary structure of this CP43 peptide, structural modeling was performed by using molecular dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorraine B Anderson
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, St. Paul 55108, USA
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Abstract
Arylamines and nitroarenes are very important intermediates in the industrial manufacture of dyes, pesticides and plastics, and are significant environmental pollutants. The metabolic steps of N-oxidation and nitroreduction to yield N-hydroxyarylamines are crucial for the toxic properties of arylamines and nitroarenes. Nitroarenes are reduced by microorganisms in the gut or by nitroreductases and aldehyde dehydrogenase in hepatocytes to nitrosoarenes and N-hydroxyarylamines. N-Hydroxyarylamines can be further metabolized to N-sulphonyloxyarylamines, N-acetoxyarylamines or N-hydroxyarylamine N-glucuronide. These highly reactive intermediates are responsible for the genotoxic and cytotoxic effects of this class of compounds. N-Hydroxyarylamines can form adducts with DNA, tissue proteins, and the blood proteins albumin and haemoglobin in a dose-dependent manner. DNA and protein adducts have been used to biomonitor humans exposed to such compounds. All these steps are dependent on enzymes, which are present in polymorphic forms. This article reviews the metabolism of arylamines and nitroarenes and the biomonitoring studies performed in animals and humans exposed to these substances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriele Sabbioni
- Walther-Straub-Institut für Pharmakologie und Toxikologie, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Nussbaumstrasse 26, D-80336 München, Germany.
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38
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Gómez-Baena G, Diez J, García-Fernández JM, El Alaoui S, Humanes L. Regulation of glutamine synthetase by metal-catalyzed oxidative modification in the marine oxyphotobacterium Prochlorococcus. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2001; 1568:237-44. [PMID: 11786230 DOI: 10.1016/s0304-4165(01)00226-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The inactivation of glutamine synthetase (GS; EC 6.3.1.2) by metal-catalyzed oxidation (MCO) systems was studied in several Prochlorococcus strains, including the axenic PCC 9511. GS was inactivated in the presence of various oxidative systems, either enzymatic (as NAD(P)H+NAD(P)H-oxidase+Fe(3+)+O(2)) or non-enzymatic (as ascorbate+Fe(3+)+O(2)). This process required the presence of oxygen and a metal cation, and is prevented under anaerobic conditions. Catalase and peroxidase, but not superoxide dismutase, effectively protected the enzyme against inactivation, suggesting that hydrogen peroxide mediates this mechanism, although it is not directly responsible for the reaction. Addition of azide (an inhibitor of both catalase and peroxidase) to the MCO systems enhanced the inactivation. Different thiols induced the inactivation of the enzyme, even in the absence of added metals. However, this inactivation could not be reverted by addition of strong oxidants, as hydrogen peroxide or oxidized glutathione. After studying the effect of addition of the physiological substrates and products of GS on the inactivation mechanism, we could detect a protective effect in the case of inorganic phosphate and glutamine. Immunochemical determinations showed that the concentration of GS protein significantly decreased by effect of the MCO systems, indicating that inactivation precedes the degradation of the enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Gómez-Baena
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Edificio Severo Ochoa, 1a planta, Campus de Rabanales, Universidad de Córdoba, E-14071 Córdoba, Spain
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Kondo M, Oya-Ito T, Kumagai T, Osawa T, Uchida K. Cyclopentenone prostaglandins as potential inducers of intracellular oxidative stress. J Biol Chem 2001; 276:12076-83. [PMID: 11278531 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m009630200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
In the present study, we find that cyclopentenone prostaglandins (PGs) of the J(2) series, naturally occurring derivatives of PGD(2), are potential inducers of intracellular oxidative stress that mediates cell degeneration. Based on an extensive screening of diverse chemical agents on induction of intracellular production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), we found that the cyclopentenone PGs, such as PGA(2), PGJ(2), Delta(12)-PGJ(2), and 15-deoxy-Delta(12,14)-PGJ(2), showed the most potent pro-oxidant effect on SH-SY5Y human neuroblastoma cells. As the intracellular events that mediate the PG cytotoxicity, we observed (i) the cellular redox alteration represented by depletion of antioxidant defenses, such as glutathione and glutathione peroxidase; (ii) a transient decrease in the mitochondrial membrane potential (Deltapsi); (iii) the production of protein-bound lipid peroxidation products, such as acrolein and 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal; and (iv) the accumulation of ubiquitinated proteins. These events correlated well with the reduction in cell viability. In addition, the thiol compound, N-acetylcysteine, could significantly inhibit the PG-induced ROS production, thereby preventing cytotoxicity, suggesting that the redox alteration is closely related to the pro-oxidant effect of cyclopentenone PGs. More strikingly, the lipid peroxidation end products, acrolein and 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal, detected in the PG-treated cells potently induced the ROS production, which was accompanied by the accumulation of ubiquitinated proteins and cell death, suggesting that the membrane lipid peroxidation products may represent one of the causative factors that potentiate the cytotoxic effect of cyclopentenone PGs by accelerating intracellular oxidative stress. These data suggest that the intracellular oxidative stress, represented by ROS production/lipid peroxidation and redox alteration, may underlie the well documented biological effects, such as antiproliferative and antitumor activities, of cyclopentenone PGs.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Kondo
- Laboratory of Food and Biodynamics, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
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40
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Abstract
Although different theories have been proposed to explain the aging process, it is generally agreed that there is a correlation between aging and the accumulation of oxidatively damaged proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids. Oxidatively modified proteins have been shown to increase as a function of age. Studies reveal an age-related increase in the level of protein carbonyl content, oxidized methionine, protein hydrophobicity, and cross-linked and glycated proteins as well as the accumulation of less active enzymes that are more susceptible to heat inactivation and proteolytic degredation. Factors that decelerate protein oxidation also increase the life span of animals and vice versa. Furthermore, a number of age-related diseases have been shown to be associated with elevated levels of oxidatively modified proteins. The chemistry of reactive oxygen species-mediated protein modification will be discussed. The accumulation of oxidatively modified proteins may reflect deficiencies in one or more parameters of a complex function that maintains a delicate balance between the presence of a multiplicity of prooxidants, antioxidants, and repair, replacement, or elimination of biologically damaged proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- E R Stadtman
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-0342, USA.
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Abstract
Aging is a universal process that began with the origination of life about 3.5 billion years ago. Accumulation of the diverse deleterious changes produced by aging throughout the cells and tissues progressively impairs function and can eventually cause death. Aging changes can be attributed to development, genetic defects, the environment, disease, and an inborn process--the aging process. The chance of death at a given age serves as a measure of the average number of aging changes accumulated by persons of that age, that is, of physiologic age, and the rate of change of this measure as the rate of aging. Chances for death are decreased by improvements in general living conditions. As a result, during the past two millennia average life expectancy at birth (ALE-B), determined by the chances for death, of humans has risen from 30 years, in ancient Rome, to almost 80 years today in the developed countries. Chances for death in the developed countries are now near limiting values and ALE-Bs are approaching plateau values that are 6-9 years less than the potential maximum of about 85 years. Chances for death are now largely determined by the inherent aging process after age 28. Only 1.1% of female cohorts in Sweden die before this age; the remainder die off at an exponentially increasing rate with advancing age. The inherent aging process limits ALE-B to around 85 years, and the maximum life span (MLS) to about 122 years. Past efforts to increase ALE-B did not require an understanding of aging. Such knowledge will be necessary in the future to significantly increase ALE-B and MLS, and to satisfactorily ameliorate the medical, economic, and social problems associated with advancing age. The many theories advanced to account for aging should be used, to the extent it is feasible, to help with these important practical problems, including applications of the free radical theory of aging. Past measures evolved by societies to ensure adequate care for older individuals are rapidly becoming inadequate because of changes in life style, the growing percentage of older people, declining fertility rates, and the diminishing size of the work forces to provide for the elderly. Measures are being advanced to help with this problem. Prospects are bright for further increases in the span of functional life and improvements in the lives of the elderly.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Harman
- Department of Medicine, University of Nebraska College of Medicine, Omaha 68198-4635, USA.
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Mira H, Martínez-García F, Peñarrubia L. Evidence for the plant-specific intercellular transport of the Arabidopsis copper chaperone CCH. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2001; 25:521-8. [PMID: 11309142 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-313x.2001.00985.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Arabidopsis copper chaperone (CCH) belongs to a family of eukaryotic proteins that participates in intracellular copper homeostasis by delivering this metal to the secretory pathway. In this work we show that the CCH protein is mainly located along the vascular bundles of senescing leaves and petioles, as shown by tissue prints and immunohistochemical detection. CCH protein also accumulates in stem sieve elements and is collected in phloem exudates. Accordingly, Arabidopsis CCH is the only member of the metallochaperone family described to function intercellularly to date. Moreover, the CCH protein remains stable when plants are subjected to excess copper that causes a rapid and specific decrease in its mRNA. These facts point to a role for CCH in copper mobilization from decaying organs towards reproductive structures, as a result of metalloprotein breakdown.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Mira
- Deparment de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Universitat de València, Dr. Moliner, 50 Burjassot 46100 València, Spain
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43
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Thapar N, Kim AK, Clarke S. Distinct patterns of expression but similar biochemical properties of protein L-isoaspartyl methyltransferase in higher plants. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2001; 125:1023-35. [PMID: 11161058 PMCID: PMC64902 DOI: 10.1104/pp.125.2.1023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Protein L-isoaspartyl methyltransferase is a widely distributed repair enzyme that initiates the conversion of abnormal L-isoaspartyl residues to their normal L-aspartyl forms. Here we show that this activity is expressed in developing corn (Zea mays) and carrot (Daucus carota var. Danvers Half Long) plants in patterns distinct from those previously seen in winter wheat (Triticum aestivum cv Augusta) and thale cress (Arabidopsis thaliana), whereas the pattern of expression observed in rice (Oryza sativa) is similar to that of winter wheat. Although high levels of activity are found in the seeds of all of these plants, relatively high levels of activity in vegetative tissues are only found in corn and carrot. The activity in leaves was found to decrease with aging, an unexpected finding given the postulated role of this enzyme in repairing age-damaged proteins. In contrast with the situation in wheat and Arabidopsis, we found that osmotic or salt stress could increase the methyltransferase activity in newly germinated seeds (but not in seeds or seedlings), whereas abscisic acid had no effect. We found that the corn, rice, and carrot enzymes have comparable affinity for methyl-accepting substrates and similar optimal temperatures for activity of 45 degrees C to 55 degrees C as the wheat and Arabidopsis enzymes. These experiments suggest that this enzyme may have specific roles in different plant tissues despite a common catalytic function.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Thapar
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and the Molecular Biology Institute, Paul D. Boyer Hall, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095-1569, USA
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Ferrington DA, Sun H, Murray KK, Costa J, Williams TD, Bigelow DJ, Squier TC. Selective degradation of oxidized calmodulin by the 20 S proteasome. J Biol Chem 2001; 276:937-43. [PMID: 11010965 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m005356200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
We have investigated the mechanisms that target oxidized calmodulin for degradation by the proteasome. After methionine oxidation within calmodulin, rates of degradation by the 20 S proteasome are substantially enhanced. Mass spectrometry was used to identify the time course of the proteolytic fragments released from the proteasome. Oxidized calmodulin is initially degraded into large proteolytic fragments that are released from the proteasome and subsequently degraded into small peptides that vary in size from 6 to 12 amino acids. To investigate the molecular determinants that result in the selective degradation of oxidized calmodulin, we used circular dichroism and fluorescence spectroscopy to assess oxidant-induced structural changes. There is a linear correlation between decreases in secondary structure and the rate of degradation. Calcium binding or the repair of oxidized calmodulin by methionine sulfoxide reductase induces comparable changes in alpha-helical content and rates of degradation. In contrast, alterations in the surface hydrophobicity of oxidized calmodulin do not alter the rate of degradation by the proteasome, indicating that changes in surface hydrophobicity do not necessarily lead to enhanced proteolytic susceptibility. These results suggest that decreases in secondary structure expose proteolytically sensitive sites in oxidized calmodulin that are cleaved by the proteasome in a nonprocessive manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- D A Ferrington
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA
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45
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Pogocki D, Ghezzo-Schöneich E, Schöneich C. Conformational Flexibility Controls Proton Transfer between the Methionine Hydroxy Sulfuranyl Radical and the N-Terminal Amino Group in Thr−(X)n−Met Peptides. J Phys Chem B 2001. [DOI: 10.1021/jp003450m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Dariusz Pogocki
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Kansas, 2095 Constant Avenue, Lawrence, Kansas 66047, and Institute of Nuclear Chemistry and Technology, Dorodna 16, 03-195 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Elena Ghezzo-Schöneich
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Kansas, 2095 Constant Avenue, Lawrence, Kansas 66047, and Institute of Nuclear Chemistry and Technology, Dorodna 16, 03-195 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Christian Schöneich
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Kansas, 2095 Constant Avenue, Lawrence, Kansas 66047, and Institute of Nuclear Chemistry and Technology, Dorodna 16, 03-195 Warsaw, Poland
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46
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Metzler DE, Metzler CM, Sauke DJ. An Introduction to Metabolism. Biochemistry 2001. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-012492543-4/50013-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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47
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Thapar N, Clarke S. Expression, purification, and characterization of the protein repair l-isoaspartyl methyltransferase from Arabidopsis thaliana. Protein Expr Purif 2000; 20:237-51. [PMID: 11049748 DOI: 10.1006/prep.2000.1311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Protein l-isoaspartate (d-aspartate) O-methyltransferase (EC 2.1.1. 77) is a repair enzyme that methylates abnormal l-isoaspartate residues in proteins which arise spontaneously as a result of aging. This enzyme initiates their conversion back into the normal l-aspartate form by a methyl esterification reaction. Previously, partial cDNAs of this enzyme were isolated from the higher plant Arabidopsis thaliana. In this study, we report the cloning and expression of a full-length cDNA of l-isoaspartyl methyltransferase from A. thaliana into Escherichia coli under the P(BAD) promoter, which offers a high level of expression under a tight regulatory control. The enzyme is found largely in the soluble fraction. We purified this recombinant enzyme to homogeneity using a series of steps involving DEAE-cellulose, gel filtration, and hydrophobic interaction chromatographies. The homogeneous enzyme was found to have maximum activity at 45 degrees C and a pH optimum from 7 to 8. The enzyme was found to have a wide range of affinities for l-isoaspartate-containing peptides and displayed relatively poor reactivity toward protein substrates. The best methyl-accepting substrates were KASA-l-isoAsp-LAKY (K(m) = 80 microM) and VYP-l-isoAsp-HA (K(m) = 310 microM). We also expressed the full-length form and a truncated version of this enzyme (lacking the N-terminal 26 amino acid residues) in E. coli under the T7 promoter. Both the full-length and the truncated forms were active, though overexpression of the truncated enzyme led to a complete loss of activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Thapar
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Molecular Biology Institute, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
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48
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Bautista J, Corpas R, Ramos R, Cremades O, Gutiérrez JF, Alegre S. Brain mitochondrial complex I inactivation by oxidative modification. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2000; 275:890-4. [PMID: 10973817 DOI: 10.1006/bbrc.2000.3388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
In vitro oxidation of the brain mitochondrial complex I by the hydroxyl radical generating system ascorbate/Fe(III)/O(2) has been carried out. Complex I inactivation, by oxidation, has been studied using a method based on the resolution of proteins by blue native polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (BN-PAGE), followed by total protein quantification by staining with Coomassie brilliant blue, in-gel activity quantification, and quantification of oxidized proteins by labelling with DIG-hydrazide and immunodetection with an anti-DIG-AP. Quantification was carried out by densitometry procedure. Our results show that oxidation is a continuous process, increasing rapidly at the beginning, reaching a plateau after 8 h of incubation. There is practically no inactivation until a threshold value of damage is reached. Below this, the complex activity is resistant to the aggression of oxygen-reactive substances and free radicals, but once the threshold value is passed, activity is lost rapidly.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Bautista
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, 41012, Spain.
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49
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Abstract
All biomacromolecules are faced with oxidative stress. Oxidation of a protein molecule always induces inactivation of the molecule and introduces a tag to that molecule. These modified protein molecules are prone to degradation in vivo by the proteasome system. Coupling of protein modification and degradation of chemically modified proteins is one of the normal protein turnover pathways in vivo. We call this a 'chemical apoptosis' process, which is one of the early manifestations of programmed cell death. Impairment of the proteasome system leads to accumulation of modified nonfunctional proteins or 'aged proteins' that might cause various clinical syndromes including cataractogenesis, premature aging, neurological degeneration and rheumatoid disease. The metal-catalyzed oxidation of biomacromolecules provides an excellent artificial aging system in vitro. The system is very useful in the characterization of structure and function relationships of proteins (enzymes), especially in those containing metal binding domain(s), because the oxidation is always followed by an affinity cleavage at the metal binding site(s) that allows easy identification and further characterization.
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Affiliation(s)
- T C Chang
- Department of Biochemistry, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
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50
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Tarcsa E, Szymanska G, Lecker S, O'Connor CM, Goldberg AL. Ca2+-free calmodulin and calmodulin damaged by in vitro aging are selectively degraded by 26 S proteasomes without ubiquitination. J Biol Chem 2000; 275:20295-301. [PMID: 10791958 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m001555200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The ubiquitin-proteasome pathway is believed to selectively degrade post-synthetically damaged proteins in eukaryotic cells. To study this process we used calmodulin (CaM) as a substrate because of its importance in cell regulation and because it acquires isoaspartyl residues in its Ca(2+)-binding regions both in vivo and after in vitro "aging" (incubation for 2 weeks without Ca(2+)). When microinjected into Xenopus oocytes, in vitro aged CaM was degraded much faster than native CaM by a proteasome-dependent process. Similarly, in HeLa cell extracts aged CaM was degraded at a higher rate, even though it was not conjugated to ubiquitin more rapidly than the native species. Ca(2+) stimulated the ubiquitination of both species, but inhibited their degradation. Thus, for CaM, ubiquitination and proteolysis appear to be dissociated. Accordingly, purified muscle 26 S proteasomes could degrade aged CaM and native Ca(2+)-free (apo) CaM without ubiquitination. Addition of Ca(2+) dramatically reduced degradation of the native molecules but only slightly reduced the breakdown of the aged species. Thus, upon Ca(2+) binding, native CaM assumes a non-degradable conformation, which most of the age-damaged species cannot assume. Thus, flexible conformations, as may arise from age-induced damage or the absence of ligands, can promote degradation directly by the proteasome without ubiquitination.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Tarcsa
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
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