1
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Anannya O, Huang W, August A. The kinase ITK controls a Ca 2+-mediated switch that balances T H17 and T reg cell differentiation. Sci Signal 2024; 17:eadh2381. [PMID: 39042726 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.adh2381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2023] [Revised: 11/13/2023] [Accepted: 07/01/2024] [Indexed: 07/25/2024]
Abstract
The balance of proinflammatory T helper type 17 (TH17) and anti-inflammatory T regulatory (Treg) cells is crucial for immune homeostasis in health and disease. The differentiation of naïve CD4+ T cells into TH17 and Treg cells depends on T cell receptor (TCR) signaling mediated, in part, by interleukin-2-inducible T cell kinase (ITK), which stimulates mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) and Ca2+ signaling. Here, we report that, in the absence of ITK activity, naïve murine CD4+ T cells cultured under TH17-inducing conditions expressed the Treg transcription factor Foxp3 and did not develop into TH17 cells. Furthermore, ITK inhibition in vivo during allergic inflammation increased the Treg:TH17 ratio in the lung. These switched Foxp3+ Treg-like cells had suppressive function, and their transcriptomic profile resembled that of differentiated, induced Treg (iTreg) cells, but their chromatin accessibility profiles were intermediate between TH17 and iTreg cells. Like iTreg cells, switched Foxp3+ Treg-like cells had reductions in the expression of genes involved in mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation and glycolysis, in the activation of the mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling pathway, and in the abundance of the TH17 pioneer transcription factor BATF. This ITK-dependent switch between TH17 and Treg cells depended on Ca2+ signaling but not on MAPKs. These findings suggest potential strategies for fine-tuning TCR signal strength through ITK to control the balance of TH17 and Treg cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Orchi Anannya
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Weishan Huang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
| | - Avery August
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
- Cornell Center for Immunology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
- Cornell Institute of Host-Microbe Interactions and Disease, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
- Cornell Center for Health Equity, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
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2
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Ogawa N, Ohta M, Ikeguchi M. Conformational Selectivity of ITK Inhibitors: Insights from Molecular Dynamics Simulations. J Chem Inf Model 2023; 63:7860-7872. [PMID: 38069816 PMCID: PMC10751800 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jcim.3c01352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Revised: 11/24/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/26/2023]
Abstract
Interleukin-2-inducible T-cell kinase (ITK) regulates the response to T-cell receptor signaling and is a drug target for inflammatory and immunological diseases. Molecules that bind preferentially to the active form of ITK have low selectivity between kinases, whereas those that bind preferentially to the inactive form have high selectivity for ITK. Therefore, computational methods to predict the conformational selectivity of compounds are required to design highly selective ITK inhibitors. In this study, we performed absolute binding free-energy perturbation (ABFEP) simulations for 11 compounds on both active and inactive forms of ITK, and the calculated binding free energies were compared with experimental data. The conformational selectivity of 10 of the 11 compounds was correctly predicted using ABFEP. To investigate the mechanism underlying the stabilization of the active and inactive structures by the compounds, we performed extensive, conventional molecular dynamics simulations, which revealed that the compound-induced stabilization of the P-loop and linkage of conformational changes in L489, V419, F501, and M410 upon compound binding were critical factors. A guideline for designing inactive-form binders is proposed based on these key structural factors. The ABFEP and the created guidelines are expected to facilitate the discovery of highly selective ITK inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoki Ogawa
- Graduate
School of Medicinal Life Science, Yokohama
City University, 1-7-29, Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan
- Central
Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Japan
Tobacco Inc., 1-1, Murasaki-cho, Takatsuki, Osaka 569-1125, Japan
| | - Masateru Ohta
- HPC-
and AI-Driven Drug Development Platform Division, Center for Computational
Science, RIKEN, 1-7-22, Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan
| | - Mitsunori Ikeguchi
- Graduate
School of Medicinal Life Science, Yokohama
City University, 1-7-29, Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan
- HPC-
and AI-Driven Drug Development Platform Division, Center for Computational
Science, RIKEN, 1-7-22, Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan
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3
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Zhao M, Li L, Kiernan CH, Castro Eiro MD, Dammeijer F, van Meurs M, Brouwers-Haspels I, Wilmsen MEP, Grashof DGB, van de Werken HJG, Hendriks RW, Aerts JG, Mueller YM, Katsikis PD. Overcoming immune checkpoint blockade resistance in solid tumors with intermittent ITK inhibition. Sci Rep 2023; 13:15678. [PMID: 37735204 PMCID: PMC10514027 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-42871-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2023] [Accepted: 09/15/2023] [Indexed: 09/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Cytotoxic CD8 + T cell (CTL) exhaustion is driven by chronic antigen stimulation. Reversing CTL exhaustion with immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) has provided clinical benefits in different types of cancer. We, therefore, investigated whether modulating chronic antigen stimulation and T-cell receptor (TCR) signaling with an IL2-inducible T-cell kinase (ITK) inhibitor, could confer ICB responsiveness to ICB resistant solid tumors. In vivo intermittent treatment of 3 ICB-resistant solid tumor (melanoma, mesothelioma or pancreatic cancer) with ITK inhibitor significantly improved ICB therapy. ITK inhibition directly reinvigorate exhausted CTL in vitro as it enhanced cytokine production, decreased inhibitory receptor expression, and downregulated the transcription factor TOX. Our study demonstrates that intermittent ITK inhibition can be used to directly ameliorate CTL exhaustion and enhance immunotherapies even in solid tumors that are ICB resistant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manzhi Zhao
- Department of Immunology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Dr. Molewaterplein 40, 3015 GD, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital (Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences), Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510080, Guangdong, China
| | - Ling Li
- Department of Immunology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Dr. Molewaterplein 40, 3015 GD, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Caoimhe H Kiernan
- Department of Immunology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Dr. Molewaterplein 40, 3015 GD, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Melisa D Castro Eiro
- Department of Immunology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Dr. Molewaterplein 40, 3015 GD, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Floris Dammeijer
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Erasmus University Medical Center, Dr. Molewaterplein 40, 3015 GD, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marjan van Meurs
- Department of Immunology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Dr. Molewaterplein 40, 3015 GD, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Inge Brouwers-Haspels
- Department of Immunology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Dr. Molewaterplein 40, 3015 GD, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Merel E P Wilmsen
- Department of Immunology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Dr. Molewaterplein 40, 3015 GD, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Dwin G B Grashof
- Department of Immunology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Dr. Molewaterplein 40, 3015 GD, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Harmen J G van de Werken
- Department of Immunology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Dr. Molewaterplein 40, 3015 GD, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Cancer Computational Biology Center, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Erasmus University Medical Center, Dr. Molewaterplein 40, 3015 GD, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Rudi W Hendriks
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Erasmus University Medical Center, Dr. Molewaterplein 40, 3015 GD, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Joachim G Aerts
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Erasmus University Medical Center, Dr. Molewaterplein 40, 3015 GD, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Yvonne M Mueller
- Department of Immunology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Dr. Molewaterplein 40, 3015 GD, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Peter D Katsikis
- Department of Immunology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Dr. Molewaterplein 40, 3015 GD, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
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4
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Green JR, Mahalingaiah PKS, Gopalakrishnan SM, Liguori MJ, Mittelstadt SW, Blomme EAG, Van Vleet TR. Off-target pharmacological activity at various kinases: Potential functional and pathological side effects. J Pharmacol Toxicol Methods 2023; 123:107468. [PMID: 37553032 DOI: 10.1016/j.vascn.2023.107468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Revised: 06/16/2023] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 08/10/2023]
Abstract
In drug discovery, during the lead optimization and candidate characterization stages, novel small molecules are frequently evaluated in a battery of in vitro pharmacology assays to identify potential unintended, off-target interactions with various receptors, transporters, ion channels, and enzymes, including kinases. Furthermore, these screening panels may also provide utility at later stages of development to provide a mechanistic understanding of unexpected safety findings. Here, we present a compendium of the most likely functional and pathological outcomes associated with interaction(s) to a panel of 95 kinases based on an extensive curation of the scientific literature. This panel of kinases was designed by AbbVie based on safety-related data extracted from the literature, as well as from over 20 years of institutional knowledge generated from discovery efforts. For each kinase, the scientific literature was reviewed using online databases and the most often reported functional and pathological effects were summarized. This work should serve as a practical guide for small molecule drug discovery scientists and clinical investigators to predict and/or interpret adverse effects related to pharmacological interactions with these kinases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathon R Green
- Departments of Preclinical Safety, AbbVie, 1 North Waukegan Road, North Chicago, IL 60064, United States.
| | | | - Sujatha M Gopalakrishnan
- Drug Discovery Science and Technology, AbbVie, 1 North Waukegan Road, North Chicago, IL 60064, United States
| | - Michael J Liguori
- Departments of Preclinical Safety, AbbVie, 1 North Waukegan Road, North Chicago, IL 60064, United States
| | - Scott W Mittelstadt
- Departments of Preclinical Safety, AbbVie, 1 North Waukegan Road, North Chicago, IL 60064, United States
| | - Eric A G Blomme
- Departments of Preclinical Safety, AbbVie, 1 North Waukegan Road, North Chicago, IL 60064, United States
| | - Terry R Van Vleet
- Departments of Preclinical Safety, AbbVie, 1 North Waukegan Road, North Chicago, IL 60064, United States
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5
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Jiang B, Weinstock DM, Donovan KA, Sun HW, Wolfe A, Amaka S, Donaldson NL, Wu G, Jiang Y, Wilcox RA, Fischer ES, Gray NS, Wu W. ITK degradation to block T cell receptor signaling and overcome therapeutic resistance in T cell lymphomas. Cell Chem Biol 2023; 30:383-393.e6. [PMID: 37015223 PMCID: PMC10151063 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2023.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Revised: 01/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 04/05/2023]
Abstract
Interleukin (IL)-2-inducible T cell kinase (ITK) is essential for T cell receptor (TCR) signaling and plays an integral role in T cell proliferation and differentiation. Unlike the ITK homolog BTK, no inhibitors of ITK are currently US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved. In addition, recent studies have identified mutations within BTK that confer resistance to both covalent and non-covalent inhibitors. Here, as an alternative strategy, we report the development of BSJ-05-037, a potent and selective heterobifunctional degrader of ITK. BSJ-05-037 displayed enhanced anti-proliferative effects relative to its parent inhibitor BMS-509744, blocked the activation of NF-kB/GATA-3 signaling, and increased the sensitivity of T cell lymphoma cells to cytotoxic chemotherapy both in vitro and in vivo. In summary, targeted degradation of ITK is a novel approach to modulate TCR signal strength that could have broad application for the investigation and treatment of T cell-mediated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baishan Jiang
- Department of Radiation and Medical Oncology, Medical Research Institute, Frontier Science Center of Immunology and Metabolism, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - David M Weinstock
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Katherine A Donovan
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Hong-Wei Sun
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tumor Interventional Diagnosis and Treatment, Zhuhai Institute of Translational Medicine, Zhuhai People's Hospital, Jinan University, Zhuhai, China
| | - Ashley Wolfe
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Sam Amaka
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Nicholas L Donaldson
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Gongwei Wu
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Center for Functional Cancer Epigenetics, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Yuan Jiang
- Department of Radiation and Medical Oncology, Medical Research Institute, Frontier Science Center of Immunology and Metabolism, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Ryan A Wilcox
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Eric S Fischer
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Nathanael S Gray
- Department of Chemical and Systems Biology, ChEM-H, Stanford Cancer Institute, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
| | - Wenchao Wu
- Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China.
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6
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Anannya O, Huang W, August A. ITK signaling regulates a switch between T helper 17 and T regulatory cell lineages via a calcium-mediated pathway. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.04.01.535229. [PMID: 37066370 PMCID: PMC10103963 DOI: 10.1101/2023.04.01.535229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
The balance of pro-inflammatory T helper type 17 (Th17) and anti-inflammatory T regulatory (Treg) cells is crucial in maintaining immune homeostasis in health and disease conditions. Differentiation of naïve CD4+ T cells into Th17/Treg cells is dependent upon T cell receptor (TCR) activation and cytokine signaling, which includes the kinase ITK. Signals from ITK can regulate the differentiation of Th17 and Treg cell fate choice, however, the mechanism remains to be fully understood. We report here that in the absence of ITK activity, instead of developing into Th17 cells under Th17 conditions, naïve CD4+ T cells switch to cells expressing the Treg marker Foxp3 (Forkhead box P3). These switched Foxp3+ Treg like cells retain suppressive function and resemble differentiated induced Tregs in their transcriptomic profile, although their chromatin accessibility profiles are intermediate between Th17 and induced Tregs cells. Generation of the switched Foxp3+ Treg like cells was associated with reduced expression of molecules involved in mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation and glycolysis, with reduced activation of the mTOR signaling pathway, and reduced expression of BATF. This ITK dependent switch between Th17 and Treg cells was reversed by increasing intracellular calcium. These findings suggest potential strategies for fine tune the TCR signal strength via ITK to regulate the balance of Th17/Treg cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Orchi Anannya
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Weishan Huang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
| | - Avery August
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
- Cornell Center for Immunology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
- Cornell Institute of Host-Microbe Interactions and Defense, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
- Cornell Center for Health Equity, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
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7
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Gong X, Chen T, Lin C, Ping H, Tong X, Zhang K, Chen Z, Cai C, Lu Z, Ke H. Bioinformatics Analysis of the Prognostic Significance of VPS16 in Hepatocellular Carcinoma and Its Role in Drug Screening. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 2023:2501596. [PMID: 37124933 PMCID: PMC10137196 DOI: 10.1155/2023/2501596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Revised: 02/23/2023] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Background Vacuolar protein sorting 16 (VPS16) overexpression was recently considered related to cancer growth and drug resistance; however, little is known about whether VPS16 plays a vital role in liver hepatocellular carcinoma (LIHC). Methods The TIMER2 online database was used to analyze the expression of VPS16 in pancancer, and the Xena Browser was used to explore the correlation between VPS16 expression level and survival time. R language was used to test the survival data of 374 LIHC cases in the TCGA database. DESeq2 was used for differentially expressed gene (DEG) analysis. The HPA database was used to verify the expression level of VPS16 in LIHC. The clusterProfiler package was used to analyze functions and related signaling pathways via GO/KEGG enrichment analysis. Drug sensitivity analysis and molecular docking technology were used to screen the most sensitive drugs targeting VPS16 molecules. Results Pancancer analysis showed that VPS16 was highly expressed in various tumors, especially in LIHC. With the increase in the T stage and grade of LIHC, the expression level of VPS16 was also increased. The expression of VPS16 was negatively correlated with the overall survival of LIHC patients. The stage can be used as an independent prognostic factor. A total of 63 sensitive drugs were found, and 19 drugs were displaying strong molecular binding energy with VPS16. Conclusion VPS16 may be a potential biomarker for the diagnosis and prognosis of LIHC. Drugs targeting VPS16 may be used in the treatment of LIHC in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoming Gong
- Department of Infectious Disease, Hubei AIDS Clinical Training Center, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Donghu Road 169, Wuchang District 430000, Wuhan, China
- Department of Radiology, Xianning Central Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hubei University of Science and Technology, Xianning, Hubei, China
| | - Tao Chen
- Department of Radiology, Xianning Central Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hubei University of Science and Technology, Xianning, Hubei, China
| | - Cheyu Lin
- Department of Infectious Disease, Hubei AIDS Clinical Training Center, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Donghu Road 169, Wuchang District 430000, Wuhan, China
| | - Haiqin Ping
- Department of Infectious Disease, Hubei AIDS Clinical Training Center, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Donghu Road 169, Wuchang District 430000, Wuhan, China
| | - Xin Tong
- Department of Infectious Disease, Hubei AIDS Clinical Training Center, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Donghu Road 169, Wuchang District 430000, Wuhan, China
| | - Kai Zhang
- Department of Infectious Disease, Hubei AIDS Clinical Training Center, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Donghu Road 169, Wuchang District 430000, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhaojun Chen
- Department of Infectious Disease, Hubei AIDS Clinical Training Center, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Donghu Road 169, Wuchang District 430000, Wuhan, China
| | - Caiyun Cai
- Department of Infectious Disease, Hubei AIDS Clinical Training Center, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Donghu Road 169, Wuchang District 430000, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhiyan Lu
- Department of Radiology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Donghu Road 169, Wuchang District 430000, Wuhan, China
| | - Hengning Ke
- Department of Infectious Disease, Hubei AIDS Clinical Training Center, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Donghu Road 169, Wuchang District 430000, Wuhan, China
- Cancer Research Institute, General Hospital, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
- Wuhan Research Center for Infectious Diseases and Cancer, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Wuhan, China
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8
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Ganie MA, Bhat MUS, Rizvi MA, Raheem S, Shah BA. Photoredox-Promoted Selective Synthesis of C-5 Thiolated 2-Aminothiazoles from Terminal Alkynes. Org Lett 2022; 24:7757-7762. [PMID: 36240126 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.2c03064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A mild photoredox approach enabling the first one-step synthesis of thiolated 2-aminothiazoles has been reported. Notably, the incorporation of thio group on electron-rich heteroarenes such as aminothiazoles via conventional nucleophilic aromatic substitution (SNAr) presents a significant challenge owing to polarity mismatch. Herein, we present a remarkable site-selective installation of thio group at the C-5 position of the electron-rich aminothiazole skeleton and successfully used them for the postfunctionalization of drugs and natural products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Majid Ahmad Ganie
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India.,Natural Product & Medicinal Chemistry, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Jammu 180001, India
| | - Muneer-Ul-Shafi Bhat
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India.,Natural Product & Medicinal Chemistry, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Jammu 180001, India
| | | | - Shabnam Raheem
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kashmir, Srinagar 190006, India
| | - Bhahwal Ali Shah
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India.,Natural Product & Medicinal Chemistry, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Jammu 180001, India
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9
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Xu M, Huang S, Chen J, Xu W, Xiang R, Piao Y, Zhao S. Cytotoxic lymphocytes-related gene ITK from a systematic CRISPR screen could predict prognosis of ovarian cancer patients with distant metastasis. J Transl Med 2021; 19:447. [PMID: 34702300 PMCID: PMC8549276 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-021-03119-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2021] [Accepted: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Ovarian cancer, a highly metastatic malignancy, has benefited tremendously from advances in modern human genomics. However, the genomic variations related to the metastasis remains unclear. Methods We filtered various significant genes (n = 6722) associated with metastasis within a large-scale functional genomic CRISPR/Cas9 knock-out library including 122,756 single guide RNAs, and identified ITK (IL2 Inducible T Cell Kinase) as a potential cancer suppressor gene for ovarian cancer metastasis. Downstream bioinformatic analysis was performed for ITK using public databases. Results We found that patients in low-ITK group had poor prognosis and more distant metastasis than those in high-ITK group in TCGA and GEO databases. We also demonstrated that ITK combined with the clinical factors could accurately predict prognosis through multiple Cox regression analysis and ROC analysis. Moreover, alterations correlated with distant metastasis emereged with significantly increased expression in SAMRCD1 in low-ITK group, but CD244 and SOCS1 in high-ITK group. Integrated analysis revealed dysregulated molecular processes including predominantly oncogenic signaling pathways in low-ITK group but immune related pathways in high-ITK group, which suggested ITK might inhibit distant metastasis in ovarian cancer. Furtherly, deconvolution of the cellular composition of all samples validated the close correlation between ITK and immune related function especially for cytotoxic lymphocytes. Conclusions Together, these data provide insights into the potential role of ITK, with implications for the future development of tansformative ovarian cancer therapeutics. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12967-021-03119-3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengyao Xu
- School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Shan Huang
- School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Jiahui Chen
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and PET/CT-MRI Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Tianhe District, 613 West Huangpu Road, Guangzhou, 510630, China
| | - Wanxue Xu
- School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Rong Xiang
- School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Yongjun Piao
- School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China. .,Tianjin Key Laboratory of Human Development and Reproductive Regulation, Nankai University Affiliated Hospital of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tianjin, China.
| | - Shuangtao Zhao
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Beijing Tuberculosis and Thoracic Tumor Research Institute/Beijing Chest Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 101149, China.
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10
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Abstract
The focus of this review is to examine the role of ITK signaling in multiple diseases and investigate the clinical potential of ITK inhibition. The diseases and potential interventions reviewed include T cell-derived malignancies as well as other neoplastic diseases, allergic diseases such as asthma and atopic dermatitis, certain infectious diseases, several autoimmune disorders such as rheumatoid arthritis and psoriasis, and finally the use of ITK inhibition in both solid organ and bone marrow transplantation recipients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Weeks
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, 766 Irving Avenue Weiskotten Hall Suite 2281, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA
| | - Rebecca Harris
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, 766 Irving Avenue Weiskotten Hall Suite 2281, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA
| | - Mobin Karimi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, 766 Irving Avenue Weiskotten Hall Suite 2281, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA
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11
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Shu ST, Li WF, Smithgall TE. Visualization of Host Cell Kinase Activation by Viral Proteins Using GFP Fluorescence Complementation and Immunofluorescence Microscopy. Bio Protoc 2021; 11:e4068. [PMID: 34327265 DOI: 10.21769/bioprotoc.4068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Revised: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-receptor protein-tyrosine kinases regulate cellular responses to many external signals and are important drug discovery targets for cancer and infectious diseases. While many assays exist for the assessment of kinase activity in vitro, methods that report changes in tyrosine kinase activity in single cells have the potential to provide information about kinase responses at the cell population level. In this protocol, we combined bimolecular fluorescence complementation (BiFC), an established method for the assessment of protein-protein interactions, and immunofluorescence staining with phosphospecific antibodies to characterize changes in host cell tyrosine kinase activity in the presence of an HIV-1 virulence factor, Nef. Specifically, two Tec family kinases (Itk and Btk) as well as Nef were fused to complementary, non-fluorescent fragments of the Venus variant of YFP. Each kinase was expressed in 293T cells in the presence or absence of Nef and immunostained for protein expression and activity with anti-phosphotyrosine (pTyr) antibodies. Multi-color confocal microscopy revealed the interaction of Nef with each kinase (BiFC), kinase activity, and kinase protein expression. Strong BiFC signals were observed when Nef was co-expressed with both Itk and Btk, indicative of interaction, and a strong anti-pTyr immunoreactivity was also seen. The BiFC, pTyr, and kinase expression signals co-localized to the plasma membrane, consistent with Nef-mediated kinase activation in this subcellular compartment. Image analysis allowed calculation of pTyr-to-kinase protein ratios, which showed a range of responses in individual cells across the population that shifted upward in the presence of Nef and back down in the presence of a kinase inhibitor. This method has the potential to reveal changes in steady-state non-receptor tyrosine kinase activity and subcellular localization in a cell population in response to other protein-kinase interactions, information that is not attainable from immunoblotting or other in vitro methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sherry T Shu
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA
| | - Wing Fai Li
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA
| | - Thomas E Smithgall
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA
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12
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Hallumi E, Shalah R, Lo WL, Corso J, Oz I, Beach D, Wittman S, Isenberg A, Sela M, Urlaub H, Weiss A, Yablonski D. Itk Promotes the Integration of TCR and CD28 Costimulation through Its Direct Substrates SLP-76 and Gads. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 206:2322-2337. [PMID: 33931484 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2001053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The costimulatory receptor CD28 synergizes with the TCR to promote IL-2 production, cell survival, and proliferation; yet the obligatory interdependence of TCR and CD28 signaling is not well understood. Upon TCR stimulation, Gads, a Grb2-family adaptor, bridges the interaction of two additional adaptors, LAT and SLP-76, to form a TCR-induced effector signaling complex. SLP-76 binds the Tec-family tyrosine kinase, Itk, which phosphorylates SLP-76 Y173 and PLC-γ1 Y783. In this study, we identified TCR-inducible, Itk-mediated phosphorylation of Gads Y45 in a human T cell line and in mouse primary T cells. Y45 is found within the N-terminal SH3 domain of Gads, an evolutionarily conserved domain with no known signaling function. Gads Y45 phosphorylation depended on the interaction of Gads with SLP-76 and on the dimerization-dependent binding of Gads to phospho-LAT. We provide evidence that Itk acts through SLP-76 and Gads to promote the TCR/CD28-induced activation of the RE/AP transcriptional element from the IL-2 promoter. Two Itk-related features of SLP-76, Y173 and a proline-rich Itk SH3 binding motif on SLP-76, were dispensable for activation of NFAT but selectively required for the TCR/CD28-induced increase in cytoplasmic and nuclear c-Rel and consequent RE/AP activation. We provide evidence that unphosphorylated, monomeric Gads mediates an RE/AP-directed inhibitory activity that is mitigated upon Gads dimerization and Y45 phosphorylation. This study illuminates a new, to our knowledge, regulatory module, in which TCR-induced, Itk-mediated phosphorylation sites on SLP-76 and Gads control the transcriptional response to TCR/CD28 costimulation, thus enforcing the obligatory interdependence of the TCR and CD28 signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enas Hallumi
- Department of Immunology, Ruth and Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Rose Shalah
- Department of Immunology, Ruth and Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Wan-Lin Lo
- Rosalind Russell and Ephraim P. Engleman Arthritis Research Center, Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Jasmin Corso
- Bioanalytical Mass Spectrometry Group, Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Ilana Oz
- Department of Immunology, Ruth and Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Dvora Beach
- Department of Immunology, Ruth and Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Samuel Wittman
- Department of Immunology, Ruth and Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Amy Isenberg
- Department of Immunology, Ruth and Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Meirav Sela
- Department of Immunology, Ruth and Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Henning Urlaub
- Bioanalytical Mass Spectrometry Group, Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Göttingen, Germany.,Bioanalytics Research Group, Institute for Clinical Chemistry, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Arthur Weiss
- Rosalind Russell and Ephraim P. Engleman Arthritis Research Center, Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Deborah Yablonski
- Department of Immunology, Ruth and Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
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13
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Lechner KS, Neurath MF, Weigmann B. Role of the IL-2 inducible tyrosine kinase ITK and its inhibitors in disease pathogenesis. J Mol Med (Berl) 2020; 98:1385-1395. [PMID: 32808093 PMCID: PMC7524833 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-020-01958-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2020] [Revised: 07/10/2020] [Accepted: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
ITK (IL-2-inducible tyrosine kinase) belongs to the Tec family kinases and is mainly expressed in T cells. It is involved in TCR signalling events driving processes like T cell development as well as Th2, Th9 and Th17 responses thereby controlling the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Studies have shown that ITK is involved in the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases as well as in carcinogenesis. The loss of ITK or its activity either by mutation or by the use of inhibitors led to a beneficial outcome in experimental models of asthma, inflammatory bowel disease and multiple sclerosis among others. In humans, biallelic mutations in the ITK gene locus result in a monogenetic disorder leading to T cell dysfunction; in consequence, mainly EBV infections can lead to severe immune dysregulation evident by lymphoproliferation, lymphoma and hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis. Furthermore, patients who suffer from angioimmunoblastic T cell lymphoma have been found to express significantly more ITK. These findings put ITK in the strong focus as a target for drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina S Lechner
- Department of Medicine 1, Kussmaul Campus for Medical Research, University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Hartmannstr.14, 91052, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Markus F Neurath
- Department of Medicine 1, Kussmaul Campus for Medical Research, University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Hartmannstr.14, 91052, Erlangen, Germany
- Deutsches Zentrum Immuntherapie (DZI), Ulmenweg 18, 91054, Erlangen, Germany
- Ludwig Demling Endoscopy Center of Excellence, Ulmenweg 18, 91054, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Benno Weigmann
- Department of Medicine 1, Kussmaul Campus for Medical Research, University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Hartmannstr.14, 91052, Erlangen, Germany.
- Medical Immunology Campus Erlangen, Medical Clinic 1, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91052, Erlangen, Germany.
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14
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Li WF, Aryal M, Shu ST, Smithgall TE. HIV-1 Nef dimers short-circuit immune receptor signaling by activating Tec-family kinases at the host cell membrane. J Biol Chem 2020; 295:5163-5174. [PMID: 32144207 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra120.012536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2020] [Revised: 03/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The HIV-1 virulence factor Nef promotes high-titer viral replication, immune escape, and pathogenicity. Nef interacts with interleukin-2-inducible T-cell kinase (Itk) and Bruton's tyrosine kinase (Btk), two Tec-family kinases expressed in HIV-1 target cells (CD4 T cells and macrophages, respectively). Using a cell-based bimolecular fluorescence complementation assay, here we demonstrate that Nef recruits both Itk and Btk to the cell membrane and induces constitutive kinase activation in transfected 293T cells. Nef homodimerization-defective mutants retained their interaction with both kinases but failed to induce activation, supporting a role for Nef homodimer formation in the activation mechanism. HIV-1 infection up-regulates endogenous Itk activity in SupT1 T cells and donor-derived peripheral blood mononuclear cells. However, HIV-1 strains expressing Nef variants with mutations in the dimerization interface replicated poorly and were significantly attenuated in Itk activation. We conclude that direct activation of Itk and Btk by Nef at the membrane in HIV-infected cells may override normal immune receptor control of Tec-family kinase activity to enhance the viral life cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wing Fai Li
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 450 Technology Drive, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15219
| | - Manish Aryal
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 450 Technology Drive, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15219
| | - Sherry T Shu
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 450 Technology Drive, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15219
| | - Thomas E Smithgall
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 450 Technology Drive, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15219
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15
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Hantani R, Hanawa S, Oie S, Umetani K, Sato T, Hantani Y. Identification of a New Inhibitor That Stabilizes Interleukin-2-Inducible T-Cell Kinase in Its Inactive Conformation. SLAS DISCOVERY 2019; 24:854-862. [PMID: 31247148 DOI: 10.1177/2472555219857542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Interleukin-2-inducible T-cell kinase (ITK) plays an important role in T-cell signaling and is considered a promising drug target. As the ATP binding sites of protein kinases are highly conserved, the design of selective kinase inhibitors remains a challenge. Targeting inactive kinase conformations can address the issue of kinase inhibitor selectivity. It is important for selectivity considerations to identify compounds that stabilize inactive conformations from the primary screen hits. Here we screened a library of 390,000 compounds with an ADP-Glo assay using dephosphorylated ITK. After a surface plasmon resonance (SPR) assay was used to filter out promiscuous inhibitors, 105 hits were confirmed. Next, we used a fluorescent biosensor to enable the detection of conformational changes to identify inactive conformation inhibitors. A single-cysteine-substituted ITK mutant was labeled with acrylodan, and fluorescence emission was monitored. Using a fluorescent biosensor assay, we identified 34 inactive conformation inhibitors from SPR hits. Among them, one compound was bound to a site other than the ATP pocket and exhibited excellent selectivity against a kinase panel. Overall, (1) biochemical screening using dephosphorylated kinase, (2) hit confirmation by SPR assay, and (3) fluorescent biosensor assay that can distinguish inactive compounds provide a useful platform and offer opportunities to identify selective kinase inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rie Hantani
- 1 Biological/Pharmacological Research Laboratories, Central Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Japan Tobacco, Takatsuki, Osaka, Japan
| | - Saya Hanawa
- 1 Biological/Pharmacological Research Laboratories, Central Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Japan Tobacco, Takatsuki, Osaka, Japan
| | - Shohei Oie
- 1 Biological/Pharmacological Research Laboratories, Central Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Japan Tobacco, Takatsuki, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kayo Umetani
- 1 Biological/Pharmacological Research Laboratories, Central Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Japan Tobacco, Takatsuki, Osaka, Japan
| | - Toshihiro Sato
- 1 Biological/Pharmacological Research Laboratories, Central Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Japan Tobacco, Takatsuki, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yoshiji Hantani
- 1 Biological/Pharmacological Research Laboratories, Central Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Japan Tobacco, Takatsuki, Osaka, Japan
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16
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Liu Y, Wang X, Deng L, Ping L, Shi Y, Zheng W, Lin N, Wang X, Tu M, Xie Y, Liu W, Ying Z, Zhang C, Pan Z, Wang X, Ding N, Song Y, Zhu J. ITK inhibition induced in vitro and in vivo anti-tumor activity through downregulating TCR signaling pathway in malignant T cell lymphoma. Cancer Cell Int 2019; 19:32. [PMID: 30814910 PMCID: PMC6376795 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-019-0754-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2018] [Accepted: 02/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Angioimmunoblastic T cell lymphoma (AITL) is a distinct subtype of peripheral T cell lymphoma and associated with poor outcomes. The activation status of T cell receptor (TCR) signaling has recently become a focus of attention in terms of the therapeutic targets. However, the molecular pathogenesis mechanisms and novel therapeutic targets are largely unknown. Methods Antibodies specific to phosphorylated ZAP70, ITK and PLCγ1 were used to identify the activation status of intracellular proteins involved in TCR signaling in AITL patients. Malignant T cell lymphoma cells were transduced with a lentiviral construct containing ITK shRNA for cellular and functional assays. The antitumor effects of the selective ITK inhibitor BMS-509744 were determined in vitro and in vivo. Results Immunohistochemistry staining showed that more than half of the AITL patients (n = 38) exhibited continuously activated intracellular TCR signaling pathway. Patients positive for phosphorylated ITK showed a lower rate of complete response (20% vs. 75%, P = 0.004) and a shorter progression-free survival (5.17 months vs. 25.1 months, P = 0.022) than patients negative for phosphorylated ITK. Genetic and pharmacological cellular ITK inhibition significantly compromised the proliferation, invasion and migration of malignant T cells. The selective ITK inhibitor BMS-509744 also induced the pro-apoptotic effects and G2/M phase cell cycle arrest in vitro and in vivo. Finally, inhibition of ITK synergistically enhanced the antitumor effect of vincristine and doxorubicin on malignant T cell lymphoma cell lines. Conclusions Our findings suggest that ITK may be a novel candidate therapeutic target for the treatment of patients with ITK-expressing malignant T-cell lymphomas. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12935-019-0754-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yalu Liu
- 1Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), Department of Lymphoma, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, 52 Fucheng Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100142 People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaogan Wang
- 1Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), Department of Lymphoma, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, 52 Fucheng Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100142 People's Republic of China
| | - Lijuan Deng
- 1Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), Department of Lymphoma, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, 52 Fucheng Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100142 People's Republic of China
| | - Lingyan Ping
- 1Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), Department of Lymphoma, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, 52 Fucheng Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100142 People's Republic of China
| | - Yunfei Shi
- 2Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), Department of Pathology, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, 52 Fucheng Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100142 People's Republic of China
| | - Wen Zheng
- 1Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), Department of Lymphoma, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, 52 Fucheng Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100142 People's Republic of China
| | - Ningjing Lin
- 1Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), Department of Lymphoma, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, 52 Fucheng Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100142 People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaopei Wang
- 1Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), Department of Lymphoma, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, 52 Fucheng Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100142 People's Republic of China
| | - Meifeng Tu
- 1Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), Department of Lymphoma, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, 52 Fucheng Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100142 People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Xie
- 1Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), Department of Lymphoma, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, 52 Fucheng Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100142 People's Republic of China
| | - Weiping Liu
- 1Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), Department of Lymphoma, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, 52 Fucheng Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100142 People's Republic of China
| | - Zhitao Ying
- 1Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), Department of Lymphoma, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, 52 Fucheng Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100142 People's Republic of China
| | - Chen Zhang
- 1Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), Department of Lymphoma, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, 52 Fucheng Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100142 People's Republic of China
| | - Zhengying Pan
- 3Key Laboratory of Chemical Genomics, School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Lishui Road, Xili, Nanshan District, Shenzhen, 518055 People's Republic of China
| | - Xi Wang
- 4Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, 10 Xisitoutiao Road, Fengtai District, Beijing, 100069 People's Republic of China
| | - Ning Ding
- 1Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), Department of Lymphoma, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, 52 Fucheng Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100142 People's Republic of China
| | - Yuqin Song
- 1Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), Department of Lymphoma, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, 52 Fucheng Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100142 People's Republic of China
| | - Jun Zhu
- 1Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), Department of Lymphoma, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, 52 Fucheng Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100142 People's Republic of China
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17
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Hantani Y, Iio K, Hantani R, Umetani K, Sato T, Young T, Connell K, Kintz S, Salafsky J. Identification of inactive conformation-selective interleukin-2-inducible T-cell kinase (ITK) inhibitors based on second-harmonic generation. FEBS Open Bio 2018; 8:1412-1423. [PMID: 30186743 PMCID: PMC6120236 DOI: 10.1002/2211-5463.12489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2018] [Revised: 06/01/2018] [Accepted: 06/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Many clinically approved protein kinase inhibitors stabilize an inactive conformation of their kinase target. Such inhibitors are generally highly selective compared to active conformation inhibitors, and consequently, general methods to identify inhibitors that stabilize an inactive conformation are much sought after. Here, we have applied a high‐throughput, second‐harmonic generation (SHG)‐based conformational approach to identify small molecule stabilizers of the inactive conformation of interleukin‐2‐inducible T‐cell kinase (ITK). A single‐site cysteine mutant of the ITK kinase domain was created, labeled with an SHG‐active dye, and tethered to a supported lipid bilayer membrane. Fourteen tool compounds, including stabilizers of the inactive and active conformations as well as nonbinders, were first examined for their effect on the conformation of the labeled ITK protein in the SHG assay. As a result, inactive conformation inhibitors were clearly distinguished from active conformation inhibitors by the intensity of SHG signal. Utilizing the SHG assay developed with the tool compounds described above, we identified the mechanism of action of 22 highly selective, inactive conformation inhibitors within a group of 105 small molecule inhibitors previously identified in a high‐throughput biochemical screen. We describe here the first use of SHG for identifying and classifying inhibitors that stabilize an inactive vs. an active conformation of a protein kinase, without the need to determine costructures by X‐ray crystallography. Our results suggest broad applicability to other proteins, particularly with single‐site labels reporting on specific protein movements associated with selectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiji Hantani
- Biological/Pharmacological Research Laboratories Central Pharmaceutical Research Institute Japan Tobacco Inc. Takatsuki Osaka Japan
| | - Kiyosei Iio
- Chemistry Research Laboratories Central Pharmaceutical Research Institute Japan Tobacco Inc. Takatsuki Osaka Japan
| | - Rie Hantani
- Biological/Pharmacological Research Laboratories Central Pharmaceutical Research Institute Japan Tobacco Inc. Takatsuki Osaka Japan
| | - Kayo Umetani
- Biological/Pharmacological Research Laboratories Central Pharmaceutical Research Institute Japan Tobacco Inc. Takatsuki Osaka Japan
| | - Toshihiro Sato
- Biological/Pharmacological Research Laboratories Central Pharmaceutical Research Institute Japan Tobacco Inc. Takatsuki Osaka Japan
| | | | | | - Sam Kintz
- Biodesy, Inc. South San Francisco CA USA
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18
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Zhou X, Zhu J, Bian T, Wang R, Gao F. Mislocalization of Runt-related transcription factor 3 results in airway inflammation and airway hyper-responsiveness in a murine asthma model. Exp Ther Med 2017; 14:2695-2701. [PMID: 28962214 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2017.4812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2015] [Accepted: 10/18/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The Runt-related transcription factor (RUNX) gene family consists of three members, RUNX1, -2 and -3, which heterodimerize with a common protein, core-binding factor β, and contain the highly conserved Runt-homology domain. RUNX1 and -2 have essential roles in hematopoiesis and osteogenesis. Runx3 protein regulates cell lineage decisions in neurogenesis and thymopoiesis. The aim of the present study was to determine the expression features of the Runx3 protein in a murine asthma model. In vivo, Runx3 protein and mRNA were found to be almost equivalently expressed in the murine lung tissue of the control, ovalbumin (OVA) and genistein groups; however, the nuclear Runx3 protein was abated in lung tissue in OVA-immunized and challenged mice. Following treatment with genistein, which is a flavonoid previously demonstrated to decrease airway inflammation in asthma, the allergic airway inflammation and airway hyper-responsiveness were attenuated and the Runx3 protein tended to augment in the nucleus. These results were further determined in vitro. These results indicated that the mislocalization of Runx3 protein is a molecular mechanism of allergic inflammation and airway hyper-responsiveness in a murine asthma model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyan Zhou
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Kunshan First People's Hospital Affiliated to Jiangsu University, Kunshan, Jiangsu 215300, P.R. China
| | - Jinxiao Zhu
- Department of Stomatology, Wuxi People's Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214023, P.R. China
| | - Tao Bian
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Wuxi People's Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214023, P.R. China
| | - Ruiqian Wang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Wuxi People's Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214023, P.R. China
| | - Fei Gao
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Wuxi People's Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214023, P.R. China
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19
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Long M, Beckwith K, Do P, Mundy BL, Gordon A, Lehman AM, Maddocks KJ, Cheney C, Jones JA, Flynn JM, Andritsos LA, Awan F, Fraietta JA, June CH, Maus MV, Woyach JA, Caligiuri MA, Johnson AJ, Muthusamy N, Byrd JC. Ibrutinib treatment improves T cell number and function in CLL patients. J Clin Invest 2017; 127:3052-3064. [PMID: 28714866 DOI: 10.1172/jci89756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 263] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2016] [Accepted: 06/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ibrutinib has been shown to have immunomodulatory effects by inhibiting Bruton's tyrosine kinase (BTK) and IL-2-inducible T cell kinase (ITK). The relative importance of inhibiting these 2 kinases has not been examined despite its relevance to immune-based therapies. METHODS Peripheral blood mononuclear cells from chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) patients on clinical trials of ibrutinib (BTK/ITK inhibitor; n = 19) or acalabrutinib (selective BTK inhibitor; n = 13) were collected serially. T cell phenotype, immune function, and CLL cell immunosuppressive capacity were evaluated. RESULTS Ibrutinib markedly increased CD4+ and CD8+ T cell numbers in CLL patients. This effect was more prominent in effector/effector memory subsets and was not observed with acalabrutinib. Ex vivo studies demonstrated that this may be due to diminished activation-induced cell death through ITK inhibition. PD-1 and CTLA-4 expression was significantly markedly reduced in T cells by both agents. While the number of Treg cells remained unchanged, the ratio of these to conventional CD4+ T cells was reduced with ibrutinib, but not acalabrutinib. Both agents reduced expression of the immunosuppressive molecules CD200 and BTLA as well as IL-10 production by CLL cells. CONCLUSIONS Ibrutinib treatment increased the in vivo persistence of activated T cells, decreased the Treg/CD4+ T cell ratio, and diminished the immune-suppressive properties of CLL cells through BTK-dependent and -independent mechanisms. These features provide a strong rationale for combination immunotherapy approaches with ibrutinib in CLL and other cancers. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov NCT01589302 and NCT02029443. Samples described here were collected per OSU-0025. FUNDING The National Cancer Institute.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meixiao Long
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA.,The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Kyle Beckwith
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA.,The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, Ohio, USA.,Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, The Ohio State University
| | - Priscilla Do
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA.,The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, Ohio, USA.,Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, The Ohio State University
| | - Bethany L Mundy
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA.,The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Amber Gordon
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA.,The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Amy M Lehman
- The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, Ohio, USA.,Center for Biostatistics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Kami J Maddocks
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA.,The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Carolyn Cheney
- The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Jeffrey A Jones
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA.,The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Joseph M Flynn
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Leslie A Andritsos
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA.,The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Farrukh Awan
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA.,The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Joseph A Fraietta
- Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Carl H June
- Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Marcela V Maus
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jennifer A Woyach
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA.,The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Michael A Caligiuri
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA.,The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Amy J Johnson
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA.,The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Natarajan Muthusamy
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA.,The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - John C Byrd
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA.,The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, Ohio, USA
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20
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Huang W, Solouki S, Koylass N, Zheng SG, August A. ITK signalling via the Ras/IRF4 pathway regulates the development and function of Tr1 cells. Nat Commun 2017; 8:15871. [PMID: 28635957 PMCID: PMC5482062 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms15871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2016] [Accepted: 05/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Type 1 regulatory T (Tr1) cells differentiate in response to signals engaging the T cell receptor (TCR), express high levels of the immunosuppressive cytokine IL-10, but not Foxp3, and can suppress inflammation and promote immune tolerance. Here we show that ITK, an important modulator of TCR signalling, is required for the TCR-induced development of Tr1 cells in various organs, and in the mucosal system during parasitic and viral infections. ITK kinase activity is required for mouse and human Tr1 cell differentiation. Tr1 cell development and suppressive function of Itk deficient cells can be restored by the expression of the transcription factor interferon regulatory factor 4 (IRF4). Downstream of ITK, Ras activity is responsible for Tr1 cell induction, as expression of constitutively active HRas rescues IRF4 expression and Tr1 cell differentiation in Itk-/- cells. We conclude that TCR/ITK signalling through the Ras/IRF4 pathway is required for functional development of Tr1 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weishan Huang
- Center for Clinical Immunology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510630, China
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
| | - Sabrina Solouki
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
| | - Nicholas Koylass
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
| | - Song-Guo Zheng
- Center for Clinical Immunology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510630, China
- Department of Medicine, Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, Pennsylvania 17033, USA
| | - Avery August
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
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21
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Kay LJ, Smulders-Srinivasan TK, Soundararajan M. Understanding the Multifaceted Role of Human Down Syndrome Kinase DYRK1A. ADVANCES IN PROTEIN CHEMISTRY AND STRUCTURAL BIOLOGY 2016; 105:127-71. [PMID: 27567487 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apcsb.2016.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The dual-specificity tyrosine (Y) phosphorylation-regulated kinase DYRK1A, also known as Down syndrome (DS) kinase, is a dosage-dependent signaling kinase that was originally shown to be highly expressed in DS patients as a consequence of trisomy 21. Although this was evident some time ago, it is only in recent investigations that the molecular roles of DYRK1A in a wide range of cellular processes are becoming increasingly apparent. Since initial knowledge on DYRK1A became evident through minibrain mnb, the Drosophila homolog of DYRK1A, this review will first summarize the scientific reports on minibrain and further expand on the well-established neuronal functions of mammalian and human DYRK1A. Recent investigations across the current decade have provided rather interesting and compelling evidence in establishing nonneuronal functions for DYRK1A, including its role in infection, immunity, cardiomyocyte biology, cancer, and cell cycle control. The latter part of this review will therefore focus in detail on the emerging nonneuronal functions of DYRK1A and summarize the regulatory role of DYRK1A in controlling Tau and α-synuclein. Finally, the emerging role of DYRK1A in Parkinson's disease will be outlined.
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Affiliation(s)
- L J Kay
- Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - T K Smulders-Srinivasan
- Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - M Soundararajan
- Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom.
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22
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Itk is required for Th9 differentiation via TCR-mediated induction of IL-2 and IRF4. Nat Commun 2016; 7:10857. [PMID: 26936133 PMCID: PMC4782063 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms10857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2015] [Accepted: 01/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Th9 cells produce interleukin (IL)-9, a cytokine implicated in allergic asthma and autoimmunity. Here we show that Itk, a mediator of T cell receptor signalling required for Th2 immune responses and the development of asthma, is a positive regulator of Th9 differentiation. In a model of allergic lung disease, Itk-deficient mice show reduced pulmonary inflammation and IL-9 production by T cells and innate lymphoid type 2 cells (ILC2), despite normal early induction of ILC2s. In vitro, Itk(-/-) CD4(+) T cells do not produce IL-9 and have reduced levels of IRF4 (Interferon Regulator Factor 4), a critical transcription factor for effector T cell function. Both IL-9 and IRF4 expression are rescued by either IL-2 or constitutively active STAT5, but not NFATc1. STAT5 binds the Irf4 promoter, demonstrating one mechanism by which IL-2 rescues weakly activated T cells. Itk inhibition also reduces IL-9 expression by human T cells, implicating ITK as a key regulator of Th9 induction.
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23
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Chen B, Guo S, Guo X, Zhang G, Yu Y. Selective Access to 4-Substituted 2-Aminothiazoles and 4-Substituted 5-Thiocyano-2-aminothiazoles from Vinyl Azides and Potassium Thiocyanate Switched by Palladium and Iron Catalysts. Org Lett 2016; 17:4698-701. [PMID: 26372853 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.5b02152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
A highly selective construction of 4-substituted 2-aminothiazoles and 4-substituted 5-thiocyano-2-aminothiazoles, respectively, catalyzed by palladium(II) acetate and promoted by iron(III) bromide from vinyl azides and potassium thiocyanate has been developed. Use of readily available starting materials, high selectivity, as well as mild reaction conditions make this practical method particularly attractive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Binhui Chen
- Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Anti-Cancer Drug Research, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University , Hangzhou 310058, P. R. China
| | - Shanshan Guo
- Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Anti-Cancer Drug Research, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University , Hangzhou 310058, P. R. China
| | - Xiao Guo
- Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Anti-Cancer Drug Research, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University , Hangzhou 310058, P. R. China
| | - Guolin Zhang
- Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Anti-Cancer Drug Research, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University , Hangzhou 310058, P. R. China
| | - Yongping Yu
- Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Anti-Cancer Drug Research, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University , Hangzhou 310058, P. R. China
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24
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Cho HS, Shin HM, Haberstock-Debic H, Xing Y, Owens TD, Funk JO, Hill RJ, Bradshaw JM, Berg LJ. A Small Molecule Inhibitor of ITK and RLK Impairs Th1 Differentiation and Prevents Colitis Disease Progression. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 195:4822-31. [PMID: 26466958 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1501828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2015] [Accepted: 09/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
In T cells, the Tec kinases IL-2-inducible T cell kinase (ITK) and resting lymphocyte kinase (RLK) are activated by TCR stimulation and are required for optimal downstream signaling. Studies of CD4(+) T cells from Itk(-/-) and Itk(-/-)Rlk(-/-) mice have indicated differential roles of ITK and RLK in Th1, Th2, and Th17 differentiation and cytokine production. However, these findings are confounded by the complex T cell developmental defects in these mice. In this study, we examine the consequences of ITK and RLK inhibition using a highly selective and potent small molecule covalent inhibitor PRN694. In vitro Th polarization experiments indicate that PRN694 is a potent inhibitor of Th1 and Th17 differentiation and cytokine production. Using a T cell adoptive transfer model of colitis, we find that in vivo administration of PRN694 markedly reduces disease progression, T cell infiltration into the intestinal lamina propria, and IFN-γ production by colitogenic CD4(+) T cells. Consistent with these findings, Th1 and Th17 cells differentiated in the presence of PRN694 show reduced P-selectin binding and impaired migration to CXCL11 and CCL20, respectively. Taken together, these data indicate that ITK plus RLK inhibition may have therapeutic potential in Th1-mediated inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyoung-Soo Cho
- Department of Pathology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605; and
| | - Hyun Mu Shin
- Department of Pathology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605; and
| | | | - Yan Xing
- Principia Biopharma, South San Francisco, CA 94080
| | | | | | | | | | - Leslie J Berg
- Department of Pathology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605; and
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25
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Hojjat-Farsangi M. Targeting non-receptor tyrosine kinases using small molecule inhibitors: an overview of recent advances. J Drug Target 2015. [DOI: 10.3109/1061186x.2015.1068319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Hojjat-Farsangi
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Immune and Gene Therapy Lab, Cancer Center Karolinska (CCK), Karolinska University Hospital Solna and Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden and
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran
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26
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Burch JD, Barrett K, Chen Y, DeVoss J, Eigenbrot C, Goldsmith R, Ismaili MHA, Lau K, Lin Z, Ortwine DF, Zarrin AA, McEwan PA, Barker JJ, Ellebrandt C, Kordt D, Stein DB, Wang X, Chen Y, Hu B, Xu X, Yuen PW, Zhang Y, Pei Z. Tetrahydroindazoles as Interleukin-2 Inducible T-Cell Kinase Inhibitors. Part II. Second-Generation Analogues with Enhanced Potency, Selectivity, and Pharmacodynamic Modulation in Vivo. J Med Chem 2015; 58:3806-16. [PMID: 25844760 DOI: 10.1021/jm501998m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
The medicinal chemistry community has directed considerable efforts toward the discovery of selective inhibitors of interleukin-2 inducible T-cell kinase (ITK), given its role in T-cell signaling downstream of the T-cell receptor (TCR) and the implications of this target for inflammatory disorders such as asthma. We have previously disclosed a structure- and property-guided lead optimization effort which resulted in the discovery of a new series of tetrahydroindazole-containing selective ITK inhibitors. Herein we disclose further optimization of this series that resulted in further potency improvements, reduced off-target receptor binding liabilities, and reduced cytotoxicity. Specifically, we have identified a correlation between the basicity of solubilizing elements in the ITK inhibitors and off-target antiproliferative effects, which was exploited to reduce cytotoxicity while maintaining kinase selectivity. Optimized analogues were shown to reduce IL-2 and IL-13 production in vivo following oral or intraperitoneal dosing in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason D Burch
- †Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Kathy Barrett
- †Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Yuan Chen
- †Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Jason DeVoss
- †Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Charles Eigenbrot
- †Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Richard Goldsmith
- †Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - M Hicham A Ismaili
- †Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Kevin Lau
- †Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Zhonghua Lin
- †Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Daniel F Ortwine
- †Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Ali A Zarrin
- †Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Paul A McEwan
- ‡Evotec (U.K.) Ltd., 114 Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxfordshire OX14 4RZ, United Kingdom
| | - John J Barker
- ‡Evotec (U.K.) Ltd., 114 Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxfordshire OX14 4RZ, United Kingdom
| | - Claire Ellebrandt
- §Evotec AG, Manfred Eigen Campus, Essener Bogen 7, D-22419 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Daniel Kordt
- §Evotec AG, Manfred Eigen Campus, Essener Bogen 7, D-22419 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Daniel B Stein
- §Evotec AG, Manfred Eigen Campus, Essener Bogen 7, D-22419 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Xiaolu Wang
- §Evotec AG, Manfred Eigen Campus, Essener Bogen 7, D-22419 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Yong Chen
- ∥Pharmaron Beijing Ltd. Co., No. 6 TaiHe Road BDA, 100176 Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Baihua Hu
- ∥Pharmaron Beijing Ltd. Co., No. 6 TaiHe Road BDA, 100176 Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Xiaofeng Xu
- ∥Pharmaron Beijing Ltd. Co., No. 6 TaiHe Road BDA, 100176 Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Po-Wai Yuen
- ∥Pharmaron Beijing Ltd. Co., No. 6 TaiHe Road BDA, 100176 Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Yamin Zhang
- ∥Pharmaron Beijing Ltd. Co., No. 6 TaiHe Road BDA, 100176 Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Zhonghua Pei
- †Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
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27
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Zhong Y, Dong S, Strattan E, Ren L, Butchar JP, Thornton K, Mishra A, Porcu P, Bradshaw JM, Bisconte A, Owens TD, Verner E, Brameld KA, Funk JO, Hill RJ, Johnson AJ, Dubovsky JA. Targeting interleukin-2-inducible T-cell kinase (ITK) and resting lymphocyte kinase (RLK) using a novel covalent inhibitor PRN694. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:5960-78. [PMID: 25593320 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.614891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Interleukin-2-inducible T-cell kinase (ITK) and resting lymphocyte kinase (RLK or TXK) are essential mediators of intracellular signaling in both normal and neoplastic T-cells and natural killer (NK) cells. Thus, ITK and RLK inhibitors have therapeutic potential in a number of human autoimmune, inflammatory, and malignant diseases. Here we describe a novel ITK/RLK inhibitor, PRN694, which covalently binds to cysteine residues 442 of ITK and 350 of RLK and blocks kinase activity. Molecular modeling was utilized to design molecules that interact with cysteine while binding to the ATP binding site in the kinase domain. PRN694 exhibits extended target residence time on ITK and RLK and is highly selective for a subset of the TEC kinase family. In vitro cellular assays confirm that PRN694 prevents T-cell receptor- and Fc receptor-induced cellular and molecular activation, inhibits T-cell receptor-induced T-cell proliferation, and blocks proinflammatory cytokine release as well as activation of Th17 cells. Ex vivo assays demonstrate inhibitory activity against T-cell prolymphocytic leukemia cells, and in vivo assays demonstrate durable pharmacodynamic effects on ITK, which reduces an oxazolone-induced delayed type hypersensitivity reaction. These data indicate that PRN694 is a highly selective and potent covalent inhibitor of ITK and RLK, and its extended target residence time enables durable attenuation of effector cells in vitro and in vivo. The results from this study highlight potential applications of this dual inhibitor for the treatment of T-cell- or NK cell-mediated inflammatory, autoimmune, and malignant diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiming Zhong
- From the Division of Hematology, College of Medicine, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210
| | - Shuai Dong
- the Division of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, and
| | - Ethan Strattan
- From the Division of Hematology, College of Medicine, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210
| | - Li Ren
- From the Division of Hematology, College of Medicine, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210
| | - Jonathan P Butchar
- From the Division of Hematology, College of Medicine, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210
| | - Kelsey Thornton
- From the Division of Hematology, College of Medicine, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210
| | - Anjali Mishra
- From the Division of Hematology, College of Medicine, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210
| | - Pierluigi Porcu
- From the Division of Hematology, College of Medicine, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210
| | | | | | | | - Erik Verner
- Principia Biopharma, South San Francisco, California 94080
| | - Ken A Brameld
- Principia Biopharma, South San Francisco, California 94080
| | | | - Ronald J Hill
- Principia Biopharma, South San Francisco, California 94080
| | - Amy J Johnson
- From the Division of Hematology, College of Medicine, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210
| | - Jason A Dubovsky
- From the Division of Hematology, College of Medicine, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210,
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28
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Trani G, Barker JJ, Bromidge SM, Brookfield FA, Burch JD, Chen Y, Eigenbrot C, Heifetz A, Ismaili MHA, Johnson A, Krülle TM, MacKinnon CH, Maghames R, McEwan PA, Montalbetti CA, Ortwine DF, Pérez-Fuertes Y, Vaidya DG, Wang X, Zarrin AA, Pei Z. Design, synthesis and structure–activity relationships of a novel class of sulfonylpyridine inhibitors of Interleukin-2 inducible T-cell kinase (ITK). Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2014; 24:5818-5823. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2014.10.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2014] [Revised: 09/30/2014] [Accepted: 10/01/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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29
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Burch JD, Lau K, Barker JJ, Brookfield F, Chen Y, Chen Y, Eigenbrot C, Ellebrandt C, Ismaili MHA, Johnson A, Kordt D, MacKinnon CH, McEwan PA, Ortwine DF, Stein DB, Wang X, Winkler D, Yuen PW, Zhang Y, Zarrin AA, Pei Z. Property- and structure-guided discovery of a tetrahydroindazole series of interleukin-2 inducible T-cell kinase inhibitors. J Med Chem 2014; 57:5714-27. [PMID: 24918870 DOI: 10.1021/jm500550e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Interleukin-2 inducible T-cell kinase (ITK), a member of the Tec family of tyrosine kinases, plays a major role in T-cell signaling downstream of the T-cell receptor (TCR), and considerable efforts have been directed toward discovery of ITK-selective inhibitors as potential treatments of inflammatory disorders such as asthma. Using a previously disclosed indazole series of inhibitors as a starting point, and using X-ray crystallography and solubility forecast index (SFI) as guides, we evolved a series of tetrahydroindazole inhibitors with improved potency, selectivity, and pharmaceutical properties. Highlights include identification of a selectivity pocket above the ligand plane, and identification of appropriate lipophilic substituents to occupy this space. This effort culminated in identification of a potent and selective ITK inhibitor (GNE-9822) with good ADME properties in preclinical species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason D Burch
- Genentech Inc. , 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
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30
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Zhong Y, Johnson AJ, Byrd JC, Dubovsky JA. Targeting Interleukin-2-Inducible T-cell Kinase (ITK) in T-Cell Related Diseases. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 2:1-11. [PMID: 27917390 DOI: 10.14304/surya.jpr.v2n6.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
IL2-inducible T-cell kinase (ITK), a member of the Tec family tyrosine kinases, is the predominant Tec kinase in T cells and natural killer (NK) cells mediating T cell receptor (TCR) and Fc receptor (Fc R) initiated signal transduction. ITK deficiency results in impaired T and NK cell functions, leading to various disorders including malignancies, inflammation, and autoimmune diseases. In this mini-review, the role of ITK in T cell signaling and the development of small molecule inhibitors of ITK for the treatment of T-cell related disorders is examined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiming Zhong
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University, 320 W. 10th Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Amy J Johnson
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University, 320 W. 10th Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - John C Byrd
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University, 320 W. 10th Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Jason A Dubovsky
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University, 320 W. 10th Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
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31
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Discovery and optimization of indazoles as potent and selective interleukin-2 inducible T cell kinase (ITK) inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2014; 24:2448-52. [PMID: 24767842 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2014.04.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2014] [Revised: 04/06/2014] [Accepted: 04/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
There is evidence that small molecule inhibitors of the non-receptor tyrosine kinase ITK, a component of the T-cell receptor signaling cascade, could represent a novel asthma therapeutic class. Moreover, given the expected chronic dosing regimen of any asthma treatment, highly selective as well as potent inhibitors would be strongly preferred in any potential therapeutic. Here we report hit-to-lead optimization of a series of indazoles that demonstrate sub-nanomolar inhibitory potency against ITK with strong cellular activity and good kinase selectivity. We also elucidate the binding mode of these inhibitors by solving the X-ray crystal structures of the complexes.
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32
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Tarafdar S, Poe JA, Smithgall TE. The accessory factor Nef links HIV-1 to Tec/Btk kinases in an Src homology 3 domain-dependent manner. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:15718-28. [PMID: 24722985 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.572099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The HIV-1 Nef virulence factor interacts with multiple host cell-signaling proteins. Nef binds to the Src homology 3 domains of Src family kinases, resulting in kinase activation important for viral infectivity, replication, and MHC-I down-regulation. Itk and other Tec family kinases are also present in HIV target cells, and Itk has been linked to HIV-1 infectivity and replication. However, the molecular mechanism linking Itk to HIV-1 is unknown. In this study, we explored the interaction of Nef with Tec family kinases using a cell-based bimolecular fluorescence complementation assay. In this approach, interaction of Nef with a partner kinase juxtaposes nonfluorescent YFP fragments fused to the C terminus of each protein, resulting in YFP complementation and a bright fluorescent signal. Using bimolecular fluorescence complementation, we observed that Nef interacts with the Tec family members Bmx, Btk, and Itk but not Tec or Txk. Interaction with Nef occurs through the kinase Src homology 3 domains and localizes to the plasma membrane. Allelic variants of Nef from all major HIV-1 subtypes interacted strongly with Itk in this assay, demonstrating the highly conserved nature of this interaction. A selective small molecule inhibitor of Itk kinase activity (BMS-509744) potently blocked wild-type HIV-1 infectivity and replication, but not that of a Nef-defective mutant. Nef induced constitutive Itk activation in transfected cells that was sensitive to inhibitor treatment. Taken together, these results provide the first evidence that Nef interacts with cytoplasmic tyrosine kinases of the Tec family and suggest that Nef provides a mechanistic link between HIV-1 and Itk signaling in the viral life cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sreya Tarafdar
- From the Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15219 and the Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, University of Pittsburgh Graduate School of Public Health, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261
| | - Jerrod A Poe
- From the Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15219 and
| | - Thomas E Smithgall
- From the Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15219 and
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33
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He F, Yao H, Xiao Z, Han J, Zou J, Liu Z. Inhibition of IL-2 inducible T-cell kinase alleviates T-cell activation and murine myocardial inflammation associated with CVB3 infection. Mol Immunol 2014; 59:30-8. [PMID: 24462896 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2013.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2013] [Revised: 12/09/2013] [Accepted: 12/24/2013] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Coxsackievirus B3 (CVB3) infection causes myocarditis, pancreatitis, and aseptic meningitis. Targeting antigen-specific T cell reactions might be a promising way to alleviate the inflammatory response induced by CVB3 infection. IL-2-inducible T-cell kinase (ITK), a member of Tec kinase family expressed mainly in T cells, plays an important role in the activation of T cells. The role of ITK in viral myocarditis induced by CVB3 has not been documented. METHODOLOGY In this study, we inhibited the ITK expression in Jurkat cells, primary human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC), and mouse splenocytes by ITK-specific siRNA. The inhibition efficiently suppressed cell proliferation (P<0.05) and T-cell related cytokine secretion (P<0.05). In order to inhibit ITK in vivo, the pGCSIL plasmid containing short hairpin RNAs targeting ITK was constructed and transduced into mice infected with CVB3. ITK-inhibited mice showed reduced cell proliferation (3, 5, and 7 days post-challenge, P<0.05) as well as CD4+ and CD8+ T cells (5 days post-challenge, P<0.05). The altered production of inflammatory cytokines alleviated pathologic heart damage and improved mice survival rate (P<0.05). CONCLUSION ITK played an important role in the T cell development and represented a new target for the modulation of T-cell-mediated inflammatory response by CVB3 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng He
- Molecular Immunology Laboratory, Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing 100020, China
| | - Hailan Yao
- Molecular Immunology Laboratory, Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing 100020, China
| | - Zonghui Xiao
- Molecular Immunology Laboratory, Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing 100020, China
| | - Jisheng Han
- Medical Department, Aerospace 731 Hospital, Beijing 100074, China
| | - Jizhen Zou
- Pathology Laboratory, Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing 100020, China
| | - Zhewei Liu
- Molecular Immunology Laboratory, Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing 100020, China.
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34
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Jain N, Miu B, Jiang JK, McKinstry KK, Prince A, Swain SL, Greiner DL, Thomas CJ, Sanderson MJ, Berg LJ, Kang J. CD28 and ITK signals regulate autoreactive T cell trafficking. Nat Med 2013; 19:1632-7. [PMID: 24270545 PMCID: PMC4005518 DOI: 10.1038/nm.3393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2013] [Accepted: 10/04/2013] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Activation of self-reactive T cells and their trafficking to target tissues leads to autoimmune organ destruction. Mice lacking the co-inhibitory receptor cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen-4 (CTLA-4) develop fatal autoimmunity characterized by lymphocytic infiltration into nonlymphoid tissues. Here, we demonstrate that the CD28 co-stimulatory pathway regulates the trafficking of self-reactive Ctla4(-/-) T cells to tissues. Concurrent ablation of the CD28-activated Tec family kinase ITK does not block spontaneous T cell activation but instead causes self-reactive Ctla4(-/-) T cells to accumulate in secondary lymphoid organs. Despite excessive spontaneous T cell activation and proliferation in lymphoid organs, Itk(-/-); Ctla4(-/-) mice are otherwise healthy, mount antiviral immune responses and exhibit a long lifespan. We propose that ITK specifically licenses autoreactive T cells to enter tissues to mount destructive immune responses. Notably, ITK inhibitors mimic the null mutant phenotype and also prevent pancreatic islet infiltration by diabetogenic T cells in mouse models of type 1 diabetes, highlighting their potential utility for the treatment of human autoimmune disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nitya Jain
- Department of Pathology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
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35
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MacKinnon CH, Lau K, Burch JD, Chen Y, Dines J, Ding X, Eigenbrot C, Heifetz A, Jaochico A, Johnson A, Kraemer J, Kruger S, Krülle TM, Liimatta M, Ly J, Maghames R, Montalbetti CAGN, Ortwine DF, Pérez-Fuertes Y, Shia S, Stein DB, Trani G, Vaidya DG, Wang X, Bromidge SM, Wu LC, Pei Z. Structure-based design and synthesis of potent benzothiazole inhibitors of interleukin-2 inducible T cell kinase (ITK). Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2013; 23:6331-5. [PMID: 24138940 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2013.09.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2013] [Revised: 09/17/2013] [Accepted: 09/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Inhibition of the non-receptor tyrosine kinase ITK, a component of the T-cell receptor signalling cascade, may represent a novel treatment for allergic asthma. Here we report the structure-based optimization of a series of benzothiazole amides that demonstrate sub-nanomolar inhibitory potency against ITK with good cellular activity and kinase selectivity. We also elucidate the binding mode of these inhibitors by solving the X-ray crystal structures of several inhibitor-ITK complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colin H MacKinnon
- Evotec (UK) Ltd, 114 Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxfordshire OX14 4SA, United Kingdom
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36
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Harling JD, Deakin AM, Campos S, Grimley R, Chaudry L, Nye C, Polyakova O, Bessant CM, Barton N, Somers D, Barrett J, Graves RH, Hanns L, Kerr WJ, Solari R. Discovery of novel irreversible inhibitors of interleukin (IL)-2-inducible tyrosine kinase (Itk) by targeting cysteine 442 in the ATP pocket. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:28195-206. [PMID: 23935099 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.474114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
IL-2-inducible tyrosine kinase (Itk) plays a key role in antigen receptor signaling in T cells and is considered an important target for anti-inflammatory drug discovery. In order to generate inhibitors with the necessary potency and selectivity, a compound that targeted cysteine 442 in the ATP binding pocket and with an envisaged irreversible mode of action was designed. We incorporated a high degree of molecular recognition and specific design features making the compound suitable for inhaled delivery. This study confirms the irreversible covalent binding of the inhibitor to the kinase by x-ray crystallography and enzymology while demonstrating potency, selectivity, and prolonged duration of action in in vitro biological assays. The biosynthetic turnover of the kinase was also examined as a critical factor when designing irreversible inhibitors for extended duration of action. The exemplified Itk inhibitor demonstrated inhibition of both TH1 and TH2 cytokines, was additive with fluticasone propionate, and inhibited cytokine release from human lung fragments. Finally, we describe an in vivo pharmacodynamic assay that allows rapid preclinical development without animal efficacy models.
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Affiliation(s)
- John D Harling
- From the Allergic Inflammation Discovery Performance Unit and
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37
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Vargas L, Hamasy A, Nore BF, E. Smith CI. Inhibitors of BTK and ITK: State of the New Drugs for Cancer, Autoimmunity and Inflammatory Diseases. Scand J Immunol 2013; 78:130-9. [DOI: 10.1111/sji.12069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2012] [Accepted: 05/05/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- L. Vargas
- Department of Laboratory Medicine; Clinical Research Center; Karolinska Institutet; Karolinska University Hospital; Huddinge; Sweden
| | | | | | - C. I. E. Smith
- Department of Laboratory Medicine; Clinical Research Center; Karolinska Institutet; Karolinska University Hospital; Huddinge; Sweden
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38
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Paster W, Brockmeyer C, Fu G, Simister PC, de Wet B, Martinez-Riaño A, Hoerter JAH, Feller SM, Wülfing C, Gascoigne NRJ, Acuto O. GRB2-mediated recruitment of THEMIS to LAT is essential for thymocyte development. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 190:3749-56. [PMID: 23460737 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1203389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Thymocyte-expressed molecule involved in selection (THEMIS) is a recently identified regulator of thymocyte positive selection. THEMIS's mechanism of action is unknown, and whether it has a role in TCR-proximal signaling is controversial. In this article, we show that THEMIS and the adapter molecule growth factor receptor-bound protein 2 (GRB2) associate constitutively through binding of a conserved PxRPxK motif within the proline-rich region 1 of THEMIS to the C-terminal SH3-domain of GRB2. This association is indispensable for THEMIS recruitment to the immunological synapse via the transmembrane adapter linker for activation of T cells (LAT) and for THEMIS phosphorylation by Lck and ZAP-70. Two major sites of tyrosine phosphorylation were mapped to a YY-motif close to proline-rich region 1. The YY-motif was crucial for GRB2 binding, suggesting that this region of THEMIS might control local phosphorylation-dependent conformational changes important for THEMIS function. Finally, THEMIS binding to GRB2 was required for thymocyte development. Our data firmly assign THEMIS to the TCR-proximal signaling cascade as a participant in the LAT signalosome and suggest that the THEMIS-GRB2 complex might be involved in shaping the nature of Ras signaling, thereby governing thymic selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wolfgang Paster
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3RE, United Kingdom
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39
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Damien Charrier
- Chemistry Department at Vertex Pharmaceuticals (Europe) Ltd, 86-88 Jubilee Avenue, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxfordshire OX14 4RW, UK
| | - Ronald MA Knegtel
- Chemistry Department at Vertex Pharmaceuticals (Europe) Ltd, 86-88 Jubilee Avenue, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxfordshire OX14 4RW, UK
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40
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Schiralli Lester GM, Akiyama H, Evans E, Singh J, Gummuluru S, Henderson AJ. Interleukin 2-inducible T cell kinase (ITK) facilitates efficient egress of HIV-1 by coordinating Gag distribution and actin organization. Virology 2013; 436:235-43. [PMID: 23260110 PMCID: PMC3598624 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2012.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2012] [Revised: 08/18/2012] [Accepted: 11/25/2012] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Interleukin 2-inducible T cell kinase (ITK) influences T cell signaling by coordinating actin polymerization and polarization as well as recruitment of kinases and adapter proteins. ITK regulates multiple steps of HIV-1 replication, including virion assembly and release. Fluorescent microscopy was used to examine the functional interactions between ITK and HIV-1 Gag during viral particle release. ITK and Gag colocalized at the plasma membrane and were concentrated at sites of F-actin accumulation and membrane lipid rafts in HIV-1 infected T cells. There was polarized staining of ITK, Gag, and actin towards sites of T cell conjugates. Small molecule inhibitors of ITK disrupted F-actin capping, perturbed Gag-ITK colocalization, inhibited virus like particle release, and reduced HIV replication in primary human CD4+ T cells. These data provide insight as to how ITK influences HIV-1 replication and suggest that targeting host factors that regulate HIV-1 egress provides an innovative strategy for controlling HIV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gillian M. Schiralli Lester
- Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Boston University School of Medicine, 650 Albany Street, EBRC 648, Boston, MA 02118, United States
| | - Hisashi Akiyama
- Department of Microbiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Erica Evans
- Celgene Avilomics Research, Bedford, MA, United States
| | | | - Suryaram Gummuluru
- Department of Microbiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Andrew J. Henderson
- Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Boston University School of Medicine, 650 Albany Street, EBRC 648, Boston, MA 02118, United States
- Department of Microbiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States
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41
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Xie Q, Joseph RE, Fulton DB, Andreotti AH. Substrate recognition of PLCγ1 via a specific docking surface on Itk. J Mol Biol 2012; 425:683-96. [PMID: 23219468 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2012.10.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2012] [Revised: 10/29/2012] [Accepted: 10/31/2012] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Itk (interleukin-2 inducible T cell kinase) is a non-receptor protein tyrosine kinase expressed primarily in T cells. Itk catalyzes phosphorylation on tyrosine residues within a number of its natural substrates, including the well-characterized Y783 of PLCγ1. However, the molecular mechanisms Itk exploits to recognize its substrates are not completely understood. We have previously identified a specific docking interaction between the kinase domain of Itk and the C-terminal Src homology 2 (SH2C) domain of PLCγ1 that promotes substrate specificity for this enzyme/substrate pair. In the current study, we identify and map the interaction surface on the Itk kinase domain as an acidic patch centered on the G helix. Mutation of the residues on and adjacent to the G helix within the Itk kinase domain impairs the catalytic efficacy of PLCγ1 substrate phosphorylation by specifically altering the protein-protein interaction interface and not the inherent catalytic activity of Itk. NMR titration experiments using a Btk (Bruton's tyrosine kinase) kinase domain as a surrogate for the Itk kinase domain provide further support for an Itk/PLCγ1 SH2C interaction surrounding the G helix of the kinase domain. The work presented here provides structural insight into how the Itk kinase uses the G helix to single out Y783 of PLCγ1 for specific phosphorylation. Comparing these results to other well-characterized kinase/substrate systems suggests that the G helix is a general structural feature used by kinases for substrate recognition during signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Xie
- Roy J. Carver Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Molecular Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
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42
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Zapf CW, Gerstenberger BS, Xing L, Limburg DC, Anderson DR, Caspers N, Han S, Aulabaugh A, Kurumbail R, Shakya S, Li X, Spaulding V, Czerwinski RM, Seth N, Medley QG. Covalent Inhibitors of Interleukin-2 Inducible T Cell Kinase (Itk) with Nanomolar Potency in a Whole-Blood Assay. J Med Chem 2012; 55:10047-63. [DOI: 10.1021/jm301190s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Christoph W. Zapf
- BioTherapeutics Chemistry, Pfizer Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry, 200 Cambridgepark Drive, Cambridge, Massachusetts
02140, United States
| | - Brian S. Gerstenberger
- BioTherapeutics
Chemistry, Pfizer Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Li Xing
- BioTherapeutics Chemistry, Pfizer Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry, 200 Cambridgepark Drive, Cambridge, Massachusetts
02140, United States
| | - David C. Limburg
- BioTherapeutics
Chemistry, Pfizer Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - David R. Anderson
- BioTherapeutics
Chemistry, Pfizer Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Nicole Caspers
- Structure Biology and Biophysics, Pfizer Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry, Eastern Point
Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Seungil Han
- Structure Biology and Biophysics, Pfizer Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry, Eastern Point
Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Ann Aulabaugh
- Structure Biology and Biophysics, Pfizer Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry, Eastern Point
Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Ravi Kurumbail
- Structure Biology and Biophysics, Pfizer Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry, Eastern Point
Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Subarna Shakya
- Inflammation and Autoimmunity, Pfizer Research, 200 Cambridgepark Drive, Cambridge,
Massachusetts 02140, United States
| | - Xin Li
- Inflammation and Autoimmunity, Pfizer Research, 200 Cambridgepark Drive, Cambridge,
Massachusetts 02140, United States
| | - Vikki Spaulding
- Inflammation and Autoimmunity, Pfizer Research, 200 Cambridgepark Drive, Cambridge,
Massachusetts 02140, United States
| | - Robert M. Czerwinski
- Inflammation and Autoimmunity, Pfizer Research, 200 Cambridgepark Drive, Cambridge,
Massachusetts 02140, United States
| | - Nilufer Seth
- Inflammation and Autoimmunity, Pfizer Research, 200 Cambridgepark Drive, Cambridge,
Massachusetts 02140, United States
| | - Quintus G. Medley
- Inflammation and Autoimmunity, Pfizer Research, 200 Cambridgepark Drive, Cambridge,
Massachusetts 02140, United States
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43
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Guo W, Liu R, Ono Y, Ma AH, Martinez A, Sanchez E, Wang Y, Huang W, Mazloom A, Li J, Ning J, Maverakis E, Lam KS, Kung HJ. Molecular characteristics of CTA056, a novel interleukin-2-inducible T-cell kinase inhibitor that selectively targets malignant T cells and modulates oncomirs. Mol Pharmacol 2012; 82:938-47. [PMID: 22899868 DOI: 10.1124/mol.112.079889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Interleukin-2-inducible T-cell kinase (Itk) is a member of the Btk (Bruton's tyrosine kinase) family of tyrosine kinases. Itk plays an important role in normal T-cell functions and in the pathophysiology of both autoimmune diseases and T-cell malignancies. Here, we describe the initial characterization of a selective inhibitor, 7-benzyl-1-(3-(piperidin-1-yl)propyl)-2-(4-(pyridin-4-yl)phenyl)-1H-imidazo[4,5-g]quinoxalin-6(5H)-one (CTA056), that was developed through screening a 9600-compound combinatorial solution phase library, followed by molecular modeling, and extensive structure-activity relationship studies. CTA056 exhibits the highest inhibitory effects toward Itk, followed by Btk and endothelial and epithelial tyrosine kinase. Among the 41 cancer cell lines analyzed, CTA056 selectively targets acute lymphoblastic T-cell leukemia and cutaneous T-cell lymphoma. Normal T cells are minimally affected. Incubation of Jurkat and MOLT-4 cells with CTA056 resulted in the inhibition of the phosphorylation of Itk and its effectors including PLC-γ, Akt, and extracellular signal-regulated kinase, as well as the decreased secretion of targeted genes such as interleukin-2 and interferon-γ. Jurkat cells also underwent apoptosis in a dose-dependent manner when incubated with CTA056. The potent apoptosis-inducing potential of CTA056 is reflected by the significant modulation of microRNAs involved in survival pathways and oncogenesis. The in vitro cytotoxic effect on malignant T cells is further validated in a xenograft model. The selective expression and activation of Itk in malignant T cells, as well as the specificity of CTA056 for Itk, make this molecule a potential therapeutic agent for the treatment of T-cell leukemia and lymphoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenchang Guo
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine,,University of California Davis, Sacramento, California 95817, USA
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44
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X-ray crystallographic structure-based design of selective thienopyrazole inhibitors for interleukin-2-inducible tyrosine kinase. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2012; 22:3296-300. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2012.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2012] [Revised: 03/02/2012] [Accepted: 03/05/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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45
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Boucheron N, Ellmeier W. The Role of Tec Family Kinases in the Regulation of T-helper-cell Differentiation. Int Rev Immunol 2012; 31:133-54. [DOI: 10.3109/08830185.2012.664798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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46
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Kannan Y, Wilson MS. TEC and MAPK Kinase Signalling Pathways in T helper (T H) cell Development, T H2 Differentiation and Allergic Asthma. JOURNAL OF CLINICAL & CELLULAR IMMUNOLOGY 2012; Suppl 12:11. [PMID: 24116341 PMCID: PMC3792371 DOI: 10.4172/2155-9899.s12-011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Significant advances in our understanding of the signalling events during T cell development and differentiation have been made in the past few decades. It is clear that ligation of the T cell receptor (TCR) triggers a series of proximal signalling cascades regulated by an array of protein kinases. These orchestrated and highly regulated series of events, with differential requirements of particular kinases, highlight the disparities between αβ+CD4+ T cells. Throughout this review we summarise both new and old studies, highlighting the role of Tec and MAPK in T cell development and differentiation with particular focus on T helper 2 (TH2) cells. Finally, as the allergy epidemic continues, we feature the role played by TH2 cells in the development of allergy and provide a brief update on promising kinase inhibitors that have been tested in vitro, in pre-clinical disease models in vivo and into clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yashaswini Kannan
- Division of Molecular Immunology, National Institute for Medical Research, MRC, London, NW7 1AA, UK
| | - Mark S. Wilson
- Division of Molecular Immunology, National Institute for Medical Research, MRC, London, NW7 1AA, UK
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47
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Navratilova I, Macdonald G, Robinson C, Hughes S, Mathias J, Phillips C, Cook A. Biosensor-Based Approach to the Identification of Protein Kinase Ligands with Dual-Site Modes of Action. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 17:183-93. [DOI: 10.1177/1087057111422746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The authors have used a surface plasmon resonance (SPR)–based biosensor approach to identify and characterize compounds with a unique binding mode to protein kinases. Biacore was used to characterize hits from an enzymatic high-throughput screen of the Tec family tyrosine kinase, IL2-inducible T cell kinase (ITK). Complex binding kinetics was observed for some compounds, which led to identification of compounds that bound simultaneously at both the adenosine triphosphate (ATP) binding site and a second, allosteric site on ITK. The presence of the second binding site was confirmed by X-ray crystallography. The second site is located in the N-terminal lobe of the protein kinase catalytic domain, adjacent to but distinct from the ATP site. To enable rapid optimization of binding properties, a competition-based Biacore assay has been developed to successfully identify second site noncompetitive binders that have been confirmed by X-ray crystallographic studies. The authors have found that SPR technology is a key method for rapid identification of compounds with dual-site modes of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iva Navratilova
- Structural Biology and Biophysics, Pfizer Global Research and Development, Sandwich, Kent, UK
- Division of Biological Chemistry and Drug Discovery, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
| | - Graeme Macdonald
- Structural Biology and Biophysics, Pfizer Global Research and Development, Sandwich, Kent, UK
| | - Colin Robinson
- Structural Biology and Biophysics, Pfizer Global Research and Development, Sandwich, Kent, UK
| | - Samantha Hughes
- Lead Discovery Chemistry, Pfizer Global Research and Development, Sandwich, Kent, UK
| | - John Mathias
- Lead Discovery Chemistry, Pfizer Global Research and Development, Sandwich, Kent, UK
| | - Chris Phillips
- Structural Biology and Biophysics, Pfizer Global Research and Development, Sandwich, Kent, UK
| | - Andrew Cook
- Lead Discovery Chemistry, Pfizer Global Research and Development, Sandwich, Kent, UK
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48
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Muckelbauer J, Sack JS, Ahmed N, Burke J, Chang CY, Gao M, Tino J, Xie D, Tebben AJ. X-Ray Crystal Structure of Bone Marrow Kinase in the X Chromosome: A Tec Family Kinase. Chem Biol Drug Des 2011; 78:739-48. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1747-0285.2011.01230.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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49
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Sequential phosphorylation of SLP-76 at tyrosine 173 is required for activation of T and mast cells. EMBO J 2011; 30:3160-72. [PMID: 21725281 DOI: 10.1038/emboj.2011.213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2011] [Accepted: 06/03/2011] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Cooperatively assembled signalling complexes, nucleated by adaptor proteins, integrate information from surface receptors to determine cellular outcomes. In T and mast cells, antigen receptor signalling is nucleated by three adaptors: SLP-76, Gads and LAT. Three well-characterized SLP-76 tyrosine phosphorylation sites recruit key components, including a Tec-family tyrosine kinase, Itk. We identified a fourth, evolutionarily conserved SLP-76 phosphorylation site, Y173, which was phosphorylated upon T-cell receptor stimulation in primary murine and Jurkat T cells. Y173 was required for antigen receptor-induced phosphorylation of phospholipase C-γ1 (PLC-γ1) in both T and mast cells, and for consequent downstream events, including activation of the IL-2 promoter in T cells, and degranulation and IL-6 production in mast cells. In intact cells, Y173 phosphorylation depended on three, ZAP-70-targeted tyrosines at the N-terminus of SLP-76 that recruit and activate Itk, a kinase that selectively phosphorylated Y173 in vitro. These data suggest a sequential mechanism whereby ZAP-70-dependent priming of SLP-76 at three N-terminal sites triggers reciprocal regulatory interactions between Itk and SLP-76, which are ultimately required to couple active Itk to its substrate, PLC-γ1.
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50
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Qi Q, Kannan AK, August A. Structure and function of Tec family kinase Itk. Biomol Concepts 2011; 2:223-32. [PMID: 25962031 DOI: 10.1515/bmc.2011.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2011] [Accepted: 05/11/2011] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Itk is a member of the Tec family of kinases that is expressed predominantly in T cells. Itk regulates the T cell receptor signaling pathway to modulate T cell development and T helper cell differentiation, particularly Th2 differentiation. Itk is also important for the development and function of iNKT cells. In this review we discuss current progress on our understanding of the structure, activation and signaling pathway of Itk, in addition to inhibitors that have been developed, which target this kinase. We also place in context the function of Itk, available inhibitors and potential use in treating disease.
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